Oral Pathology Important Classifications and Differentials Arnav Munjal

Important Classifications of OP
Odontogenic Cysts
1. Cysts of the Jaws
a. Epithelial
i. Developmental
1. Odontogenic (Classification into intra/extra osseous not important)
a. Intraosseous
i. Odontogenic Keratocyst (Primordial Cyst)
ii. Orthokeratinized Odontogenic Cyst
iii. Dentigerous Cyst (Follicular Cyst)
iv. Lateral Periodontal Cyst
v. Glandular Odontogenic Cyst (Sialo-odontogenic; mucoepidermoid odontogenic)
vi. Calcifying Odontogenic Cyst (Keratinizing and/or Calcifying Epithelial
Odontogenic Cyst, Gorlin Cyst, Cystic Keratinizing Tumour)
b. Extraosseous
i. Eruption Cyst
ii. Botryoid odontogenic Cyst
iii. Gingival cyst of Infants/Newborn (Dental Lamina Cyst of Newborn, Epstein’s
Pearls, Bohn’s Nodules)
iv. Gingival Cyst of Adults
2. Non-Odontogenic
i. Nasopalatine duct (incisive canal, Nasopalatine Canal, Median Anterior Maxillary)
cyst
ii. Nasolabial (nasoalveolar, Klesdadt) cyst
iii. Palatal Cysts of Newborn (Epstein’s Pearls, Bohn’s Nodules)
iv. Midpalatal raphe cyst of infants
v. Median palatine, median alveolar and median mandibular cysts
vi. Globulomaxillary cyst
ii. Inflammatory
i. Radicular cyst, apical and lateral (Apical Periodontal Cyst, Periapical Cyst, Root
End Cyst)
ii. Residual cyst
iii. Paradental cyst
iv. Mandibular infected buccal cyst (Buccal Bifurcation Cyst, Juvenile Paradental
Cyst
v. Inflammatory collateral cyst (Inflammatory Periodontal Cyst)
b. Non-Epithelial

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 Oral Pathology Important Classifications and Differentials Arnav Munjal
i. Solitary bone cyst (traumatic, simple, hemorrhagic bone cyst, Extravasation Cyst,
Unicameral Bone Cyst, Simple Bone Cyst, Idiopathic Bone Cavity)
ii. Aneurysmal bone cyst
2. Cysts associated with the Maxillary Antrum
i. Benign mucosal cyst of the maxillary antrum (Retention Cyst of Maxillary Sinus,
Secretory Cyst of Maxillary Antrum, Mucocele of Maxillary Sinus)
ii. Postoperative maxillary cyst (surgical ciliated cyst of the maxilla, Sinus Mucocele)
3. Cysts of the soft tissues of the mouth, face and neck
i. Dermoid Cyst (Dermoid Cystic Tumour, Cystic Teratoma, Ovarian Cystic
Teratoma, Cystic Tumor of Ovary, Cystic Tumors of Omentum, Spinal Dermoid
Cyst)
ii. Epidermoid cyst (Epidermal Cyst, Epidermal Inclusion Cyst, Epithelial Cyst,
Keratin Cyst, Milia)
iii. Lympho-epithelial (brachial cleft) cyst
iv. Thyroglossal duct cyst (Thyroglossal Tract Cyst)
v. Anterior median lingual cyst (intralingual cyst of foregut origin)
vi. Oral cyst with gastric or intestinal epithelium (oral alimentary tract cyst)
vii. Cystic hygroma
viii. Nasopharyngeal cysts
ix. Thymic cysts
x. Cysts of the salivary glands
a. Mucous extravasation cyst (Mucocele, Mucous Extravasation Phenomenon,
Mucous Escape Phenomenon)
b. Mucous retention cyst (Mucocele, Mucous Retention Phenomenon, Retention
Mucocele, Salivary Duct Cyst, Oral Sialocyst)
c. Ranula polycystic (dysgenetic) disease of parotid
xi. Parasitic cysts
a. Hydatic
b. Cysticercus cellulosae
c. Trichinosis

Odontogenic Tumors (Modified WHO Classification)

A. Benign
I. Odontogenic epithelium without odontogenic ectomesenchyme
1. Ameloblastoma (Adamantinoma, Adamantoblastoma, Multilocular Cyst)
a. Solid/Multicystic
i. Follicular Ameloblastoma
ii. Plexiform Ameloblastoma
iii. Granular Cell Ameloblastoma

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 Oral Pathology Important Classifications and Differentials Arnav Munjal
iv. Basal Cell Ameloblastoma
b. Extraosseous/Peripheral
c. Unicystic
2. Squamous odontogenic tumor (Benign Epithelial Odontogenic Tumor)
3. Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor (Pindborg tumor)
4. Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (Adenoameloblastoma, Ameloblastic Adenomatoid
Tumour) (Originally classified under II, but in a new revision of the WHO classification it will be
classified under I)
5. Keratinizing Cystic Odontogenic Tumor
II. Odontogenic epithelium with odontogenic ectomesenchyme with or without hard tissue
formation
1. Ameloblastic fibroma (Soft Mixed Odontogenic Tumour, Soft Mixed Odontoma,
Fibroadamantoblastoma)
2. Ameloblastic fibrodentinoma
3. Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma
4. Odontoameloblastoma
5. Calcifying odontogenic cyst
6. Odontoma
i. Complex Odontoma
ii. Compound Odontoma
7. Calcifying cystic Odontogenic Tumor
8. Dentinogenic Ghost Cell Tumor
III. Odontogenic ectomesenchyme with or without included odontogenic epithelium
1. Odontogenic fibroma
2. Odontogenic Myxoma (myxofibroma, Odontogenic Fibromyxoma))
3. Cementoblastoma (benign cementoblastoma, true cementoma)
B. Malignant
I. Odontogenic carcinomas
1. Malignant ameloblastoma (Metastasizing Ameloblastoma)
2. Ameloblastic Carcinoma
3. Primary intraosseous squamous cell carcinoma
4. Clear cell odontogenic carcinoma (Clear Cell Ameloblastic Carcinoma, Clear cell
Ameloblastoma, Clear Cell Odontogenic Tumor) (Originally classified as a benign tumor
under I (clear cell odontogenic tumor), but it is now recognized as a malignant tumor (clear cell
odontogenic carcinoma) and classified accordingly)
5. Ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma (Malignant Epithelial Odontogenic Ghost Cell
Tumour, Aggressive/Malignant Epithelial Odontogenic Ghost Cell Tumor,
Dentinogenic Ghost Cell Tumor)
II. Odontogenic sarcomas
1. Ameloblastic fibrosarcoma

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 Oral Pathology Important Classifications and Differentials Arnav Munjal
2. Ameloblastic fibrodentinosarcoma
3. Ameloblastic fibro-odontosarcoma

Salivary Gland Pathologies Histological (Shally Ma’am)

Morphology code of the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (ICD-O) (821)
and the Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine.
Behavior is coded /0 for benign tumors, /3 for malignant tumors, and /1 for borderline or
uncertain behavior
1. Malignant Epithelial Tumours
i. Acinic Cell Carcinoma (Acinar Cell or Serous Cell Adenoma, Adenocarcinoma) – 8550/3
ii. Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma – 8430/3
iii. Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma (Cylindroma, Adenocystic Carcinoma, Adenocystic Basal Cell
Carcinoma, Pseudo-Adenomatous Basal Cell Carcinoma, Basaloid Mixed Tumor) –
8200/3
iv. Polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma (Terminal Duct Adenocarcinoma) – 8525/3
v. Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma (Adenomyoepithelioma, Clear Cell Adenoma, Tubular
Solid Adenoma, Monomorphic Clear Cell Tumor, Glycogen-Rich Adenoma, Glycogen-
Rich Adenocarcinoma– 8562/3
vi. Clear Cell carcinoma, not otherwise specified – 8310/3
vii. Basal Cell Adenocarcinoma – 8147/3
viii. Sebaceous carcinoma – 8410/3
ix. Sebaceous lymphadenocarcinoma – 8410/3

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 Oral Pathology Important Classifications and Differentials Arnav Munjal
x. Cystadenocarcinoma (Papillary
Cystadenocarcinoma, Malignant Papillary
Cystadenoma, Mucous-Producing
Adenopapillary/Non-epidermoid Carcinoma,
Low-Grade Papillary Adenocarcinoma of
Palate, Papillary Adenocarcinoma) – 8440/3
xi. Low-grade cribriform cystadenocarcinoma –
xii. Mucinous adenocarcinoma – 8480/3
xiii. Oncocytic carcinoma (Oncocytic
Adenocarcinoma) – 8290/3
xiv. Salivary duct carcinoma (Salivary Duct
Adenocarcinoma) – 8500/3
xv. Adenocarcinoma, not otherwise specified –
8140/3
xvi. Myoepithelial Carcinoma (Malignant
Myoepithelioma) – 8480/3
xvii. Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma
(Carcinoma Ex Mixed Tumor) – 8941/3
xviii. Carcinosarcoma (True Malignant Mixed
Tumor) – 8980/3
xix. Metastasizing pleomorphic adenoma – 8940/1
xx. Squamous Cell Carcinoma – 8070/3
xxi. Small cell Carcinoma – 8041/3
xxii. Large Cell Carcinoma – 8012/3
xxiii. Lymphoepithelial Carcinoma – 8082/3
xxiv. Sialoblastoma – 8974/3
2. Benign Epithelial Tumours
i. Pleomorphic Adenoma (Mixed Tumor) –
8940/0
ii. Myoepithelioma – 8982/0
iii. Basal Cell Adenoma – 8147/0
iv. Warthin’s tumor – 8561/0
v. Oncocytoma (Oncocytic Adenoma, Oxyphilic Adenoma, Acidophilic Adenoma) – 8290/0
vi. Canalicular Adenoma – 8149/0
vii. Sebaceous Adenoma – 8410/0
viii. Non-Sebaceous Adenoma – 8410/0
ix. Lymphadenoma
x. Ductal Papillomas
xi. Inverted Ductal Papilloma – 8503/0
xii. Intraductal Papilloma – 8503/0

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 Oral Pathology Important Classifications and Differentials Arnav Munjal
xiii. Sialoadenomapapilliferum – 8406/0
xiv. Cystadenoma - 8440
3. Soft Tissue Tumours
i. Hemangioma – 9120/0
4. Haematolymphoid Tumours
i. Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
ii. Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma – 9680/3
iii. Extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma – 9699/3
5. Secondary Tumours
Salivary Glands Classification (Shally/Anubha Ma’am)
1. Developmental
i. Aplasia (Agenesis)
ii. Hyperplasia of palatal glands
iii. Atresia
iv. Ectopic salivary glands/aberrancy
2. Regressive
i. Atrophy and Degeneration
3. Obstructive
i. Salivary Calculi
ii. Parotid Papilla and Duct Strictures
iii. Salivary Fistula
iv. Mucocele
v. Ranula
4. Infectious and Inflammatory
i. Mumps
ii. Suppurative parotitis
iii. Chronic sialadenitis
iv. Sarcoidosis
v. Cytomegalic sialadenitis
vi. HIV-associated sialadenitis
5. Xerostomia (Dry Mouth)
6. Ptyalism (Hypersalivation)
7. Irradiation damage
8. Metabolic
i. Sialadenitis/Sialosis
9. Conditions associated with an immune defect
i. Sjogren’s syndrome (Sicca Syndrome, Gougerot-Sjogren Syndrome)
ii. Benign lymphoepithelial lesion (Mikulicz Syndrome, Dacryosialadenopathia, Mikulicz-
Radecki Syndrome, Mikulicz-Sjogren Syndrome, von Mikulicz Syndrome)

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 Oral Pathology Important Classifications and Differentials Arnav Munjal
10. Tumor like conditions
i. Necrotizing sialometaplasia (Salivary Gland Infarction)
11. Salivary gland neoplasms
i. Benign
ii. Malignant
Benign and Malignant Tumours
1. Epithelial Neoplasms
S. No Source/Origin of Neoplasm Benign Malignant
1) Squamous Epithelium Squamous Cell Papilloma SCC/Epidermoid Carcinoma
2) Basal Cell Layer - Basal Cell Carcinoma
3) Neuro-ectoderm Nevus Melanoma
4) Transitional epithelium Transitional Cell Transitional Cell Carcinoma
Papilloma
5) Glandular epithelium Adenoma Adenocarcinoma
6) Hepatocytes Liver cell adenoma Hepatoma
2. Mesenchymal/Non-epithelial Neoplasms
S. No Source/Origin of Neoplasm Benign Malignant
1) Adipose tissue Lipoma Liposarcoma
2) Adult Fibrous tissue Fibroma Fibrosarcoma
3) Embryonic fibrous tissue Myxoma Myxosarcoma
4) Cartilage Chondroma Chondrosarcoma
5) Bone Osteoma Osteosarcoma
6) Smooth Muscle Leiomyoma Leiomyosarcoma
7) Skeletal Muscle Rhabdomyoma Rhabdomyosarcoma
8) Blood vessel Hemangioma Angiosarcoma
9) Lymph vessel Lymphangioma Lymphangiosarcoma
10) Hematopoietic Cells - Leukemia
11) Nerve sheath Neurilemmoma Neurogenic sarcoma
Neurofibroma
12) Synovium Benign synovioma Synovial sarcoma
13) Mesothelium - Mesothelioma
14) Lymphoid tissue Pseudolymphoma Malignant lymphoma
15) Salivary gland Pleomorphic adenoma Malignant mixed salivary
tumor

Benign and Malignant Tumours (by Shally Ma’am)

S. No Source/Origin of Benign Malignant
Neoplasm

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 Oral Pathology Important Classifications and Differentials Arnav Munjal
1) Epithelium 1. Squamous Papilloma 1. Basal Cell Carcinoma (Basal
2. Squamous Acanthoma Cell Epithelioma, Rodent
3. Keratoacanthoma (Self-healing Ulcer)
Carcinoma, Molluscum 2. SCC/Epidermoid Carcinoma
Pseudocarcinomatosum, 3. Verrucous Carcinoma
Molluscum, Sebaceum, 4. Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Verrucoma) 5. Malignant Melanoma
4. Oral nevi
2) Connective Tissue 1. Oral Fibroma (Irritation 1. Fibrosarcoma
Fibroma, Traumatic Fibroma, 2. Malignant fibrous
Focal Fibrous Hyperplasia) histiocytoma
2. Peripheral Ossifying Fibroma 3. Liposarcoma
(Peripheral Odontogenic 4. Hemangioendothelioma
Fibroma, Peripheral 5. Hemangiopericytoma
Cementifying Fibroma, 6. Kaposi’s sarcoma (Multiple
Calcifying or Ossifying Idiopathic Hemorrhagic
Fibroid Epulis) Sarcoma of Kaposi,
3. Central Ossifying Fibroma of Angioreticuloendothelioma)
bone (Central Fibro-Osteoma) 7. Ewing’s sarcoma
4. Peripheral Giant Cell (Endothelial Myeloma,
granuloma (Periphera Giant Round Cell Sarcoma)
Cell Epulis, Peripheral Giant 8. Chondrosarcoma
Cell Epulis, Peripheral Giant 9. Osteosarcoma (Osteogenic
Cell Reparative Granuloma) Sarcoma)
5. Central Giant Cell Granuloma 10. Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
6. Giant cell tumor of bone (Hodgkin Disease, Malignant
(Osteoclastoma) Lymphoma)
7. Hereditary Hemorrhagic 11. Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Telengiectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu 12. Burkitt’s Lymphoma
Syndrome, Heredofamilial
(African Jaw Lymphoma)
Angiomatosis, Familial
Hemorrhagic Angiomatois, Osler 13. Multiple Myeloma
Disease)
8. Encephalotrigeminal
Haemangiomatosis (Sturge Weber
Syndrome)
9. Lipoma
10. Capillary hemangioma
11. Cavernous Hemangioma
12. Lymphangioma
13. Myxoma
14. Benign Chondroblastoma
(Epiphyseal Chondromatous

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 Oral Pathology Important Classifications and Differentials Arnav Munjal
Giant Cell Tumour, Codman
Tumor)
15. Osteoma
16. Osteoid Osteoma
17. Benign Osteoblastoma
18. Torus Palatinus
19. Torus Mandibularis
20. Pyogenic Granuloma (Granuloma
Pyogenicum)
3) Muscle 1. Leiomyoma 1. Leiomyosarcoma
2. Rhabdomyoma 2. Rhabdomyosarcoma
3. Angiomyoma (Vascular 3. Alveolar Soft Part Sarcoma
Leiomyoma, Angioleiomyoma) (Malignant Granular Cell
4. Congenital epulis of newborn Myoblastoma)
5. Granular cell Myoblastoma
(Myoblastic Myoma, Granular Cell
Tumour, Granular Cell
Schwannoma, Abrikossoff Tumor)
4) Nerve Tissue 1. Traumatic Neuroma 1. Malignant peripheral nerve
(Amputation Neuroma) sheath tumor (Malignant
2. Multiple endocrine neoplasia Schwannoma, Malignant
syndrome (MEN Syndrome, Neurilemmoma, Neurogenic
MEN III, MEN IIb) Sarcoma,
3. Neurofibroma Neurofibrosarcoma)
(Neurofibromatosis, Von 2. Olfactory Neuroblastoma
Recklinghausen Disease of the (Esthesioneuroblastoma,
Skin, Fibroma Molluscum) Esthseioneuroepithelioma)
4. Neurilemmoma (Perineural
Fibroblastoma, Schwannoma,
Neurinoma, Lemmoma)
5. Melanotic Neuroectodermal
Tumour of Infancy (Pigmented
Ameloblastoma,
Melanoameloblastoma, Retinal
Anlage Tumour, Melanotic
Progonoma, Melanotic Epithelial
Odontoma, Pigmented Teratoma,
Atypical Melanoblastoma,
Melanotic Adamintoma, Pigmented
Epulis, Retinal Choristoma,
Retinoblastic Teratoma, Congenital
Melanosarcoma)
5) Metastatic tumors - -
of Jaws

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 Oral Pathology Important Classifications and Differentials Arnav Munjal
Potentially Malignant Disorders
Premalignant Lesions Premalignant Conditions
A morphologically altered tissue in which A generalized state associated with a
oral cancer is more likely to occur than in its significantly increased risk of cancer.
apparently normal counterpart.
1) Leukoplakia (Leukokeratosis) 1) Submucous Fibrosis
2) Erythroplakia (Erythoplasia of Queyrat) 2) Actinic keratosis
3) Palatal lesions in reverse smokers 3) Lichen planus (Atrophic and erosive
4) Lichen planus form)
5) Oral Submucous Fibrosis 4) Discoid lupus erythematosus
6) Erythroleukoplakia 5) Dyskeratosis congenital
7) Granular leukoplakia 6) Plummer vinson syndrome
8) Smooth Red tongue of Plummer Vinson 7) Xeroderma pigmentosum
9) Smokeless tobacco keratosis
10) Laryngeal keratosis
11) Smoker’s Palate (Stomatitis Nicotina,
Nicotinic Stomatitis, Leukokeratosis
Nicotina Palati)

Developmental Disturbances of Oral and Paraoral Structures

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 Oral Pathology Important Classifications and Differentials Arnav Munjal
1. Dental Lamina formation stage
i. Anodontia
2. Initiation and proliferation
i. Oligodontia
ii. Supernumerary teeth
iii. Geminated or fused teeth
3. Histodifferentiation
i. Regional odontodysplasia
4. Morphodifferentiation
i. Macrodontia
ii. Microdontia
iii. Dens invaginatus
iv. Dens evaginatus
v. Hutchinson’s incisors, Mulberry Molars
vi. Carabelli Cusp
vii. Talon’s cusp
viii. Taurodontism
5. Apposition
i. Amelogenesis imperfecta
ii. Enamel Hypoplasia
iii. Dentinogenesis imperfecta
iv. Dentin Dysplasia
6. Disturbances affecting size
i. Microdontia
ii. Macrodontia
iii. Rhizomicri
iv. Rhizomegaly
7. Disturbances affecting number
i. Anodontia
ii. Supernumary teeth
iii. Pre-deciduous dentition
iv. Post-permanent dentition
8. Disturbances affecting the
eruption
i. Premature eruption
ii. Delayed eruption
iii. Impacted tooth
iv. Embedded tooth
v. Submerged tooth
vi. Eruption sequestrum

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 Oral Pathology Important Classifications and Differentials Arnav Munjal
9. Disturbances affecting the position
i. Ectopia
ii. Rotation
iii. Trans-position
iv. Inversion
v. Trans-migration
10. Disturbances affecting the shape
i. Gemination
ii. Fusion
iii. Concrescence
iv. Dilaceration
v. Dens invaginatus
vi. Dens evaginatus
vii. Taurodontism
viii. Enamel pearls
ix. Hypercementosis
x. Talon cusps
11. Disturbances affecting the structure
i. Enamel
a. Enamel hypoplasia
b. Amelogenesis imperfecta
ii. Dentin
a. Dentinogenesis imperfecta
b. Dentin dysplasia
iii. Enamel + Dentin
a. Regional odontodysplasia
iv. Cementum
a. Hypocementosis
b. Hypercementosis

Developmental Disturbances of Oral and Paraoral Structures

(by Shally Ma’am)
1. Developmental Disturbances of Jaws
i. Agnathia (Otocephaly, Holoprosencephaly Agnathia)
ii. Micrognathia
iii. Pierre Robin Syndrome (Robin Sequence, Pierre Robin Anomalad, Robin Complexes,
Pierre Robin Malformation)
iv. Macrognathia
v. Facial hemihypertrophy

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 Oral Pathology Important Classifications and Differentials Arnav Munjal
vi. Facial hemiatrophy (Parry-Romberg Syndrome, Romberg-Parry Syndrome, Progressive
Facial Hemiatrophy, Progressive Hemifacial Atrophy)
2. Abnormalities of Dental Arch Relations
i. Class 1
ii. Class 2
iii. Class 3
3. Developmental Disturbances of Lip and Palate
i. Congenital lip and commissural pits and fistulas
ii. Cleft lip and palate (1-2% of Patients have Van der Woude Syndrome, Cleft Lip
Syndrome, Lip Pit Syndrome, Dimpled Papillae of the lip)
iii. Cheilitis Glandularis (Actinic Cheilitis)
iv. Cheilitis Granulomatosa (Miescher-Melkersson-Rosenthal Syndrome)
v. Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome (Hereditary Intestinal Polyposis Syndrome, Intestinal
Hamartomatous Polyps in Association with Mucocutaneous Melanocytic Macules)
vi. Fordyce’s granules (Fordyce Disease)
vii. Focal epithelial hyperplasia (Heck Disease)
4. Developmental Disturbances of Gingiva
i. Fibromatosis gingivae (Elephantiasis Gingivae, Hereditary Gingival Fibromatosis,
Congenital Macrogingivae)
ii. Retrocuspid papilla
5. Developmental Disturbances of Tongue
i. Aglossia
ii. Microglossia
iii. Macroglossia (Tongue Hypertrophy, Prolapsus of the Tongue, Enlarged Tongue,
Pseudomacroglossia)
iv. Ankyloglossia (Tongue-Tie)
v. Cleft tongue
vi. Fissured tongue (Scrotal Tongue, Lingua Plicata)
vii. Median rhomboid glossitis
viii. Benign migratory glossitis (Geographic Tongue)
ix. Hairy tongue (Lingua Nigra, Lingua Villosa, Lingua Villosa Nigra, Black Hairy Tongue)
x. Lingual varices (Lingual or Sublingual Varicosities)
xi. Lingual thyroid nodule
6. Developmental Disturbances of Oral Lymphoid tissue
i. Reactive lymphoid Aggregate (Reactive Lymphoid Aggregate)

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 Oral Pathology Important Classifications and Differentials Arnav Munjal
ii. Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia (Epitheliolid Haemangioma, Histiocytoid
Haemangioma, Pseudopyogenic Granuloma, Papular Angioplasia, Inflammatory
Angiomatous Nodules)
7. Developmental Disturbances of Salivary
Glands
i. Aplasia (Agenesis)
ii. Xerostomia (Dry Mouth)
iii. Hyperplasia of Parietal Glands
iv. Atresia
v. Aberrancy
vi. Stafne bone defect of the mandible
8. Developmental Disturbances in size of teeth
i. Microdontia
ii. Macrodontia
9. Developmental disturbances in shape of teeth
i. Gemination
ii. Fusion
iii. Concrescence
iv. Dilaceration
v. Talon’s cusp
vi. Dens in Dente (Dens Invaginatus, Dilated Composite Odontome)
vii. Dens evaginatus (Occlusal Tuberculated Premolar, Leong’s Premolar, Evaginated
Odontome, Occlusal Enamel Pearl)
viii. Enamel Pearl (Enameloma, Enamel Drop)
ix. Taurodontism
x. Supernumerary roots
10. Developmental disturbances in number of teeth
i. Anodontia
ii. Supernumerary teeth
iii. Predeciduous dentition (Premature Eruption, Natal Teeth, Neonatal Teeth)
iv. Post-permanent dentition
11. Developmental Disturbances in structure of teeth
i. Amelogenesis imperfecta (Hereditary Enamel Dysplasia, Hereditary Brown Enamel,
Hereditary Brown Opalescent Teeth)
ii. Environmental enamel hypoplasia
iii. Dentinogenesis imperfecta
iv. Dentin Dysplasia (Rootless Teeth)
v. Regional Odontodysplasia (Odontodysplasia, Odontogenic Dysplasia, Odontogenesis
Imperfecta, Ghost Teeth)
12. Developmental Disturbances of (eruption) of teeth

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 Oral Pathology Important Classifications and Differentials Arnav Munjal
i. Premature eruption
ii. Eruption sequestrum
iii. Delayed eruption
iv. Multiple unerupted teeth
v. Embedded and impacted teeth
vi. Ankylosed teeth (Submerged Teeth)
13. Fissural cysts of Oral Region
i. Nasopalatine duct cyst (Nasopalatine Canal Cyst, Incisive Canal Cyst)
ii. Median Palatal cyst
iii. Globulomaxillary Cyst
iv. Median Mandibular cyst
v. Nasoalveolar cyst (Nasolabial Cyst, Klesdadt Cyst)
vi. Palatal and Alveolar cysts of Newborns (Epstein’s Pearls, Bohn’s Nodules, Gingival Cysts
of the Newborns)
vii. Thyroglossal tract cyst
viii. Epidermal inclusion cyst (Epidermal Cyst, Epidermoid Cyst, Epithelial Cyst, Keratin
Cyst, Sebaceous Cyst, Milia)
ix. Dermoid cyst (Dermoid cystic tumor, cystic teratoma, ovarian cystic teratoma, cystic
tumor of ovary, cystic tumors of omentum, congenital cyst of spine, spinal dermoid cysts)

Viral Infections (Not Important)

RNA viruses DNA Viruses
1. Orthomyxovirus 1. Herpesvirus (Herpes Simplex/Acute
i. Influenza Herpetic Gingivostomatitis, Herpes
2. Paramyxovirus Labialis, Fever Blisters, Cold Sores)
i. Measles (rubeola, red spots, Morbilli) i. Herpes simplex virus 1
ii. Mumps (Epidemic Parotitis) a. Gingivostomatitis
3. Rhabdovirus b. Keratoconjuctivitis
i. Rabies c. Genital and skin lesions
ii. Hemorrhagic fever ii. Herpes simplex virus 2
4. Arenavirus a. Genital and skin lesions
i. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis b. Keratoconjuctivitis
ii. Lassa fever c. Neonatal infections
5. Calicivirus d. Meningitis
6. Coronavirus iii. Varicella zoster virus
i. Upper respiratory infection a. Varicella (Chicken pox)
7. Bunyavirus iv. Cytomegalovirus
8. Picornavirus a. Cytomegalic inclusion disease
i. Poliomyelitis v. Epstein-Barr virus
ii. Coxsackie diseases a. Infectious mononucleosis
iii. Common cold b. Hepatitis, encephalitis

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 Oral Pathology Important Classifications and Differentials Arnav Munjal
iv. Foot-and-mouth disease vi. Human herpes virus 6
v. Encephalomyocarditis a. Otitis media
9. Reovirus b. Encephalitis
10. Togavirus vii. Human herpes virus 7
i. Rubella (German Measles) a. Roseola infantum
ii. Yellow fever viii. Human herpes virus 8
iii. St. Louis encephalitis a. Infectious mononucleosis
11. Retrovirus (RNA tumor virus) b. Febrile exanthema
ix. Simian herpes virus
a. Mucocutaneous lesions,
encephalitis
2. Poxvirus
i. Smallpox (Variola)
ii. Molluscum contagiosum
3. Adenovirus
i. Pharyngoconjunctival fever
ii. Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis
4. Parvovirus
5. Iridovirus
6. Papovavirus
i. Human warts or papillomas
ii. Tumorigenic viruses in animals
Classification of parotid swellings
1. Developmental
a. Polycystic disease of the parotid gland
b. Adenomatoid hyperplasia
c. Lymphoepithelial cysts
2. Infectious and inflammatory
a. Bacterial
i. Acute suppurative parotitis
ii. Recurrent subacute parotitis
iii. Chronic nonspecific parotitis
iv. Chronic specific parotitis
1. Tuberculosis
2. Actinomycosis
b. Viral
i. Mumps
ii. Cytomegalic sialadenitis
iii. HIV associated salivary gland disease
iv. EBV infection
v. Coxsackie A

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 Oral Pathology Important Classifications and Differentials Arnav Munjal
vi. Echo virus infection
vii. Parainfluenza type 1, 3 infections
3. Obstructive and traumatic lesions
a. Retention cysts (salivary duct cyst)
b. Sialolithiasis
c. Congenital atresia
4. Allergic and immunologic disorders
a. Allergic sialadenitis
b. Sjögren’s syndrome
c. Sarcoidosis
d. Uveoparotid fever
5. Metabolic and hormonal disorders (sialosis or sialadenosis)
a. Hormonal
i. Diabetes mellitus
ii. Catecholamine excess
iii. Acromegaly
b. Malnutrition
c. Drug induced
d. Dysenzymatic
i. Alcoholic cirrhosis
ii. Pancretogenic sialadenosis
iii. Nephrogenic sialadenosis
iv. Obesity
6. Ageing
a. Oncocytosis
7. Neoplastic
a. Benign tumors
b. Malignant tumors
8. Miscellaneous
a. Pneumoparotitis
Revised classification of HIV infection (1993)
1. Group 1: Lesions strongly associated with HIV infection
i. Candidiasis
a. Erythematous
b. Pseudomembranous
ii. Hairy leukoplakia
iii. Kaposi’s sarcoma
iv. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
v. Periodontal disease
a. Linear gingival erythema
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 Oral Pathology Important Classifications and Differentials Arnav Munjal
b. Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
c. Necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis
2. Group 2: Lesions less commonly associated with HIV infection
i. Bacterial infections
1. Mycobacterium avium–intercellulare
2. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ii. Melanotic hyperpigmentation
iii. Necrotizing ulcerative stomatitis
3. Group 3: Lesions seen in HIV infection
i. Bacterial infections
1. Actinomyces israelii
2. Escherichia coli
3. Klebsiella pneumoniae
4. Cat-scratch disease
ii. Drug reactions (ulcerative, erythema multiforme,
iii. Lichenoid reaction, toxic epidermolysis)
iv. Epithelioid (bacillary) angiomatosis
v. Fungal infections other than candidiasis
1. Cryptococcus neoformans
2. Geotrichum candidum
3. Histoplasma capsulatum
4. Mucormycosis (zygomycosis)
5. Aspergillus flavus
vi. Neurologic disturbances
1. Facial palsy
2. Trigeminal neuralgia
vii. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) Viral infections CMV Molluscum contagiosum
Classification of oral candidiasis [as proposed by
Samaranayake (1991) and modified by Axell et al (1997)]
Primary oral candidiasis Secondary oral candidiasis
Acute forms Oral manifestations of systemic
1. Pseudomembranous mucocutaneous candidiasis as a result of
2. Erythematous diseases such as a thymic aplasia and
candidiasis endocrinopathy syndrome
Chronic forms
Hyperplastic Nodular Plaque like
Erythematous Pseudomembranous
Candida-associated lesions

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 Oral Pathology Important Classifications and Differentials Arnav Munjal
Denture stomatitis Angular cheilitis Median
rhomboid glossitis
Keratinized primary lesions superinfected
with Candida
Leukoplakia Lichen planus Lupus
erythematosus

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 Oral Pathology Important Classifications and Differentials Arnav Munjal

Classification of periodontal disease

1. Gingival diseases
i. Plaque induced gingival disease
ii. Non-plaque induced gingival lesions
2. Chronic periodontitis
i. Localized
ii. Generalized
3. Aggressive periodontitis
i. Localized
ii. Generalized
4. Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease
5. Necrotizing periodontal disease
i. Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG)

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 Oral Pathology Important Classifications and Differentials Arnav Munjal
ii. Necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis (NUP)
6. Abscesses of periodontium
i. Gingival abscess
ii. Periodontal abscess
iii. Pericoronal abscess
7. Periodontitis associated with endodontic lesions
i. Endodontic – periodontal lesion
ii. Periodontal – endodontic lesion
iii. Combined lesion
8. Developmental or acquired deformities and conditions
i. Localized tooth related factors that predispose to plaque induced gingival diseases or
periodontitis
ii. Mucogingival deformities and conditions around teeth
iii. Mucogingival deformities and conditions on edentulous ridges
9. Occlusal trauma

Dental Caries
(Shafer’s) Dental caries is an irreversible microbial disease of the calcified tissues of the teeth,
characterized by demineralization of the inorganic portion and destruction of the organic
substance of the tooth, which often leads to cavitations. The word caries is derived from the Latin word
meaning ‘rot’ or ‘decay’. It is a complex and dynamic process where a multitude of factors initiate and influence
the progression of disease.
(Sturdevant) Dental caries is a multifactorial, transmissible, infectious oral disease caused primarily by the
complex interaction of cariogenic oral flora (biofilm) with fermentable dietary carbohydrates on the tooth surface
over time.
1. Based on morphology or anatomical site of the caries
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 Oral Pathology Important Classifications and Differentials Arnav Munjal
i. Pit and fissure caries – seen in pits and fissures found on the occlusal, buccal and lingual
surfaces of posterior teeth as well as the lingual surfaces of maxillary anteriors.
ii. Smooth Surface Caries – seen in all smooth surfaces of teeth without pits, fissures or
grooves.
iii. Root surface caries – caries that occurs on the root surfaces of teeth.
2. Based on the speed of caries progression
i. Acute or rampant caries – a rapidly invading caries, involving several teeth.
ii. Chronic caries – slowly progressing, long standing caries
iii. Arrested caries – Sometimes a chronic carious lesion can become arrested due to a change
in the oral environment.
3. Based on whether it is a new or recurrent caries lesion
i. Initial or Primary (Virgin) Caries – This is the first attack of caries on a tooth surface
ii. Recurrent or secondary caries – This is caries seen under or around the margins of an
existing restoration. It occurs due to micro leakage and other conditions favorable for
caries to recur after a restoration is placed.
4. Based on the extent of caries
i. Incipient Caries – This is the first evidence of caries activity in enamel. It consists of
demineralized enamel which has not extended to the dentino-enamel junction.
ii. Cavitated caries – Here the caries has spread beyond enamel into dentin. The enamel
surface is broken down and remineralization is not possible. Hence, it is referred to as
irreversible caries.
5. Based on the pathway of caries spread within the tooth
i. Forward Caries – Whenever the caries cone in enamel is larger or the same size as that in
dentin it is referred to as forward caries
ii. Backward Caries – Whenever the spread of caries along the dentino-enamel-junction
exceeds the caries cone in enamel, the caries extends into enamel from the junction. Since
the spread of caries here is in a backward direction, it is referred to as backward caries
6. Based on the number of tooth surfaces involved
i. Simple Caries – Caries involving only one surface of the tooth
ii. Compound Caries – Caries involving two surfaces of the tooth
iii. Complex Caries – Caries involving 3 or more surfaces of the tooth
7. Based on the treatment and restoration design – G.V. Black’s Classification
i. Class 1 Caries – Caries occurring in pits, fissures or defective grooves on the tooth
surfaces. This usually has 3 locations: occlusal surfaces of molars and premolars, occlusal
2/3rds of the facial and lingual surfaces of molars and the lingual surfaces of maxillary
incisors.
ii. Class 2 Caries – Caries found on the proximal surfaces of molars and premolars.
iii. Class 3 Caries – Caries occurring in the proximal surfaces of anterior teeth without
involving the incisal angle.

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 Oral Pathology Important Classifications and Differentials Arnav Munjal
iv. Class 4 Caries – Caries found on the proximal surfaces of anterior teeth with involvement
of the incisal angle
v. Class 5 Caries – Caries seen at the gingival third of the facial and lingual surfaces of
anterior and posterior teeth.
vi. Class 6 Caries – Caries found on the incisal edges of anterior teeth and cusp tips/heights
of posterior teeth.
8. Based on whether caries is completely removed or not during treatment
i. Residual Caries – This is caries that remains in the prepared cavity even after the
restoration is completed. This may be left behind either by accident, neglect or intention.
9. Based on the age of the patient
i. Nursing Bottle Caries – During early infancy, bottle-fed babies develop rapidly caries
usually on maxillary incisors
ii. Adolescent Caries – Acute caries is also frequently seen in the teenage population due to
dietary habits
iii. Senile Caries – Caries occurring in the elderly population is mostly characterized by
involvement of root surfaces. This happens because of gingival recession coupled with
other factors like reduced salivation and poor oral hygiene.
10. WHO System
i. D1 – Clinically detectable enamel lesions with intact (non-cavitated) surfaces
ii. D2 – Clinically detectable cavities limited to enamel
iii. D3 – Clinically detectable cavities in dentin
iv. D4 – Lesions extending into the pulp
Osteomyelitis
1. According to anatomic location of infectious process
a. Intramedullary
b. Subperiosteal
c. Periosteal
2. According to duration and severity
a. Acute – it occurs initial infection with the micro-organism
b. Chronic – it can be primary or secondary
i. Primary – virulence of the microorganism is low and the host resistance is high. This
type is not preceded by an episode of acute symptoms.
ii. Secondary – it is secondary to incompletely treated acute osteomyelitis
3. Depending upon the presence or absence of suppuration
a. Suppurative
i. Acute suppurative osteomyelitis
ii. Chronic suppurative osteomyelitis
iii. Infantile osteomyelitis
b. Non-suppurative
i. Chronic non-suppurative
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 Oral Pathology Important Classifications and Differentials Arnav Munjal
1. Focal sclerosing (Condensing Osteitis)
2. Diffuse sclerosing
ii. Radiation osteomyelitis
iii. Garre’s sclerosing osteomyelitis (Chronic Osteomyelitis with Proliferative Periostitis,
Garre Chronic Nonsuppurative Sclerosing Osteitis, Periostitis Ossificans)
iv. Osteomyelitis due to specific infection
1. Actinomycosis
2. Tuberculosis
3. Syphilis
Diseases of Bones and Joints
1. Genetic and Developmental
i. Cherubism (Familial Fibrous Dysplasia of Jaws, Disseminated Juvenile Fibrous
Dysplasia, Familial Multilocular Cystic Disease of Jaws, Familial Fibrous Swelling of
Jaws)
ii. Achondroplasia (Chondrodystrophia Fetalis)
iii. Osteogenesis Imperfecta (Brittle Bones, Fragilitas Ossiumm Osteopsatyhrosis, Lobstein’s
Disease)
iv. Marfan’s Syndrome (Marfan-Achard Syndrome, Arachnodactyly)
v. Apert Syndrome (Acrocephalosyndactyly)
vi. Crouzon Syndrome (Craniofacial Dysostosis)
vii. Treacher Collin’s Syndrome (Mandibulofacial Dysostosis, Franceschetti-Zwahlen-Klein
Syndrome)
viii. Cleidocranial Dysplasia
(Marie and Sainton’s Disease,
Scheuthauer-Mari-Sainton
Syndrome, Mutational
Dysostosis)
ix. Infantile Cortical
Hyperostosis (Caffey’s
Disease, Caffey-Silverman
Syndrome, Familial Infantile
Cortical Hyperostosis,
Sporadic Infantile Cortical
Hyperostosis)
x. Chondro-ectodermal
Dysplasia (Ellis-Van Crevel
Syndrome)
2. Infections
i. Osteomyelitis

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 Oral Pathology Important Classifications and Differentials Arnav Munjal
3. Nutritional/Metabolic
i. Rickets
ii. Scurvy
4. Hormonal Imbalance
i. Pituitary Dwarfism
ii. Gigantism
iii. Acromegaly
5. Aging
i. Osteopenia
ii. Osteoporosis
6. Tumors
i. Benign and Malignant Tumors of Bone
7. Fibro-Osseous Lesions (Only this given by Shally Ma’am)
a. Fibrous Dysplasia
i. Monostotic Fibrous Dysplasia
ii. Polyostotic Fibrous Dysplasia
1. Jaffe-Lichenstein syndrome
2. McCune-Albright Syndrome
b. Cemento-osseous dysplasia
i. Focal cemento-osseous dysplasia
ii. Periapical cemento-osseous dysplasia
iii. Florid cemento-osseous dysplasia
c. Ossifying Fibroma
i. Juvenile Ossifying Fibroma
1. Trabecular JOF
2. Psammamatoid JOF
8. Others
i. Paget’s Disease of Bone (Osteitis Deformans)
ii. Osteopetrosis (Marble Bone Disease, Albers-Schonberg Disease, Osteosclerosis Fragilis
Generaisata)
iii. Osteoradionecrosis
iv. Myostitis ossificans
Diseases which may appear clinically as midline lethal
granuloma
1. Infectious diseases
a. Bacterial
i. Brucellosis
ii. Rhinoscleroma
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 Oral Pathology Important Classifications and Differentials Arnav Munjal
iii. Leprosy
iv. Actinomycosis
v. Tuberculosis
vi. Syphilis
b. Fungal
i. Histoplasmosis
ii. Candidiasis
iii. Coccidioidomycosis
iv. Blastomycosis
v. Rhinosporidiosis
vi. Phycomycosis
c. Parasitic
i. Leishmaniasis
ii. Myiasis
2. Neoplastic diseases
i. Squamous cell carcinoma
ii. Rhabdomyosarcoma
iii. Polymorphic reticulosis/lymphomatoid granulomatosis (T cell lymphoma)
iv. Conventional lymphoma
3. Inflammatory diseases of unknown etiology
i. Wegener’s granulomatosis
ii. Idiopathic midline destructive disease
Forms of hypoparathyroidism having a genetic basis
1. Isolated
i. Autosomal dominant
a. PreproPTH signal peptide mutation
b. CASR activating mutation
ii. Autosomal recessive
a. PreproPTH RNA splice-site mutation
b. Gcm-2 mutation
iii. X-linked
2. Congenital multisystem syndromes
i. DiGeorge and velocardiofacial
ii. Barakat/HDR
iii. Kenny-Caffey
3. Metabolic disease
i. Mitochondrial neuromyopathies
ii. Long-chain hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
iii. Heavy-metal storage disorders
4. Autoimmune disease
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 Oral Pathology Important Classifications and Differentials Arnav Munjal
i. APECED
5. Pseudohypoparathyroidism
Giant Cell Lesions of Jaws
1. Epithelial derived viral-induced multinucleated giant cell containing lesions
a. Tzank Giant Cells: Herpes Simplex
b. Tzank Giant Cells: Herpes Zoster
2. Monocyte/macrophage-derived giant cell containing lesions
a. Inflammatory Granuloma-associated giant cells
i. Langhans Giant Cell containing pathologies
1. Infections: Tuberculosis
ii. Foreign body Giant Cell containing lesions: Foreign body granuloma
b. Osteoclastic Giant Cell Containing Lesions
c. Touton Giant Cells
3. Tumor Giant Cells
Ulcerative Conditions
1. Reactive lesions
2. Syphilis
3. Gonorrhea
4. Tuberculosis
5. Leprosy
6. Actinomycosis
7. Noma
8. Deep fungal diseases
9. Subcutaneous fungal diseases
10. Opportunistic fungal infections
11. Aphthous ulcers
12. Behcet’s syndrome
13. Reiter’s syndrome
14. Erythema multiforme
15. Lupus erythematosus
16. Drug reactions
17. Contact allergy
18. Wegener’s granulomatosis
19. Midline granuloma
20. Chronic granulomatous disease
21. Cyclic neutropenia
22. Squamous Cell Carcinoma
23. Carcinoma of Maxillary Sinus

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 Oral Pathology Important Classifications and Differentials Arnav Munjal
Red-Blue Lesions
1. Congenital hemangiomas and vascular malformations
2. Pyogenic granuloma
3. Peripheral giant cell granuloma
4. Erythroplakia
5. Kaposi’s sarcoma
6. Median rhomboid glossitis
7. Geographic tongue
8. Psoriasis
9. Vitamin B deficiency
10. Anemia (pernicious and iron deficiency)
11. Burning mouth syndrome
12. Scarlet fever
13. Erythematous candidiasis
14. Plasma cell gingivitis
15. Drug reactions and contact allergies
16. Petechiae and ecchymosis
i. Traumatic lesions
ii. Blood dyscrasias

White Lesions
1. Leukodema
2. White sponge nevus
3. Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis
4. Follicular keratosis
5. Focal (frictional) hyperkeratosis
6. White lesions associated with smokeless tobacco
7. Nicotine stomatitis
8. Solar Cheilitis
9. Idiopathic leukoplakia
10. Hairy leukoplakia
11. Hairy tongue
12. Geographic tongue (erythema migrans)
13. Lichen Planus
14. Dentifrice associated Slough
15. Candidiasis
16. Mucosal burns
17. Submucous fibrosis
18. Fordyce’s granules
19. Ectopic Lymphoid tissue
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 Oral Pathology Important Classifications and Differentials Arnav Munjal
20. Gingival cyst
21. Parulis
22. Lipoma

Neck Swellings
1. Brachial cyst
2. Lymphadenitis – nonspecific, bacterial, fungal
3. Metastatic carcinoma to lymph nodes
4. Lymphoma
5. Parotid lesion
6. Carotid body tumor
7. Epidermal cyst
8. Lymphangioma
9. Thyroglossal tract cyst
10. Thyroid gland tumor
11. Dermoid cyst

Palatal Swellings
1. Mucus extravasation phenomenon
2. Salivary gland tumor
3. Palatal abscess from periapical lesion
4. Lymphoma
5. Torus
6. Neoplasm of maxilla and maxillary sinus

Pigmented Lesions
1. Physiologic pigmentation
2. Smoking associated melanosis
3. Oral melanotic macule
4. Neuroectodermal tumor of infancy
5. Nevomelanocytic nevus
6. Melanoma
7. Amalgam tattoo
8. Heavy-metal pigmentation
9. Minocycline pigmentation

Verrucal-Papillary Lesions
1. Papillary hyperplasia
2. Condyloma latum
3. Squamous Papilloma
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 Oral Pathology Important Classifications and Differentials Arnav Munjal
4. Oral verruca vulgaris
5. Condyloma acuminatum
6. Focal epithelial hyperplasia
7. Keratoacanthoma
8. Verrucous carcinoma
9. Pyostomatitis vegetans
10. Verruciform xanthoma

Floor of the Mouth Swellings

1. Mucus retention cyst
2. Lymphoepithelial cyst
3. Dermoid cyst
4. Salivary gland tumor
5. Mesenchymal neoplasm

Gingival Swellings
1. Pyogenic granuloma
2. Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma
3. Peripheral Fibroma
4. Parulis
5. Exostasis
6. Gingival cyst
7. Eruption cyst
8. Congenital epulis of newborn
9. Generalized hyperplasia

Tongue Swellings
1. Focal Fibrous Hyperplasia
2. Pyogenic Granuloma
3. Granular Cell Tumor
4. Neurofibroma/palisaded encapsulated neuroma
5. Mucosal neuroma
6. Salivary Gland tumor
7. Lingual thyroid

Lip and Buccal Mucosa Swellings

1. Focal fibrous hyperplasia (Oral Fibroma)
2. Salivary Gland tumor
3. Mucus retention cyst
4. Mucus extravasation phenomenon

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 Oral Pathology Important Classifications and Differentials Arnav Munjal
5. Mesenchymal neoplasm

Vesiculobullous Lesions (Skin Disorders)

1. Genodermatolses (Hereditary Skin Disorders)
i. Ectodermal dysplasia (Hereditary Ectodermal Dysplasia, Ectodermal Dysplasia Syndrome)
ii. Epidermolysis bullosa
iii. Follicular keratosis (Darrier White Disease)
iv. Acanthosis nigricans
v. Dyskeratoses congenita (Zinsser-Cole-Engman Syndrome, Hoyeraal-Hreidarsson
Syndrome)
vi. Focal dermal hypoplasia (Goltz-Gorlin Syndrome)
vii. White spongy nevus (Familial White Folded Dysplasia of Mucous Membrane, White
Folded Gingivostomatitis, Oral Epithelial Naevus, Congenital Leukokeratosis, Cannon’s
Disease)
viii. Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratoses
ix. Pachyonychia congenital
x. Ehlers Danlos Syndrome (Tenascin-X Deficiency Syndrome, Lysyl Hydroxylase
Deficiency Syndrome, Cutis Hyperelastica)
2. Autoimmune muco-cutaneous diseases
i. Pemphigus
1. Pemphigus Vulgaris
2. Pemphigus Foliaceus (Superficial Pemphigus, Fogo Selvagem)
3. Paraneoplastic Pemphigus
4. Familial Benign Pemphigus (Hailey Hailey Disease)
ii. Cicatracial Pemphigoid (Benign Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid, Ocular Pemphigus)
iii. Bullous Pemphigoid (Parapemphigus)
iv. Dermatitis herpetiformis (Duhring-Brocq Disease)
v. Reiter’s syndrome
vi. Behcet’s syndrome
vii. Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma, Dermatosclerosis, Hidebound Disease)
3. Immunologically mediated diseases
i. Lichen planus (Lichen Ruber Planus)
ii. Lupus erythematosus
iii. Erythema multiforme (Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, erythema multiforme major, erythema
multiforme minor, herpes-induced EM major, herpes-associated erythema multiforme, drug-induced
Stevens-Johnson syndrome)
iv. Psoriasis
v. Kawasaki disease/syndrome (Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome)
vi. Pytriasis rosea

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