CMT 450 LABORATORY REPORT

Experiment 1
Title: Tray Drying and Drying Curves
Name: MOHAMMAD AMIRUL ALIFF BIN MAHAZAM
Student No: 2018403148
Group: AS245S1
Laboratory Date: 25th October 2018
Submission Date: 1st November 2018
Lab Partner’s name;
Name Student No
UMMI NASUHA BINTI MOHD ALI 2018288034
NAEMAH BINTI MOHD SALLEH 2018425336
MUHAMMAD SYAFIQ AKMAL BIN 2018425444
ZAMRI

Lecturer`s Name: DR RAJA RAZUAN RAJA DERIS

Abstract
The drying of a material/substance which is in this case wet sand can be done by subjecting it to the
drying equipment. The equipment which is tray drier was used. In tray dryer wet sand is loaded in to
the trays while hot air is continuously circulated. Forced convection heating takes place to remove
moister from the sands placed in trays. Fresh air is introduced through in let, which passes through
the heaters and gets heated up. The hot air is circulated by means of fans at 2 to 5 metre per
second. The water is picked up by the air. As the water evaporates from the surface, the water
diffuses from the interior of the solids by the capillary action. These events occur in a single pass of
air. The time of contact is short and amount of water picked up in a single pass is small. The process

of drying is done at different air velocity. At velocity tak siap results

Introduction

 Theory/background

Drying is defined as the final removal of liquid from solids by vaporisation with the aid of heat.
Drying is differ from that evaporation. Evaporation is more often applied to the concentration of
solution whereby the drying associated with removal of relatively small quantities of liquid to give a
dry product. The drying involve both heat and mass transfer operations. To dry a
material/substance, two steps are needed which is;

I. Heat must be supplied to provide latent heat of vaporisation.

II. The liberated vapour must be removed by moving an air stream (presence of air flow)

One of the term associated to drying is total moisture content, which is the total amount of liquid
associated with a wet solid. Also humidity, which is related to amount of water vapour present in air.

 Purpose

The conducted experiment have these kind of purpose which is;

I. To investigate the influence of air velocity (flow rates) on drying rate of a wet solid in air of
fixed temperature and humidity.

 Governing equation

In the experiment, the related equation below is involved

 Discovery question

While the discovery of the experiment is stated as;

Does the different air velocity (flow rates) have an effect to the rate of drying?

Method

 Experiment overview

There are various kind of equipment available associated with drying but the one used in this
experiment is known as tray drier like in the Figure 1 below.
 Figure 1: Tray drier

Equipment introduction. The equipment used for the best drying results in conventional process.
It is a double walled cabinet with single or two doors. The gap between two walls is filled with
high density fibre glass wool insulation material to avoid heat transfer. Doors are provided with
gaskets. Stainless steel trays are placed on the movable trolleys. Tray Dryer is provided with
control panel board, analog temperature and air velocity (flow rate) controller etc.

Tray dryer theory, stated that tray Dryer is an enclosed insulated chamber in which trays are
placed on top of each other in trolleys. Tray Dryer are used where heating and drying are
essential parts of manufacturing process in industries such as Chemicals, Dye stuff,
Pharmaceutical, Food Products, Colours etc. The material to be dried either wet or solids are
placed in the trays. Heat transfer is by circulation of hot air by electric heaters or steam in
radiator coils. Blower fans are installed inside to ensure proper circulation and transfer of heat. A
control panel to control the temperature and other parameters is fixed outside the dryer. These
dryers are available in Mild Steel, Stainless Steel or construction. Tray dryer is used for drying of
pigments, food, bakery, and electrodes, chemical and plastic powders.

Tray Dryer Working Principle

 In tray dryer hot air is continuously circulated. Forced convection heating takes place to
remove moister from the solids placed in trays.
 Simultaneously the moist air is removed partially.
 Wet solid is loaded in to the trays. Trays are placed in the chamber.
 Fresh air is introduced through in let, which passes through the heaters and gets heated
up.
 The hot air is circulated by means of fans at 2 to 5 metre per second.
 Turbulent flow lowers the partial vapour pressure in the atmosphere and also reduces
the thickness of the air boundary layer.
 The water is picked up by the air. As the water evaporates from the surface, the water
diffuses from the interior of the solids by the capillary action.
 These events occur in a single pass of air. The time of contact is short and amount of
water picked up in a single pass is small.
 Therefore the discharged air to the tune of 80 to 90 % is circulated back through the
fans. Only 10 to 20% of fresh air is introduced.
  Moist air is discharged through outlet. Thus constant temperature and uniform air flow
over the materials can be maintained for achieving uniform drying.
 In case of the wet granules as in tablets and capsules drying is continued until the
desired moister content is obtained.
 At the end of the drying trays or trucks are pulled out of the chamber and taken to a tray
dumping station.

 The apparatus used in this experiment are;

1. Tray drier
2.

 Procedure
Throughout the experiment, the temperatures was recorded for both of the dry and wet
bulb. The weight also been recorded for the sample that was been dried.

1. To be used dry sand samples was been weighed. The dry sand was make sure to be
sufficient enough to fill four trays to a depth of 10 mm.
2. The samples was then saturated with water by putting them in the container filled with
water.
3. The weight of empty tray was recorded. Then, the tray was weighed again after putting
wet samples on trays.
4. A few drop of water was dripped in the psychrometer for wet bulb temperature
measurement.
5. In order to operate the dryer, the main switch was turned on and the air flow rate and
air temperature was adjusted to a suitable one by using the main board.
6. For starter, the air flow rate and temperature was set at 0 and 4 respectively. The weight
of sample, dry and wet bulb temperatures before and after 5 minutes experiment was
recorded.
7. These steps was repeated for different air flow rate condition as per decided before the
experiment.
Results Data and Calculation

Results Data

T Dry−¿T
Wet
Temperature rate ¿ ¿
t
Where;

T Dry =Dry bulb temperature

T wet =Wet bulb temperature

t=time taken∈minute

W i−W f
Drying rate¿
t
Where;

W i =Weight before

W f =Weight after

t=time taken∈minute
Thus,

Flow Rate Setting Temperate Rate Temperature Rate Drying rate

(before) (after)
2 0.6 0.6 0.62
4 0.6 0.6 0.99
6 0.6 0.6 0.97
8 0.5 0.55 1.05
10 0.5 0.5 1.99

Calculation
Discussion

References

1. Retrieved on 13th October 2018 from

http://www.nzifst.org.nz/unitoperatons/ballmillandsieveanalysis.htm

2. Retrived on 13th October 2018 from

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_mill.

3. Geankoplis, C.J. (2003). Transport Processes and Separation Process Principle, 4 th Edition.
New York: Prentice Hall, pp425-437.

4. Perry, Robert H and Green. Perry’s Chemical Engineers. New York: McGraw-Hill, inc. (1984),
pp 32-35.