Tilembe Mayeso

1. Concerning the shoulder joint;

a. What bony structures make up the ball and socket joint of the
shoulder?
b. What level of stability does this joint have and why?
c. What other structures not mentioned above contribute to the
stability of the shoulder joint?
d. In which direction does shoulder dislocation occur most commonly
and second most commonly?
e. What structures are most often damaged in shoulder dislocation?

2. About the biochemical composition of bone;

a. Which are the two minerals stored in bone and in what form are they
stored?
b. List two functions of each of these two minerals
c. List the three types of cells found in bone and their main role
d. List three components of the bone extracellular matrix and their
main role
3. The femoral triangle is a junctional region between the trunk and the lower
limb.
a. Define the boundaries of the femoral triangle
b. Mention at least four structures that are contained in the femoral
triangle.
c. What is a femoral sheath
d. Mention three compartments of the femoral sheath. List at least one
structure that is contained in the compartment.
e. What forms the boundaries of the femoral ring and explain the
clinical relevance of the femoral ring.
4. Connective tissue is one of the primary tissues that support other
structures throughout the body
a. Define the term connective tissue
b. Mention the three types of connective tissue fibers
c. Why is a bone tissue regarded as a connective tissue?
d. Compact bone is a vascular structure that is made possible by what
system?
e. Mention two modes of osteo-genesis
 f. State one difference between the two modes mentioned above
g. Describe briefly how bones grow in
h. Mention the four stages of fracture repair

5.
a. List the five classes of antibodies
b. State three functions of antibodies
c. Which two classes are essential for complement activation
6. Excitable tissues are capable of generating an action potential when they
are stimulated. Briefly explain how an action potential is generated in the
following cells
a. A neuron
b. Autorythmic cardiac muscle cell

7.
a. Define osteomyelitis
b. Mention any two specimen you would use to diagnose pyogenic
osteomyelitis
c. What is Pott’s disease
d. What is the most important physical barrier inside the cavity of the knee
joint which prevents blood borne bacteria from invading the joint
cavity?
e. Mention two infections which cause monoarticular septic arthritis.

8. Briefly explain how the following muscles contract;

a. Skeletal muscle fiber
b. Contractile cardiac muscle fiber
c. Smooth muscle fiber
9.
a. Write down the four fundamental reactions that occur in the citric
acid cycle that does not involve ATP production providing the names
of the starting intermediate, the enzyme involved and the final
product for each reaction.

In terms of ATP production in the TCA cycle

b. Name the two reactions that result in the production of ATP
c. What is the name of this mode of ATP production?
 d. Using the reactions that occur in the electronic transport chain as the
basis, explain why oxidation of palmitic acid yields more ATP than
that of glucose.

10.
a. List two antibiotics that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis and their mode
of action

b. For each antibiotic listed above name one pathogen or infection

against which the antibiotic is used

c. Give two antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis and the mode of
bacterial resistance against these antibiotics