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A Research
Presented to the
Candon National High School
Senior High School Department
In partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the subject
Research II
(Quantitative Research)
By:
ANCHETA, RIZA MAE D.
ARREOLA, EDDIE D.
COLLADO, ALEXANDRA MAURA M.
DIGA, WISDOM B.
GAERLAN, LOUIE ANN D.
PACARO, ABRILLE PIA D.
SEVERO, JEFFERSON A.
October 2017
2
INDORSEMENT
Examination.
APPROVAL
PANEL MEMBER
3
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
people have been a significant part of this research that without them,
this study entitled “Flood Risk Reduction and Management” would not
be a success:
To Mrs. Elsa Biswelan, who were the members of the panel during
Most of all, to our God Almighty who bestowed upon us the skills
paper.
DEDICATION
research adviser of this study, Dr. Feljone G. Ragma, who served as the
ABSTRACT
Title: Flood Risk Reduction and Management
Researchers: Ancheta, Riza Mae D.
Arreola, Eddie D.
Collado, Alexandra Maura M.
Diga, Wisdom B.
Gaerlan, Louie Ann D.
Pacaro, Abrille Pia D.
Severo, Jefferson A.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Number
TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………….………... i
INDORSEMENT……………………………………………………….…….... ii
APPROVAL SHEET…………………………………………………………... ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………………... iii
DEDICATION………………………………………………………………….. iv
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………….. v
TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………….………………………. vi
FIGURE……………………………………………………………………….... viii
TABLE......................................................................................... ix
CHAPTER
I Introduction…………………………………….………….... 1
Background of the Study..…………....…………..…... 1
Framework............................................................ 5
Statement of the Problems…………..………………... 11
Hypothesis…...…………………………………....…...… 12
Scope and Delimitation...…………………………....… 12
Importance of the Study……………………..……...…. 12
Definition of Terms…………..……………….……...…. 14
Review of Related Literature and Studies……..….... 15
II Method and Procedures…..…………………..……..…… 26
Research Design…….……………………….….....……. 26
Sources of Data….……………………………….….….. 27
Locale and Population.....................…...….….… 27
Instrumentation and Data Collection…….....…...... 28
7
FIGURE
Figure Page
Number
TABLES
Table Page
Number
1 Population Breakdown................................................. 28
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
their area. One of the most frequent disasters being experienced today is
a flood.
when water overflows or inundates land that is normally dry wherein the
level of water may only be a few inches higher, or it may cover a house or
a rooftop. NSSL (2016) said that flash floods are the most destructive
kind of floods because the destructive power of a flood joins with blazing
fills normally dry creeks or river beds along with currently flowing creeks
and rivers, causing rapid rises of water in either short or a long period of
Service (2017) stated that urban areas which are prone to flooding have
surfaces in the urban areas do not allow water to infiltrate the ground,
and the water runs off to the low spots very quickly because of some
the ground which increases the flash flood potential. Because of these
dangers, people find ways to significantly manage and reduce the risks
brought by a flood.
from flood events to the people who are located in flood-prone locations.
that reduce the overall hazard and what remains is the residual risk. It is
very important for those located in the floodplain and those responsible
for the activities to ensure the understanding of the nature of the risks
they face and the steps that may be taking into consideration to reduce
the risks.
removing the garbage present in the location can improve the transport
the other hand, can increase velocities and erosion and cause negative
reported that more than 1,200 people have died across India,
Crescent Societies (IFRC) says the fourth significant floods this year have
affected more than 7.4 million people, damaging or destroying more than
697,000 houses; in total 17.1 million have been affected. In the northern
state of Uttar Pradesh, about 2.5 million have been affected. This is only
one of the many flood incidents in international view. Since global flood-
Philippines with heavy rainfall that caused flash floods that killed at least
140 people, displaced half-a million people, and also destroyed more
13
than one billion pesos worth of properties. There were horrible sights of
people getting carried away with the flash floods and eventually drowning
them with the raging waves. If there are flood effects nationally, the
can be observed that flood effects are actually alarming. During the
City reported that a total of 52 hectares of rice crops have been totally
barangays of Candon City suffered fish kill as salt water reached fish
cages. The level of salt water eventually met the rivers banks. Fishcages
into the reasons behind the certain occurrence of these adverse effects of
reduce the flood risks, the sufficiency of the physical resources for
emergency purposes, and how efficient are the government actions taken
Framework
and management.
and mitigation. Canziani (2013) said that mitigation involves all the
15
take over flood control for the flood hazards mitigation Liao (2012). Thus,
risks. In connection to Candon City, Ilocos Sur and its neighboring towns
the residents. It implies that if the people living in the affected areas are
panels should be positioned in the right place. This means that the
residents are having the risk assessment of the flood which might occur.
16
Since the needed actions assess, prevent and mitigate the risks, it is
necessary for the community and government to prepare for the flood
through planning.
events before the incident crops up. This phase is focused to increase the
management plan that outlines how flood risk to existing and future
Management Theory.
sway public opinion and actively fulfill the aims of the community will
likely increase steps taken for mitigation which will enhance the
should formulate a plan before the disaster happens. In Candon City and
17
reducing flood risk should be made in consultation with the towns which
prepare a plan on how to reduce and manage flood risk. The plan should
contain how the emergency response team will associate with the
community and the access and path ways to the evacuation centers of
Candon City and the towns that are near it. If the government has the
emergency situations.
responses are about implementing the plan, reducing the potential for
which this is the stage where the plans formulated for the preparedness
actions to reduce the risk of flood during the disaster. Relating it to the
City of Candon and its nearby towns, it implies that the government and
the community should now implement the desired plans done in the
are now being performed here like the opening of evacuation areas.
to sustain the mass care for the displaced people and animal population.
Generally, the actions which are undertaken lead to the return of the
Beruvides & Jackman (2013) which explains that disaster risk reduction
the intended goal of the group which is to manage and reduce the risks
brought disasters.
study.
1. What is the level of efficiency of Candon City and its nearby towns in
b) Emergency Preparedness;
Hypothesis
the Flood Risk Reduction and Management in Candon City, Ilocos Sur
Management in Candon City and the towns that are near it. The
from the month of August 2017 until October 2017. The tool utilized for
flood risk reduction and management of Candon City, Ilocos Sur and its
The citizens of the City of Candon and its neighboring towns will
reducing flood risks before, during and after the occurrence of the
22
The government will be benefitted in the sense that this study will
reduction across the province. The results of this study will supply
knowledge where in this will bring out new ideas, recommendations and
different areas.
managing and reducing flood risks. Thus, the findings of this study will
research.
flood risk reduction and management. They can use this research as a
23
basis if they want to continue or improve this project. This can serve as a
Definition of Terms
Flood Risk Reduction and Management. This is the focus of the study
in which it aims to assess how Candon City and its nearby towns
aims to attain preparedness in the towns and reduce the severity of the
management globally?
ethic of prevention. In order to find out if DRRM is being carried out with
responsible for the disaster management actually abide with 43% of the
Schnabl (2014) in which they were able to find out that flood safety in
are designed to prevent flood waters and storm surges from reaching
While clearing creek systems do not significantly help always reduce the
impacts of large flood events, however, it does definitely help reduce the
impacts of smaller, more frequent floods. While the government does its
work, every individual in the community should also do what they can to
700mm, it may be possible to keep flood waters out of homes via raising
windows, installing solid fences, sealing doors with ‘stop boards’ and
actions to be performed.
27
means that there should be enough information about the adverse effects
construct habitable floor levels 300mm above flood levels. This should be
done in order to provide some level of protection from flooding. But if the
flood losses. These are only some of the measures which mitigate and if
Emergency Preparedness
approach events before the incident crops up. This means that planning
area. This is similar to the study of Atreya, et al. (2016) where in it was
stated that one of the key flood actions done in ten poor communities in
aid skills.
other emergency events can make all the difference in knowing when to
take action to be safe. It means you should monitor the weather reports
provided by the local news media. This will serve as the signal for you to
start having the preparedness plans. Thus, if the news informed you
about the upcoming flood, then you should know where to evacuate.
survive a flood is to evacuate the area if advised to leave. This means that
you should know your community’s local flood evacuation plan and
identify several escape routes for your location if roads are blocked;
29
include plans to evacuate people with disabilities and others with access
that you should follow the maps of evacuation centres of the government.
dangerous situation, your first thoughts will be the safety of your family
and friends. In emergency cases like when you are not together the time
authorities post a flood watch or flood warning. This will help your
This will also help you share your emergency plans together for better
who gain the skills they need to get ready for and respond immediately to
First Aid, AED and CPR training. Thus, a community should offer
30
response.
Emergency Responses
reducing the potential for secondary damage, and preparing for the
subdomain.
supply clean drinking water; and Emergency Medical Units (EMUs) that
Aside from the responsibility of the government, technology also plays its
key role.
31
that drones were of limited use in this simulation but that they
have potential to become part of the emergency response toolkit for very
The recovery does not only focus on having the community back to its
normal state but also includes actions taken to mitigate future flood
Tokita (2017), they found out that the communities in the towns of Lyons
stormwater management.
(2017), the municipal water and sewer services were first restored for a
2014). Due to the expansion of the creek floodplain into the original
included the following upgrades and repairs: replacing water mains and
also be repaired.
Over a mile of local roads and two bridges were damaged. The road
between Lyons and the town of Estes Park, which takes residents and
stated that residents should not just build it back, but instead build it
using materials and methods that will prevent or minimize damage from
future floods. Since this speaks about buildings, then public buildings
operated out of the Longmont city council chambers until its town hall
was rebuilt. The town hall was reopened on December 22, 2013. All 744
Lyons were reopened in December 2013. However, it does not end here.
resources and aid to assist with debris removal. These are some of the
Petropoulos, Gupta, & Tokita (2017), during the recovery from the flood,
CHAPTER II
instrumentation and data collection, tools for data analysis and ethical
considerations.
Research Design
the study because this aims to describe the level of efficiency and to
Sources of Data
this study because they are more aware on the flood risk reduction and
However, there were only 96 of them who were retrieving. There were 88
respondents from the teachers and 8 from the staff as can be gleaned
researchers first obtained the names of the teachers and staff of Candon
aforementioned school.
research tool to measure the level of efficiency of flood risk reduction and
academia.edu.
38
answering.
which were copied from Robert John O. Robas, PhD (2013) is valid and
reliable, and the researchers guarantee that this supplied the necessary
data, therefore Validity and Reliability was not established for it has
already undergone the same process. Permission was also sought from
appropriate for this study. The raw data were transcribed in tables to
Regarding the first problem, the researchers made use of the mean
as the statistical tool to treat the level of efficiency of the flood risk
tabulated and treated using MS Excel and the statistical tools which are
Data Categorization
risk reduction and management in Candon City and its nearby towns
were classified with the use of the following scale of statistical mean,
Ethical Considerations
their names and trivial information was not mentioned in any portion of
this research. The respondents did not suffer any physical violence and
data.
41
CHAPTER III
Level of Efficiency
The first problem considered in this study talks about the level of
most of the needs of the community are being provided by the authorized
personnel, but not all. However there are still some areas which need to
and emergency response are very efficient. On the other hand, the
It connotes that respondents agree that most of the indicators under this
subdomain are very efficient. This denotes that the measures taken to
are being carried out well. Thus, the goal of this subdomain is achieved.
Howbeit, all of the indicators still have rooms for enhancement since the
means that the residents are knowledgeable about the things needed to
do for prevention and mitigation. On the other side, the dredging of rivers
got the lowest mean score which is described as efficient. It indicates that
the rivers are somehow sustained. Of all the actions on this subdomain,
(2014) where in it was found out that the needed plans for prevention
mechanism.
computed mean is 3.56. It was generally found out that seven out of
eight indicators proved very responsive while the other one turned out to
the standards of the residents still have not reached the maximum.
denotes that the residents are conscious of the floods that may occur in
their respective areas. They know the possible negative effects of the
labelled as efficient. This means that there are few programs being
conducted in the communities that will help them before, during and
after the occurrence of floods. Thus, the residents are not so much
equipped with the proper responses since they are not fully involved with
these trainings.
S. Nair, & Dey (2013). It was found out that village level disaster risk
efficient with a statistical mean of 3.46. This suggests that the extent of
needs of affected population during the actual and immediately after the
3.1. This designates that this should be one of the priorities when the
government will make changes for the betterment of the flood risk
response, the respondents assess that the plan for life preservation and
supply of the basic needs of affected population during the actual and
that there are several areas under rehabilitation and recovery that needs
services and the repair of physical, social and economic damages are
protection with 3.45 which is very efficient. This shows that the
obtained the lowest mean of 3.07 which means that it is efficient. This
suggests that the government should ameliorate this out of all the
mental aspects.
The results of this research are very similar with the study of
Robas (2014) where in it was found out that in terms of program for
As can be seen from the table 4.a, the f-stat (3.64) is higher than
the f-crit (3.02). This means that the null hypothesis should be rejected.
depicts that the degree of the attention given to the subdomains are
varied.
Emergency
3.56
Preparedness
Emergency
Response 3.46
Recovery and
3.34
Rehabilitation
needed.
Table 4.b shows that prevention got the highest mean score.
equates to the idea that prevention is the most concentrated area of flood
the benefits that can be taken from preventive measures. As what the
government is less efficient in this area compared to the rest of the areas,
49
out that there are distinctions on responses per barangay and the
CHAPTER IV
Summary
flood risk reduction and management in Candon City and its neigboring
but only 96 were retrieving, showing a 96% retrieval rate. The data
gathering tool was a questionnaire lifted from a research. The data were
treated using the mean and the ANOVA, with post-hoc analysis.
Findings
Conclusions
Recommendations
floods occur, they will be able to supply all the needs of the
community.
4. The residents should also play their role in the community to work
effects of flood.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
53
Bibliography
Websites
Atreya, A., Czajkowski, J., Botzen, W., Bustamante, G., Campbell, K.,
Collier, B., et al. (2016, December 15). Wharton University of
Pennsylvania. Retrieved from Wharton University of Pennsylvania:
http://opim.wharton.upenn.edu/risk/library/WP2016-10-Flood-
Preparedness-in-TabascoMX.pdf
Clavin, C. T., Petropoulos, Z. E., Gupta, N., & Tokita, C. K. (2017, April).
NIST GCR. Retrieved from
http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/gcr/2017/NIST.GCR.16-011.pdf
Enzo, I. (2014, August 17). Research Gate. Retrieved from Research Gate:
https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_do_we_mean_by_Descri
ptive_Research
Geminiano, G. (2013, March 10). Hub Pages. Retrieved from Hub Pages:
https://hubpages.com/education/Worse-Floods-in-the-Philippines
55
Liao, K.-H. (2012). Ecology and Society. Retrieved from Ecology and
Society: https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol17/iss4/art48/
Rao, R. R., Eisenberg, J., & Schmitt, T. (2007). The National Academies
Press. Retrieved from The National Academies Press:
https://www.nap.edu/read/11824/chapter/2
APPENDIX A
57
Dear Ma’am/Sir,
We are Senior High School students from Candon National High School currently
conducting a study entitled, Flood Risk Reduction and Management. We would be happy if you
would help us answer the following questions. Thank you.
The questionnaire is in two parts: Profile and Flood Risk Reduction and Management
I. Personal Information
Direction: Please fill in the space provided with data as indicated:
a. Name (Optional): ____________________________________
b. Address (Required): __________________________________
1. Prevention and Mitigation. Based on your experiences on the past floods, what flood
risk reduction and management areas proved very effective?
Legend:
5- Very Highly Effective 4- Very Effective 3- Effective
2- Slightly Effective 1- Not Effective
Area of Concern 5 4 3 2 1
Hazard Mapping and urban planning are present
Education and awareness are practiced
Community involvement and participation are exercised
Declogging of waterways and canals are maintained
Dredging of rivers are sustained
2. Emergency Preparedness and Risk Reduction. What is the level of the responsiveness
of Flood Risk Reduction and Management in your community?
Legend:
5 – Very Highly Responsive 4 – Very Responsive 3 – Responsive
2 – Slightly Responsive 1 – Not Responsive
58
Area of Concern 5 4 3 2 1
The communities organize themselves to monitor
potential disaster
The warning systems are in place to the
community level
The communities understand official warning and
react
The training, simulation exercise, or local drills are
conducted at the community level
The evacuation routes and maps are present
The weather reports are being disseminated
The physical resources such as boat, life vests,
flash lights and medicine kits are prepared in the
community
The disaster awareness and public information
projects or programs being undertaken to the
community
Legend:
5- Very Highly Responsive 4- Very Responsive 3- Responsive
2- Slightly Responsive 1- Not Responsive
Area of Concern 5 4 3 2 1
Relief operation
Search and rescue
Dissemination/Information sharing of
disaster related information
Development/provision of temporary
shelter
Health service
Psycho social support
Early recovery mechanism
Legend:
5- Very Highly Efficient 4- Very Efficient 3- Efficient
2- Slightly Efficient 1- Not Efficient
59
Area of Concern 5 4 3 2 1
Livelihood for affected victims
Search and retrieval
Shelter/Relocation for affected victims
Psycho Social Counseling
Infrastructure and Relocation plan
Post disaster need assessment
Environmental Protection
Thank you!
60
APPENDIX B
61
Curriculum Vitae
62
Curriculum Vitae
I. Personal Information
Nickname: Riza
Birthday: March 24, 2000 Age: 16 years old
Birthplace: Narvacan, Ilocos Sur Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic Civil Status: Single
Father’s Name: Santiago Ancheta
Mother’s Name: Mary Grace D.
Ancheta
Curriculum Vitae
I. Personal Information
Nickname: Jun
Birthday: June 30, 2000 Age: 17
Birthplace: Banucal, Lidlidda, Ilocos Sur Nationality:
Filipino
Religion: Iglesia ni Cristo Civil Status: Single
Father’s Name: Eddie Arreola, Sr.
Mother’s Name: Laurina Arreola
HONORS AWARDS
Grade 6 With Honors Best in Filipino
Grade 10 Completer
64
Curriculum Vitae
I. Personal Information
Nickname: Lex
Birthday: August 29, 1999 Age: 17
Birthplace: San Antonio, Candon City, Ilocos Sur Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Catholoic Civil Status: Single
Father’s Name: Arnolfo Collado
Mother’s Name: Arlynn Collado
Curriculum Vitae
I. Personal Information
Nickname: Wisdom
Birthday: August 11, 1999 Age: 18
Birthplace: Banucal, Lidlidda, Ilocos Sur Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Iglesia ni Cristo Civil Status: Single
Father’s Name: Fidencio Diga
Mother’s Name: Shirley Diga
Curriculum Vitae
I. Personal Information
Nickname: Luan
Birthdate: September 27, 1999 Age: 17
Birthplace: Candon City, Ilocos Sur Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic Civil Status: Single
Father’s Name: Lew Gaerlan
Mother’s Name: Mary Ann de Chavez
Curriculum Vitae
I. Personal Information
Nickname: Pogi
Birthday: April 8, 2000 Age: 17
Birthplace: Labut, Lidlidda, Ilocos Sur Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Seventh-Day Adventist Civil Status: Single
Father’s Name: Cirilo Pacaro
Mother’s Name: Mary Grace Pacaro
Curriculum Vitae
I. Personal Information
Nickname: Jeff
Birthday: December 24, 1999 Age: 17
Birthplace: Darapidap, Candon City, Ilocos Sur Nationality:
Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic Civil Status: Single
Father’s Name: Jonathan Severo
Mother’s Name: Lawrence Severo
HONORS AWARDS
Grades 1-5 First Honors MTAP Metrobank Challenge 1st Place Grade
Grade 6 Valedictorian 4
DSPC Copy Reading and Headline Writing
1st Place Grade 6
District Story Retelling 1st Place Grade 6
Division Story Retelling 1st Place Grade 6
Grade 9 With Honors MTAP Metrobank Challenge 2nd Place
Grade 10 With Honors Grade 9
Best in Math Grade 9
Best in Math Grade 10
Grade 11 With High Honors