Prof M.

Rashid Khan
 MDCAT Unit: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Magnetic Flux:
Number of magnetic field lines passing through any surface, held α
perpendicular to the field lines, is called magnetic flux. It is denoted
By ΦB .
If N number of magnetic field lines pass through a surface of a loop, θ
held perpendicular to the field then magnetic flux through the
surface of the loop is given by
ΦB = N = B A [ SI unit is T m2 = weber Wb ]

1 Wb is the magnetic flux if one line of magnetic

induction pass through any surface, held perpendicular
to the the field. α
If however, surface of the loop is tilted through certain angle θ with its
Perpendicular orientation with the field then magnetic flux through the
surface of loop is
ΦB = N = B . A = B A cos θ = Φmax cos θ …….. (1)
θ is angle between the vectors A and B
 If α be the angle between magnetic induction B with surface of loop then θ = 90 − α. Thus

ΦB = N = B . A = B A cos (90-α) = BA sinα = Φmax sin α …….. (2)

For coil of n loops Eq.(1) & Eq.(2) can be written as
ΦB = n N =n (B . A )= n B A cos θ = nBA sinα ……….(3)
From Eq. (1) & Eq.(2)
caseI: If B ∥ 𝐀 then θ = 0 ⟹ ΦB = B A cos 0 = B A (max)
Φ Φ
B = B = B ( SI unit of B is Wb m−2 )
𝐀 A⊥
α = 90 ⟹ ΦB = BA sin90 = BA

caseII: If B ⊥ 𝐀 then θ = 90 ⟹ ΦB = B A cos 90 = 0 (min)

α=0 ⟹ ΦB = BA sin0 = 0

caseIII: If B ↑↓ 𝐀 then θ = 180 ⟹ ΦB = B A cos 180 = − BA (max)

In component form
ΦB = N = B . A = Bx Ax + By Ay + Bz Az ……….(4)
Q. At what angle between magnetic field line and Q. At what angle between magnetic field line and
vector area of a surface, the magnetic flux through vector area of a surface, the magnetic flux through
it is half of its maximum value? it is 70 % of its maximum value?
ΦB = Φmax cos θ
Φmax 1
= Φmax cos θ ⟹ θ = cos −1 ( ) = 60𝑜
2 2
Q. The magnetic field in certain region is given by
B = (4 𝐢Ƹ − 8𝐤 መ )Wb m−2 . How much flux passes
Q. At what angle between magnetic field line and
surface area of a surface, the magnetic flux through through a 5.0 cm2 area loop in this region if the
it is half of its maximum value? loop lies flat in yz-plane?
α = 90𝑜 - 60𝑜 = 30𝑜 ΦB = B . A = Bx Ax + By Ay + Bz Az
OR ΦB = B . A = (4)(5× 10−4 ) + (0)(0) + (−8)(0)
ΦB = Φmax sin α ΦB = B . A = 20× 10−4 ) + 0 + 0
Φmax −1 1
= Φmax sin α ⟹ α=sin ( ) = 30𝑜 ΦB = B . A = 2.0× 10−3 Wb= 2 mWb
2 2
 Induced emf and Induced current:
Michel Faraday and Joseph Henry investigated that changing magnetic flux through surface of an open loop
Induces an emf across it, known as induced emf. It is denoted by ε.
Phenomenon of inducing emf in an open loop due to changing
magnetic flux through its surface, is known as electromagnetic
induction.
When loop is closed, the induced emf in it drives current in it in either direction (clock wise or anti- clock
wise), known as induced current. It is denoted as I.
ε -

I
G G G G

- -
On curling fingers of right hand along direction of electric current induced in the loop, if thumb point toward you, the
current will be anti-clock wise.
On curling fingers of right hand along direction of electric current induced in the loop, if thumb point away you, the
current will be clock wise.
Dependence Of Induced Current In a Closed Loop:
Induced Current I in a closed loop depends upon:
1. Orientation θ of loop velocity v with magnetic field B
2. Speed of loop v
3. Number of loops N
4. area of loop A
5. Magnetic induction B
6. resistance of loop R
Experimentally, it has found that
1
I ∝v I ∝N I ∝A I ∝B I ∝
R

1
I ∝ ⟹ R I = constant = ε
R
Or
Induced emf across a loop is independent off its resistance
Main cause of induced emf across an open loop or
induced current in a closed loop is the changing
magnetic flux through its surface.
 ΦB = B . A = B A cos θ

B1
θ1 = 0
A1

B2 > B1
θ2 = 90

A2 > A1

(b) (b)
Motional emf
emf induced in a loop due to relative motion of loop and magnet, is called motional emf.

FB = q v B
FB = Fe
q v B = qE
v
E
Fe = qE v=
B

Motional emf across ends of the conductor moving across the magnetic field is
ε = vBL sinθ = εmax sinθ
θ is angle between v and B
 caseI: If v ∥ 𝐁 then θ = 0 ⟹ ε = vBL sin0=0 (min)
caseII: If v ⊥ 𝐁 then θ = 90 ⟹ ε = vBL sin90=v B L (max)
caseIII: If v ↑↓ 𝐁 then θ = 180 ⟹ ε = vBL sin180=0 (min)

Q. A conductor moving in magnetic field in any Q. At what angle between v and B, the motional emf
direction induces emf of 1 V. maximum emf in the in a conductor is 50 % of its maximum value?
conductor is is 1.4 V then what is angle with
magnetic field, the conductor is moving? ε = εmax sinθ
εmax
ε = εmax sinθ = εmax sinθ
2
1 = 1.4 sinθ 1
= sinθ
1 = 2 sinθ 2
1
1 −1 1 θ= sin−1 ( )= 30𝑜
= sinθ ⟹ θ=sin = 45𝑜 2
2 2
 Faradays law
It states that average induced emf in a coil of N loops is directly proportional to the negative rate of
changing magnetic flux through it. △ ΦB
ε∝−
△t
△Φ △(BAcosθ)
ε = −N B = -N
△t △t
△B △A △(cosθ)
ε = −N Acosθ ε = −NB cosθ ε = −NBA
△t △t △t
Q. A coil of 500 turns and area Q. A loop of wire is placed in
100 𝑐𝑚2 , is held perpendicular Q. A coil of 500 turns and area 100
uniform magnetic field of strength
cm2 , is placed in uniform magnetic
to the magnetic field of magnetic 0.6 T at 30𝑜 to its surface. What is
induction 2 T. The coil is then field of strength 2 T. The coil is then
induced emf in the loop if its area
removed from the field with rotated through 180𝑜 in 0.02 s. What
begin to shrink at constant rate of
is induced emf in it?
uniform speed in 1 s. What is 10 𝑚2 𝑠 −1 ?
induced emf in it?
△A △(cosθ2 −cosθ1 )
(B −B ) ε = −NB cosθ ε = −NBA
△t
ε = −N 2 1 Acosθ △t
△t
ε = −(1)(0.6) (10)cos60𝑜 (cos180o −cos0o )
(0−2) ε = −5 × 102 × 2 × 10 −2
ε= −5× 102 10−2 cos0𝑜 ε=3V
2×10−2
1 (−1−1)
ε=10 V ε = −10 = 1000 V
ε 10 V 2×10−2
If R= 5 Ω then I= = = 2A
R 5Ω
Lenz’s Law
△ΦB
The negative sign in the expression of Faradays law ε = −N was successfully explained by Russian
△t
scientist Lenz.
Lenz pointed out that this negative sign corresponds to direction of induced current in a closed loop. He
stated a law known as Lenz’s law which states that
The induced current in a closed loop, always induces in such a direction that it opposes
the cause producing it.
The induced current tend to decrease increasing magnetic flux and tend to increase decreasing magnetic
flux.

On increasing strength of magnetic field near surface of loop, induced current in

the loop create like pole and vice versa.
 X Y

What will be direction of What will be direction of Is the current increased or decreased
current in the loop if B is current in the loop if B is in Loop X if it is required that Y move
increased in Fig? increased in Fig? away from X

Q. In which direction conductor experience magnetic force due to induced current while loop
is moving with uniform speed in region-I, region-II and region-III as shown in Fig?
v v
Fex I Fex
G G FB G FB

Region-I Region-II Region-III

V 1
FB = ILB = LB ⟹ FB ∝
R R
 Q. A metal ring is dropped vertically over a bar magnet as shown in Fig.
What is direction of current in the ring viewing from above?
vi =0
anet
FB
Fnet = Fg − FB (decreasing instantly)

anet = decreasing
anet =0 v = increasing
vf = v𝑡

Fg

Q. What happens to the

metal ring when switch in
the circuit shown in Fig. is
closed?

I
A.C Generator:
Device which convert mechanical energy into electrical energy in the form of A.C.
X Y
Principle:
Faradays law of electromagnetic induction

Construction:
It consists of following major parts

1. loop/coil
2. slip rings
3. carbon brushes ……….. avoid heating
4. pole pieces of permanent magnet

Working:
When coil is rotated by mechanical device (turbine or engine), the magnetic flux changes instantly through
it. The changing magnetic flux induces instantaneous emf at the terminals X and Y given by
ε = 2 v B L sin θ = NωAB sin θ
NωAB = 𝜀𝑜 = peak value of induced emf in generator
 ε = εo sin θ
2π
θ = phase of A . C = Angle between v and B = ωt = t = 2π f t ……….. (1)
T
2π
ε = εo sin(ωt) =εo sin( t) =εo sin2π f t ………… (2)
T
If R be the resistance of load across X & Y then instantaneous current in the load is
ε εo εo 2π εo
I= = sin(ωt) = sin( t) = sin(2πf t)
R 𝑅 𝑅 T 𝑅
εo
= Io = peak value of current in load
R
ε 2π
I= = Io sin(ωt) = Io sin( t) = Io sin(2πf t) ……….. (3)
R T
From Eq.(1), Eq.(2) & Eq.(3) ε and I varies sinusoid ally, as shown by ε-t and I-t wave forms
 ε1 +ε2 +ε3 +ε4 0+ε𝑜 +0+(−ε𝑜 )
Average value of emf = < 𝜀 > = = = 0 similarly, <I> = 0
4 4

Average value of A.C over one cycle is zero.

ε21 +ε22 +ε23 +ε24 0+ε2o +0+(− εo )2 2ε2o ε2o I2o

Mean square value of emf = < ε2 >= = = = similarly, < I2 >=
4 4 4 2 2

r.m.s value of emf = εrms = square root of mean square value of A.C
ε2o εo I2o Io
εrms = = = 0.7 εo or 70 % of peak value similarly, Irms = = = 0.7 Io
2 2 2 2

r.m.s value of A.C is effective D.C ⟹ 𝜺𝐃.𝑪 = 𝜺𝒓𝒎𝒔 or 70 % of peak value

PP value of emf = εo + εo = 2εo PP value of current = Io + Io = 2 Io

 T
Q. At what phase, the instantaneous value of A.C is Q. The r.m.s value of A.C in the load is 7 V at .
8
equal to its r.m.s value? What is value of A.C at this instant?
ε = εo sin θ T
At t = ε = εrms = 7 V
εo 1 8
= εo sin θ ⟹ θ=sin−1 = 45𝑜
2 2
Q. At what instant, the phase of A.C is equal to
Q. At what instant, the instantaneous value of A.C is 30𝑜 ?
equal to its r.m.s value? 2π
θ= t
2π T
ε = εo sin( t) π 2π T
T = t ⟹ t=
6 T 12
εo 2π
= εo sin ( t)
2 T Q. V = 10 sin(100π t), is connected across the load
2π 1 of A.C generator. What is peak value, rms value and
t = sin−1 pp-value of A.C? also find frequency of A.C.
T 2
2π π V = Vo sin(2πf t) Vrms ==
Vo
= 10 V× 0.7 = 7 V
t= 2
T 4
V = 10 sin(100π t), pp-value = 2 Vo = 2× 10 V = 20 V
T
t= Vo =10 V 2πf = 100 π
8
f = 50 Hz
Transformer
It is a device that transfer electrical power P=IV from one place to an other safely. It can either step up or step down
voltage.
Principle
It works on basis of mutual induction of two coils.
Construction
It consists of following major parts as shown in Fig.
1. Primary coils of NP loops
2. Secondary coils of NS loops such that NS ≠ NP
3. Core of iron sheets

Working
When A.C source is applied across primary the current instantly changes through it. Due to changing current in the
primary, magnetic flux changes through the core of transformer. Thus, magnetic flux changes through the two coils
at same rate and induces emf in them, given by Faraday’s Law
∆ΦB
VP =−NP VP NP
Δt = …………..(1) (Transformer Equation)
∆Φ VS NS
VS = −NS B
Δt
⟹ V∝N
∆ΦB
VP −NP Δt If NS > NP then VS > VP …………… step up transformer
=
VS ∆ΦB
−NS If NS < NP then VS < VP …………… step down transformer
Δt
 Efficiency of transformer can be improved by
Power Losses 1. Using coils of copper wire ………. (Less resistance)
2. Warning insulation between sheets ……..( less eddy current
There are three main losses in transformer 3. Making core with iron sheets ………. (less hysteresis)
1. Power dissipation in coils
2. Eddy current in iron sheets of core Symbol
3. Hysteresis of core material
Due to power losses in transformer: PP >PS
For an ideal case:
PP = PS
IP VP = IS VS Turn Ratio:
VP IS
= ……….. (2) N𝑆
VS IP Transformation Ratio:
NP
From Eq.(1) & Eq.(2)
VP NP IS
= =
VS NS IP

1
⟹ I∝
N
Efficiency out put PS
E= =
input PP
For ideal case PP =PS ⟹ E = 1 or equal to100 %
For practical case PP > PS ⟹ E < 1 or less than100 %