Geo-spatial Tools For

Environment Planning

Presented by-
Abhinav Srivastav
205AR006
Outline
• Surveying & Leveling
• Evolution
• Types of Data
• Important term & link
• Geo-spatial tools for Environmental Planning, Management & Monitoring
• Types of Analysis
• References

Ecology & Sustainable Development (AR753)

Surveying & Leveling
• Levelling is a process of determining the height of one level relative to another. It is used
in surveying to establish the elevation of a point relative to a datum, or to establish a point at a
given elevation relative to a datum.

Chain Surveying

Total Station
Dumpy Level
Plane Surveying
Theodolite

Ecology & Sustainable Development (AR753)

Evolution
Survey & Leveling + Geo Physics + Astro Physics + Computer Science +Electronics=Geo-informatics

NAVSTARGPS

Remote Sensing

Infrared Image Microwave

satellite image

Ecology & Sustainable Development (AR753)

Types of Data
• Raster and vector are two very different but
common data formats used to store geospatial
data.
• Vector data use X and Y coordinates to define
the locations of points, lines, and areas
(polygons) that correspond to map features such
as fire hydrants, trails, and parcels. As such,
vector data tend to define centers and edges of
features.
• Raster data, on the other hand, use a matrix of
square areas to define where features are
located. These squares, also called pixels, cells,
and grids, typically are of uniform size, and their
size determines the detail that can be maintained
in the dataset. Because raster data represent
square areas, they describe interiors rather than
boundaries as is the case with vector data.
• Vector data are excellent for capturing and storing spatial details, while raster data are well
suited for capturing, storing, and analyzing data such as elevation, temperature, soil pH, etc.
that vary continuously from location to location. Raster data formats also are used to store
aerial and satellite imagery.
Ecology & Sustainable Development (AR753)
Important Term & Link
• Binocular vision
• Unmanned Aerial Vehicle UAV
• Trimble, Sokkia, Leica- GPS
• Esri Arcinfo GIS, Quantum GIS
• Rectification
• .rrd .gif .dwg .shp .xls .txt
• Usgs, bhuvan, liss
• Erdas imagine
• Spectrum survey office- gps data extraction

Ecology & Sustainable Development (AR753)

Geo-spatial tools in Environment Planning, Management & Monitoring
1- GIS in air quality monitoring- Air quality
monitoring has become an important part of healthy
living, and GIS can play a very important role here as
well. A GIS integrated platform by leveraging sensors and
IoT for air quality monitoring, analytics, and planning,
can accurately predict the PM levels in varied areas
within a city. It can also tell you which areas are the most
hazardous or most dangerous for everyone, more
specifically for asthma patients

2- GIS in forest fire management- Wildfire causes huge

loss to flora and fauna. The very first strategy to defend
the forests against wildfire is to avoid it. GIS has proved
its potential in forest fire management. There are different
applications of GIS in forest fire management out of
which the most important ones are hazard map
production, forest fire simulation, and resource
management.

Ecology & Sustainable Development (AR753)

Geo-spatial tools in Environment Planning, Management & Monitoring
3. Environment Impact Analysis- EIA is an important policy initiative to conserve natural resources and
environment. Many human activities produce potential adverse environmental effects which include the construction
and operation of highways, rail roads, pipelines, airports, radioactive waste disposal and more. Environmental impact
statements are usually required to contain specific information on the magnitude and characteristics of environmental
impact. The EIA can be carried out efficiently by the help of GIS, by integrating various GIS layers, assessment of
natural features can be performed.
4. Zoning of Landslide hazard- Landslide hazard zonation is the process of ranking different
parts of an area according to the degrees of actual or potential hazard from landslides. The
evaluation of landslide hazard is a complex task. It has become possible to efficiently collect,
manipulate and integrate a variety of spatial data such as geological, structural, surface cover
and slope characteristics of an area, which can be used for hazard zonation.

5. Determination of land cover and land use- Land

cover means the feature that is covering the barren surface
.Land use means the area in the surface utilized for
particular use. The role of GIS technology in land use and
land cover applications is that we can determine land
use/land cover changes in the different areas. Also it can
detect and estimate the changes in the land use/ land cover
pattern within time. It enables to find out sudden changes
in land use and land cover either by natural forces or by
other activities like deforestation.

Ecology & Sustainable Development (AR753)

Geo-spatial tools in Environment Planning, Management & Monitoring
6. Estimation of flood damage- GIS helps to document the need for federal disaster
relief funds, when appropriate and can be utilized by insurance agencies to assist in
assessing monetary value of property loss. A local government need to map flooding risk
areas for evaluate the flood potential level in the surrounding area. The damage can be
well estimate and can be shown using digital maps .

7. Soil mapping- provides resource information about an

area. It helps in understanding soil suitability for various
land use activities. It is essential for preventing
environmental deterioration associated with misuse of
land. GIS Helps to identify soil types in an area and to
delineate soil boundaries. It is used for the identification
and classification of soil. Soil map is widely used by the
farmers in developed countries to retain soil nutrients and
earn maximum yield.

Ecology & Sustainable Development (AR753)

Geo-spatial tools in Environment Planning, Management & Monitoring
8.Wetland mapping- Wetlands contribute to a healthy environment and
retain water during dry periods, thus keeping the water table high and
relatively stable. During the flooding they act to reduce flood levels and
to trap suspended solids and attached nutrients. GIS provide options for
wetland mapping and design projects for wetland conservation quickly
with the help of GIS. Integration with Remote Sensing data helps to
complete wetland mapping on various scale. We can create a wetland
digital data bank with spices information using GIS.

9.Identification of Volcanic hazard- to human life and

environment include hot avalanches, hot particles gas
clouds, lava flows and flooding. Potential volcanic
hazard zone can be recognized by the characteristic
historical records of volcanic activities, it can
incorporate with GIS. Thus an impact assessment study
on volcanic hazards deals with economic loss and loss
of lives and property in densely populated areas

Ecology & Sustainable Development (AR753)

Types of Analyses
Surface Interpolation: Visiting every location in a study to measure the height,
magnitude, or concentration of a phenomenon is usually difficult or expensive. Surface
interpolation functions create a continuous surface from sample locations and make
predictions from sample measurements to create continuous surface representation. Use
ArcGIS Spatial Analyst tools to choose the best interpretation method for your specific
data. Each interpolation method produces predictions using different calculation
methods from inverse distance weighted to kriging.

Temporal Analysis: Observing environmental change over time indicates trends and
patterns. ArcGIS Tracking Analyst provides tools for display and analysis of time series
data. It is useful for playing back historical data, integrating temporal data within the
GIS, and charting and analyzing change in historical or real-time data.

Three-Dimensional Analysis: GIS constructs three-dimensional composites that can

be interactively visualized. Information such as lithologic, geologic structure, and
water-level data is represented in three-dimensional space by creating spatially
continuous surfaces or grids using industry-accepted algorithms to interpolate
between data points. This makes it possible to interpret three-dimensional data in
two-dimensional space.

Ecology & Sustainable Development (AR753)

References
[1] Baldwin, J.H. (1985). Environmental Planning and Management. Delhi: Westview Press.
[2] Lein, J.K. (2006). Integrated Environmental Planning (2nd ed.). USA: Blackwell Science Ltd.
[3] Ondieki C.M. & Murimi S.K (n.d.). Applications of Geographic Information Systems. Retrieved from
http://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c09/e6-38a-06-05.pdf

Ecology & Sustainable Development (AR753)

 Thanks…

Ecology & Sustainable Development (AR753)