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Contents
ts
Chapter t
: Network Analysis of Ac Circuit and Dependent Sources ..
Shapter 2: Initial conditions”
Chapter 3:
Transient analysis in circuit by direct solution
Chapter
“ansient analysis in circuit by Laplace Transform ..
Chapter 5: Frequency Response of Network...
Chapter 6: Fourier series and transform
Chapter 7: Two- Port Parameter of Networks
Qld Questions solu: ions of IOE
2071 Shawan
2070 Chaitra ..
2070 Ashad
2069 Chaitra
2069 Ashad
2068 Mangsir
2068 Baishakh ..
2067 Magh
2066 Bhadra ..
2064 Falgun ..
a i ati : Fleets
re Circuit Th ory (SyHabus)
Content
Chapter 1: Network amalysie of Ac chreuit and dependent Source. (8 hours)
VA Mesh An
V2.Nodal Analysis
and parallel resonance in RIC Cireuits
1.3.1, Impedance and phase angle of series resonant circuit,
1.2. Voltage and current in series resonant circuit
13 Nandwidth of the RLC circuit
, N34. High and Lowe
2: (nblial conditions, 2 hoursy
2.1, Chavacteristios of various network clements.
ri
Initial value of derivatives,
2.3, Procedure for evaluating smitial conditions
24 Mn
condition in the case of RLC network
Chante
‘Transient analysis in RLC circuit by direct solution. (10 hours)
41 [ntenduction
"4.2, Virat order differential equation.
4.4, Higher order homoyencous and non-homogeneous differential equations.
44. Particular integral by method of undetermined co-efficient
4 3.9, Response of RL. circuit with
TSA, NC excitation
4.5.2. Exponential &
lation
15.4, Sinusoidal Pxeitation
1.6, Hesponse of KC cirewit with :
16.1, DC excitation
4.2. Vexponential Excitation
vill 3.6.3. Sinusoidal Excit
3.7. Response of RLC circuit with * i
3.7.1. DC excitation
3.7.2. Exponential Excitation
3.7.3. Sinusoidal Excitation
3.8. Response of parallel RLC circuit with DC excitation,
Chapter 4: Travisient analysis in RLC circuit by Laplace Transform. _ (8 hours)
4,1. Introduction :
4.2. The Laplace ‘Transformation
43. Important properties of Laplace Transformation,
4.4, Use of partial fraction expansion in analysis Using Laplace Transformations,
4.5. Heaviside’s partial fraction expansion Theorem
4.6. Response of RL circuit with
4.6.1. DC excitation
4.6.2. Exponential Excitation
4.6.3: Sinusoidal Excitation
4.7, Response of RC circuit with
4.7.1, DE excitation
4.7.2. Exponential Excitation
4.7.3. Sinusoidal Excitation
4.8. Response of RLC circuit with
4.8.1. DC excitation
4.8.2. Exponential Excitation
4.8.3. Sinusoidal Excitation 9. Response of parallel RLC circuit with exponential excitation.
“4,10: Transfer Functions poles and zeros of Networks.
Chap ter 5: Frequeney Response of Network (6 hours)
5.1. Introduction i
q 5.2. Magnitude and Phase Respénse
| 53, Bode diagrams :
5.4, Band Width of Series and parallel Resonance ckt.
. 5.5, Basie concept of filters, high pass, low pass, band pass and band stop filters,
| Chapter 6: Fourier series and transform (6 hours) i
| : 6.1. Basic concept of Fourier series and analysis,
| i 6.2. Evaluation of Fourier coefficients for periodic non-sinusoidal waveforms in electric”
networks
h i 63 Introduction of Fourier transforms
Chapter 7: Two- Port Parameter of Networks (6 hours)
7.1, Definition of two- port networks
7.2. Short circuit admittance parameters
r : 7.3. Open cireuit impedance parameters
7.4. Transmission short circuit admittance parameters
le 7.5. Hybrid parameters
\ 716. Relationship and transformation between sets of parameters
fd 7.1. Application of filters
"7,8. Application to transmission lines
7.9. Inierconnection of two-port network (cascade, series, parallel)
{ .
Network Analysis of Ac Circuit and.
Dependent Sources
An Electrical Network is an interconnection of
capacitors, source, current and switches. An glectrical circuit is a network con: 1g of a
closed loop, given & return path for the current. Linear electrical networks, a special type
consisting only of sources (voltage or current), linear lumped elements (resistors, capacitors,
inductors): and tinear. distrusted elements (transmission lines), have the property that signals
are linearly, They. are thus more easily analyzed, using powerful frequency domain methods
such as Laplace transforms, to determine DC response, Ac response, and transient response.
[_ Source)
electrical elements such as resistors, inductors,
[= = et =
Tene] fr ty a eS
Praca 6S
=] FI a
|
*Dependent Sources: The Source that can be controlled by. a voltage or current existing at
some other place of the circuit is known as dependent source.
*VCVS = Voltage controlled Voltage Source
fee —
ve venta
*CCVS = Current Controlied Voltage Source
1] Page Note: “Consider
eae all outgoing
current while
using KCL at a
particular node
except given
current source
direction.
Voltage controlled Current Source
ae 7 —
tH
va CS vera
*CCCS = Current controlled Current Source
a
j fa Owe =Kla
1.L.Nodal Analysis: 7
‘Steps to be applied for solving any circuit by Nodal analysis
1. Find out the possible no. of nodes,
Select one as reference node arid assign the node voltage to the rémaining nodes
+ such as V1, V2, and V3 and so on: :
3. See the types of source present on the circuit and solve accordingly.
Typel: [CHAPTER-1] [Electric Circuit Theory] Wass aelt
ons .
Solution:
Using KCL at node |
Note: Consider ‘ail
outgoing current
while-using KCL at a
“Rs
particular node
except given current
source direction.
°
a
I
ee
+
zl
2
Bl)
s
+
=~
“a Yi + (G)va+ (Z
G11 V1 + G12 V2 + G13 V3.
OnGi2= (4)
0r,G13 = (2
Using KCL at node 2:
v2-v3
RS
ona=(h+2ed)ve+(2)vi+(2)v3
Re,
OnI2 = G21 Vi + G22 V2 + G23 V3-. vaslolt
And Using KCL at node 3:
Bay tae tas
: tytyd t\e5 5
o, 1B =(S+54+2)v34(S)vat
Or, 13 = G31 V1 + G32 V2 + G33 V3 -
Now, Putting equation (i),(ii)and (iii) in matrix form
“(GLIVI= 10) ;
eT
3] Page . [Electric Circuit Theory) ”
Ta-B
‘Thus using Cramer’s Rule calculate V1, V2 and V3
G21 G22°.G23
[et G12 G13
G31 G32 G33.
yas
vie@ va-5
' Git G12 G12 11 G12 G12
Where, =|G21 G22. G23 A1l=|I2 G22 G23] +
\c31 G32. G33. 13 G32. G33.
|
Git 11 G12 Ef (G11 G12 1Y
: A2Z=(G21'.12 G23 A3= |G21 G22 12
G31 13. G33. G31 G32_ 13!
Example 1.1: In the Network shown, find current through exch resistor using Nod:
analysis
t i
f zal
i 320
|
— v3
l
580
|
| Solution:
Let us assigin nodal Voltage V1, V2, V3 and reference node as shown in the figure
Using KCL at node 1:
210 + (VI-V2)41 + (V1-V3)92= 0
Or,3V1-V2 -2 V3 -10=0 {CHAPTER-1] [Electric Circuit Theory]
Using KCL at node 2:
-20 = (V2-VI)*I + (V2-V3)*3
Or,-20 = 4V2-V1-3V3 -—~
Using KCL at node 3:
0
(V3-V2)*3 + (V3-0)*5 + (V3-V1)*2
---~ (iii)
Or,10V3 -2V1 -3V2 = 0-—
Solving equation (i), (ii) and (iii) we have ~
V1 =-0.1818 Volt -
V2 = -6.545 Volt
V3 =-2 Volt
Current through each resistor are:
Note: Use calculator for solving
thrée equations, most of the
student make errors while solving
the equation by themselves plus
most importantly it save your
time.
3.6364 A
20
13.6. val
50
AQA
‘Type 2: Circuit Containing Voltage source in addition with current source
2. a, Voltage source in the circuit that can transformable into current source
5|Page . ww
RS ~ ie
‘RE
vil pe — ee v3,
re SX s,
wir!) Ser) eer w(t) oRo
a. 5
S
SS _
* Then apply KCL. on the particular node and solve accordingly
2. b. Voltage source not transformable into current source
2. bi. The voltage source involving reference node
-
—— aa
VL yg yd
aD See 24) ; ‘
a 7 .
a
1.6 (Ve- Va) = Vb — Va +3Vd +24
62.4=-0.6 Va—Vb-3Vd --:
“Also,
Vb -Vd=0.2 Vm
Or, Vb ~ Vd = 0.2 (Ve-Vd)
Or,Vb- Vd +0.2 Vd=- 4.8
‘Or,Vb-0.8 Vd=-4.8 --——-—————-—= (ii)
From node A: ae
Bee 600-565 Ve.vy
‘Solving equation (i).
and (iii) we get
Va =~ 14.22 Volt
Vb = -15.129 Voit
Ve=-12.91 Volt
‘The current through 4Q resister is
= DM2d415.109
4
= 0.22725 Amp fd
1.2. Mesh, Analysi
Steps to be applied for solving any circuit by Mesh analysis
Find out ihe possible no. of loops
Assign the loop current along with their direction
Cheok the type of the source and classify the circuit on the basis of source prese
and solve accordingly
wo
Applying KVL on loop (1):
“RI (UB) +R4 (1-2)=VI
OR, (RI+R4) I+ CRA) 2+ ERI) B= VI
SS
10|Page Where,
RI)=RI4R4, RI2=R4 and R=. RL
Applying KVL on the loop (2):
: > R2 (12-13) +R4 (2-1 1)=-V2
Or, (-R4) I + (R2+ R4) 12 + (-R2) 1B. =—Vv2"
Or, R21 11 +R2212 +23 13 =-V2
Applying KVL on loop (3):
R31 T+ R32 12 + R33 13.= V3 =~.
- (iii) .
Now, Putting equation (i),(ii)and (iii) in matrix form
~, [RID]
R11 R12 R13 my pvt
R21 R22 nz . [2 = fr}
R31 -R32_ R33 ial v3
‘Then, using Cramer’s Rule calculate 11, 12 and 13,
net
2
a= 82
. &
— 43
Bea .
R11 R12 R13 1 R12 R13
Where, =| R22 R23 A1=|v2 R22 R23
ne R31 R32 R33 V3 R32 R33.
R11 V1 R13 R11 R12 Vi
A2 [rs v2. R23] ” 43=|R21 R22 V2
R31 V3_ R33. R31 R32 V3
re
| Page “ R3
: “ "Oy. |
3 \
1 \
ih < Re :
Res
[ Vs= Rs Is (> : |
j Lo
f ‘Then apply KVL on the particular loop and solve accordingly
2-b. Current source not transformable into Voltage source
2.b.i. Current source Present in the perimeter of any individual loop: i rER-1] [Electric Circult Theory]
-From loop (1): 4 5
Wels = 10]
And for other loop solve accordingly
2. b.ii, Current souree present in the common branch betweea any two loops
From Super loop: (loop (1) and loop (2) are now same loop)
13 RI+ (13-12) R2+ (1 2)R3=VI+V3. —
Also,11—-I3=Is_-
And solve accordingly
‘Type 3: Dependent Source in circuit: :
3) }
Keen |
a we
' mt G c a Ou
From loop (1):
tl =Is
(i)
13|Page From super loop:
13 =K Vn
Or, Tis, = K (12-13) Rn---
~()
F And solve accordingly
Example.1.3: Using mesh analysis, determine the loop current for the network 4
following figure. .
Solution:
Considering loop current as shown in the figure,
From loop (1): < : i
: T=10A -
From super mesh:
W-3=0.4Vn >
Or, HW -13 = 0.4 (12 ~13)4
14|Page a [CHAPTER-1] [Electric Circuit Theory]
Or, I = 1.6* 12 +0.6 #13 = 0— wi
And from loop (2): . :
20 =4 (2-13) +3 (12-11)
Or, 20=412-4134312-311
Or, 20=712-31-413 ~ iy
~- Solving equation (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
12=4.545 A 7
1B=-4.5454 : ;
13 Series and Parallel resonance in RLC Circuits: t
# Resoiuance in series RLC circuit:
aL
Ie
ve ae
ae, 0°, a0
Wwe
ir
ay OT
re ‘ I |
c
Le J
VF
REO
We know,
Se
15|Page
. = 2nflie ive Xf, Linear fianction of “f”
ie Xca, rectangular hyperbolic function, 2
Rak : a
' ; And R! independent of +f* |
e if i
‘For lower frequency of the input AC. voltage, X, << Xc and for higher-frequency of
the input AC voltage: Xi, >> Xc. Thus there exist an intermediate frequency such that
uy - XE Ke
And this particular frequency is known as resonant frequency
graphically, we can draw the relation between Xi, Xe and R with referenes fo input frequency
| ~ as shown in figure F
XL
Phe teaaine—
~ Peis unity ea ; j
|
Pris teading
/ (Ma=an)
+r Pe
aut
y 5+
| covsvz) :
xe!
At certain frequency fa,
* AO=0B
The resonant frequency can be evahiated as
j
. 7
ie Xi=Xe 7 |
i
j [Electric Circuit Theory]
f=.
"Bai
At this frequency of AC input voltage, the current is maximum. i, sand the
current is in phase with the applied voltage. At resonance, X;, = Xc or, Vi.
In phase representation, | Fo
Note:
|
i
* Atresonant frequency voltage across Land Care |
very high in magnitude then input voltage but V, . ° |
and Veis equal and opposite. ie. Vi+Vc=0.S0, |
the series LCR circuit is also known as Voltage
resonance.circuit.
*® At half power point, the phase angle between | and
Vis 45° : !
|
Ve
Tand V are in phase
# Resonance Curve:
Point A and B on the curve are known as half power point, At point A and B power delivered
on R is equal t6 half the power deliver on R at resonant Frequency.
I7|Page se | a= Imax _ Imax .
or, |= max = max 7 4
Ve aia
Bandwidth of the circuit is defined as the frequency band for which power delivered on
Resistance R is more than half of the maximum power. ]
£ ‘ BW=6-f
/ Where, fj and fare haf power frequencies
. f= lower power frequency
= higher power frequency
Now for derivation of half power fiedicncy, let us consider at any instant in series RLC circuit,
:
2 JResQ-xey?
At resoriant frequency (f
Now, [=== . 2
Mann CET or CHAPTI [Electric Circuit Theory]
But at frequencies f; and fy;
should be equal to 1.
But, at resonance
L-Xc=0
Xi—Xc=R (at f, or f)
Concluide if we increase frequeney from f to fi; Xt increase by © and Xc decreases by 5 so
that X,- Xe=R (at fr)
So, at resonance frequency (fo)
Xo =2nfyL-
At frequertcy f, Xia = 2mfyL.
Xi2- X= F
Qnf,L ~ Info = =
Similarly, -
19|Page [CHAPTER-1I [Electric Circult Theory]
‘Thus, BW = =f =
# Quality Factor: ,
Ivis a measure of voltage magnification produced in the circuit at resonance. - —
ix. Q= Ma . Vig = Voltage across L at resonance
Vin = ImacXig
And-V = Iya R”
Xex
Q= Xe or, Q=*B [ Xyo= Xeo at resonance]
Higher the value of R, Lower is the quality factor.
Q.1. A 50Q resistor is connected in series with a coil having resistance R and inductance
L, a Capacitor C and 100V variable frequency supply as shown in figure below. At 2
frequency of 200Hz, the maximum current of 0.7 Amp flows through the circuit and
- voltage across the capacitor is 200V. Determine the value of R,L and C.
Mem
500
. : | i
20| Page “[CHAPTER-1] " [Electric Circuit Theory] -
Solution: +
From the question: fy = 200Hz
And Z=/GOFRY 4 & Xo?
Now, at Resonant X= X¢
So0,Z=50+R
R= 92.850
Now, =
Ve=I* Xe
7
200= 0.7 2m*200+C
C=27. 48F
Also,
~ ave
cA
200= 2nvL+27.48+10-°
L= 23.04 mH
21|Page * vt
an inductive reactance and a capacitiy
thus conditions may read
Resonance of a parallel ac circuit will take place when
reactance are connected in parallel as shown in the figure below,
‘under which current resonance.
‘The parallel RLC circuit is said to be in resonance when impedance (2) is maximum.
We have,
I A
For 7 to be minimum
tots
Ke =0
:R “xP : ; : _
Or, B+ @*L? = &
TR?
Or, O=\/TE-T? . Or,
Or,
Or,
# Phasor Diagram for parallel RLC circuit:
So at resonance’ Ie= hy, Sing, and the resultant current or
net current is again in phase with voltage,
Af resonant frequency, a very small in phase current is
drawn by. circuit ie. h, Cosy. Here Ic and I, Sing, may
greater than hh, Cosy, but since they act in
opposite direction they. get cancel out.
At resonant,
sind,
VV gh
Xe Zpy Zn
Zr= Xi * Xe
ising,
Note:.| I, and Ic are very larger than Ip at
resonasce so, the parailel resonance circuit is
also called current resonance circuit.
# Resonance.Curve:
Zonax
|
|
|
| [Eléctric Clrcult Theory] -
Pn ee
|» Quality factor in parallel «ireuit is measure of current magnification,
\ is
ie Qe iE Note: At resonance of parallel RLC
cireuit,
© Za=X.* Xe
at
Dame
© Line current is minimum and
equal to-“=* and is in phase
with applied voltage.
jl VvoR
ie. Lg=-
The total Impedance at resonant |
is: |
R . |
RX, |
1
Z
z=Eeth |
2
oh
=R+ fou j
Z=Rt+ 7
2
Z=R+ES [RY OL? =
alc
24|Page [CHAPTER-1] [Electric Circutt Theory]
Comparison between voltage resonance and current resonance:
SN | Particulars Voltage Resonance _| Current resonance
1. | Impedance under | Z=R; the minimum — | Z=L/RC, the maximum
resonance condition ue . .
2. [Power — factor at | Unity Unity
resonance
3. | Resonant frequency =i
foe
4. | Quantity magnified Voltage ‘Current
5. | Magnification(Quality | wL/R wLR
- | factor)
%._| Bandwidth R2aL R2nL
7. |Magnitude of. current | I=V/R, the | I=V/(L/RO), minimum
under resonance | maximum
| condition
{
Example.1. 4: An inductive circuit of resistance 20, and inductance 0.01 H is connected
parallel with capacitor C and with 250V, 50 Hz supply.
() What value of capacitance placed in parallel will produce resonance?
(ii) Determine the total current takes from the supply and the current in the
branch circuit? :
Solution:
L(0.01H)
Ir RAD
I
ie :
Ig c
250 V, 50 Hz
: 25|Page [CHAPTER-1] {Electric Circuit Theory] Daur
Sor parallel RLC circuit,
Daf
X_ = 2n* 50°00
XL =3.140
+ Zp, = V2? +
3.729
At resonance
2B
Je
ee
Or,.C = 722.6 uP
(i)
fg x 2Earraze1072
0 0.01
by = 36.13 A
Branch currents are:
And tan, =
= 575°
Also,
26| Page
|
|
|
eee [CHAPTER-1] [Electric Circuit Theory} eee
LEIA i (Bectete cire bd
Te= go = VoC = 250*2n250*722.6"10"°
4 T= 56.75 A < 90°
Problems:
#Determine the nodal Voltages of the figure below:
Figure.t [Ans: V, = 26.67V, WV, = 6.667V, V3= 173.33V, V3 = —46.67V]
#Use mesh analysis to firid the current I, from the figure below:
Figure [Electric Circuit Theory]
Figure.6
# Resonance .
Q.L: A coil of resistance 40. and inductance 0.75H forms part of a series circuit for
which the resonant frequency is SSHz. If the supply is 2S0V, S0Hz, find (i) the line
current, (fi) cireuit power factor, (iii) Voltage across the coil.
[Ans: 3.93A, 0.63 leading, 939V]
. . 29|Page [Electric Circuit Theory] Doe a ULE
Q.2: A S0uK Capacitor, when connected in series with a coil having 400. resistor, ”
resonates at 1900Hz. Find the inductance of the coil. Also obtain the circuit current if the _
applied voltage is 100V. Also calculate the voltage across the capacitor and the c
Tesonance. .
{Ans: 0.5mH, 2.5A, 7.96V, 100.31V]
Q.3: A 220V, i96Hz AC source supplies a series RLC. circuit with a capacitor and a coi j
Ifa coil has 5010 resistance and SmH inductance, find the value of capacitor for which |
Yesonance frequency is 100Hz. Also calculate the Q-factor and half power frequencies of
the circuit. : ;
TAns: 507pF, 62.83, 100.795Hz, 99.205Hz }
Parallel
Q.4: The dynamic impedance of a parallel resonant circuit is 500KQ. The-circuit consists
of a 250pF capacitor in parallel with 2 coil of resistance 10Q.Calculate (i) the coil
ifiduetance (ii) the resonant frequency, (iii) the Q- factor of the circuit. |
{Ans: 1.25mH,284.7KHz,223.6 ]
Q.5: ‘Calculate the impedance of parallel- tuned éircuit shown in figure below at a_
frequency of S00KHz and for bandwidth of operation equal to 20KHz /
L
—w Initial Conditions
# Initial Conditions: The vale of dependent variables and its derivatives just after any change
is made is known as Initial condition, Example, i(0*) = * i ‘is the tependent value at t = 0*
condition.
# Changing Elenient [Switch]:
: an tsa
. : te0
Sf oe
(i) Initially it Was opened at t= 0° and going | (i initially it was closed at t= 0" and going
for closed at t= 0° open for att=0*
Att=o al Att= 0 pro
Att= 0p Att= 0
(ii) t= 0" the time just after the switch is (ii) t= 0* the time just after the switch is
closed, opened,
(iii) t= 0" the time just before the switch is |. (jj) t= 0° the time just before the switch is
closed. opened.
(iv) i(0* )the value of the current just after the| (iv) i(0" )the value of the current just after the
switch is closed. switch is opened.
ferent circuit elements:
# Initial cond
While evaluating initial condition for different circuit elements, we should know about two.
conaliions for better understanding (a) De-energized condition (b) Energized condition.
(a).De- ee condition: If a current doesn’t pass pass through ‘the inductor and there is is no
voltage across capacitor at t= 0" then itis termed as De-energized element.
31] Page |
| TCHAPTER-2] [Electric Circuit Theory]
t=0 £ ter zo!
ey M+
R L c t=O
[ f ae
7 °* WC PF R
At, t= 0° there is zero value of current passing through inductor and capacitor for both
- circuit shown in above figures,
(b). Energized condition: If a current pass through the inductor and there. is voltage across
capacitor at t= 0: then it is termed as energized element.
R, m :
—w—
ie |
t=0 | t=0 7
ei mt c a |
| SR a c| . 4 a
Vo “OR? -vo P L -
eter ee Et | _
At t= 0" there is some value of eurent passing through inductor and capacitor For both
circuit shown in above figures.
1. For Inductor:
t=0
From the circuit, (De- energized)
in(0)=0
Now let us consider the current through conductor can chan;
'ge. instantaneously (i.e, i:(0°) |
have some current value )
" 32] Page [Electric Circuit Theory]
i) =0
». i,(0°)= Constant Value
‘We know,
diy
at
diz, = i,(0°) - i,(0) = Constant Value
dt=0" -0 =0
Thus,
ay,» Sonstant :
7 oO
viz
This is impossible because there is no any such practical voltage source. Thus our
assumption of inductor current change instantaneously is wrong. Hence we can conclude that
current speough inductor cannot change instantaneously.
ix") ie
~~ (i)
Equation (i) is known as continuity relation for Inductor.
Now,
From continuity relation of inductor in Fig.(i)
iO) = iLO") =0
‘Note: Current through inductor
‘cannot change instantaneously
but voltage does.
Le. i, (0) = ix")
And V0) # Vi(0")
[This shows that at t = 0" there ghould be a zero current in inductor, and to be zero current there
~ must be an open circuit in place of Inductor.]
Also, Vi(0) = 0
So, circuit of Fig.(i) at t= 0° is Thus V0") =Vo°
iO) 0 i
Thus we conclude that the De-energized inductor can be replaced by open circuit at
And
Fig (ii) :
From the circuit, (Energized)
At this circuit for time at y all the voltage and current attains their maximum value or
final value as switch was in this position (ON)’for very long. time. Thus i,(0°) = Io =
(constant)
a
Vi (0-)=L&
Vi. (0) =0. 4
[This shows that at t = 0° there should be a zero voltage across inductor, and to be zero
voltage across there must be a short circuit in place of inductor.
So, Circuit at t= 0"is
ee
34|Page
/
|
4 ~
[Electric Circult Theory]
roe
[
PoP.
From the cireuit (0°) = 42 =],
And Vi(0-)=0
Thus we a that the
inductance.of energized condition is replaced by short circuit at
0 or t=
and t
. are
From continuity relation for inductor, i,(0°) = i,(0") = Ip
‘Now, circuit at t= 0° is
From the circuit i:(0°) =o
And V;(0") =Vo-fn#2R, ;
Thus we conclude that the energized inductor is replaced by cutrént source at t = 0°
2. ForCapacitor: [chAPTER-21 [Electric Circuit Theory]
From the circuit, (De- energized)
Ve(0)=0
Now let us assume that voltage across capacitor can change instantaneously (i.€. Vc(0*)
have some current value )
V0V=0
Vc(0") = Constant Value
We know,
Note: Voltage across’ capacitor cannot
. change instantaneously but current does.
Thus, :
Constant Le, Ve(O) = Vel")
ics SN
And ic(0) # ic(0")
icra .
This is impossible thus. our assumption of voltage across capacitor can change instantaneously
is wrong. Hence we can conclude that voltage across capacitor cannot change instantaneously.
ite, Vel) = Ve(0")
~(i)
Equation (i) is known as continuity relation for capacitor.
Now, :
— Continuity relation of capacitor in Fig.(iii) j
Ve(0") = Ve(0") = 0
[This shows’ that at t = 0° there should be a zero voltage across capacitor, and to be zero
voltage there must be a short circuit in place of capacitor.]
“Also, ic(0")= 0
36|Page [Electric Circuit Theory]
So, circuit of Fig, it = 0" is
Thus . Vc(0") =0
ic’) =2 = 1,
Thus we conclude that the De-energized capacitor can be replaced by short circuit at t=0*
And
7 |
|
et a
Vo 6 are L c
ae
Fig (iv)
From the circuit, (Energized)
At this circuit for time at t= 0" all the voltage-and current attains their maximum value or
Final value as switch was inthis position (ON) for very long time. Thus Vo(0") = Vo (constant)
: dV, dV,
io(0-)=C FE=CM=C +9
ic(0-)=0
[This shows that at t = 0° there should be a zero current
through capacitor, and to be zero
current there must be an open circuit in place of capacitor.] :
So, Circuit at t= 0" is
37|Page From the circuit Vc(0")= Vo
And ic(0-)=0
‘Thus we conclude that the capacitor of energized condition is replaced by open circuilat te
0 or =
one ‘ |
Front continuity relation for inductor, Vc(0") = Ve(0") = Vo
Now, circuitatt=0" is +
<=) a
ea ‘ |
And ig(0*y= Se
‘Thus we conclude that the energized capacitor is replaced by Voltage source at t= 0" ©
3. For Resistor:
And for resistor there-will be:
sie. in(O) FRO’) : a
And Vp(0)#VR(0")
38|Page [CHAPTER-2) [Electric Circult Theory]
‘Summary:
De-energized Energized
Circuit :
Elemerits | att=o'or| . “att=0° At te0- or tee Ato er
No. need | :
Inductor | to ae >] -
w change | . :
circuit
'0.C
elements = Jaiyoymiv0’)
q
i
{
|
i /
|
1 {
No need | «
| Capacitor | to i >
| >
) | change |
. ae | 7
circuit | 2h,
S.C ey
elements | aC
| |
# Voltage - current (V-I) relation of different circuit elements:
(a) Resistance or Resistor (R.
“Here,
Va=in*R
39|Page
R
RoW ‘The voltage across a resistance change’ instantaneously the current through it als o|
changes instantaneously and vice versa,
(b) Industo. (L) L
= ii
Hore, V=. Ltt
ole ed
On dic=2Vi dt
Integrating
ive : JV at
‘The current through an inductor cannot change instantaneously. Thus inductor acts'a
open circuit for tie newly applied energy at the instant of switching, but if Ip current is
already flowing ia the inductor before switching action, the inductor may be
considered as'a current source ig.
(©) Capacitor (C
Here, ic = [a= Vc]
ie tOVe “
Or, ie = <
Orig CM
1:
Or, dVo =F iedt
Integrating I
[CHAPTEI [Electric Circuit Theory]
Vo= 2 figadt ce
For a system of fixed capacitance, the: voltage cannot change instantaneously. Thus for a
suddenly. applied energy source a capacitor is equivalent to a-short circuit. Hence on
connecting an uncharged capacitor to an energy source, a current flows instantaneously.
# Initial conditi
is in the case of a s RLC network:
“In the circuit shown below switch Kis open for a long time at t = 0 switch is going to
+ di ei .
close then find i(0*), qe’) and a 0").
t=0
Solution:
It’s a de-energized condition, so at t= 0° inductor is replace with open circuit and
capacitor is replace with short circuit. Circuit at t = 0° is shown below
oe oy
K ROL c |
Wo (®) |
So we know by inspection
IO)=0= iL), Ve(0"
i") =i.) =0 Amp
=Vo(0")
Now, to find (0°), apply KVL at t> 0 in the circuit,
M1|Page Putt =0*
OnVo= iH *R+L Bory + ¥e(0)
OnVe=0+L EG) +0
Soy =" Amps
ae L seat
wi
* Now, to find $3
(0°), differential equation(i) w.r.t‘t’ , we get
v,
*RHLE + Ve
*ReL a tf
RLS + L fiat
Differential
oe lly a7 Slran Ligh :
O60 REWIFL GO) +7iO) ee
oro= Re 4.0) +0
at?
vi Rv -
a0") =~" 2 Amp/ sec”. _Tovarrer 2]
{Rleetrie cl Circult Theory) _ eae
# lh initial conditions in the case of a two-loop RLC network:
‘In the circuit shown below switch K is open for » lony time at t = 4 switch is closed then
find (0), 200°), 40%) , oye a 2H OF on ah ei fh,
t=0
Solution:
I's a, de-energized condition, so at t= 0° inductor is replace with open circuit and
capacitor is replace with short circuit. Circuit at t = 0° is shown below
a
By inspection, iL(0-) = (0°) = 20°) = 0 and 1,09) = <2 7 Also sVc(0") =Ve(0") = o.
” Now, to find eg ) He ta $200") apply KVL att> 0 in the circuit, E
f R R
ae SN rcs: T AWA =
WO gy ©) oF (0) ) Bh
oe |
From loop (1): Vo=VaitVo
Or, Vo=RIM in +2 Sis = iaddt Differential wrt‘?
Or,0=RI E+ 20, ~i2)
43|Page [Electric Circuit Theory]
Putt=0"
Or: o=rittoys t in") -2 200°)
Or, O= RISO) +2*¥2-249
dah + oY
ae = Cena Amp/sec
‘
i
1
|
i
|
ae From loop (2): ‘Ve + Vao + Vi =0
Org fin — iyddt + R2* in +L =0-—
Or, VerR2*in +L St =0
Putt=0"
Or, We(0")+ R2* i,(0°) +L 200) =0
Or, 0+ R2*0 +L S200")= 0 7 |
200°) = 0 Ampiiee
Now, to find ee @ ") and = (0, differential equation (i) and (ii),
ai,
: From equation (i) after dfs, 0= RS
Put t=0" |
0 :
Vo=Ve+ Ve
OF,Vo=i* R+Ve
OnVor CHE #R+Ve [since i= ica c He
* 78| Page This is Fist order ditferential equation, so the solution is
VeW=2 +k ent
Where, Q= 72 ang Pek
Vo (t) = Vo+ Kennet
(0)
Now to find the value of K, put t= 0° in above equation
Ve(O')= Vo+K ene"?
K=Ve (@')- Vp-—
~ (ay
Now to find V(0") use initial condition, the given circuit is de-energized circuit
Circuit at t= 0" is
From the circuit, Vc(0") =0 j
From equation (a) K = -Vo, so the equation (i) becomes as
an,
‘Vo ()=Vo-Vo en® Voit
79,|Page [Electric Circuit Theory] Dre CE!
2. Exponential Excitation
Find the.expression of current i (t) using classical method
t=0
pe
Ve) =Voe ad | i 1) +6
Applying KVL at t> 0
Vo e7% = Vat Ve
OnVoe* = i*R+2 fic dt
Differentiating
a wat abeRgtay
OreVoae"®=F#R+2* i
di 4 Vout
git sj, Vooe
Onze cR .
—(1)
‘This is first order non-homogenous differential equation, so the solution
FO= iN + it) ~2)
Now to find in(), the auxiliary equation of 1) is
diva 7 :
G+ tizo se
Bl Page Cameo
Case! Irae 2
a then the trail solution is taken as
in(t) = Aemat
Now, replacing the value of dependent variable of equation (1) by the value of trial solution of
in(t), then :
d[Ae~at
MEL epee
Vouentt
R
Or, -Agett+ 2 # fag-aty. _Vooe™tt
ay (Aes) *R
. 1
Ovata+ a
Hence from the equation (2),(3) and (6), the complete solution is
7) = init) + in(t)
a You.
Oni D=K eR + — H+ grat
ma ; ,
Es
’ Now to find the value of K, putt = 0° in above equation
1 You
i(Q=K ete? + —R— ¥ ao >
. fo-ay)
Oni(oyeK +
¥
OnK =i (0)--=4
81|Page Thus Vc(0")=0
ico’) =%2
From equation (8) K =
Yo
i@= (2 - oa
& then the trail solution is taken as
Cael Ita=F,
ig(t) = Ate“
(10)
Now, replacing the value of dependent variable of equation (1) by the value of trial solution of
ir(t), then
fat
rt
]
at
F & Atemat
cm [Ate~*]
at tematy 4. 4
Or,Ale"** -ate™*"] +2 * [Ate
Or, ALL-at] + * (At}= Ze
Since we ait
ce we have a cH
= Yow
Ona = — Ye Hence from the equation (2),(3) and (12), the complete solution is
iO = int) + in(t)
Oni ()=K eat Many grat (13)
Now to find the value of K, put t= 0" in above equation
17K ee? Meas ge ao : ‘
Oni @")=K *
OnK = i (0°) (14)
Now to find i (0") use initial condition, the given circit is de-energized i,(0°)=0
From circuit at t= 0"
Thus Vc(0") =0
ic(ory = 02
From equation (14) K =. so the equation (13) becomes as
Vo “at Vout o-at
i@=yee sett ett Amp —
Q6: An exponential source V() = 10e*is suddenly applied at time t='0 to a series RC
" citeuit comprising R = 1 0 and C= 0.L F. Obtain the expression for the oucge i(e in the
circuit using classical method. :
83| Page - Solution:
fe KVLatt>0_
ent = Vat Ve
Pe ee
Ore =i* 142 fidt
-Differentiating
Or,- 4 *10 e~#
Org 103 seem (1)
‘This is first order non-homogenous differential equation, so the’solution is
1 = in(0) + in( - —--(2)
Now to find in(t), the auxiliary equation of (1) is :
ee 10*i=0
iQ =K ett -(3)
Now to find it), take a trial solution according to source present,
Here, a=4 and © = 10, s0 condition is a4 z
int)= Ae*t -... ~ (4)
Nov, replacing the value of dependent variable of equation ® by the value of trial solution of
ie(0), then
Se) + 10 * [Av #t] =-40 ev #t
Or-A 4 et + 10 * [Ae] = -40 ev ##
Or,A [-4 + 10] =-40
01,A = -6.667 -—— Bes
Electr ae |
le.Circult Theory} SUE aaa
Thus equation (4) becomes as
= 6.667 * ett
6)
Hi .
fence from the equation (2,3) and (6), the complete solution ie
IO=in) +i
Oni (Y= K e410 6.667% ott
-() a
Now 'to find the value of K, put t= 0" in above — ;
10) =K e100 6.667 + nino,
OK =i (0')+6.667 -
—~ (8)
Now to find i (0°) use initial condition, the given circuit is de-energized
Thus Vc(0")=0 . *
ic(0*) =10 amp
From equation (8) K = 16,667, so the equation (7) becomes as
i (8) = 16.667 e-1" -6.667 * e~**: Amp
Q.7: An exponential source V(t) = 20e“'is suddenly applied at time t = 0 to a series R-C
circuit comprising R = 1.Q and C = 0.25F. Obtain the parte solution for the current
i(t) in the circuit using classical method.
Solution:
Applying KVL at t> 0 : |
. : : 10e~** = Va + Ve
Differentiating
-4t
or-4*10€
“g5 [Page = [CHAPTER-3) [Electric Circult Theory] Tene
5 di _
Ong ta tin -40e7* — weveeones (1)
‘This is first order non-homogenous differential equation, so the solution is
1D = in(O)+ ie) > ~---{2)
Now to find ig(6), the auxiliary equation of (1) is
a geje
ti al
in(t)=K et — -(3)
~ Now to find i;(0), take atrial solution according to source’present,
pea
Here, a= 4 and = 4, so.condition is a= Gy
g(t) = Ate —
-(4)
Now, réplacing ihe value of dependent variable of equation (i) by the value of trial solution
ig(t), then
40e*
apaten*] 4 + [Ate“*#
se] + 4% [Ate
Or,-At4 ew + Aewt +4 A tet =-40 6
Or,A [-4t+ 1+ 4t]=-40
40 -
OrA (5)
Thus equation (4) becomes as,
ip(t) =~ 40t* e~**
Hence from the equatSion (2),(3) and (6), the complete solution is
i= in) + i
Or,i@)=K e7#t ~ 40t* e~* --—
(7)
Now to find the value-of K, put t= 0" in above equation
i(0°)=K e-*0- 40¢ * em? [Electric Cire
Oni O)=K+0
OFK =i —
Now to find i (0°) use initial condition, the given circuit is energized ic(0) = 0
From circuit att=0
~—»)__ ae
“ > Ve a :
Thus V<(0'y =
ic(0") =20 amp
From equation (8) K = 20, so the equation (7) becomes as
1 (Q = 20* em#t ~ 40¢ + g-4t Amp
3. Sinusoidal Exei
Find the expression of current i (t) using classical method
vi) = Vm Sin(wt +0) - >t
Applying KVL att > 0
Vin Sin (@t + ©) = Vat Ve
87|Page ee OnVySin(ol OVI RE SLA
Difforentiating '
a Cos (at + 8) _---(1)
‘This is first order non-homogenous differential equation, so the solution is
~2)
i) =in(t) + ie) —
Now to find iy(t), the auxiliary equation of (1) is
(3)
Now to find ig(t), take a trial solution according to source present,
(4)
int) = K eC asa
ig(t) = A Cos (wt + ©) + B Sin (at + ©) —~
Now, replacing the valué of dependent variable of equation (1) by the value of trial solution of
ie(@), then
AIA Cos (wt-+) + BSin (wt +) ], 1
a 1A Cos (at + 6) +B Sin (ot + 0)] =“2a Cos (at + 6)
Or, -A @ Sin (ot + ©) + B w Cos (at + 6) + FAIA Cos.(at + ©) + B Sin (at + ©}
(wt + 0)
Equating the coefficient of Cosine and Sine, we get
Solving equation (a) and (b)
AF Vy t oo
Von" eRe
Cw?R
B= Vp *~
Vo" ii oaRe
88|Page Thus equation (4) becomes
WON raeaCOs (+0) +\y 4 EAE Sin (+0) —
Hence from the equation @, (3) and (6), the- reomplete solution is
“FO = into + iggy) ;
Or, 1®=K ee w+ V, "THREES (01+ O)+ Vint me 20h sin (t+)
Now to find the value of K, put t= 0° in above equation
Cw?
i(@=K ec? +Va im TaeFesCos O + Vn Tormisin ©
on* i@)=K +V, + Me hos 04 V_*
Lew? Tas msia -
Rae LCwR og
Or, K=i(0°)—.Vm + as bos + Vn » To oepea Sim (8)
Now to find i (0°) use initial condition, the given citouit is de-energized ic(0") = 0
Circuit at t= 0"
°
+
Vit) = Vn Sin(@)) 7)
i@')= Yasin
Yasin @?R. .
From equation (8) K = “#2 — vm» * eee Cos + Vm « asin, so the
equation (7) becomes _
i Yassin Cos +.Vm + eR oi Jena + y. aC Cog
1O-(42 — vm + See iPaeeesi Sin ) even’ + Vv, * 28 —c,
(ot+ oy + y,, # Co"
- Am
aoe sin (ot + 0) p _TCHAPTER-3] [Electric Circuit Theory] ERO Ue Eee
. . - 7 : A 4, BY
Q.8: In a series R-L cireuit the applied voltage is V(t) = 10 sin (10't + ¢ ] with R
0.25F, V(t) is applied at t = 0. Obtain the Complete Solution for current.
through the eirenit, Assurue zero initial curtent through the inductor. (Use clas:
-method). :
Solution:
Applying KVL att 0
VQ=VetV
0 sin (lore \=ixaeeR+ste fidt
Differentiating
di
O+2ie sin 10't+
or u “@
Now,
To find in,
: dic)
Getizo
wor Seker
i KE eee
Also,
ti)
To find ir, taking trial solution
ACos (104+ 2 J +B sin[ 10" +
Put i(t) = ig, in equation (i)
GIA Cos 10%) 8 sin (10h +2 E)I+20 A cos (10% +2 ) +B. sin (t0't+3 y=
5 sin{104 +2)
or, A 10%, sin (10+) 4 B, 10° e+e a in
. sin { 6) * B. 10° cos (10% +2} + 2A cos lott+g ) + 2B sit
(104 +8) =ssin(rots ) 4 a [electric Circuit Theory]
_ 7,
Comparing sin ( lots? } and cos (ote
"5=-10'A+2B..
ii) : a
O=10°B+2A )
Solving equation (ii) & (iii)
A=:5*10-*
B=10* 10-8
Thus, :
ip=-5* 10-4 Cos (to's) 4 10* 10° sin (1o'+#)
Now,
The complete Solution is
iM=ivtip |
“=k eX 5 * 10-* Cos (10% +2) + 101078 sin (104-2)
put=o°
i(Or)k-5*10-4 Cos(2) +10* 107 sin(2)
i(0+) = k —4.329 * 107+
20sin30° _
2
From question i (0°
25 . .
ook =2,5004329
So,
- 7 -8.sin (10% +E |
i() = 2,5004329 et +- 5 * 1074 Cos (oe Es 10* 10-®-sin (10 +5)
Amp. 2
91|/Page {Electric Circuit Theory]
“[CHAPTER-3]
# Response of RLC cireuit with
‘1. DC excitation
Solution for 2" ord ferential equation of RLC series circuit
Applying KVL at t> 0 in above circuit ;
VatVi+Ve=Vo
' di ir,
Ong #R+LE 42 fidt=Vo—
Differentiating
ai
ari
OsRGtLS
eet
+heja
ean
@i Rai
Mika t,
Ovge “Tat,” oR
=0
@ te
.* Which is 2™ order differential equation and its auxiliary equation is,
92| Page : [Electric circutt Theory]
PTER-3 2
CHAPTER'3] Transient Analysis By Direct Solution:
R . :
Where, a = = = Damping Coefficient
1
©, = Natural Frequency
The solution of equation (2) depends upon ‘the nature of roots:
Case I: If 4 < @, (under damped)
The roots will be complex, then the system is said to be under damped and the roots are given
as
S), S.=-a + JCD[we — a]
$1S.=—at jog where a= fos — a?
Hence the solttion of equation (2) is given by : z
i() =e [K, cos wat + Kz sin mgt]
Put = 0"
i(0+) = e~*°[K, cos(wg * 0) + Kz sin(wq * 0)]
i@+)=K,
We know that it’s a de-energized circuit so inductor current is i(0°) = i(0") = 0
K, =i@0")=0 .
Equation (4) becomes
i(t) = e-*[K, sin gt] ()
Differentiating equation ( 5)’, we get
ae Kp[(—ae sin wat + wae cos wat] ------- (6)
Putt=0" +
digs =
QOD = Kawa
naar
93|Page . [CHAPTER-3] [Electric Circuit Theory]
SC U UL cn ae eee
Now to find $(0°) use equation (1)
edie a -
IR+LE+cSidt=Vo
iR+LB4 Ve=Vo
Putt=0'
i@yR* ize ) + Ve(0") = Vo |
As the circuit is de-energized so that current through inductor i(0’)=i(0")=0 and voltage across
capacitor Ve()=Ve(0") =0 : $
O*R+ iso) +0=Vo
Thus equation (7) becomes as:
Yo
Kak
Hence the solution under damped condition is given as
Amp
(8)
Case Ik: If = a, (critically damped)
In this case,
=2e fk :
Re2 & : j
Ifa = @, then roots will be real and equal and the roots are given as
81, $2
aL
94| Page [Electric Circuit Theory]
Hence the solution of equation (2) is
9)
i(® = (K+ Kit) ~*~
Putt =0*
i@)=K,
From continuity relationship i(0)=i(0") = 0 Ky =0
: i(t) = Kot wat
Taking dérivative of equation (10)
MK, fenat nat
qo Ke le — ate
Put t= 0°
SO)=K
7
Now to find 2(0') use equation (1)
IR+LE+2fidt=Vp
a
IR+LE+Vc= Vo
Put t= 0°
iO)R+ LEO’) + Vo(0") = Vo
(0")=0 and voltage across
As the circuit is de-energized so that current through inductor. i(0°
capacitor V(0") =Ve(0") = 0
OR +120) +0=Vo
ane
a0-%
So equation (9) becomes
ier eerie EE «, (over damped)
In this case roots are real and unequal aid the roots are given as
; Se-ay
S,=<-a2
Solution of equiation (2) is given by
7 “iQ = Kyent!" + Ke * —
Putt=0°
i!) =K,+Ke
Ky + Ky =0-—+———- (a)
Now differentiating equation (13) we get
a
SO = Ky (ase + Ka (aot
Put t= 0"
dior) _
at
Ky (a4) + Kz(—ag) -—~
Now to find 20+) use equation (1)
R+L +2 fidr=v,
dt e
R+LA4Ve=V,
q at are
Put t=0"
iOR+LE0)+VeO)=Vo
As the circuit is de-energized so that current through inductor (0°
capacitor Vc(0"}=Vc(0") = 0
96 | Page
i(0")0 and voltage across So equation (13) hecomes as
Yo.
TT Kay) + Ko(—a2) ~
Solving equation (a) and (b) we get:
Hence equation { 2) becomes
- Yo
ent 4 2,
L (oy a2) - Uay—a2)
i@= e722! Amp
i ‘Under damped condition
Solution for 2" onder differeatial equation of RLC parallel “TCHAPTER-3] {Electric Circuit Theory]
Recess: NNectric Circuit |
SICENCU UL en eae)
Applying KCL at t> 0 in above circuit .
ip ti, + ig = To
veay we
Orgt TI Vdt+ CF =o
Differentiating
av dvi
Vy oP teye
OG T+ Se +i v=0
@v Gav
pee
One “cat
Which is 2™ order differential equation and its auxiliary equation is,
248o4ia
s?+is+h=0
Which has two roots S and Sz
The solution of equation (2) depends upon the nature. of roots:
Case I: If B < @, (under damped)
The roots will be complex, then the system is said to be under damped and the roots are given
as .
$1, S.=—-B+¥(—1)[w% — 2]
—B+j ay" where ay = fox — a? ‘ICHAPTER'3] [Electric circuit Theory) [AEE ea
LE
Hence the solution of equation (2) is given by :
VO) = ePIK, cos wat + Kz sin wat] — == (4)
> Put=0* .
V(0+) = e“B*OfK, cos(wq « 0) + Kz sin(wg * 0)]
VOOH)=K,
We know that it’s a de-energized cifcuit so voltage across capacitor is Ve(0") = Ve(0") = V(0")
=0 °
K.=VO")=0
Equation (4) becomes
V@)=e7*8[K, sin wat]
Differentiating equation ( 5) , we get
K,[(—B)e“P* sin wat + wye®* cos wat] -————~ ©
at
Put t= 0"
We.
S0')=Ke wa
“Now to find A) use equation (1) :
via av _
Le tfvar+oS =I
' VG +i+eS=1
Put t=0"
aia Wane ens
V(O')G+ cz )+ iL0') = Ip ,
99|Page [CHAPTER-3] [Electric Circuit Theory]
As the circuit is-de-energized so that current through inductor i(0")=i(0")}=0 and voltage actoss
capacitor Ve(0"}=V<(0")= 0
Thus equation ( 7) becomes as:
oa
Hence the solution under damped condition is given as
i ,
V(t) = e7F [= sin wa Amp —————~ (8)
Case Tk: If = @ (critically damped)
i GL
In this case, =e
If a= «then roots will be real and equal and the roots are given as
$1, $=
Hence the solution of equation (2) is
~ (9)
Vit) = Kit Kit) e-Bt
Putt=0"
VO")=
As the circuit is de-energized so that current through inductor i(0)=i(0")=0 and voltage across
=V(0'=0
capacitor V.(0"}
V (t)= Kat e7#
: Differentiating :
[EE a
100| Page K, [e-# — p ten BY
Putt=0*
Wye
aO= Ke
Now to find Xo) use equation (1)
Via av
Rr {sVat+CS =1
VGtitceS-1
Putt=0" ‘
; A ee
VO'VG + CF") + 1,0") = Io
As the circuit is de-energized so that current through inductor i(0°)=i(0°)=0 and voltage across
capacitor Ve(0")=V(0") = 0
ora +c Xo +0=1
Thus K, =
Hence the solution critically damped condition is given.as
vit) = ten.
Case III: If B >, (over damped) _ : ‘
In this case roots afe real and unequal and the roots are given as
Sims By
101| Page [CHAPTER-3]
[Electric Circuit Theory] Transient Analysis By Direct Solution
V(t) = Kye7®t + Kze7P2t -—
Putt=0* _
V(0")=Ki + Kz
Ky + Ky= 0 == (a)
Now differentiating equation (12) we get ’
AVO_ K, (—B, Jem Fst + Ka(—BaeP2* ;
MO = K, (Bx)
Putt=0" .
aver)
a
Ky (-B).+ Ko(—Ba)
Now to find $2(0°) use equation (1)
AAs the cirouit is de-energized S0'that current through inductor i(0") = i(0*) = 0 and voltage
across capacitor Vo(0)=Ve(0") = 0 :
via av
qt svat Cg =o
VIG Hit CZ =I
Put t=0"
ited at sabe abinbae
VOO')*G+ C20) + 10") = fo
org +e Zo')+0=%
AV gy lo, i
8 ;
So equation (13) becomes as
‘olving equation (a) and (b) we
= Ky (-By) + Ka(-Ba) —
102| Page. ers caesar
ue Si y
K,=—2
oC =B
bk 2
C(B:-Ba)
K
Hence the solution over damped Condition is given as
v= -
le Bit to en Pat Amp
cen et o-wD :
Under damped condition
Solution:
Circuit at t> 0
“08H
pus | eee
103| Page [CHAPTER-3]° .~ (Electric Circuit Theory]
RC ne Crt yg toa te
Applying KVL at t> 0 in above circuit
Va tVi+Ve=0
iosost42fiae= :
Oni*2 405542 fidt=0-
Differentiating,
di Chg Ae
. 2849524 jG
Ord +OS SS + i= 0
ai
‘ae
Hy aeie
Onda 4S + 2*i=0 Q)
Which is 2" order differential equation and its auxiliary equation is,
S?+48+2=0
Which has two roots $; and S>
Solution of equation (2) is given by
i) = Kyen O58 4 Kg 3.4it
Putt=0*
a
4
i@)=K, +k,
ow to find (0°, its an energized condition circuit so circuit at t= 0°
From the circuit, i,(0°) =i,(0") = i¢o'y =o
But voltage across capacitor Vc(0" Ve(0") = 244
*
Volt
104| Page . P= K,C oseye- 058 4 K,(-3.41
Putt=0*
MO) ~ k,(— 0.58) + K,(-3.41) —
Now to find So use equation (1)
2it0shs2fide=o
2it0s4+ve=0
Sat
Putt=0'
240.5 40)+Ve0)=0
AS the cirenit is de-energized so that current through inductor i(0")=i(0"
capacitor Vc(0")=V¢(0") = 2 Volt
OR +05 20+ 2=0
So equation (4) becomes as
—4=K,(- 0.58) + K(~3.41) ~
Solving equation (a) and (b) we get: :
K.=-141 :
K,= 141
Hence the complete solution is:
"i= = 1.41074 4 gte-aate
105| Page
Now differentiating equation (3) we get
Jen 34tt
——~ (4)
)0 and voltage across
Amp fe ies RLC ci
Qi: A voltage V(@) = 20 is suddenty applied at time t = 0 toa ee ‘om
comprising R= 20. L111 and C= 1. Obtain the expression for the current
civewit using classing mnethod.
Solution: Applying KVE at t> 0 : -
Vn 2Vi + Ve=V)
a
iepside 20
Which is 2"! order differential equation and its auxiliary equation is,
S?+2$+150
* Which has two roots $; and S,
Hence the solution of equation (2) is
1) = (G+ Kot, ent — ~ (3)
Pi
6
i@)=K,
From continuity relationship i(0)=i00")=0, Kk) =0
i) = Kate
Taking derivative’ of equation (4)
ao
a Ka fe“t = tem"
Putt=0*
106 | Page [Electric Circuit Theory)
din,
OOK,
Now to find nC) use equation a)
inal,
i245 +V,=20
ae
i244 Vo= 20
Putt=0"
io) 4 Seo .
i(0°)*2 + 500") + Ve(O") = 20
As the circuit is de-energized so that current through inductor i(0°)=i(0°}=0 and voltage across”
capacitor Ve(0")=Vo(0"} = 0
092 +40") +0=20
digs
tO )=20
Thus K, = 20
So equation (4) becomes
i(t) = 20 e~*t Amp:
Q.11: A voltage Vit) = 100 is suddenly applied at time t = 0 io 2 series RLC circuit
comprising R = 4Q., L =1H and C= 3F. Obtain the expression for the current i(t) in the
circuit using classing methed.
Solution: - Applying KVL att> 0
Va HV. + Ve=VO
di ms
Ori #441 atosl dt =100 -—
Differentiating
+g Phy cae
On E+ gat
107| Page “[lectric Circuit Theory) Transient Analysis By Direct
a
-- (2)
a
Or, +44 sti =0—
Which is 2" order differential equation and its auxiliary equation is,
S?#4S$+5=0
Which has two roots S; and Sz
$,S.==24j1
Hence the solution of equation (2) is given by :
i(t)= e-*[K, cost + K, sin t] ——
Put=0"
iow
=e 0[K, cos(0) + K, sin(0)]
104) =K,
We know that it’s a de-energized circuit so inductor current is i(o’y:
i@)=0
.
K, =i@)=0 3
Equation (3) becomes :
j
|
|
i= e-[K, sint] —
= (4)
Differentiating equation ( 4), we get
di 9) c~2t o: ae
Re Kel(-2)e-** sine} eo" cost] ------ (5)
Putt =o"
Now to find 20") use equation (1)
{Oo =K, i
|
Watt Ses fide= 100
i+ 4 Ve =100 [CHAPTER-3] i: [Electric Circuit Theory)
Putt=0'
iO'y94 4 Ay gn .
i(0')¥4 + Px) )+ Ve(0') = 100
As the circuit is de~ener
capacitor Ve(0"=
dso that current through inductor i(0°=i(0")=0 and voltage across
di.
OFR +50") +0 = 100
ae
So) = 100
Thus equation becomes as:
K.= 100
Hence the solution is given as
i() =100e-*'Sint_ Amp
Q.12 Using classical method, obtain the expressian for the voltage across the inductor in
the circuit shown in the figure below.
Solution: Applying KCL at t> 0 in above circuit
in ti, tic =O
v Y awe
Ongaet Bf Vdt+ It =0
Differentiating
WAV gayao
orate t aq tat
109 | Page
|
}
| : Se UE Ee Tani
IAPTER-3] (Electric Circuit Theory] BRM MARA
fv yWageye -~ (2)
Orga t45,73
i i its auxiliary equations, |
Which is 2" order differential equation and it
S?4+4$+3=0
Which has two roots S; and Sz
is . S Sy
1 de
i Solution of equation (2) is given by
Vit) = Ket + Ket ——
Putt=07
V(0')=K, + K,
Now to find V(0"),
we have from the question Vc(0") = Vc(0") = V0") = 10 V, But i=
iO!) =0. : : :
Ki +K2=10——-— (a)
Now differentiating equation (3) we get
Seakidet + K2(-3)e3t
Putt=0*
Now to find X0') use equation (1)
: _
dag +3 fVae+ 1 & =o,
V4 +5, 420 |
a
Putt=0*
10| Page VeO'y+4 + Moo" + i(0')= 0
As the circuit is de-energized so that cu
capacitor Ve(0)=Vc(0') = 10 V
10*44+ “ory 4g
O44 Hoy +0=0
ve
(0) =—40
So equation (4) becomes as
—40=.K,(-1) + K,(-3) —
Solving equation (a) and (b) we get:
K)=15
Ki= -5
Hence the complete solution is :
: Vv). oe Set + 15e-3t Amp
Q.13: In the two mesh network shown in figure, find the current i and iz when the switch
is closed at &= 0, using classical approach.
40 4Q;
Solution:
Circuit at t> 0
111 | Page Applying KVL at loop (i)
f 40=VetVe
q ts 40= 44 i +2 f(y — ip) at
q
* Differentiating
=4 S84 24, +2.
024 424+ 2h
Now again applying KVL at outer loop of the circuit
40=Ve+VatVe :
| : 40=4ise4*igt ot M2
‘From equation (1)
= Aj, din 4 (odin,
som aris 4 (224i) 4 00 g(22+i,)
© 40=4i, 8S + ai, $02 Shy ond
=02 &h dy ig
40-024 at 81st Bi,
i, di, anit -
Get 405 440 i,= 200 °)
ich is 2! : :
Which is 2 order non-homogeneous differential equation so Solution is given as
IN) = in + gp MCU Uwe) feet
Now to find iy, take auxiliary equation
S?4+ 40.58 + 40 =0
Si=- 1.01 ; }
: :
2 = — 39.49
So in = Kye" + K,e-3949t
To find ip, take trial solution as source present and put it in equation (2)
ity = A (constant)
ea
da
az t 405 ae 40A=200
0+ 0+40A=200
A=5
Thus, ii = 5
Thus the complete solution is
in(t) = Kye"! + Kze- 394 + 5
~ Putt =0"
i(0°)=Ky + Kz +5
As circuit is de-energized, so circuit att = (oc '
wvO oo =40 t(0"}*0, {
a7) Wo") =10 x \
So, 10=Ki +K2 +5
Ky + Ko
, 113 | Page Ree aeit
[Electric Circuit Theory] PCAC ya
Now differentiating equation (3) we get
= Ky (1.01 er Ht + K(—39.49) e794" +0
Put t= 0°
So)= K,(-1.01) + Kp (-39.49)
To find $2(0°) take equation Ww.
diy
paz dey
a2 Stir
Putt=0"
400°) = 2 S400") + i,0)
Sy) +10
—5=Ky(-1.01) + K,(—39, AQ) ---—
Solving equation (a) and (b) we get
Ki=5
K2=~1.30« 1073
Hence the solution for ii(t) of the circuit ig”
iQ =5 e1t_ 439, 10-90-3949 |g Amp
Also, from the equation ay
i= 2 ity a og. ;
i,(t) = 2 alse LOL _ 130 « 19-3¢~3949t 45] +5 e7#O! — 1.30 « 10-36-2948 4 §
(8) = -5.1. e291 4 9, 497 3949 45 Amp
Q.14: Using classical method, find the current through inductor in the network.
Solution:
Circuit at t> 0
Note: if the question didn’t give
20 it you any current direction and
(ei | asked you to find branch current | |}
i mS | like in this question Q.14 (current |
i 1F== | through inductor), then it’s better I
2 | to use branch current as shown in i
+ | the circuit t >0 because it helps | |
you to find'direct branch current |
Applying KVL at loop (1) expression.
10 = Vea + Vi + Vis io |
: |
10-20) +i) + 124+ 3i;
ad
10=5i, + + 2in
ip = 5-25-05
Now applying KVL at outer loop
10= Vine Var * Ve
a
10 = 2h, + ig) + Lie + 7S igdt
115 | Page pee aan
[Electric circuit Theory]
Differentiating
dis, giz 4 j,
org sath
(1) put value of iz in above equation
From equation 4
di,
5 -25i,— 05 3)
pales sifs—25i-08 3] +(
ggg 5-059= 251,
i
0 ays
. #i, gdh 25}
a 15-6 ae 2.5 iy
1.66 i, = 3:33
a oe 7 4 pea
Which is 2 ordet non-homogeneous differential equation so, solution is given as
i(Q= inet ie
A Now to-find iy, take auxitiary equation
} S* +45 + 1.66 =0
.
Si =- 0.47 ‘
Soviny = Ky e747! + Kye7353t
To find iie, take trial solution as source present and put it in equation (2)
qt 2)
ine = A (constant)
PAL as
qe t 4 41664-3353
0+-0+1.66 A=3.33
L A=2
Thus, ip =2
Thus the complete solution is HO=Kye-O47 4 Ker 353t 4 9
Putt=0" a
inO@)=K, +K, 42
As circuit is de-energized, so circuit at t= 0"
From the circuit, i)(0"}= 0 and i,(0°)=3.33 Amp. “gy
atl
$0, 0=Ky + Ky +5. ; (
Ky +K,
: \
Now differentiating equation (3) we get : \
diy _
ae = Ki(—0.47)e-47" + K, (—3.53)e7353t 4.0 |
Put t= 0"
di
SHO") = Ki(-0.47) + Kp(-3.53) : |
To find $2(0") take equation (1)
“ig = 5-251, +05 %
Put t= 0" fi
: ae di,
iO") = 5 + 2.5% (0*) + 0.5 FXO")
3.33=05 B00')+5
117 | Page : fees By
3,34 = Ky(—0.47) + Ky(—3.53) > ©)
Solving equation (a) and (b) we get
Ky, =-6.85
K2= 1.85
x Hence the solution for current through inductor iy(t) in the circuit is
in(t) = —6.85 e047 + 1.85 e254 5 Amp
2: Exponential excitation
Q.15 An exponential voltage V(t) = 20e~** is suddenly applied at time t = 0 to ase
RLC circuit comprising R = 20, L'=0.5H and C = 1F. Obtain the expression for th he
current i(f) in te cireuit using classing method.
Solution:
Note: For
‘ain ic oil
Applying KVL at t> 0 Excitation in 2" of
differential. equation
VQ)=VatVLtVe are also two cases:
20e~% = ie2 +052 42 fidt—(y © Casel: if fal #
ISylor So} thea
Differentiating
Take ip= Ae™
“t © Case IT: if”
n- 4 #20 e~
Or 4 *20 e' oe os +i : lal = [S,lor Si
: then Take ip=
on05 S424 4 is 80 ent Ate~** 4
ort ade
160 e~4t
~ (2)
This is 2" order non-homogenous differential equation, so the solution is [Electric circuit Theory]
1O= in + ign) —
Now to find ix, the auxiliary equation of (1) is
S4+4s+2=0.
|
|
~058 |
|
S=-3.41
: NO = Kyer P58 4 gr ste (4)
Now to find ir(t) take a trial solution according to source present, :
Here, a= 4 and $= 0.58 and $2 = 3.41, so condition is a # S; or S
ao)
Now, repldcing the value of dependent variable of equation (1) by the value of trial solution of
ie(), then
in = Ae~#t
z
—160e~*
Uae] yg Alten) apport
Or,A*4* 4 eH — 16 *Ae~# + 2 Ae =—160 en *#
Or.2 Ae~#® = ~160.e74
Or,A = —80
Thus equation (5) becomés as,
id) = —80e™* —- (6)
Hence fromthe equation (3),(4) and (6), the complete solution is
i=in) +O),
Oni (= Kren 5 + Kye 48 — gent.
(1)
Now to find the value of K, put t= 0° in-above equation
© 4 (0°)= Ky + Kz — 80
ial condi [CHAPTER-3] SO ney
[Electric Circuit Theory]
B0= Ky + Ky = (a)
Now differentiating equation (7) we get * 3
-4t
SE «Ky (--0.58)0° 5 + Ky (3.4 e941 + 80 # 4e
Put t= 0°
S40") = K,(-0.58) + K,(-3-41) + 320
To find fo" ) take equation (1) ‘
20e*# = 42 + 65S + Ve
us 40 = Ky (—0.58) + K,(—3.41) + 320 —~
Solving equation (a) and (b) we get,
Ke
Hence the equation (7) becomes
E (8) =~2, 42 7 8 4 82. 4207341 gpe~t amp
G.16 Af exponential voltage V(t) = 20e73¢ js suddenly applied at time t = 0 to a series |
REC cireuit comprising R = 40, L =1H and C = iF. Obtain the expression for the |
current i(t) in the circuit using classing method.
Solution:
Applying KVL at t> 0, .
Vit) = Vn + Vi +Ve -
120| Page We yea ean
[Electric Circuit Theory] pee
20e- = j di at a
U4 tet SUN Ger
Differentiating
Or,~3 #20 e°3t = a
1-3 #20 et 4 Se ie Hh Bi
_- (2):
: oni + 4 31=—60 63
This is 2 order on-homogeusns differential equation, so the solution is
3)
i (= in + KO —
Now to find ix(t), the auxiliary equation of (1) is
* -$24454+3=0
St
S2=-3
(4)
in(t) = Kye" + Kpe7 *
Now to find i;(t), take a trial solution according to source present,
Here, a= 3 and S=J and $2 =3,, So condition is a ='S1 oF Sz
is(t) =e )
pendent variable of eqization (1) by the value of trial solution of
Now, replacing the value of de
in(Q), then
eel 4 de] “l , 3[Ate~3] = —60 est
ne ane) A[Ae** — 3Ate~*"] + 3[Ate™*"] = -60 e~*
Or, — 30-3 — 3[Ae7t — 3Ate™**] + 4[Ae™t — 3ate“4] + 3[Ate~3*] = —60 e-*
Or, alent — 3Ae 3" + Gate + 4Ae™S" — 12Ate™* + BAteTS = —60 mS.
Or, —2Ae7% =—60 27
121| Page A=30
“Tlnus equation (5) becomes as,
~ (6)
ims 30te™* - :
Heuce fron the equation (3),(4) and (6), the complete solution is
ig) = int) + ivf)
~ (7)
Ori (f)=Kye7! + Ke" 3 +. 30te™3t-—
Now 40 find the value of K, put t= 0" in above equation
i(0')= Ky + Ky +0
Now to find i (0°) use initia! condition, the given circuit is de-energized i(0")= 0 |
0= Ky+K, = --(a)
Now differentiating equation (7) we get
Ky (De + K,(=3)e7 + 30e-#* — 90te-3t :
Put t= 0°
BO’) = Ky (-1) + K,(-3) +30 =0
To find S00") take equation (1)
2c = jag y A
at Ve
Putt=0'
singh
HeO)= 20
‘Thus, ~10 = Ki(-1) + K,(-3) —
Solving equation (a) and (b) we get,
Kes
222|Page Kes
ence the equation (7) becotnes
: 1O=~Se-t + 5e-3t + g0te-% Amp
Sinusoidal Excitation: .
Q.17: In a RLC series circui
voltage V(t) = 25 Shite containing R = 5Q, L = 1H and C = 0.25 F a sinusoidal
resultant current i(t) f is suddenly applied at time t = 0. Using classical method, find the
. 7 (0) for t > 0. Assume zero current through inductor and zero voltage
‘cross capacitor before application of voltage.
Solution:
Applying KVL at t> 0
VQ) = Vert Vi+Ve
7 ai .
25 Sindot = iss + 1+ 4fidt-—
Differentiating
01,250 Costor=5 + St44i°
dt_. dt?
ont + 5H 4 41 =250 Costot — ---- (2)
ores
This is 2" order non-homogenous differential equation, so the solution is
-(3)
i) = in + ie —
i Now to find ix(t), the auxiliary equation of (1) is
s?4+58+4=0
at
(4)
int) = Kye7 + Kae
Now to find ip(t), take a trial solution according to source present,
123 | Page
i CICHAPTER-3] [Electric Circuit Theory] Transient Ani
is(t) = A Cosl0t + B Sint —
i trial solution ,
Now, replacing the value of dependent variable of equation () by the value of 0 hutio of
y(t), then : :
: eP{ACostar+ BSintor) gta costot+ BSiniol] + 3[A CosLOt + B Sintog=.
Or, ee i i
250 Cos1ot
Or, ~100A Cos10t — 1008 Sin 0t — 50A Sin10t + 5B Cos10t poe Cos10t + 4B Sintoy =
t 250 Cosi0t E j
! i Or, SinLOt{—-100B — 50A + 4B} + Cos10t{—100A + 50B + 4A} = 250 Cos10t
a
Ay i
i Equating the coefficient of Cosine and Sine, we get
i —50A — 96B= a)
i ee 3
a : ~96A + 50B = 250 (by
He Solving equation (a) and (b) 1
J) de j
bd
4 :
% B= 1.06
Lt « — ‘
4 ‘huss equation (5) becomes as,
4 is() = —2.04Cos10t + 1,06Sin10¢ (6)
og a
¢
Hence from the equation (3),(4) and (6), the complete solution is
1O=in(t) + in)
Ori (t) Kye" + Kye #t
7 2.04 CoslOt + 1.06 Sint.“ —~
Now to find the value of K, putt=0" in shove equation
FO D= Ky + Ky 2.04 |
CHAPTER-3] [Electric Circult Theory] Sealy
2.04 = Ky + K ~
~ (a)
Now differentiating equation (7) we get
SE= Ky (Det + Ka(—4)e~™ + 20.4 Sint + 10.6 CostOt
Put t= 0° ‘
FO")=K,(-1) + K,(-4) +0+ 10.6
To find $2(0") take equation (1)
2ssinlor=i+5 +124 Ve
Put t= 0"
a dint)
SO) =
Thus, —10.6 = K, (—1) + K,(—4) —
* Solving equation (a) and (b) we get,
K i= -0.82
: K.= 2.87
Hence the equation (7) becomes
i ()=—0.82e"' + 2,87 e° — 2.04 Cosl0t + 1.06 Sin10t Amp
Problems:
Q.1: The switch in figure has been closed for a long time, It opens at t = 0. Find i(t) at t>
0, Use classical method.
L3H
I
T
Xt
— R
125|Page PTER3}
[Ans: i(t) = (4 + 2e72")]
Q.2: The switeh in figure has been opened for a long time.
It is closed at t = 0. Fi
complete expression for the current using classical method.
100.
[Ans: i(@)= (—1.67e720" + 5 )Amp]
Q.3: If the initial current through the inductor be 1A, find i,(t) at t > O in the cirenit
below using classical method.
=0
x
R
[Ans: i,(t)= et Amp
Q-4:In the network shown, C is initially charged to Vo, the switch K is closed at t
Solve for the current i(f), Using Classical method,
t=0 -f sin Zet Ame]
QS: Find the voltage across the capacitor at-t > 0 using classical method.
t=0
r ae @ 12 @
: {
2v) 2i ==IF Vb)
Hint: At node 1
-V,=2-Y a
a yd ty, =1
[Ans: V2 (t)= (2 —2e-®5*) Vott]
127| Page "[CHAPTER-3] [Electric Circult Theory]
Transient Analysis By Dir
#Q.6:The network shown in figure below is under steady state condition. The
closed at t = 0. Determine the current through 10 ohm resistor connected.
terminals AB,[Use élassical method]
t=0
a
1
3
2
\
a
oe
|
|
toon?
[ee
[Ans: ift) = (-2.495e-2 + 0.412e73 + 3.3) Amp]
Q.7:In the circuit shown in figure below, the switch is closed at = 0, find i,(t)
classical method.
it
:
i
'
i
as ae a
| 0G
| = sen; “00
4
nov F ue ; on
Eee i
[Ans: i(t) = (—4.5e773-5t + 1.421e7635t + 3,3) Amp]
128| Page See UEC N eer reme ela
+ TCHAPTER-3] [Electric Circuit Theory]
Q.8: In the circuit of the figure below, the switch is open and the circuit reaches a steady
state, At =0, the switch is closed. Find the current in the inductor for t> 0 using classical
method, . 7 . A .
“100
=
|
Hele
@)
[Hint: Use A ~Y transformation |
fAns: i(t) = ( 0.067e-357t + 0.6) Amp]
in the circuit of the figure below, the switch is close at =0, find V (® for t > 0 if the
[Ans: V(t) = (3e7°5t + 5) Volt}
129| Page HAPTER-3] [Electric Circuit Theory] igouaaaala
oq” to “b” at t= 0. Find
Q.10:In the circuit shown, switch is changed from positior
expression for current i1(t) and 2(t) using classical metod.
| ‘I : wonz
[ toy : ho \: | 4@\ 38
preset Se eee se
TAns: iy{t) = (10 — 4.31e735% +.0, 68715) A,
alt) = (5 — 3.37635 4 0, 87¢71390t) gy ENaE yo emi
[CHAPTER-4] [Electric Circuit Theory]
Transient Analysis By Laplace Transform
Some Important Formula:
+ Lio]=1 7
° LUvoj=Vv
o. uly=2 oO
* LIZ=sI-i@')
. uy = S'I-Si(0") - io’)
+ Lifjiay = 2
e Me eos : : :
© L{Sinbt] = =
* L{Cosbt] =
© ‘Lfte*4y car
© Lfe~**sinbt} orcad ars
. Le™**Cosbt] = Se *
#Steps to be ‘applied for solving any circuit by Laplace Transform
* Apply KVL or KCL in the circuit at t > 0
* . After application-of KVL or KCL we will always get differential equation, so take the
transform oni both sides of the equation.
* After that we will get a equation containing initial condition, so substitute the value of
initial condition
* Keep the dependent variable on the one side of equation and remaining term on the
other side of the equation then apply Heaviside’s partial fraction,
© Finally take the inverse Laplace Transform to et the dependent variable as a function
of time
131 | Page
X
\ ° “AEtectrie Circuit Theory]
#Heaviside’s Partial Fraction Expression: :
2
Let any funtion, I(S) = 9G)
* 1). Ifall the roots of Q(S) are non repeated
os P(S)
1S)" Ges,
ay Hy --- Kn
1)" Ss, ts, tus, ‘
To find K, : aoe .
PS) :
SESS) SS) * +o,
= PCS) ©
G@S)-SS)
Ki
then put S = —Ss
POS) _
Ke" GGG STS)
Ps
Ka GSyG+Sp. = then put §:
j-—_S)
Example 4.1: 1=—S*2) __
PEELE S(S#5)G+05H1)
Ki) Kp kK; K,
S48, 85,6
s test See t Ser
=—)__
HEED *
132| Page
——— (12)
Ki “Gapere ean then put $=0
@
How
1
Ki
5
And For Ky '
= (S+2)
Gr maGoem *S+5)
(s#2)
S(S+6)(S+1)
= 542)
OCS OSH)
K)=
then put S
Ky
20
And For Ks
: (S12) ;
SGHGiaGa) *S+6)
(si2)
FEsneen then put § =
(642) : :
COC ESC
And For Ky
____#2) *
Ki mcoea *StD
Kat) : .
Ka = Seeayere then put = —1
=f 142)
4 CDCHS)C1t6)
1
420:
Thus
3 ee
20 * 545} 5 "S46 20 SH e
133 | Page “[CHAPTER-a) {Electric Circuit Theory]
Se UC ace
2) If some of roots of Q(s) has power
P(S)
(sts)
eo
© GES) SHS)? (SHS)
Kis Kay 4 kp eo
(ese "SHS? GsnF
To find Kir : ‘
eS PS) . r
Ku= GigpGrsy? StS) S+s)
= P(S) —
Ku= Gyapreerapioe then pues = Si :
To firid Kye
ee ing differentiating then put S =
Gas (@rsps+Sp | after doing a en put
Kon
To find Kig2)
P¢S)
after doing double differentiating then put S =
] after doing (r-1) times differentiating then put S = Si
—
For Example 4.2: 1S) -apagep
ist Kaz Kas. K
¥ Gay t GF Genet Sa
To find K
Ss
__s
“GH
then put = —4
134|Page To find Ky3
as
Kn Gem *S+D?
s
Gap then put $= 1
To find Kz
is
=———_+45 3
Kp Gurern (S +1)
Kn =iislera!
To find Ki;
Se :
Kn -Gper) 56rd
ki~ 26a!
ku= gale
Ki
ery
24)
[Electric Circuit Theory]
_ [CHAPTER-4]
wy
-
NOTE: It is not necessarily
important. to use Heaviside’s
partial fraction for solving
partial fraction on Laplace
Transform . if student know
another process for solving partial
fraction it is relevant.
_S+2-8549 then put $= —1
135|Page
Ce Cun Cle 3) Msome of roots of Q(S) are Complex
+ PS)
Sacineraim
“
1s Shoe Seane
To find K
PCs)
Trecineranny *S +4 JB)
P(s)
SH24]3
| K= rep then put S = a+ JB
| .
{ : pa s
| For Example 43: I= eas
:
|
To find K
| aes
ajaysraay * S + 2-33)
2 Then put $ = —24J3
ait ote
te 2 153 and = 5— J
Fiad the expression of current i ({) using ¢lassical method ICHAPTER-4]. -
. For solving homogenous
differential equation or non-
homogenous differential equation
from Laplace Transform, method
Vo=VatVi
On.Vo=i*#R+LE
dt
Orgt+ ej = Ye the procedures are” same,
ak u procedure doesn’t depend upon
source present like classical
method. Le. solve évery problem
Yo with same procedure.
oy R
Orsi -i(o) +E +12
Taking Laplace Transform on both sides
Now to find i (0°) use initial condition, the-given circuit is de-energized circuit so i(0.) = 0
From continuity relation of inductor
iLO) = iO)
Circuit at t= 0" is
R Vo
Or, [S +7 1= 3.
st] ve
nT dS se
oe hh
Ort= Jef]
Now applying partial fraction,
137| Page 2.
And For Ky
Voy |
= R
Kenge ce
Voy _—-
= Zk then put $= =T
i= Ye Me oR
i@= 2%
HO=2Ga.6 d the expressio pistes
n of voltage across inductor Vi, (9 usitig Laplace Transform method
Note: Whiie
integration there must be limit of
“0° to °t’ otherwise L.T method
using “L.T on
| cannot be used.
ee
- Applying KVL at t> 6.
Vo=2Ve+ve
O8,Vo + i* 2R+ yp
ret
OnVo= Ef. Vidt*2R+v_ [since SV de]
0
OnVo=[ EI vi dt +S (ivy dt J* 2+
Or, Vo=[in(O-) +22 fév, dt]"2R + v,. [since (07) = 2 9, vy, dt)
L
Now to find ij, (0°) use initial condition, the given circuit is energized so circuit at t= 0
From the circuit i,(0°) =
And V,0)=9 <
From continuity relation for inductor, iu(0)
Now, circuit at t= 0” is
oe
139|Page [CHAPTER]
+
t 4
From the circuit ino'y=¥8 :
Thus equation becomes as
| ‘Or, Vo= Ee FE fun d*2R + yz
{ ' ‘Taking Laplace Transform on both sides
§
You Ye op y Mey
Or, isan aR+ 2R+Vi
2R4SL
Or, Vi fea
Now
taking Inverse Laplace Transform, we get
mh,
(= =Vo eT" Voit] [{CHAPTER-4] [Electric Circuit Theory]
Qu: In the network shown, the switch is closed at t =0. Find the current supplied by the
source using Laphice Transform method,
t is
= AWW
osF ==
|
|
Solution:
Applying KVL at outer loop at t>0
10 =2i, +55 Ln ieat
= 2429 pares sty
10-= 2i, + ag lin iadt + 5 fpindt
+ = 1 ft. *
10 = 2in + V(0 d+ gg hoindt
Since it’s a de-energized condition so Vc (0°) = Ve (0°) = 0 and also i; (0°) =i (0°) 0
10= 24, +042 ffi dt
~en “9570 2
‘Taking Laplace Transform
Rar t208
[2+ 9] :
bes
Taking Inverse Laplace Transform
i,(t) = Set ~(i)
And,
NE EE ee
141 | Page ACHAPTER-4) . [Electric Circuit Theory] Transient Anal
See. ‘lBleet :
Now applying KVL at loop (1) att> 0
1 ' diy
1 10 = i, +10
é Taking Laplace Transform .
Ms Pat+sh- iO)
i 8
i Beal+sy- >
i
ry i= Seep
; | Using partial fraction = >
;
i | 10 B a
| i sep step)
i i To find A
j ! 10,
} ——*
i s+,
j
1
| To find B
io
I Be ser *S +4) : :
i - B=22 then puit$ = —1 : ,
B=-10
Thus equatidn(ii) becomes 4
io _ 10 10
Ws Sea en rey [CHAPTER-4]
ESN
[Electric Circuit Theory]
Taking liverse Laplace Transform
i, = 10 10e71
(iii)
This, according to the question the current supplied by the source is
iti,
(= 10—10e-** +5 ett
i() = 10 - Se“! Amp
Q.2: In the network shown in figure below the switch K is closed at t =
0. Using Laplace
Transformation method find the two mesh currents i; and iy .
t
>. 70 70,
+
+
=
- i a 1e5pre =
(eees
Solution:
Applying KVL at outer loop att>0
diy
. 75 = Tig + Tiz + 0.2 ae
Taking L.T on both sides
2 = 71, + 71, + 0.2(Slp = i(0*))
Since its de-energized condition so is (0°)= in (0° )=0 and also Ve(0") =Vc (0") =0
78
s
Ty + Ty +.0.2(Slp — 0)-
2 = 7ly +12(7 ¥ 0.28) -—
* Applying KVL at loop (1) at t> 0
1434 Page Circuit Theory] STR ule Ens mec}
75 = Ti +795 walt (ia — iaddt
ee iol ~ tat
on oad dt + 5,
75 = Tin + appiges ols — ba)
: oo
75 = Ti + Ve(O7) + spgrzors Soa — Hadat
: 2 tty oy
5 = Tiy +0 + seecaors bole igjdt.
Taking L.T on both sides . ; a
in 1 Lk
a
= 7, +o ht ak
oats 18541076 S$ 185e1076 S
- L
= 71, + 54054.05 * m — 54054.05 * c i
75 _ 1 (7885408408 bh
Ba, (FE) - 54054005 «2
di)
75 = I,(7S + 54054.05) — I, + 54054.05 —
Putting.this two equation in matrix form and solve from Cramer’s Rule, we get
2 7 EM, 7 (7 + 0.28)
75] Ue} 7S +54054.05) —54054.05
Thus
i; | 7 (7 +.0.28)
(78 + 54054.05) —54054.05.
A= 7 *54054.05 —"(7 + 0.28) (7S + 54054.05)
- A=—378378.35 — (49S + 371 ; 2
10810.815) : ¢ 37837835 + 14S? +
378378.35 ~ (378378.35 + 1.482 +10859:81S)
378378.35 — 378378.35 — 1.48? ~ 10859,81S :
148? — 10859.815 ~ 756756,7
(1.48? + 10859.815 + 756756.7)
Lae 144| Page q [CHAPTER-4]
[Electric Circuit Theory] MU)
75°
And, a=[s Ce
75 5404.05
=4054083.75
Se (625 + 158)
= W(1SS*+525544054053.75)
se CSS 15 25844054053,75)
s
7 7s
Also, aes s
: (78 +54054.05) 75
tos 525 Casas
$4054053.75
s
n(ass%+5a5st40s405a.75)
= Ss = _ 15845258 +4054053.75
+ Now, t= 4
4 ~(AS?+10859.818+7567567) — Se1.4e(S?+7757S+540540.5)
yz —2SS45285+-4054053.75 :
= Tge8(6+70.32)(5+7686.67) = Git)
Using partial fraction
245258+4054053.75 A |B
1.4+S(S+70.32)(S+7686.67) _ S " (S+70.32)
ce
(S+7686.67)
To find A
15824525S+4054053.75
14¥S(S+70.32) (S¥7686.67)
*S
158?.4525S+4054053.75,
TaeGeroan(se7ea6er) hen-put S = 0
*15004525+0+4054053.75
T4+(0+70.32)(0+7686.67)
A=5.35
To find B
145|Page 15S?4+52554+4054053.75
4.44S(S+70.32)(S+7606.67)
«($+ 70.32)
158*+525S+4054053.75
14+5(S#7686.67)
70.32
then put S =
5(-70.32)?+525+(—70.32)+4054053.75
B ’ -1.4970.32(—70.32+7686.67)
B=-5.45 .
To find C .
1.4S(S+70.32)(S+7686.67) #8 7686.67)
15S?-+525S+4054053.75
= 7
14=8(5+7032) then put S 7686.6"
5(~7686.67)?+525«(~-7686.67)+4054053.75
~1.4+7686.67(-7686.67+70,32)"
B=10.80
Thus equation (ii) becomes as
= __158+4054578.75,
' SS#7032)(5+76866) — §
5 10.80
(S+7032) * (S+7686.67)
[= 535 345 10.80
g S ” (G+70.32) * ($+768667)
Taking LL.T
i,(© = 5.35 — 5. 45e°7032t 1 419, gge-7686.67t Amp—
Ae =4054089.75
sain, Me 40s405a75
Gas +10859.818+756756.7) Se1.4«(S?477578+540540.5)
4054053.75, é
14*S(5+70.32)(8+7606.67)
Using partial fraction
146 | Page 4054053.75 A
14-8(547082)(8476068) = 5
To find A.
As 4054053.75, 8 .
148(S+70.32)(8+760667) * :
‘A 4055053.75
iaGrroazsevasean then put S = 0
: A 405405375
: 140(0+70:32)(0+768667)
A=5.35
‘To find B : ;
4054053.75, 3
1a-SG+7082)(S+ 76866 * S + 70.32) ; .
4054053.75
1AsS(S+7686.67)
then put S = +70.32
4054053.75
~1.4670.32(—70.3247686.67)
B=-54 .
To find C
: ae 4054053.75 7
: Co eae mem * + 768667)
5 B = 1954053.75-— thon put $= —7686.67
* TaS(S470232)
4054053.75
Taa97686.67(~7686.67+70.32)
B= 0.049
: ‘Thus equation (iii) becomes as
405005375 __535__s4_ aaa g
(5+7032)(S+768667) S$ (S¥7033) + Brreangy
5A 0.049 :
(+7032) * (S+768667) Poy Taking LL.T : :
in(t) = 8.35 — 5.407752" + 0,0490~759557" Amp
i,(6) = 5.35 -5.
: a
in the network shown in figure steady state is rea
hed with the switch open. Using
i the'switch is ck a
neue ‘Transform method, determine the value of i(t) for t> 0 when the svt dod
att=0 ;
j
|
Solution:
iH
oom
| io. 1
| :
g ee TS oa
: ;
a
i
He cee
Applying KVL in foop (1) at t> 0
‘4.4 a oe
2i+ 1g t 05-1) =0
Taking L.T on both sides
21+ S1-i(0*) +0.51-0.51, =0 Circuit at t= 07
Since it’s a Energized condition so i (0") = i (0) =53 = 10a
And also Vc (0°) =Ve (0 )=5 V
aI +SI~ 10+ 051-051, =0
2.51 + SI— 0.51, = 10
(2.5 +S)1= 0.51, = 10 —
Applying KVL in Loop (2) at t> 0
O5(i, 1) +2 f),, nat = 0
~) +2 fo nde tt fiat = 0
05, -) +VeO") +3 fidt=0
05, -) +5 +7 Higat = 0
Taking L.TT on both sides
0:51, rost+i+bs 0.
(05+2)h -05t= -§
—0.5SI + (0.58 + 1)I, = =
Gi)
Putting two equations in-matrix form and solve from Cramer’s Rule, we get
149| Page PTER-A] (Electric Circuit Theory]
(4 2 [oss : ass : 1)
i + Thus
_@5+8) -05
a=[ -058 ~ (0.58 +1)
A= (25 +S) * (058 +1) — 0.5 * 0.55
A= 1.255 + 2.5 + 0.58? + $ — 0.255
A= 0.58? + 25 +25
ws 10 0.5.
— [ (05S + 1)
A,= 100.58 + 1) — 25
A= 58 +10-2.5
58+7.5
10845
(S?+4545)
1 Sapo ii)
Using partial fraction
uses Ke
GH-NSH)~ Gap + Geary
To find K
K=—_losts
Sepenwy *S+2-)
10s+15
(S424)
then put S = —2 +]
Jocaey 415
(C2ajt2ey
L0J—5
a
Pe ea
NOTE: Thiis is very impor
to know that Vc(0)could h;
positive or negative value.
when direction of current
voltage polarity are same}
“likewise in this example take |
V(0") = +Volt
And if direction and voltage
polarity are different likewise |.
as shown below. then take |
Ve (0) =—Volt
150|Page [Electric Circuit Theory]
Kk ==!G@0I-s)
2
Ke at04is
2
K=54)8. :
And
ke=5—J3
_ Thus equation (iii) becomes as ;
5 :
he Sth 4 of
~ Gap t Gap
Taking LT
i= (5+ j2) erg GH jeer
in Se-*(elt +o ) + jSe-2tGelt — eo)
ar (te) ze (etme)
Oe : 5e a
i= 10e*Cosit—Se*sinit Anip ©
Q.5: The capacitor initially charged to voltage of 1V as indicated in figure, Find the
expression for i(t).
| 5
iv 5° 0SF ~w *) 3m
Solution: Applying KVL at t>0
VetVat Vi
i
ce
; ai .
idtt+ix2+15=0
151|Page Re eRe
o apt ' di
: Lagldt+ s fidt-+ia2+2 0
Vo(O") + hidt+ie2theo
“From the circuit at t =0",.i(0") = O(as inductor is de-energized ) and Vc(0") = Ve(o)="
WW ]
ot ai
wits fidt+iv2+o=0
Taking L.T in both sides :
314 21+SI-i(@*) =0
2 si-o=t
gl+aitsi~o=2
2 ee
Gt2+5=2
S+28+2)) 1
s,s
1
SP42842
a
1 ste2stisi
2
(GH)? *
Taking I.L.T on both sides
i=e™'sin1t Amp
Q.6: Solve for i(8) in cireuit us shown in figure below in which 3F capacitor is initially
charged to 20 volts, the 6F capacitor to 10 volts and the switch is closed at
152| Page [CHAPTER-4]
Solution:
Applying KVL at t> 0
VertVritVrotVo2 = 0
if eG
sfejidt+1sitiei¢2
glgidt+1eitisi+2
40,
sLaidt+sGidttisitisit sf idttsGidt=0
54, 1k a av art
VerO) +3 fpidt-+ 14141414 VeQ(07) +2 fide =0-
From the question it is given that Veq(0™) = 20 volt and V¢_(07) = 10 volt
apt Fey tetra
—2045fidt+1+itt*it10+efidt=0
Taking L.T in both sides
ae wyhe
Geiss Itt sts 0 :
153| Page {CHAPTER-4] {Electric Circult Theory)
28)
Taking 1.L.T on both sides
i() = Se~95t Amp
@.7: An exponential voltage. 4e~3t is applied at time t = 0 to a series RLC cireyiy
comprising R’= 40, 1, = UH and C = 3F. Obtain complete solution for the current,
Assume zero current. through the ee and zero voltage across the capacitor before j
application of the veltage. (Use transform method.] 7 a
. ]
Solution’ © :
Applying Ki. at t>0
ota a
4e’ Satie
4e-3t = ai +
ee eye ee re
se = A+ T+ Ve(O) +3 ride
From tie auestion Ve(O) = O-and i(0’) =0
fet aain Seorayt vat
‘Taking L.T on both sides
alesiniory 4s! :
=4l+Si-o43t .
=i(4+s43)
154| Page SH G43)" ~
Using partial fraction
pee
SHGRF Ga * ep (s+3)?
To find K
4 :
= Gensay *G+1)
K= aa aay then put S= =-1
K=-1
To find Ky)
Sea
Ko= Garey * +3)
a= eo then put S=—3 ~
443
To find Ki; :
Kus aay OF9"
‘Kirgglen] |
Ku= thin pals = 3
aa
Ki
Thus equation (i) becomes as
155|Page _[CHAPTER.4) (Electric Circuit Theory) [RUA UES AEraE!
WS et o 6
Dea > Gt Hat Bae
—
(Sa) ° (SH) (843)?
Taking 1LL.T on both sides we get
iQ =e" +e + Gte“" Amp
Q.8: Find the voltage across the capacitor of the circuit shown below using Laplace
Transform method. = |
;
;
se 3t@)
Solution:
Applying KCLatt>0 0 ~
Se" = ip tig tic
Set =i yt iy ga
pha Vat + e+ 2
Set a2? vat gist v ow
res ta fyvat+ 42
) tats ee Se =i,(0-) +2" v av
nC tp hvdet S428
_Since it's a de-energized condition soi, (0-) = i,(0*) = 0 and ve(0") = ve(0*) =0
= 7S VCO) =
seticod! (Sy ae4 24 940
rhvdt+ +2
2 Taking L.T on both sides
5
v . :
gt 4V + 2¢SV— v(or)) ]
156 | Page [CHAPTER-4]
[Electric circult Theory]
wm = Et V4 26V-0)
‘
Bp = G+ 4429
5S
= 8_
Sess
5s
= SS
2+(S+3)(S2425405)
258
=— 258
(S+3)(S+0.29)(S41, 70)
Using partial fraction re
258 KK Ky
=o SS
(S+3)($40.29)(5F1.70) ~
Sey t ($¥0.29) + a0”
To find K;
258
EHCErorysra7 *S +3)
KS then pits = 3
(S+-0.29)(S+1.70) aula
- To find K2
ass :
Ka= (S+3)(S+0.29)(S+1.70) Gt 0.29)
5 then put 8 = -0,29
To find K3
2.58 } .
Ks = Gayerozneeim * S + 1.70)
2.55
Gas
then put $ = ~1.70
Ky=231
aera os
157|Page a1
125) + (S+1.70)
Taking LL.T on both sides we get
v(t) ==2. 12e73* — 0. 1e7-92 + 2. 34e-17* Amp
i
|
|
Q.9: A Sinusoidal Voltage 25Sin10t is applied at time t = 0 to a series RL cireuit
* comprising’ resistor R= SQ and induetor L = 1H. By the method of Laplace
‘Transformation find current i(f), Assume zero current through inductor before
application of voltage.
Solution:
Applying KVL at t> 0
init =i» at
2ssiniot=i+5 +15
‘Taking L.T on both sides
25010
Haine = 51+ SI-i(0*)
From the question i(0°) = i(0") = 0
250
(S*+100)(S+5)
* Using partial fraction
250K
(S+100)(S+5) ~ +5)
To find Ky
«(S+5) ; : |
=. 250
- Ki" Groner
250
i Gevaamy Se Pues
Kj=2
158 | Page To find K
K=_—_2_
(S+10))(S—10))(S+5) G+10)
kK=—_280_- ‘c=
Croton ccaayay then put S = ~10)
K=-14j4
. 2
And
ayy)
ke=-1—j8
Thus équation (i) becomes as
p= 4 CHD Gr
(S+8) "(F210)" (S=20)
Taking LL.T
st ae 4
eT (1 + Je" + (1 = | Holtone
)
so
erst — 2 ee
1x6
Ze + 2Cos10t + Sin1ot Amp : :
Problems:-
Q.L:The switch in figure has been closed for a long time. It opens at t = 0.
0. Use Laplace Transformation method.
[Ans: i(t)= (4 + 2e71°)]
159| Page Tenaprer-a) [electric
Q.2: The switch in figure has been opened for a'long time. It is closed at t= 0. Find the
rent using Laplace Transformation method
complete expression for the cut
‘ : 20a . 100
ea ae ae 4
ae
Oroov is |
L 01H.
| K
| *
|
|
“a \
i
[Ans:it)= (—1.67e7200 + 5 )Amp]
Q.3: If the initial current through the inductor be 1A, find i,(t) at t > 0 in the circuit
below-using Laplace Transformation method.
>€
t=0
R,
[Ans: i,(t)= e73-"* Amp]
160'| Page | [CHAPTER-4] [Electric Circuit Theory] MARCHE EUEIEOL Aer eae
Qud:In the network shown, C is initially charged to Vo, the switch K is closed at t = 0,
Solve for the current i(t), using Laplace Transformation method.
t=0
Ge
| ——
iO
—_
a Coe
[Ans: i(t) A sin Z-t Amp]
Q.5:Find the voltage across the capacitor at t > 0 using Laplace Transformation method.
t=0 -
x 2 wm 10 Q)
[aeeKaas
|
, dav aa ==IF. V(t)
PPT
[Ans: V3 (t) = (2 — 2e~°5*) volt]
161|Page teres) tteece
‘#Q.6:The network shown in figure below is under steady'state condition. The switch is
‘closed at-t = 0, Determine the current through 10 ohm resistor connected between
terminals AB,| Use Laplace Transformation method]
t=0
x : q
een }
LW WI
100, 100 1H \i@ = 10a
S100
rv)
i
[Ans; i(t) = (—2.495e72 + 0.412e73% + 3.3) Amp]
Q.7:In the circuit shown. in figure below the switch is closed. at t= 0, find ij(f) u
Laplace Transformation method.
ve at
— oF oe ge z
0
A
100v->
|
lL:
(Ans: i(t) = (—4.5e775-65" + 4421-635 + 3.3) amp
7
eee /
162| Page : 1 [CHAPTER-4]
Q.8: In the circuit of the figure below, the switch is open and the circuit reaches @ steady
state. At t=0, the switch is closed, Find the current’in the inductor for t > 0 using Laplace
method. .
100
a,
a
sey
100 ii 200 -
7X 0
| ‘3100 .
|
ey
: [Hint: Use A — Y transformation |
[Ans i(t) = ( 0.067e7357' + 0.6) Amp]
Q.9: In the circuit of the figure below, the switch is close at t=0, find V(t) for t > 0 if the.
initial capacitor voltage be 2V, use Laplace Transformation method.
- (Ans: V(t) =(3e7°5' + 5) volt]
Q.10:In the circuit shown, switch is changed from position “a” te “b” at t = 0. Find the
expression for current il(t) and i2(t) using Laplace Transformation method,
ee eters eee
163|Page * 50. 2H 100
is) iv
1
vax was
ET Onmie Ai) \ | “ao 328
[| Jody.
[Ans s(t) = (10— 4.316795. +0, 682-13.) A, > inft) = (5— 3.37e745%
+0.87e7159%) A}
Q.44: In figure below, the capacitors C, and C, are initially discharged. The switch K is close
at t= 0. Find the Voltage Vilt) for t > 0 using Laplace Transformation method.
0
|
Xo S8
rote
|
- | CQ
wo
—
[Ans: Volt) = ( 6. 74€7 9991-78 — 6, 74@~303408.22t ) yojs]
164| Page
© [Electric Circuit Theory]
[CHAPTER-5]
Frequency Response of Network
Frequency Response:
Network function can be représented in rectangular fori in steady state as follows:
NGjw) = RW) + XW) : /
Where, R(o) is real part of NGw)
X(w) is imaginary part of NG)
Or,NGo) = [NGo)| < 6(@)
Where,
NGjw) = JR?(@) +X) ——-» (1) oo
= tan? (2@Y
< 0(@) = tan (FS) 2)
From (1) and (2), we see that both magnitude and phase angle of network function
depends upon the frequency,
Poles'and Zeroes:
‘A network function is always ratio of two - polynomial in "S". ie.
N(sy = POS) _ oS" aS" +... + ays?
(S) = Q6) “bs” + b|S™ +... + bes?
_K(S=Z1) (S- Z) «. (6 Zs)
(s- Pi) (S- Ps)... (S- Pm) ‘
= Scale factor.
Zj, Zp .... Zy are the roots of. P(s) and
P,, P. P,, are the roots of Q(s)
165| Page PTER-S] - [Electric Circuit Theory]
Frequency Response of Network
If the complex frequency "S" takes a value equal to’any one of the roots of LO} ies i
either $ = Z, or Zp, ... or Zn, then, the network function becomes Zero. Hence these Toot
are Known as zero of the network function and the factor of the network function and the
«factor (S -_Z,), (S - Za) «.. (S - Zn) are known as zeroes factors. aa: A
If the complex frequency "S' takes a value equal to any one of the roots of Q(S) i, ¢,
either $ = P, or,P) or .... or Pn, then the network function n. becomes 0, Hence these
Toots are known as poles ‘of network functions and the factors (s - Pi). (S = Pr) are.
known as poles factor.
# Transfer function or Network function of two port Network:
Two port Network consists of four terminals
Terminals pair 1-1? makes input port 1.
Terminals pair 2-2” makes output port 2:
V,(s) is the voltage at port 1 * .
V2(s) is the voltage at port 2 4a
We) is the current at port 1
In(s) is the current at port2~ : 4
Reference polarities and direction ‘of: currerit are taken as shown it
166 | Page MCSE SCE | FredliencyReshonse of tet
# Transform Impedance and udmittance of different cireuit elements:
Circuit Elements Transform impedance in| Transform admittance in)
S-domain s-domain-
| Resistor(R); in O ‘ R i
i R
L .
inductor (L); if H SL ae |
: SL
| Capacitor (Chin
| 7 sc
i x
L J
Network Function of Two port Network (TPN):
1) Driving point network function:
© The ratio of Quantities of same port.
)Driving point input impedance and admittance (Zi, and ¥ 11)
ty) = 22
ty — Here, 23.
Aly is) +
\ Yu@) = Zo
ii)Driving point output impedance and admittance (2:9 and Yn)
aS
Laal9) = ey
He =2
ere, Zag =
a
Yo2(S) =
m Transfer Network Function:
* Ratio of quantities of different port
© Ratio of quantity of output port to quantity of input port is called forward *
transfer network function.
* Ratio of quantity of input port to quantity of output port is called reverse
transfer network function.
erento ereegee
167 | Page « [CHAPTER-5] [Electric Circult Theory] [Marne mace eae Ramee
. i)Forward transier impedance and admittance (22) and Y21)
oy oe Va
7. (8) = WD
2 Here, Zo te a i
- (9) - |
Yar (S) =
we) |
ii)Reverse transter impedance and admittance (Z)2 and Y12)
7 ¥ulS)
told) = Hy
4
Here, Z12 # Ya
1S)
Ye) = 22 ;
iii)Fotward voltage ratio transfer function (Gz1) and Forward current ratio transfep
function (@2;)" .
# Steps to find transfer function of given circuit:
Write the given network in $-domain
Consider port-i
Perform series-
two ports, .
4) Write KVL fo, all loops.
5) | Find the value of required iransfer function.
’s source having voltage Vi and port-2 as given according to question,
Parallel reduction of possible. Reduction should not involve any of the
we
it below:
Example.L.Find Za) for ci [CHAPTER-5] [Electr
Cirtuit Theory]
Solution:
Writing in S-domain,
iS eo
v
Resistor and Inductor are in parallel, so reducing as.
=2//8
=28
~ 248
hk 7k
Me
2, = 43s
Here, port-2 is open circuited, ic. f= 0
Applying KVL in right loop;
28
w= (Su
2
2
. Me
Example.2.Find Y2, and Gy; for circuit below:
ee
169| Page [Electric Circuit Theory] Gea eee
_ Solution: [Electric Circuit Theory] [Iaertis ec aan
[CHAPTER-S]
Gy, =
Applying KVL in loop |
/ wa(S4s+ 1)
ie PB,
Applying KVL in loop 2
Ww=G+tD — [Ash=0}
1
va SH
: Yu = 37
Also, i
vs h,
- Ganz Ee),
sez)?
G5, = SDS)
21 S354
Example3 Find driving point input impedance and voltae ratio transfer function of
following circuit.
. 1H
1H PENI
[088 —
1s) - |
ft 12
171|Page [Electric Clreuit Theory]
APTER-S] -
Gena at
Solution:
Writing in S-domain,
The driving impedance of port-| is given as Z, 21 Tstst
stl
s’+2s
21> Fett
aya) 4
(Gea) +a} in
at
Pa
Teas WA
A" 2s
1
Za faa ah!
Ast4
afin
stl
Ly 2 Fs
- 20° Fass
~ s+2s
st
“943841 :
.- Hence,
Zy = Zi +Zy.
42s st
“S43sti * F3sh
. 243st1
Zu> Fett
S43s41
Zu=
_ the voltage ratio, Cee function i is given as,
173 | Page Gear ua icc aan)
tree
CHAPTER-5] [Electric Circuit Theory}
Ga (8)= ye b *
V;
Vi(s)
Gn =e
Gals) = Zi, 13)
stl
Gu (9) = Fy3sr1
Example. Find voltage ratio transfer function
3a
Solution:
Writing in $-domain,
}
i
|
j
|
|
|
Performing series-parallel reduction; *
‘3 3a 7 : 7
a= (G//q) +t
oF t= Gur)
174| Page Applying KVL in left loop;
Vy = (2, +2)
_ (2848, 4
= (Stags
- a)
' ~ Ager] t
Applying KVL in right toop;
1
V2 =%h =sorh
SH
~ 262644)
175|Page [Electric Circult Theory]
a i i) Zu Gi)
Example.5 For the given resistance network, determine the value of @ Zn Gi)
iv) Yar (¥)
Solution: = * Note: Always take direction of I;
and) Ib clockwise and
As Netra anticlockwise respectively as
Loop-1: shown in figure. For other loops,
o you can consider any direction.
Mah!
i Leop-2:
2p + 1p + Ly +14 = 0 [Here, V2 is voltage across lohm resister. It is not source] j
Loop-3: Note: For network involving two
or more than two loops, write
ae. KVL in matrix form and solve by
‘ Loop-4: Cramer's rule, by doing so, you
: : can find all variables in terms of
antl tht+th-Is=0 the variable in RHS (here V1)
Writing above equations in matrix form,
‘ : 3 ’
: ‘P41 0 =1 0} fl I, . é
Oo 4 oO 1 felejo}
7 -10 4 -1] [ls
0
0-1 -1 4) In) Lo
You can also Write KVL in matrix form directly as,
R11 R12. R13 R14] fh A 4
; : R21 R22’ R23 R24) |b] _] 0
R31 R32 R33. R341 {I3| ~] 0
R41 R42 R43 R44! LA! Lo
176 |Page {CHAPTER-5] [Electric Circult Theory] Cte aaa a ee on
Ri = Sum of all resistor through which current Ij flows.
Rir= Sum of all resistor through which both current Ij and I; flows,
-ve value , [f both 1; and Ij in clockwise direction.
-ve value, If both I; and I in anticlockwise direction.
‘tve value, If one in clockwise and other in anticlockwise direction.
For above equation,
R13 =—1 [1) and I both are clockwise, so —ve]
RI4=0
: . R22=2+1+1=4
R24 = i [h is anticlockwise and I, is clockwise direction. So +ve]
And so on..... 7
Thus matrix is
1 0 -1 of fh I,
OO ees |(0
10 4 -1/"Jb]~}o
01-14) Wy bo :
This equation is same as equation (1)
vy,
@O- A=
hy .
Solving by Cramer’s Rule;
—0-=1-0]
-/9 4 021
palt 0 a algo
a4. —-1 4
» 177|Page Thus
Since V2 is voltage across 10
(i) Gee | resistor. For resistor current flows
oe from + to — Here, direction of | is
Wee #1 ‘
opposite. of that suggested by
polarity of Vz. Hence, ve sign:
iii)
178| Page Example.6: For the given two-port network, determine
G,(S) and driving point input impedance
2 ‘with 2 20 resistor,
functions.
voltage ratio transfer function (a)’
() Zi(S). If this netwotk is terminated at port-
then for this terminated network, find the following network
@-—— Zu(Sy
—
ZS) Gi) YS) @)
a21(S)
179|Page Note:* If port-2 not-terminated, I>
= 0. So, no need to include KVL
for foop2 in matrix.
“if port-2 terminated, 1:40,
Include KVL for loop2 in
network.
For given network, port-2 is not terminated, So writing KVL for loop 1 and 3 in matrix form,
. 2S +1 =25 Jf] = [%
. -2s 48+ Ig] = () Port-2 is open: So no current
: flows through 19 resistor. Hence,
: @ Gu= 2 no voltage across it.
Va= 2S(Ig)
Here,
ee, = 45? +68 +1
a+. V,
: Pras Gl=2se%
Lo Ay 2S * Vi;
SA 482+ 6S 41
Y= I 4S*2V,
aoa 482+6S41
asta,
Gy = SS = 48?
Vi aSt65ea oe
Also : :
(6) Zi=
: vy, —2s
A=) = 4
“Lo ase SE DY,
180| Page. - 4 ait 2 5H
A 4s246Stt
Vi 45246541
| Gay > ase wae
| ast rest
Now, Eee
_ If this network is terminated at port-2 with 20 resistor;
. Writing KVL for loopi,2
and 3, and putting in matrix form
+1 0 as yy :
ang to 3. 2s JE ie [°] Here, port-2 terminated, |
“St illst Lo In-#0. so write KVL for
2S+1 0 ~28 loop-2 as well.
a=] 0 243 25
-2 2S asa
=(28 +1) Pst 3 ae 72s [Ss an 3]
= 20S? + 20S +3
i =4
@ %y=%
Here,
h 0-28]
0° 28+3 2s
0 2 4841
ay f2S+3 28
lS aseal
=(48? + 14S + 3)V, .
Ar _ (48? +148 +3)v,
= 1:
A 20S? + 208 +3
i=
181| Page [Electric Circuit Theory]
Rr Ce ein cen
Ye va 2ostfa0sia
j 1,7 Gara asteaases
aosTea05+3
Gi) 2a E :
Hefe, Wi ~2l3
: 2S+1°V, 2S ‘
A, 0° 0° 2s
- —as, 0 4541
v.[2, 425 ’
alas astal - '
=(-487)V,
be As ' 4
25D 20S?-+208-+3 a
(es?)v." i
Ve 208?+20S+3
{6s?v1 2
= —aiszizosea_ _ __8S"_
(48?414S+3)Va 482414543,
wpSta20545 :
(-482)vy" : 4
(ii) Yy= B= ees =. _ 4S) _ : :
: Vi Vi 2082420843
(482)v '
2082320843 ___(~48?)
(asteuastaWi ~ 482414813
26st 4205+3
(iv)
182| Page Beet aie meets
TElectric Circuit Theory]
" Bxample.7: In the network shown in fig, find the following network fanction.
i. Voltage ratio transfer function Gzi(s)
ii. Transfer admittance [Y2,(s)]
pote
: fT DE <
2
i 10 ;
10 ; :
!
| Here.“5
"Now applying KVL in loop (1) and (2) and then putting them in matrix from. we get”
Seat! +28) (1 +28) L]:fv
[Sa 8) 2 [8]
ss 4258)
(sop +1428) 05-44-2299
ys)
GE a)asa. (i +28)
ee 2s)
hare
Fez 1428) as+4)- (+28) |
a
seat! +28)as+4-c +28)
2(1+ 28)
2
4271428) 0844-429! Now appling KVE in foop (1) and 2) and then putting them in matrix from. we get
[ +1438) (128) [eed
{> a42s) . G+1+25)4°° :
«yen wa 228)___
TUNA eget 28) as +4)-01#25)
ee : ~Vi(1 +28)
“Bera :
4 (B5+1428) e544 -1 +28)
fipscetisibssesteeeee ( Kay) Eeeassunenniaaaan
Yul Be7 ros
(2541428) a8+4)-(1 +25)
Also,
Now,
SIEMEIENag 2) He el :
(yt1+28Ja5+4 (+25) Example.8: For the network shown in figure below, determine the voitage ratio transfer
- function & the transfer impedance,
iF
Solution:
‘The voltage ratio transfer function is given as
Here,
185|Page ie STS
Tet TOgha
Then,
Taking KVL at toon: Vi(s) = Z; f+ Zo(li-h) .
Vi(s) = (Zi + 22) 1 -Zrh....-.)
And: :
loop Il; (Z: + Zs.+ Za) Zz =0...... (ii) »
‘Also, Va(s) = Z4 Is) ......... (iii)
Using Cramer's rile,
Nig, | ;
ea 0 (ZytZyt Ze
(O° 7732, LAL, Ly+ Lt Ls
<_(ZAZ HL V, :
tqy= —— tv
"OO" ZEAL ZZ Let ZL ADT,
And Ini - ZNi
Thus,
The transfer impedance Z»; = %
1
= ERAN Zip ZT AZZ I 47,7)
(ZAZAZ NV, LAB LZ ZZ D4Z Ly) |
(186 | Page 1
2a1= FES $548
And,
: 1 VAs :
Voltage tatio transfer function Go, ya
7.22) tone
(ZiZs4ZZ3+Zi Zt Zaye
Gy = oe lt)
a
| 3Qsi5)
eu te apd
s(t) * (+1) * GH Gsts) * 5 * Ssr5) :
Example.9: If the two port network is terminated With 20 resistor at port -2 then for this
terminated network find following network functions.
@ Gy Gi) ax
Solution:
<» Writing in'S-domain;
187| Page [CHAPTER:5)
[Electric Circuit Theory] Pare ag se Se Lg
ne) ao : .
0 @s+7) 28
0 28 (1428+)
=v, {@8-+7) (1425 +2) — 45}
=
of} Go : :
1-0. ceases
4
=-V,/5(+ 28+) -2s| aa
188 | Page Hence,
2 [-sa +28+3)2s]
Gu= z Z .
S1Qs#7)(142s+5)-45"|-5[5(1425+=)+25]-1]105+(28#7)]
Example.10: For the network of following figure, find the current ratio transfer function.
21,
4 aN a +
sia ost a
cc@) 10, i psn 7
q I | |
Solution:
189| Page Pact aites ok acer
[Electric Circuit Theory]
From the figure'l, = —(Ig + 14) (1)
: Note: Incase of presence of
oe Voltage or current source
(dependent or independent), don’t
write KVL directly in matrix
tigth—h aa :
Loop3:
als
=2(lp+ 14) =I +e +g hy
2
3 +4 = Ky
Applying Supermesh ABCD; .
/
/
Uy ttl + =0
Bly + 1g + 1p = 0-
Also.
i-k
Substituting [5 from equation (3) in equation (2)
31, +4(-3l, -1,) —, = 0
y+ Aly + 1 = 0. - (5)
Now, Substituting Value of Iy from équation (4) in equation (5);
9 +244 +h = 0
bon
“yt 36
bh 11 i
oy, b=
1. i 26 .
190| Page # Bode diagram:
General procedure for constructing bode plot:
Rewrite the Transfer function given by the question in time-constant form.
Identify the corner frequencies (types) associated with each’ factor of the transfer
* functions.
Knowing.the corner frequencies, draw the asymptotic magnitude plot. This plot’,
consists of straight line segments with line slope changing at each corner frequency by
+20dB/decade for a zero and — 20 dB/decade for a pole. For a complex conjugate zero
or pole the slope changes by+ 40dB/decade.
Calculate the phase’angle for different frequencies and draw the asymptotic phase
angle curve ‘
Type t:
~ Sketch the asymptotic Bode plots for the transfer function given by,
20(s+ 5)”
CO) = GF oe + 215+ 2)
Solution:
Transfer function is given by,
20(s+5)
+10) (S+21s+20)
20(s+5:
GO)= GD) (#11730)
G(s) =
2oese( °
G(s)= i.
10x 120% Aaro(t +3)
05 (1 +4)
6(9) =>
a +91 + Ss) +39) Z
Putjo > s
ohei~ 0.5 [I +ja/5
[1+ jo] [1 +jo/0] [1+ jo/20]
So its corner frequencies are’ I(-), 5(+), 10(-), 20(-)
191| Page
0 in the circuit 00 re | os x Vosin(wot +0 Pai) 1 3H ie ; From the citcuit, Vosin (at + 6) = Va +Ve i Or, Vesin(ot+ §)=i * Riga ne Differential diy pa OF Vor @costat+ d= R e+ 4;, Or, Vor @ cos(w* 0+ $) = RAO") +2 in(0") ee Vo sin On Vor @ cos = R 0") +2 MOE di, Yor w cos “OS dig?) = 228 Ampisee ‘at | Again, from the circuit , (Outer loop ) Vosin (ot +6) = Va +Vi Or.Nasin (ot + 4)=R* in + LG? din Putt=0" Or,Vasin (@* 0+ 4) =R* i (0') +L 20") Or, Vosin 6= Revosn sia +70") : : Yosin Oe Ampisee Note: Remember there is a difference between loop current and branch current. They are not same current. Here, ir- ip = i, as iy and ip are loop currerit Bh sy where as ‘i’ is branch current. The above Example 2.1 is of branch current. - . 47 |Page {Electric Circult Theory] ten, Solution: It’s a de-energized condition [since switch (ON at t=0" ) make short circuit and aj current pass through it}. so at t= 0 "inductor is replace with open circuit. lL { i | | in") | b : 1000, : 2 on 9 = YuO= VO) rf | | V (0°) = 200 Volt ay : Now to fing & 7 var att= 0" take circuit diagram at t> 0 is as shown below : : : t / 2al 0) 1 I Applying KCL at t> 0 - 2=intiy 48|Page [Electric Circuit Theory] Note: Here student get confuse whether to use KVL at t> 0 ‘OR’ KCL at t >0, it depends upon your own practice, But. in my suggestion if there is pure parallel circuit along with current source Put t= 0" like this example.2.2 use KCL at t > 0 and for other circuit use KVL att>0. ruevany 2esatT Svde Different wart HO Lyi. ‘ : OTe at a =i 9! - Opa OTVO) 0’) =~ 200%100 & (0°) =~ 2x10' volt/sec Again from equation (i) dv at, of . Different war.t't adv dv oo dds Put t= 0" ay (0°) = 210° volt/sec” Problems: QL: The circuit of figure below was under steady sate before the switch was opened at time t= 0. IF Ry = 10, Ry = 20, C= 0.167F, determine Vo(0), V(0") and i(0*). t=0¥ [Ans Ve(0)=24V, VelO')=24, i0"}= 8A) 49|Page [Electric Circuit Theory] Initial Condition: Q.2: The circuit of figure below was under steady state before the switch was opened at ¢ ; _=OFind the voltage and current for all four circuit elements at time t= 0° 4 4H : | ua) : ¢ | o ‘60V [Ans: Current: 3A,3A,3A,0A and Voltage:0V,15V,30V.0V J Q.3: The switch was.as position 1 under steady state. The switch was put to position 2 att 0. Find Vi,V2, iy and i, at t= 0" ie ; : Ke Be it 10a: aa | sal [Ans: V,(0")= OV, V,(0")= 30V; is(0°)=34, 1(0°) = 0A] 1 switch is opened at t=0. Find the value of V,9v and Sy at t= 0" 1pF 2 t {Ans VO oval, Y(0"}= 107V/s and So} 10" vis] e 50| Page aia > [CHAPTER-2] [Electric circuit Theory] as ; : Q.5: In the given circuit, Switch i is epenca att t=0, Find the values ofv,5 a y and SY a vatt= o : CFT (4 7 _ 100005 3H | : av, Pv. WH fAns: V(0"}= 2000Volt, OR -2*10°V/s and So ae Vis}} Q.6: In the given cireuit, C; is cliarged to ‘M0Voks i in the polarity shown. Switch is closed 3, diy. @iy di, a att=0. Find the value of j,i, % ca qe amd 2 at t= 9 diy [Ans: i:(0°}= 204, in(0°)= 10, “a e TOR O.8A/s"} -5 Als, Shoy= 1.3 Als, ZO -3 Als, QUT: In the given circuit, Switch is opened at O.Find the values of V,,V3, a“ = att= o [Ans: V,(0")= 100Volt, V,(0*)= ovort, (0° 1000 Vis, S00 Vis} 51|Page fer ee ae [CHAPTER-3] [Electric Circuit Theory] EPR UC EL green Transient Analysis By Direct Solution : i fe a j # Steps (procedure) to be applied for solving any circuit: i 1. Recognize the circuit elements and'remember the V-I relationship of the circuit element. 2. Apply KVL or KCL at t> 0 in the circuit. * > 3, “After the application of KVL or KCL we will get the differential equation so solve that differential equation to obtain the value of response. Example :( how to find out differential equation from the given circuit) t=0 - a Applying KVL att>0 Vo=Ve+Vi cieR+ Lt Or,Vo =i R+Le HRY, Or += *i= 2 att iL Equation (i) is first order differential equation of eurrent. If question is asked to find out the first order fa differential equation of inductor voltag¢ Applying KVL at t>.0 Vo= Vr + Vi, a [Electric Circuit Theory] ero} Or,Vo R+V, Or,Vo=2 SV, dt*R+V, [since i= i,= SMW dt] Differentiating Ray oan =Rey, 4 Or, 0 ve ae ay, R +2evn Or, Set E*Vi=0 ) . Equation (ii) is first order differential equation of inductor voltage al : of Example: Applying KCL at t> 0 Ty = in + ip 1 Onlo=Z+ Tf Vad R Differentiating 53 | Page © TCHAPTER-3] Example: [Electric Circuit Theory] =0 Applying KVL at t>.0 Vo=VatVe OrVo=i* R+ Ve ae dt 1 O1Vo= cHE*R Ve “[since i= ic =C or, Se Equation (iv) is first order differential equation of voltage across capacitor. ‘If question is asked to find out the first order differential equation of current then, Applying KVL at t> 0 Vo=Vat+Ve OrVo=i* R42 fide Differentiating di ae Or, O=R B+ Sa; di Or, = | ; Tae —— (v) Equation (v) is first order differential equation of current. Transient Analysis By Direct Solutior 54| Page to find out the frst order differential eq Applying KVL at t> 0 ‘ Vo=Ve+Ve i Or,Vo=i* R +8 OrVo= M14 4g aM On aaa - Equation (vi) is first order differential equation of charge (q). < Example: Applying KCL att > 0 To = ig tic Ono=e+ 0 bv, av Jo Vy wv One aR * ae dvi i , Wytaye On ta Y Equation (vii) is first order differential equation of inductor voltage. Here, General first order differential equation is given as: . eR 55|Page é ‘ [CHAPTER-3] [Electric Circuit Theory] ae Mua UC ree eae = f atPAy=Q n general the time is alvays independent variable in circuit analysis while current through inductor, capacitor and voltage across inductor; capacitor is taken as dependent 1 variable, # Differential Equations: For study of any circuit transient analysis, it is necessary to be familiar With the mathematical concept of differential equations and the solution techniques. The order of the differential equation represents the highest derivative involved and is equal to the number of energy storing elements Type L: (first order nou-homogeneous differential equation): pe “te *y=0 To obiain the solution of this differential equation, let us multiply both sides by et ort pay wenta ete 3 dty-eP9 oe at aoe Q Integrating both sides w.r-t ‘t yehim fern Qat+K Note: Remember that this solution is only for first order linear differential equation .In easy sense if Q = constant value, for example Q= 100. And for the Q = 10.e-* or Q = 100sin300¢ this solution is not valid. YO= oMQe Bax ern y® +Kevt Where K is constant ‘This gives general solution of Ist order linear differential equation, Type 2: (first order homogeneous differential equation): dye) = “TP *yW®=0 Thus solution of this differential equation is given as 56|Page [Electric Circult Theory] y()=KePt aicuna "Where K is constant Type 3: (second order homogeneous differential equation): PIO p dvet ASE TBSP + Cry =o The general solution of the above second order differential equation is y(t) = Kye! + Ky eS2t Where K; and Kp are constants. And, $1 and S2 are the roots of the quadratic equation AS? + BS + C= 0, and are given by S1,S.=- 2 + 2 VB=4AC Case I: If rots are teal arid, # S then the solution is given as y(t) = KyeSt* + Kz eS Case II: If roots are real and $,= So then the solution is given as y(t) = (Kit Kat) e* Case III: If roots are complex then the solution is given as Si), S2=-a4) 0% y(t)= e7@"[K;, coswat + Kz sineat] Type 4: (second order non-homogeneous differential equation): Af104 p8O+E*y =O oo ae? [1] “The general solution of the above second order differential equation is y(t) = Natural response + Forced response y(t) = yn + ye(®) - 57|Page ee Yu find sft) oot G0 in equation [1], thus 2% a P+ ew@rcrym=o aun ‘v2 according 4s homogeneous differential equation solution 4 19 tind yi the riethod of undetermined coefficient is used:’in this method solution for yx) #8 selected on the basis of source in the circuit as given in i ce or Excitation. Trial solution for ye(t) 8) DC Source (V5) ~-yx()= A b) Exponential Source (Vye~*) yp(t) = Ae-®t “or? ye(t) = Atemot © Vasimat or V,, cos@t: ys(t)= A cosot +B sinot determined coeffi it of vet Select the tal solntion for ys48) on the basis of source as given in the above table. Replace the de variable of differential equation by the trial solution of yr) and solve figr ient. Applying KVL at t> 9 Vo= Vai Vi 58| Page i [Electric Circuit Theory] This is first order differentia’ squation, sa the solution is “i@=S+ Kent i@= 2+ Ke _--{i) _ Now to find the value of K, put t= in above equation i@)= +Ker: 109-2 ——— Now to find i (0°) use initial condition, the given civeitit is de-energized circuit so i(07) = 0 From continuity relation of inductor i(0) = i’) =0 i Circuit at = 0" is, ee w hs ROD vuo" y i(o")=0 Yo ‘ont Poo From equatian (a) K=- “2 , so the equation (i) becomes as i@= Yo [Electric Circuit Theory] _ [CHAPTER-3] (i@=2a-e) amp] i method Find the expression of voltage across inductor Vi. (t) using classical'm vo Applying KVL at t> 0 Vo=2Va+V, OnVo=i*2R+V, * pr OrnVo=tfV.dt*2R+V, — [since i= ist sVat] Differentiating 2R a =?Rs : Or, OF V+ a This is first order differential equation, so the solution is ViW=8 +Kevt Where,Q=0 andP =2 2R, Vi®= Ke i) Now to find the value of K, put t= 0" in above equation 2k, Vi@')= Keto : K=V,, (0°) @ 3 Ce VoS From the circuit i,(07) = % And Vi(0)=0- 0 From continuity relation for inductor, i, (0°) = i,(0") = wee Now, circuit at = 0" is From the cireuit i,(0")=¥2 : c And V;,(0") = Vo—i(0°Y *2R, Or, Vu(0")=Vo- 42K Or, Vi(0")= = Vo From equation (a) K = —Vo, so the equation (i) becomes as i, [VL (= —Vo eE* Volt] {Electric Circuit Theory] {CHAPTER-3] SUNT “Alternative way’ Applying KVL at t> 0 Vo=2Va+Vi OnVo=i* R+LE Org + sim Ye This is fitst order differential equation, so the solution is i@=S4+ Ker Where, Q=42 and P= z ‘ | : 2k, i i@= we +Keat—. --(i) Now to find the value of K, put t = 0° in above equation 2 i@)= ve +Kear? K=i@y- ze — = @ Now to find i (0°) use initial condition, the given circuit is energized so circuit at t = 0° From the circuit i,(0°) =% And Vi(0)=0 “Sites 7 - 62|Page i ICHAPTER-3) From continuity relation for inductor, i, (0)=i,(0") Now, circuit at t=0' is But we have to find the V(t) so we know tie Vi @=LE : 2n, aj%e Yee Ve @=L* Bast : +9 Me ¥2R 2% VWO=L*0-3 tFeT" ) 2, LV) =— Vo et" volt 1 [CHAPTER-3] [Electric Circuit Theory] in the circuit shown switch is opene tor for t > 0. = 0. Obtaii the expression for current through induc 1 10 ns. Use classical method. Voltage across inductor afte Solution: Apply KVL in upper loop: 20 30 2a) se 3 Apply KVL in lower loop: a Or, Gt 405 = 20...) 20 age 49 tke Oni=ztKe™. 8) , ¢ Putt= 0° )=4+K On K= 10-4 Raed ac aa Ad .d for a long time & then it is s ddenty closed at t ‘Also calculate the | [CHAPTER-3) [Elect ic Circuit Theory] Mice re EN vaca si at t=0- 3 £-Vic(10. ms) =-2 e110 : 2 4 65| Page TERE Sc es HAPTER-3] {Electric Circuit Theory] © . 2. Exponential Excitation: [Find the expression of current i (t) using classical method t=0 A a j vi=Voe oO a) 3 : ft et | 7 4 Applying KVL at t> 0 Vo et = Vat Vi a This is first order non-homogenous differential equation, so the solution 2) Now to find ix(t), the auxiliary equation of (1) is S+E rizo a in(t)=K eT" ey i)) ‘Now to find ig(t), take a trial solution according to source present, : : Casel fa 7, then the trail solution is taken as : _ Q=Ae Now, replacing the value of dependent variable of equation (1) by the value of trial solution of ip(t), then *. 7 : 66|Page 7 : didewaty | ~ Va.e-% -* ae TE Aemety = ae Vp eat Or,-A aenat + * [Aenaty R OnAta +? v. Ona = yl 7 Hence from the eqiiation (2),(3 ) and (6), the complete solution is 1 = in +ig() ‘ R ’ Ori (Q)=K ett 4 . Be . Now to find the value of K, put t= 0" in above equation Bo, Von” i@)=Ketes 4 x o-ao ay Voy Ori (0")=K +4 Ea ~ (8) Vo Or;K =i (0°) oz a pa Now to find i (0°) use initial condition, the given circuit is de-energized i, (0) = 0 From continuity relation for inductor, 10) =i0) Voy, From equation (8) K =~ , so the equation (7) becomes as [CHAPTER-3] [Electric Circuit Theory] Cael Ita=#, then the trail solution is taken as ig(t) = Ate" (10). Now; replacing the value of dependent variable of equation (1) by the value of tral solution of + ip(t), then afte), R -aty = Yoo eee A R at ee OrAle~** -aten*t] +7 * [Ate] 7 o R : ; Or,A[I-at] +7 * [At] = : 4 Since we have a= © 1 | 4 Vo ] OnAs 3 - | Thus equation (4) becomes as, | | in(t)= Se ett -- (12) i Hence from thé equation (2),(3) and (12); the complete solution is i 4 (= in(t) + ie(t) j i 8 | Oni =Ke + Yepx erat (13) j | i Now to find the value of K, put t= 0" in above equation : R, 1@)=Kerr? + Teg s era Ori 0')=K \ [CHAPTER-3] ) (4) Now to find i (0°) use initial Condition, the given circuit is de-energized i, (0°) = 0 From continuity relation for inductor, i,(0°) = iL(0)= 0 . From equation (14) K= 0, so the equation (13) becomes.as 1O= eee Amp ~ (9) Q.2: An exponential source V(t) Weis su circuit comprising R iddenly applied at time t = 0 to a series R-L = 1 Qand L = 0.01 H. Obtain the expression for the current i(t) in the circuit using classical method, a Solution: een Applying KVL at i> 0 ler =, +, “At sj at Or, 10 e* = i* 1 49.9) x dia 1oe~*t Wy + Ls | = lett “dt” O01 0.01 orgs 100 * i= 1000 e~#t (1) This is first order non-homogenous differential equation, so the solution is 1 = in(d) + in (2) Now to tind ‘(0 the auxiliary equation of (1) is ; : di at 100 0 in() = K e7200t = (3) Now to fina ise, ‘ake a tral solution according to source present, 100, so condition is a x é [CHAPTER-3] int) = Ae 4 Now, replicing the value of dependent variable of equation (1) by the value of trial solution o iy(), then - Ae] + 100 *[AN~#] = 1000 €** Osh 4 e-* + 100 * [Ae~**] = 1000 e°* Or,A [-4 + 100] = 1000 -5(5) OrA= 10.41 — Thus equation (4) becomes as, 6) at! i= 1041 *e Hence from the equation (2),(3) and (6), the complete solution is i (= in(t) + ie) ” Ori (t) = K e720 +.10.41 * eae ‘Now to find the value of K, put t= 0" in above equation i(0")=K e720 + 10.41 eH? . : Ori (0')=K-+ 10.41 OrK =i (0')= 10.41 = (8) Now to find i(0") use initial conditidn, the given circuit is de-energized ic(0') = 0 | | From continuity-relation for inductor, ix(0) = ip") = 0 | 10.41, so.the equation (7) becomes as ] @) From equation (8) K i (Q=- 10.41 e710 + 10.41 * e-* Amp ---- Jo|Page_ “OICHAPTER:3] [electric circuit Theory] Q3: An'exponential source V(@) = 100¢"*ig suddenly appliéd at time t= 0 to a series RL. circuit comprising R= 1 Q and L~ 0.25 H. Obtaie the particular solution for the current (0 in the circuit using classical method, i ‘Solution: | Applying KVL for solving at t> 0 °, 100e~* = Vx +-V, Or, 100 e=4" Ons+4 * Ord +4e — (1) This is first order non-homogenous differential equation, éo the solution is 1O= in) + int) — ~=-(2) Now to find in(t); the auxitiary equation of (1) is ae qt4tiz0 in(Q=Ke~* - “=-.(3) Now to find ir(t), take a trial solution according to source present, Here a=4 and = 4, so’condition ig a = g ip(t) = Ate“*t — — (4) Now, replacing the value of dependent variable of equation (1) by the value of trial solution of in(O, then a[Ateq dt - 4* [Ate™*] = 400 ett Or-At4 et + Ae +4. A tem#t = 499 goat T|Page = Ae eee [CHAPTER-3] [Electric Circuit Theory] Petes. (Plectric< Or,A [-4t+ 1 +4t] = 400 Or,A = 400 -- —(6) . ‘Thus equation (4) becomes'as, : et) Hence from tie equation (2),(3) and (6), the complete solution is i= int) +in(t) Oni (@=K et +400t* et —— —() "Now to find the value of K, put t= 0" in above equation. 1(0)=K et + 400t * e-#9 Oni OV=K+0 Or.K=i(0") ~8) Now to find i.(0°) use initial condition, the given circuit is de-energized i,(0-) =0 From continuity relation for inductor, ic(0°) = i,(0°)= 0 From equation (8) K = 0, so the equation (7) becomes as “i ()=400t*e* Amp — moat) 3. Sinusoidal Exe’ jon: Find the expression of current i (t) using classical method wa. | * V)=Va Sin(wt +0) © > 3 i 72|Page [Electric Cireuit Theory] eae tn Applying KVL at t> 0 Viv Sin (ot + @)= Va+Vz ° FV Sin (ot + 6) di Or, -(1) ' This is first order non-homogenous differential equation, so the solution 1 (0 = int) + int) Now to find ix(t), the auxiliary equation of (1) is z ap Bisie aL in()=K et! Now to find is(0), take a trial solution according to source present, it) = A Cos (wt + ©) +B Sin (wt + 0) --- Now, replacing the value of dependent variable of equation (1) byt the value of trial, solution of ip(t), then AlA‘Cos (wt +) + BSin (wt+) 148 ot 2 *[A Cos (ot + ©) +B Sin (ot + 6] = 22 Sin (ot +0) Or, -A @ Sin (at + ©) + B @ Cos (at + 8) +8 * [A Cos (at + 6) + B Sin (wt + ©)} = Sin (ot+@) Equating the coefficient of Cosine and Sine, we get Bott *A=0—- 73|Page [Electric Circuit Theory) OS icee ool [CHAPTER-3} Lo 26V gt A= Ve" Tope R =V_*—R_ B=Vn L2w?eR? Thus equation (4) becomes in(t) =~ ‘aS Cos (at + 0) + Vin * rer Sin (ot + O)--- (6) Hence from the equation (2),(3) and (6), the conaplete solution is 3 2 ADF KO + int) Or: .. i(=Kett-v,,* Cos (at + ©) + Vn * R_¢ a Pater? Now to find the value of K, put t= 0° in above equation 4 . iO)=K er? -V_ aes Taran 098 (0°04 ©) + Vin * GS no Tom Sin (@*0+0) + Oni (0!) = K. - Vin * raags Cos (8) + Vn * aE Sin (0) or, K=i@)+ Vn + Ze Cos — Vm + = sik (8). Now to find i (0°) use initial condition, the given circuit is de~ energized 40) =0 From continuity relation for inductor; ix(0") = i(0*) = 0 From’ equation (8) K = Vm « kw 1 Tara 050 ~ Vim « =F sin 0, so the equation (7). becomes i Toe “Rig _h, 1O= (vm * Haren? ©08 0 - Vm » SoS Sin() ett Vv, # +Vat Sin (t+) Amp mE Cos (at + 8) ate a Q.4:' Determine the complete Solution for the carfent Wha the switch k is closed at t= Oo in the circuit shown in figure below using classical approach, rs 74|.Page Solution: Applying KVL at t>0 100 cos (10% +2) =i 20+0.1 2 - - Set 200i = 1000 cos (10° + 7/2) ..... i=in ip and to find inmake 1000cos(10%t +F)=Q=0 ineq’....(i) i) Now, the complete Solution of equiation is : . ay 200i =0 | ive komm Also, to find ip, taking trial Sohition ig = A. cos (10°t + n/2)+ B sin(10°t + 2/2) From equation (i) or £ [A cos (10° 1/2) +B sin (10% 2/2)] + [A cos (10°t + 2/2) + B sin (10°t+ 2/2)] = 1000 cos (10° + 2/2) ~ — 10° A sin (10° + 1/2)+ 10° B cos(10*t + 2/2) + sin (10°t-+ 1/2) = 1000 cos (10°t + 2/2) 200 1 200 A cos (10° + n/2) + 200 B Comparing sin (10°t + 2/2) and cos (10° + 1/2) on both sides we get 75|Page CHAPTER-3] {Electric Circuit Theory] MUU UE a eee 0=-10° A+ 200B 1000 = 10°B + 200A Solving above equation A=0.1923 B= 0.9615 And, X =A? +B? = 0.9805 $= tant (8) =1130° Thus, ' ip =X sin (10°t+ n/2 +6) ip= 0.9805 sin (10°t + 90° + 11.30°) | ir = 0.98 sin (10° + 101.30°) j Solution is i(t) = i) =k £7 + 0.98 sin (10°t + 101.30") putt=0" | i(0')=k + 0.96 s : | 0=k+0.96 : 7 2 k=-0.96 2 1) =-0.96 7" + 0.98 sin(10°t + 101.30°) Amp int ip | Q5: In a series R-L circuit the applied voltage is V (t) = 10 sin (10 + 2) with R =20,L=_ 0.01 H, V (1) is applied at t = 0, Obtain the particular Solution for current i(t) through the circuit. Assume zero initial current through the inductor. (Use classical method). Solution: : . . Applying KVL at t> 0 } VO=Vet vy, 10sin(I04 +2 )mix2+001 $i { ) $+ 200; = 1000 sin (10+ eu 2 To find iy, a. 200i=0 in w=8s kent y= ke™ Also, a . | To find is, taking trial solution in= A Cos (1o1+2) +B sin (io+2) Put i) = ip, in equation (i) fu Cos (tot+2) Bsin (10% +E +200[ A cos (1o%+2) +B. sin (10%+2)1 = 1000 sin (101-2) on A 10% sin (104+ ) +B. 104 cos (104+) 4200 A eos (10+) +290 B sin 6 6, Raaa6 r (o1+2)- 1000 sin (104+) Comparing sin (10% +4) and cos (ot+2) 6n both sides we get, 1000 =—10* A+200B... 0=10°B+2004. wii) Solving equation (ii) & ( ii) A=-0.09996 B=0.001992 k= /A74B? = 0,09997 and = tan Thus, + ie . = K sin (10't : . : “ [Electric Circult Theory] Nene eC ea ace oe i= 0,09997 sin (104 + 30°— 88,85") ip = 0.09957 sin (10't-S8.85°)" Now, The complete Solution is i= int ip i(t) = k e2% +0,09997 sin (10°t- 58.85%) putt=0* “ i (0+) =k + 0.09997 sin (0-58.85°) i(0+) = k 0.08555 From question i (0°) =0 2 k= 0.08555 So, (8) = 0.08555 €200% 0,09997 sin (10°t-58.85°) Amp. # Response of R-C Ci tl 1. DC excitation: Find the expression of voltage across Vc (1) using classical method t=0 VQ ©
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