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GED10
Task List
2
T h e l e s s o n f
concerned about the equitable distribution of

(Mathe resources (seat/slot representation, in most cases).

Four apportionment schemes are discussed:
Hamilton, Jefferson, Webster and Huntington-Hill
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approve/disapprove proposals.

in the Keep track of your progress in this lesson by

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Modern
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FIRST QUARTER, SY2020-2021 GED 102 WEEK 9

__/__ 1. Read/Watch Module 3 Topic 2 Lesson 1 Apportionment

__/__ 2. Read/Watch Module 3 Topic 2 Lesson 2 Voting Systems

__/__ 3. Read/Watch Module 3 Topic 2 Lesson 3 Weighted Voting System

__/__ 4. Work out HW 9.

__/__ 5. Submit WGN Week 9.

Lesson 1. Apportionment

Highlights

A. What is Apportionment?

- Apportionment pertains to the problem when it comes to the allocation of a

certain whole proportionately into various segments on the basis of some
group sizes. In more simpler words, apportionment involves dividing
something and assigning it to different places, proportionally.

B. Describe the 4 methods of apportionment.

FIRST QUARTER, SY2020-2021 GED 102 WEEK 9

- In order of discussion, the first method of apportionment is the Hamilton

Method, in this method, 2 equations are formed. First, the standard devisor
method, wherein P is the total population, divided by A which is the required
allocation, or number of items to be distributed proportionally among the
groups. Second, is the standard quota method, wherein G which is the size of
the group is divided over the standard divisor which is computed in the first
method. The next method is the Jefferson Method, this method uses a
modified standard divisor, that was chosen by trial and error until the sum of
the lower quotas are equal to the required number of allocations. The next
method is the Webster Method, this method is said to be similar to the
Jefferson method, however, this is much simpler as it involves ordinary
rounding, which makes it completely unbiased. The last and fourth method is
the Huntington-Hill Number method. It is denoted by the formula H =
G2
. This method is used when there is a need to add one item to ont of
A ( A+1)
the several groups in a population, the additional one item is given to the
group with the highest Huntington-Hill number. In the formula, G is the size
of the group and A is the current number of items assigned to this group.

C. State and explain the Quota Criterion

- The quota criterion states that the number of allocations given to a subset of
a population is the standard quota or one more than the standard quota. In
other words, the ending apportionment using Hamilton method always yields
to either equal to the lower quota or one higher than the lower quota, in
conclusion the Hamilton method will always satisfy the criterion. When it
comes to the Jefferson and Webster model, the way wherein their standard
divisor is chosen may violate the criterion, the same can be said in the
Huntington-Hill method.

Lesson 2. Voting Systems

Highlights

A. Enumerate and explain the four basic criteria of Fairness in Voting (see
textbook, pp. 141-142).
- The four basic criteria of fairness in voting are, first, the Majority Criterion, in
this criterion, if a candidate receives the majority of the first-place votes in
an election, then this candidate should be declared winner. Second is the
Condorcet Criterion, under this criterion, if a candidate is a Condorcent
candidate, then he should be the winner of the election. Third, is the
Monotonicity Criterion, this criterion evaluates both the single and multiple
FIRST QUARTER, SY2020-2021 GED 102 WEEK 9

winners ranked voting systems. And lastly, is the Independence of Irrelevant

Alternatives, under this criterion, a likelihood of choosing from A from B
won’t change if a third choice is placed into the mix.

B. Enumerate the eight (8) voting systems. Give a brief description of each.
- First is the majority system, this requires more than half of the people voting
for an issue or a candidate. Second is the plurality method of voting, which
under it the winner is the candidate with the most votes or most first placed
votes for ranked candidates. Third is the Borda Count Method, in this
method, each candidate is assigned a weight according to their rank in the
preference list. Fourth is Plurality with elimination, wherein after ranking
each candidate using the same scheme as the Borda count, the candidate or
option with the smallest number of first place votes will be eliminated. Fifth is
the Top-Two Runoff Method, under it, the two candidates with the most
number of first place votes are removed from the preference list and then
are re-ranked for a new preference list. Sixth, is the Approval Voting System,
under this voting system, a voter may choose more than one option or
candidate. Each of the votes coming from one voter will be counted as one
vote, and the one with the most total of votes will be declared the winner.
Seventh, is the Method of Pairwise Comparisons, wherein each candidate is
compared head-to-head with each of the candidates, the candidate with the
most number of wins from these comparisons will be declared the winner.

Lesson 3. Weighted Voting System

Highlights

A. What is a weighted voting system?

- A weighted voting system occurs when voters have unequal weights on the
outcome of an election.

B. Enumerate the four (4) types of weighted voting system. Give a brief
description of each.
FIRST QUARTER, SY2020-2021 GED 102 WEEK 9

- First is the One Voter-One Vote Principle, under it, each voter has one vote
and a majority vote is required to pass a resolution. Second, is dictatorship,
under this system there is a voter whose weight is enough to pass any
resolution. A quota is also observed in this system. Third, is the Null system,
under this system there is no resolution that can be approved since the sum
of all the votes is always less than the quota. Lastly, is the Veto Power
System, under this system if a voter has a veto power, then the resolution
will fail if he votes against the resolution.

C. Define the Banzhaf Power Index

- The Banzhaf power index is a measure of the power of a voter in a weighted
voting system. Additionally, the voting power of a voter measured by
Banzhaf power index is as follows. B =
The number of ×a voter becomes a critical voter
the total number of critical voters∈all winning coalitions

Answer HW 9 (thru Blackboard or Cardinal Edge)