Mastering Fractions PDF

Mastering Fractions
Book Title: Mastering Fractions
Author: Dan Hamilton
Editor: Melvin DeGree
Cover design by: Kathleen Myers
Copyright  1996
All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by
any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written
permission of the author. Request for permission or further information should be addressed to
Hamilton Education Guides via info@hamiltoneducationguides.com.
First published in 1996
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 95-95207

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 0-9649954-0-9
This book is dedicated to my wife and children for their support and understanding.
Hamilton Education Guides
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General Contents
Detailed Contents ......................................................................................................................... iv
Acknowledgments......................................................................................................................... x
Introduction and Overview .......................................................................................................... xi
Terminology ................................................................................................................................. xii
Chapter 1 Parentheses and Brackets
1.1 Signed numbers ........................................................................................................1

1.2 Using parentheses and brackets in addition .............................................................8
1.3 Using parentheses and brackets in subtraction .....................................................18
1.4 Using parentheses and brackets in multiplication .................................................28
1.5 Using parentheses and brackets in division ..........................................................36
1.6 Using parentheses and brackets in mixed operations ...........................................43
Chapter 2 Simplifying and Converting Fractions
2.1 What is a fraction? ................................................................................................51

2.2 Changing improper fractions to mixed fractions ..................................................54
2.3 Simplifying integer fractions ................................................................................61
2.4 Changing decimal fractions to integer fractions ...................................................71
2.5 Changing mixed fractions to integer fractions ......................................................77
Chapter 3 Integer Fractions
3.1 Adding integer fractions .......................................................................................80

3.2 Subtracting integer fractions .................................................................................94
3.3 Multiplying integer fractions ..............................................................................107
3.4 Dividing integer fractions ...................................................................................115
3.5 Solving mixed operations using integer fractions ............................................... 124
Chapter 4 Decimal Fractions
4.1 Adding decimal fractions .....................................................................................132

4.2 Subtracting decimal fractions ..............................................................................151
4.3 Multiplying decimal fractions ..............................................................................170
4.4 Dividing decimal fractions ...................................................................................181
4.5 Solving mixed operations using decimal fractions ..............................................192
Hamilton Education Guides i

Mastering Fractions General Contents
Chapter 5 Mixed Fractions
5.1 Adding mixed fractions .........................................................................................204

5.2 Subtracting mixed fractions ..................................................................................220
5.3 Multiplying mixed fractions .................................................................................236
5.4 Dividing mixed fractions ......................................................................................246
5.5 Solving mixed operations using mixed fractions ..................................................256
Chapter 6 Integer and Decimal Fractions
6.1 Adding integer and decimal fractions ..................................................................266

6.2 Subtracting integer and decimal fractions ............................................................276
6.3 Multiplying integer and decimal fractions ...........................................................286
6.4 Dividing integer and decimal fractions ................................................................295
6.5 Solving mixed operations using integer and decimal fractions ...........................304
Chapter 7 Integer and Mixed Fractions
7.1 Adding integer and mixed fractions .....................................................................315

7.2 Subtracting integer and mixed fractions ..............................................................329
7.3 Multiplying integer and mixed fractions ..............................................................343
7.4 Dividing integer and mixed fractions ..................................................................351
7.5 Solving mixed operations using integer and mixed fractions ..............................360
Chapter 8 Decimal and Mixed Fractions
8.1 Adding decimal and mixed fractions ...................................................................370

8.2 Subtracting decimal and mixed fractions .............................................................382
8.3 Multiplying decimal and mixed fractions ............................................................ 393
8.4 Dividing decimal and mixed fractions .................................................................402
8.5 Solving mixed operations using decimal and mixed fractions ............................412
Chapter 9 Integer, Decimal, and Mixed Fractions
9.1 Adding integer, decimal, and mixed fractions .....................................................424

9.2 Subtracting integer, decimal, and mixed fractions ...............................................439
9.3 Multiplying integer, decimal, and mixed fractions ..............................................454
9.4 Dividing integer, decimal, and mixed fractions ...................................................465
9.5 Solving mixed operations using integer, decimal, and mixed fractions ..............477
Hamilton Education Guides ii

Mastering Fractions General Contents
Appendix Exercise Solutions
Chapter 1 solutions...........................................................................................490
Index.......................................................................................................................................545
About the Author....................................................................................................................548
Hamilton Education Guides iii

Detailed Contents
Chapter 1 - Parentheses and Brackets
1.1 Signed Numbers .............................................................................................................. 1
Case I - Addition of Signed Numbers 1
Case II - Subtraction of Signed Numbers 2
Case III - Multiplication of Signed Numbers 4
Case IV - Division of Signed Numbers 5
1.2 Using Parentheses and Brackets in Addition ............................................................... 8
Case I - Use of Parentheses in Addition 8
Case I a - Adding Integer Numbers Without Using Parentheses 8
Case I b - Adding Two Integer Numbers Grouped by Parentheses 9
Case I c - Adding Three Integer Numbers Grouped by Parentheses 10
Case I d - Adding Two and Three Integer Numbers Grouped by Parentheses 11
Case II - Use of Brackets in Addition 12
Case II a - Using Brackets to Add Two Integer Numbers Sub-grouped by Parentheses 12
Case II b - Using Brackets to Add Three Integer Numbers Sub-grouped by Parentheses 13
Case II c - Using Brackets to Add Two and Three Integer Numbers Sub-grouped by
Parentheses 14
1.3 Using Parentheses and Brackets in Subtraction .......................................................... 18
Case I - Use of Parentheses in Subtraction 18
Case I a - Subtracting Integer Numbers Without Using Parentheses 18
Case I b - Subtracting Two Integer Numbers Grouped by Parentheses 19
Case I c - Subtracting Three Integer Numbers Grouped by Parentheses 20
Case I d - Subtracting Two and Three Integer Numbers Grouped by Parentheses 21
Case II - Use of Brackets in subtraction 22
Case II a - Using Brackets to Subtract Two Integer Numbers Sub-grouped by Parentheses 22
Case II b - Using Brackets to Subtract Three Integer Numbers Sub-grouped by Parentheses 24
Case II c - Using Brackets to Subtract Two and Three Integer Numbers Sub-grouped by
Parentheses 25
1.4 Using Parentheses and Brackets in Multiplication ...................................................... 28
Case I - Use of Parentheses in Multiplication 28
Case I a - Multiplying Integer Numbers Without Using Parentheses 29
Case I b - Multiplying Two Integer Numbers Grouped by Parentheses 29
Case I c - Multiplying Three Integer Numbers Grouped by Parentheses 30
Case I d - Multiplying Two and Three Integer Numbers Grouped by Parentheses 30
Case II - Use of Brackets in Multiplication 31
Case II a - Using Brackets to Multiply Two Integer Numbers Sub-grouped by Parentheses 31
Case II b - Using Brackets to Multiply Three Integer Numbers Sub-grouped by Parentheses 32
Case II c - Using Brackets to Multiply Two and Three Integer Numbers Sub-grouped by
Parentheses 33
1.5 Using Parentheses and Brackets in Division ................................................................ 36
Case I - Use of Parentheses in Division 36
Case I a - Dividing Two Integer Numbers 36
Case I b - Dividing Two Integer Numbers Grouped by Parentheses 37
Case II - Use of Brackets in Division 38
1.6 Using Parentheses and Brackets in Mixed Operations ............................................... 43
Hamilton Education Guides iv

Mastering Fractions Detailed Contents
Case I - Use of Parentheses in Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, and Division 43

Case II - Use of Brackets in Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, and Division 45
Chapter 2 - Simplifying and Converting Fractions

2.1 What is a Fraction?......................................................................................................... 51
• Integer Fractions 51
Proper Fractions 51
Improper Fractions 51
• Decimal Fractions 52
Exponential Notation 52
• Mixed Fractions 52
• Equivalent Fractions 53
2.2 Changing Improper Fractions to Mixed Fractions...................................................... 54
2.3 Simplifying Integer Fractions ........................................................................................ 61
Case I - The Numerator and the Denominator are Even Numbers 61
Case II - The Numerator and the Denominator are Odd Numbers 63
Case III - The Numerator is an Even Number and the Denominator is an Odd Number 65
Case IV - The Numerator is an Odd Number and the Denominator is an Even Number 67
2.4 Changing Decimal Fractions to Integer Fractions ....................................................... 71
Case I - The Numerator and the Denominator are Decimal Numbers 74
Case II - The Numerator is a Decimal Number and the Denominator is an Integer Number 74
Case III - The Numerator is an Integer Number and the Denominator is a Decimal Number 74
2.5 Changing Mixed Fractions to Integer Fractions .......................................................... 77
Chapter 3 - Integer Fractions

3.1 Adding Integer Fractions ............................................................................................... 80
Case I - Adding Two or More Integer Fractions With Common Denominators 80
Case I a - Adding Two Integer Fractions With Common Denominators 80
Case I b - Adding Three Integer Fractions With Common Denominators 82
Case II - Adding Two or More Integer Fractions Without a Common Denominator 84
Case II a - Adding Two Integer Fractions Without a Common Denominator 84
Case II b - Adding Three Integer Fractions Without a Common Denominator 87
3.2 Subtracting Integer Fractions ........................................................................................ 94
Case I - Subtracting Two or More Integer Fractions With Common Denominators 94
Case I a - Subtracting Two Integer Fractions With Common Denominators 94
Case I b - Subtracting Three Integer Fractions With Common Denominators 96
Case II - Subtracting Two or More Integer Fractions Without a Common Denominator 98
Case II a - Subtracting Two Integer Fractions Without a Common Denominator 98
Case II b - Subtracting Three Integer Fractions Without a Common Denominator 100
3.3 Multiplying Integer Fractions ........................................................................................ 107
Case I - Multiplying Two Integer Fractions With or Without a Common Denominator 107
Case II - Multiplying Three Integer Fractions With or Without a Common Denominator 109
Hamilton Education Guides v

3.4 Dividing Integer Fractions ............................................................................................. 115

Case I - Dividing Two Integer Fractions With or Without a Common Denominator 115
Case II - Dividing Three Integer Fractions With or Without a Common Denominator 117
3.5 Solving Mixed Operations Using Integer Fractions .................................................... 124
Chapter 4 - Decimal Fractions

4.1 Adding Decimal Fractions .............................................................................................. 132
Case I - Adding Two or More Decimal Fractions With Common Denominators 132
Case I a - Adding Two Decimal Fractions With Common Denominators 132
Case I b - Adding Three Decimal Fractions With Common Denominators 135
Case II - Adding Two or More Decimal Fractions Without a Common Denominator 138
Case II a - Adding Two Decimal Fractions Without a Common Denominator 138
Case II b - Adding Three Decimal Fractions Without a Common Denominator 141
4.2 Subtracting Decimal Fractions ...................................................................................... 151
Case I - Subtracting Two or More Decimal Fractions With Common Denominators 151
Case I a - Subtracting Two Decimal Fractions With Common Denominators 151
Case I b - Subtracting Three Decimal Fractions With Common Denominators 154
Case II - Subtracting Two or More Decimal Fractions Without a Common Denominator 156
Case II a - Subtracting Two Decimal Fractions Without a Common Denominator 157
Case II b - Subtracting Three Decimal Fractions Without a Common Denominator 160
4.3 Multiplying Decimal Fractions ...................................................................................... 170
Case I - Multiplying Two Decimal Fractions With or Without a Common Denominator 170
Case II - Multiplying Three Decimal Fractions With or Without a Common Denominator 173
4.4 Dividing Decimal Fractions ............................................................................................ 181
Case I - Dividing Two Decimal Fractions With or Without a Common Denominator 181
Case II - Dividing Three Decimal Fractions With or Without a Common Denominator 184
4.5 Solving Mixed Operations Using Decimal Fractions ................................................... 192
Chapter 5 - Mixed Fractions

5.1 Adding Mixed Fractions ................................................................................................. 204
Case I - Adding Two or More Mixed Fractions With Common Denominators 204
Case I a - Adding Two Mixed Fractions With Common Denominators 204
Case I b - Adding Three Mixed Fractions With Common Denominators 206
Case II - Adding Two or More Mixed Fractions Without a Common Denominator 209
Case II a - Adding Two Mixed Fractions Without a Common Denominator 209
Case II B - Adding Three Mixed Fractions Without a Common Denominator 212
5.2 Subtracting Mixed Fractions ......................................................................................... 220
Case I - Subtracting Two or More Mixed Fractions With Common Denominators 220
Case I a - Subtracting Two Mixed Fractions With Common Denominators 220
Case I b - Subtracting Three Mixed Fractions With Common Denominators 222
Case II - Subtracting Two or More Mixed Fractions Without a Common Denominator 225
Case II a - Subtracting Two Mixed Fractions Without Common Denominators 225
Case II B - Subtracting Three Mixed Fractions Without a Common Denominator 228
5.3 Multiplying Mixed Fractions ......................................................................................... 236
Case I - Multiplying Two Mixed Fractions With or Without a Common Denominator 236
Hamilton Education Guides vi

Case II - Multiplying Three Mixed Fractions With or Without a Common Denominator 238
5.4 Dividing Mixed Fractions ............................................................................................... 246
Case I - Dividing Two Mixed Fractions With or Without a Common Denominator 246
Case II - Dividing Three Mixed Fractions With or Without a Common Denominator 248
5.5 Solving Mixed Operations Using Mixed Fractions ...................................................... 256
Chapter 6 - Integer and Decimal Fractions

6.1 Adding Integer and Decimal Fractions ......................................................................... 266
Case I - Adding Two Integer and Decimal Fractions 266
Case II - Adding Three Integer and Decimal Fractions 269
6.2 Subtracting Integer and Decimal Fractions ................................................................. 276
Case I - Subtracting Two Integer and Decimal Fractions 276
Case II - Subtracting Three Integer and Decimal Fractions 279
6.3 Multiplying Integer and Decimal Fractions ................................................................. 286
Case I - Multiplying Two Integer and Decimal Fractions 286
Case II - Multiplying Three Integer and Decimal Fractions 289
6.4 Dividing Integer and Decimal Fractions ....................................................................... 295
Case I - Dividing Two Integer and Decimal Fractions 295
Case II - Dividing Three Integer and Decimal Fractions 298
6.5 Solving Mixed Operations Using Integer and Decimal Fractions .............................. 304
Chapter 7 - Integer and Mixed Fractions

7.1 Adding Integer and Mixed Fractions ............................................................................ 315
Case I - Adding Two or More Integer and Mixed Fractions With Common Denominators 315
Case I a - Adding Two Integer and Mixed Fractions With Common Denominators 315
Case I b - Adding Three Integer and Mixed Fractions With Common Denominators 317
Case II - Adding Two or More Integer and Mixed Fractions Without a Common Denominator 320
Case II a - Adding Two Integer and Mixed Fractions Without a Common Denominator 320
Case II b - Adding Three Integer and Mixed Fractions Without a Common Denominator 322
7.2 Subtracting Integer and Mixed Fractions .................................................................... 329
Case I - Subtracting Two or More Integer and Mixed Fractions With Common Denominators 329
Case I a - Subtracting Two Integer and Mixed Fractions With Common Denominators 329
Case I b - Subtracting Three Integer and Mixed Fractions With Common Denominators 331
Case II - Subtracting Two or More Integer and Mixed Fractions Without a Common Denominator 333
Case II a - Subtracting Two Integer and Mixed Fractions Without a Common Denominator 334
Case II b - Subtracting Three Integer and Mixed Fractions Without a Common Denominator 336
7.3 Multiplying Integer and Mixed Fractions .................................................................... 343
Case I - Multiplying Two Integer and Mixed Fractions With or Without a Common Denominator
343
Case II - Multiplying Three Integer and Mixed Fractions With or Without a Common Denominator
345
7.4 Dividing Integer and Mixed Fractions .......................................................................... 351
Case I - Dividing Two Integer and Mixed Fractions With or Without a Common Denominator 351
Case II - Dividing Three Integer and Mixed Fractions With or Without a Common Denominator 353
Hamilton Education Guides vii

7.5 Solving Mixed Operations Using Integer and Mixed Fractions ................................. 360
Chapter 8 - Decimal and Mixed Fractions

8.1 Adding Decimal and Mixed Fractions .......................................................................... 370
Case I - Adding Two Decimal and Mixed Fractions 370
Case II - Adding Three Decimal and Mixed Fractions 373
8.2 Subtracting Decimal and Mixed Fractions ................................................................... 382
Case I - Subtracting Two Decimal and Mixed Fractions 382
Case II - Subtracting Three Decimal and Mixed Fractions 385
8.3 Multiplying Decimal and Mixed Fractions ................................................................... 393
Case I - Multiplying Two Decimal and Mixed Fractions 393
Case II - Multiplying Three Decimal and Mixed Fractions 396
8.4 Dividing Decimal and Mixed Fractions ........................................................................ 402
Case I - Dividing Two Decimal and Mixed Fractions 402
Case II - Dividing Three Decimal and Mixed Fractions 405
8.5 Solving Mixed Operations Using Decimal and Mixed Fractions ............................... 412
Chapter 9 - Integer, Decimal, and Mixed Fractions

9.1 Adding Integer, Decimal, and Mixed Fractions ........................................................... 424
Case I - Adding Integer, Decimal, and Mixed Fractions With Three Terms Only 424
Case II - Adding Integer, Decimal, and Mixed Fractions With More Than Three Terms 429
9.2 Subtracting Integer, Decimal, and Mixed Fractions. .................................................. 439
Case I - Subtracting Integer, Decimal, and Mixed Fractions With Three Terms Only 439
Case II - Subtracting Integer, Decimal, and Mixed Fractions With More Than Three Terms 444
9.3 Multiplying Integer, Decimal, and Mixed Fractions ................................................... 454
Case I - Multiplying Integer, Decimal, and Mixed Fractions With Three Terms Only 454
Case II - Multiplying Integer, Decimal, and Mixed Fractions With More Than Three Terms 457
9.4 Dividing Integer, Decimal, and Mixed Fractions ......................................................... 465
Case I - Dividing Integer, Decimal, and Mixed Fractions With Three Terms Only 465
Case II - Dividing Integer, Decimal, and Mixed Fractions With More Than Three Terms 469
9.5 Solving Mixed Operations Using Integer, Decimal, and Mixed Fractions ................ 477
Case I - Adding, Subtracting, Multiplying, and Dividing Integer, Decimal, and Mixed Fractions
With Three Terms Only 477
Case II - Adding, Subtracting, Multiplying, and Dividing Integer, Decimal, and Mixed Fractions
With More Than Three Terms 481
Hamilton Education Guides viii

Appendix - Exercise Solutions

Chapter 1 Solutions..................................................................................................................... 490
Section 1.1 490, Section 1.2 490, Section 1.3 490, Section 1.4 491, Section 1.5 491
Section 1.6 492
Hamilton Education Guides ix

Acknowledgments
The primary motivating factor in writing this book was observing the difficulty my children have
had in following the math concepts presented in the books used in their school programs. I
therefore would like to acknowledge my children in giving me the inspiration to proceed with
this project. My special thanks to Melvin DeGree for his editorial comments. His comments
truly elevated the usefulness of this book. I would also like to acknowledge and give my sincere
thanks to the following education professionals who reviewed and provided valuable comments
to further enhance this book: Mrs. Linda Clark, Mrs. Sandra Levy, Mrs. Shirley Isler, Mrs. Sue
Kunihiro, and various other contributors. My especial thanks to Mary Spaulding for her
professional skill and support in typing and preparation of this book and to Kathleen Myers for
her outstanding cover design. Finally, I would like to thank my family for their understanding
and patience in allowing me to take on the task of writing this book. I hope users of this book
will find it valuable.
Hamilton Education Guides x

Introduction and Overview
Solving and simplifying fractions was always a subject of “mystery” to me and many of my
friends during my school years. Some decades later, among many of our school children the
subject of fractions is still a “mystery”. To alleviate this problem, the author has devoted this
book in its entirety to fractions and how one can master fraction problems.
The author’s purpose in writing this book is to enhance the younger generation’s ability to solve
fractional problems and to “demystify” mathematics. It is my belief that any subject, particularly
mathematics, can be turned into an interesting subject if it is taught in simple terms and with
clarity. To achieve that the author seeks to guide the student to gain greater proficiency by
introduction of simple techniques on how to solve each class of problem. The techniques are
presented using step by step easy to follow examples with solutions to exercises that show in
detail how each problem can be solved.
The scope of this book is intended to be for educational levels ranging from the 6th grade to
adult. The book can also be used by students in home study programs, parents, teachers, special
education programs, preparatory schools, and adult educational programs up to the college level
as a main text, a thorough reference, or a supplementary book. A fundamental understanding of
how numbers are added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided is required.
This book is divided into nine chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the student to the concept and use of
signed numbers and parentheses and brackets as math expressions in solving mathematical
operations. What defines a fraction and the steps as to how fractions are simplified and converted
from one form to another are discussed in chapter 2. Chapters 3, 4, and 5 discuss the three types of
fractions, i.e., integer, decimal, and mixed fractions, respectively. The steps as to how these types
of fractions are added, subtracted, multiplied, divided, and mixed are described in each respective
chapter. In chapter 6 integer and decimal fractions are combined and the mathematical operations
as to how they are solved are discussed. How to solve integer and mixed fractions is addressed in
chapter 7. Chapter 8 combines decimal with mixed fractions and shows how mathematical
operations are performed using these types of fractions. In chapter 9 integer, decimal, and mixed
fractions are combined. The steps used to perform mathematical operations when the three types of
fractions are combined are discussed. Finally, step by step solution to the exercises is provided in
the Appendix.
It is the author’s hope that this book stands apart from other fractions books as a more concise and
understandable treatment of this important subject.
With best wishes,
Dan Hamilton
Hamilton Education Guides xi

Chapter 1 - Parentheses and Brackets
The objective of this chapter is to teach the student the concept of grouping numbers. This is
achieved by introduction of parentheses and brackets as tools for solving mathematical problems.
In section 1.1 signed numbers are introduced and their use in addition, subtraction, multiplication,
and division are discussed. Section 1.2 shows how numbers are grouped and solved in addition.
Sections 1.3, 1.4, and 1.5 show how parentheses and brackets are used in subtraction,
multiplication, and division, respectively. Section 1.6 show the use of parentheses and brackets in
solving mixed operations. In addition, for completeness, the general algebraic approach as to how
parentheses and brackets are used in grouping numbers is provided in each section. The student,
depending on his or her grade level, can skip the algebraic approach and only learn how to solve the
specific examples. To further enforce the objective of this chapter, additional examples as to how
parentheses and brackets are used are provided at the end of each section.
1.1 Signed Numbers
In mathematics, “ + ” and “ − ” symbols are used to indicate the use of positive and negative
numbers, respectively. If a signed number has no symbol it is understood to be a positive
number. Although the intent of this book is not to teach algebra, the following algebraic concept
is required prior to studying fractional operations. This concept is represented in basic terms
using specific examples only, in keeping with the methodology used through out this book.
Signed numbers are added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided as exemplified in the following
cases:
Case I - Addition of Signed Numbers
When two numbers are added, the numbers are called addends and the result is called a sum.
The sign of the sum dependents on the sign of the numbers. This is shown in the following cases
with the sign change of two real numbers (see definition in the Terminology section) a and b :
Case I a.
a+b = A
For example,
1. 5 + 6 = 11 2. 7 + 8 = 15 3. 1 + 0 = 1
4. 3 + 15 = 18 5. 15 + 9 = 24
Case I b.
−a + b = B
For example,
1. −7 + 3 = −4 2. −9 + 0 = −9 3. −15 + 40 = 25
Hamilton Education Guides 1

Mastering Fractions 1.1 Signed Numbers
4. −35 + 18 = −17 5. −8 + 30 = 22
Case I c.
a + ( − b) = a − b = C
For example,
1. 2 + ( −5) = 2 − 5 = −3 2. 7 + ( −9) = 7 − 9 = −2
3. 0 + ( −1) = 0 − 1 = −1 4. 8 + ( −45) = 8 − 45 = −37
5. 40 + ( −9) = 40 − 9 = 31
Case I d.
(−a ) + b = −a + b = D Note: ( −a ) = −a
For example,
1. ( −3) + 9 = −3 + 9 = 6 2. ( −12) + 8 = −12 + 8 = −4
3. ( −7) + 25 = −7 + 25 = 18 4. ( −34) + 10 = −34 + 10 = −24
5. ( −1) + 0 = −1 + 0 = −1
Case I e.
( −a ) + ( −b) = −a − b = E
For example,
1. ( −6) + ( −9) = −6 − 9 = −15 2. ( −45) + ( −6) = −45 − 6 = −51
3. ( −10) + ( −55) = −10 − 55 = −65 4. ( −35) + ( −20) = −35 − 20 = −55
5. ( −5) + ( −5) = −5 − 5 = −10
Case II - Subtraction of Signed Numbers

When two numbers are subtracted the result is called the difference. The sign of the difference
depends on the sign of the numbers. This is shown in the following cases with the sign change of
two real numbers a and b :

Case II a.
a−b = A
For example,
1. 15 − 6 = 9 2. 17 − 47 = −30 3. 1 − 0 = 1
4. 3 − 15 = −12 5. 45 − 9 = 36
Case II b.
−a − b = B
For example,
1. −7 − 3 = −10 2. −1 + 0 = −1 3. −15 − 45 = −60
4. −35 − 8 = −43 5. −8 − 30 = −38
Case II c.
a − ( − b) = a + ( b) = a + b = C
For example,
1. 12 − ( −5) = 12 + (5) = 12 + 5 = 17
2. 7 − ( −9) = 7 + (9) = 7 + 9 = 16
3. 0 − ( −1) = 0 + (1) = 0 + 1 = 1
4. 30 − ( −45) = 30 + (45) = 30 + 45 = 75
5. 10 − ( −39) = 10 + (39) = 10 + 39 = 49
Case II d.
( −a ) − ( −b) = ( −a ) + (b) = −a + b = D
For example,
1. ( −3) − ( −9) = ( −3) + (9) = −3 + 9 = 6

2. ( −32) − ( −8) = ( −32) + (8) = −32 + 8 = −24
3. ( −17) − ( −25) = ( −17) + (25) = −17 + 25 = 8
4. ( −35) − ( −10) = ( −35) + (10) = −35 + 10 = −25
5. ( −1) − ( −6) = ( −1) + (6) = −1 + 6 = 5 .
Case III - Multiplication of Signed Numbers

When two numbers are multiplied, the numbers are called factors and the result is called a
product. For example, when 12 is multiplied by 2 the result is 24 .
12 ( factor ) × 2 ( factor ) = 24 ( product )
Thus, 12 and 2 are the factors, and 24 is the product.

The sign of the product is positive if the factors had the same sign and is negative if the factors
had different signs. This is shown in the following cases with the sign change of two real
numbers a and b :
Case III a.
a × b = ab
For example,
1. 5 × 6 = 30 2. 7 × 8 = 56 3. 1 × 0 = 0
4. 10 × 7 = 70 5. 15 × 7 = 105
Case III b.
(−a) × b = − a × b = −ab
For example,
1. ( −7) × 3 = −7 × 3 = −21 2. ( −1) × 0 = −1 × 0 = 0
3. ( −15) × 40 = −15 × 40 = −600 4. ( −25) × 16 = −25 × 16 = −400
5. ( −8) × 20 = −8 × 20 = −160

Case III c.
a × ( − b) = − a × b = −ab
For example,
1. 2 × ( −5) = −2 × 5 = −10 2. 7 × ( −9) = −7 × 9 = −63
3. 0 × ( −1) = 0 4. 30 × ( −25) = −30 × 25 = −750
5. 40 × ( −9) = −40 × 9 = −360
Case III d.
( −a ) × ( −b) = +ab = ab
For example,
1. ( −3) × ( −9) = +27 = 27 2. ( −12) × ( −4) = +48 = 48
3. ( −8) × ( −150) = +1200 = 1200 4. ( −30) × ( −10) = +300 = 300
5. ( −5) × ( −25) = +125 = 125
Case IV - Division of Signed Numbers

When one number is divided by another, the first numbers is called the dividend, the second
number the divisor, and the result a quotient. For example, when 12 is divided by 2 the result
is 6 .
12 ( dividend )
= 6 (quotient )
2 ( divisor )
Thus, 12 is the dividend, 2 is the divisor, and 6 is the quotient.

The sign of the quotient is positive if the divisor and the dividend had the same sign and is
negative if the divisor and the dividend had different signs. This is shown in the following cases
with the sign change of two real numbers a and b :
Case IV a.
a
= A
b
For example,

9 27 75
1. = 3 2. = 9 3. = 15
3 3 5
18 36
4. = 4.5 5. = 6
4 6
Case IV b.
−a a
= − = B
b b
For example,
−10 10 −66 66 −75 75

1. = − = −5 2. = − = −22 3. = − = −15
2 2 3 3 5 5
−8 8 −5 5
4. = − = −4 5. = − = −1.67
2 2 3 3
Case IV c.
a a
= − = C
−b b
For example,
30 30 88 88 45 45
1. = − = −15 2. = − = −11 3. = − = −5
−2 2 −8 8 −9 9
18 18 35 35
4. = − = −3.6 5. = − = −5
−5 5 −7 7
Case IV d.
−a a
= = D
−b b
For example,
− 40 40 −66 66 −7 7
1. = = 20 2. = = 22 3. = = 1
−2 2 −3 3 −7 7
−28 28 −8 8
4. = = 7 5. = = 2.67
−4 4 −3 3

General rules used in addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of signed numbers.
Addition: (−) + (−) = (−) ; (−) + (+) = (−) if negative No. is positive No. ; (+) + (+) = (+) ;
(+) + (−) = (+) if positive No. is negative No. Note: The symbol “ “ means greater than.
Subtraction: (−) − (−) = (−) + (+) = (−) if the 1st. negative No. is the 2nd . negative No. ;
(+) − (+) = (+) + (−) = (+) if the 1st. positive No. is the 2nd . positive No. ;
(+) − (−) = (+) + (+) = (+) ; (−) − (+) = (−) + (−) = (−)
Multiplication: ( −) × ( −) = ( + ) ; ( −) × ( + ) = ( −) ; ( + ) × ( + ) = ( + ) , ( + ) × ( −) = ( −)
(−) = + (−) = − (+) = + (+) = −

Division: ( ); ( ); ( ); ( )
(−) (+) (+) (−)
Summary of cases used in addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of signed numbers:
1. Addition and subtraction.
I a. a + b = A I b. − a + b = B I c. a + ( − b) = a − b = C
I d. ( − a ) + b = − a + b = D I e. ( − a ) + ( − b) = − a − b = E II a. a − b = A
II b. − a − b = B II c. a − ( − b) = a + (b) II d. ( − a ) − ( − b) = ( − a ) + (b)
= a+b = C = −a + b = D
2. Multiplication and division.

III a. a × b = ab III b. ( − a ) × b = − a × b = −ab III c. a × ( − b) = − a × b = −ab
III d. ( − a ) × ( − b) = +ab = ab IV a.
a
= A IV b.
−a a
= − = B
b b b
a a −a a
IV c. = − = C IV d. = = D
−b b −b b
Section 1.1 Exercises - Show the correct sign by performing the following operations:
1.
−95
= 2. ( −20) × ( −8) = 3. ( −33) + ( −14) = 4. ( −18) − ( −5) =
−5
5. ( −20) + 8 = 6.
48
= 7. −15 − 32 = 8. 30 + ( −9) =
−4
9. 55 − ( −6) = 10. 8 × ( −35) =

Mastering Fractions 1.2 Using Parentheses and Brackets in Addition
1.2 Using Parentheses and Brackets in Addition

Parentheses and brackets are used to group numbers as a means to minimize mistakes in solving
mathematical operations. In this section the use of parentheses and brackets are discussed in
detail. However, two properties associated with addition are discussed first and are as follows:
1. Changing the order in which two numbers are added does not change the final answer. This
property of real numbers is called the Commutative Property of Addition, e.g., for any two
real numbers a and b
a + b = b+ a
For example, 9 + 7 = 16 and 7 + 9 = 16
2. Re-grouping numbers does not change the final answer. This property of real numbers is
called the Associative Property of Addition, e.g., for any real numbers a , b , and c
( a + b) + c = a + ( b + c)
For example,
(5 + 4) + 7 = (9) + 7 = 9 + 7 = 16
5 + ( 4 + 7) = 5 + (11) = 5 + 11 = 16
In this section, although changing the order in which numbers are added or grouped does not
affect the final answer, it is important to learn how to solve math operations in the exact order in
which parentheses or brackets are used. Learning how to use parentheses and brackets properly
will minimize mistakes in solving mixed operations which are addressed in the proceeding
chapters. Parentheses and brackets are used in different ways to group numbers. The use of
parentheses and brackets in addition, using integer numbers, are discussed in the following cases:
Case I - Use of Parentheses in Addition

In addition, parentheses can be grouped in different ways as is shown in the following example
cases:
Case I a - Adding Integer Numbers Without Using Parentheses
Integer numbers are added without the use of parentheses, as shown in the following general and
specific example:
a+b+c+d +e =
Let a + b + c + d + e = A , then
a+b+c+d +e = A
Example 1.2-1

2 + 3 + 5 + 6 + 10 =
Solution:
2 + 3 + 5 + 6 + 10 = 26
Case I b - Adding Two Integer Numbers Grouped by Parentheses

Two integer numbers that are grouped by parentheses are added in the following ways, as shown
by general and specific example cases:
Case I b-1.
(a + b) + (c + d ) =
Let k1 = a + b , k 2 = c + d , and k1 + k 2 = A , then
(a + b) + (c + d ) = ( k1 ) + ( k2 ) = k1 + k 2 = A
Example 1.2-2
(12 + 35) + (8 + 10) =
Solution:
(12 + 35) + (8 + 10) = (47) + (18) = 47 + 18 = 65
Case I b-2.
a + ( b + c) + ( d + e) + f =
Let k1 = b + c , k2 = d + e , and a + k1 + k2 + f = B , then
a + ( b + c) + ( d + e) + f = a + ( k1 ) + ( k2 ) + f = a + k1 + k2 + f = B
Example 1.2-3
6 + ( 5 + 12) + ( 8 + 7) + 23 =

Solution:
6 + ( 5 + 12) + ( 8 + 7) + 23 = 6 + (17) + (15) + 23 = 6 + 17 + 15 + 23 = 61
Case I b-3.
( a + b) + ( c + d ) + ( e + f ) =
Let k1 = a + b , k2 = c + d , k3 = e + f , and k1 + k 2 + k3 = C , then
( a + b) + ( c + d ) + ( e + f ) = ( k1 ) + ( k2 ) + ( k3 ) = k1 + k2 + k3 = C
Example 1.2-4
( 2 + 5) + ( 7 + 10) + ( 9 + 12) =
Solution:
( 2 + 5) + ( 7 + 10) + ( 9 + 12) = ( 7) + (17) + ( 21) = 7 + 17 + 21 = 45
Case I c - Adding Three Integer Numbers Grouped by Parentheses

Three integer numbers that are grouped by parentheses are added in the following ways, as
shown by general and specific example cases:
Case I c-1.
a + (b + c + d ) =
Let k1 = b + c + d , and a + k1 = A , then
a + (b + c + d ) = a + ( k1 ) = a + k1 = A
Example 1.2-5
6 + (22 + 16 + 5) =
Solution:
6 + (22 + 16 + 5) = 6 + (43) = 6 + 43 = 49

Case I c-2.
( a + b + c) + ( d + e + f ) =
Let k1 = a + b + c , k2 = d + e + f , and k1 + k2 = B , then
( a + b + c) + ( d + e + f ) = ( k1 ) + ( k2 ) = k1 + k2 = B
Example 1.2-6
(10 + 3 + 7) + ( 20 + 6 + 13) =
Solution:
(10 + 3 + 7) + ( 20 + 6 + 13) = ( 20) + ( 39) = 20 + 39 = 59
Case I d - Adding Two and Three Integer Numbers Grouped by Parentheses

Two and three integer numbers that are grouped by parentheses are added in the following ways,
as shown by general and specific example cases:
Case I d-1.
( a + b + c) + ( d + e) =
Let k1 = a + b + c , k2 = d + e , and k1 + k 2 = A , then
( a + b + c) + ( d + e) = ( k1 ) + ( k2 ) = k1 + k2 = A
Example 1.2-7
( 22 + 13 + 8) + ( 6 + 24) =
Solution:
( 22 + 13 + 8) + ( 6 + 24) = ( 43) + ( 30) = 43 + 30 = 73
Case I d-2.
(a + b) + (c + d + e) + f =
Let k1 = a + b , k2 = c + d + e , and k1 + k 2 + f = B , then

(a + b) + (c + d + e) + f = ( k1 ) + ( k2 ) + f = k1 + k2 + f = B
Example 1.2-8
(43 + 6) + (4 + 13 + 7) + 9 =
Solution:
(43 + 6) + (4 + 13 + 7) + 9 = (49) + (24) + 9 = 49 + 24 + 9 = 82
Case II - Use of Brackets in Addition

In addition, brackets are used in a similar way as parentheses. However, brackets are used to
separate mathematical operations that contain integer numbers already grouped by parentheses.
Brackets are also used to group numbers in different ways, as is shown in the following example
cases:
Case II a - Using Brackets to Add Two Integer Numbers Sub-grouped by Parentheses
Two integer numbers, already grouped by parentheses, are regrouped by brackets and are added
as in the following general and specific example cases:
Case II a-1.
[
a + ( b + c ) + ( d + e)] =
Let k1 = b + c , k 2 = d + e , k1 + k 2 = k 3 , and a + k3 = A , then
[
a + ( b + c ) + ( d + e)] = a + [ ( k 1 ) + ( k 2 ) ] = a + [ k1 + k 2 ] = a + [ k 3 ] = a + k 3 = A
Example 1.2-9
[
6 + (10 + 3) + (4 + 5) ] =
Solution:
[
6 + (10 + 3) + (4 + 5) ] = 6 + [(13) + (9)] = 6 + [13 + 9] = 6 + [ 22] = 6 + 22 = 28
Case II a-2.
[( a + b) + ( c + d )] + ( e + f ) =
Let k1 = a + b , k2 = c + d , k3 = e + f , k1 + k 2 = k 4 , and k 4 + k3 = B , then
[( a + b) + ( c + d )] + ( e + f ) = [( k1 ) + ( k2 )] + ( k3 ) = [ k1 + k2 ] + k3 = [ k 4 ] + k3 = k 4 + k3 = B

Example 1.2-10
[(4 + 7) + (5 + 9)] + (20 + 3) =
Solution:
[(4 + 7) + (5 + 9)] + (20 + 3) = [(11) + (14)] + (23) = [11 + 14] + 23 = [ 25] + 23 = 25 + 23 = 48
Case II a-3.
( a + b) + [( c + d ) + ( e + f ) ] =
Let k1 = a + b , k2 = c + d , k3 = e + f , k 2 + k 3 = k 4 , and k1 + k 4 = C , then
( a + b) + [( c + d ) + ( e + f ) ] = ( k1 ) + [( k2 ) + ( k3 )] = k1 + [ k2 + k3 ] = k1 + [ k 4 ] = k1 + k 4 = C
Example 1.2-11
( 7 + 12) + [(13 + 5) + ( 6 + 34)] =
Solution:
( 7 + 12) + [(13 + 5) + ( 6 + 34)] = (19) + [(18) + (40)] = 19 + [18 + 40] = 19 + [ 58] = 19 + 58 = 77
Case II b - Using Brackets to Add Three Integer Numbers Sub-grouped by Parentheses

Three integer numbers, already grouped by parentheses, are regrouped by brackets and are added
Case II b-1.
[( a + b + c) + d ] + e =
Let k1 = a + b + c , k2 = k1 + d , and k2 + e = A , then
[( a + b + c) + d ] + e = [( k1 ) + d ] + e = [ k1 + d ] + e = [ k2 ] + e = k2 + e = A
Example 1.2-12
[( 7 + 3 + 25) + 4] + 6 =

Solution:
[( 7 + 3 + 25) + 4] + 6 = [(35) + 4] + 6 = [ 35 + 4] + 6 = [ 39] + 6 = 39 + 6 = 45
Case II b-2.
[
a + (b + c + d ) + ( e + f + g) ] =
Let k1 = b + c + d , k2 = e + f + g , k1 + k 2 = k3 , and a + k3 = B , then
[
a + (b + c + d ) + ( e + f + g) ] = a + [( k1 ) + ( k2 )] = a + [ k1 + k2 ] = a + [ k3 ] = a + k3 = B
Example 1.2-13
[
20 + (5 + 12 + 6) + (3 + 8 + 4) ] =
Solution:
[
20 + (5 + 12 + 6) + (3 + 8 + 4) ] = 20 + [(23) + (15)] = 20 + [ 23 + 15] = 20 + [ 38] = 20 + 38 = 58
Case II c - Using Brackets to Add Two and Three Integer Numbers Sub-grouped by Parentheses
Two and three integer numbers, already grouped by parentheses, are regrouped by brackets and
are added as in the following general and specific example cases:
Case II c-1.
[
a + (b + c) + ( d + e + f ) ] =
Let k1 = b + c , k2 = d + e + f , k1 + k 2 = k3 , and a + k3 = A , then
[
a + (b + c) + ( d + e + f ) ] = a + [( k1 ) + ( k 2 ) ] = a + [ k1 + k 2 ] = a + [ k3 ] = a + k3 = A
Example 1.2-14
[
4 + (3 + 12) + (9 + 15 + 23) ] =
Solution:
[
4 + (3 + 12) + (9 + 15 + 23) ] = 4 + [(15) + ( 47)] = 4 + [15 + 47] = 4 + [ 62] = 4 + 62 = 66

Case II c-2.
[(a + b) + (c + d + e) + f ] + g =
Let k1 = a + b , k2 = c + d + e , k1 + k 2 + f = k 3 , and k3 + g = B , then
[(a + b) + (c + d + e) + f ] + g = [( k1 ) + ( k2 ) + f ] + g = [ k1 + k2 + f ] + g = [ k3 ] + g = k3 + g = B
Example 1.2-15
[(3 + 5) + ( 4 + 9 + 11) + 6] + 3 =
Solution:
[(3 + 5) + ( 4 + 9 + 11) + 6] + 3 = [(8) + (24) + 6] + 3 = [ 8 + 24 + 6] + 3 = [38] + 3 = 38 + 3 = 41
Case II c-3.
(a + b) + [(c + d + e) + ( f + g) + h] =
Let k1 = a + b , k2 = c + d + e , k3 = f + g , k 2 + k3 + h = k 4 , and k1 + k 4 = C , then
(a + b) + [(c + d + e) + ( f + g) + h] = ( k1 ) + [( k2 ) + ( k3 ) + h] = k1 + [ k2 + k3 + h] = k1 + [ k 4 ] = k1 + k 4 = C
Example 1.2-16
( 4 + 3) + [( 6 + 9 + 12) + ( 7 + 20) + 1] =
Solution:
( 4 + 3) + [( 6 + 9 + 12) + (30 + 5) + 1] = [
7 + (27) + (35) + 1 ]= 7 + [ 27 + 35 + 1] = 7 + [ 63] = 7 + 63 = 70
The following examples further illustrate how to use parentheses and brackets in addition:
Example 1.2-17
5 + (2 + 13 + 8) + (8 + 20) = 5 + (23) + (28) = 5 + 23 + 28 = 56
Example 1.2-18
(25 + 33) + (8 + 13) + 7 = (58) + (21) + 7 = 58 + 21 + 7 = 86

Example 1.2-19
18 + (52 + 10 + 7) + 15 + ( 6 + 24) = 18 + ( 69) + 15 + (30) = 18 + 69 + 15 + 30 = 132
Example 1.2-20
[
12 + 3 + (16 + 4) + (2 + 13 + 5) ] = 12 + [3 + (20) + (20)] = 12 + [ 3 + 20 + 20] = 12 + [ 43] = 12 + 43 = 55
Example 1.2-21
(26 + 11 + 7) + [(2 + 13) + (23 + 8) + 20] = (44) + [(15) + (31) + 20] = 44 + [15 + 31 + 20] = 44 + [ 66]
= 44 + 66 = 110
Example 1.2-22
[2 + (12 + 6) + (18 + 4 + 9)] + (16 + 5) = [2 + (18) + (31)] + (21) = [ 2 + 18 + 31] + 21 = [ 51] + 21 = 51 + 21
= 72
Example 1.2-23
[
23 + (12 + 5) + 7 + (12 + 9) ] = 23 + (17) + [7 + (21)] = 23 + 17 + [ 7 + 21] = 23 + 17 + [ 28] = 23 + 17 + 28
= 68
Example 1.2-24
[(12 + 3 + 8) + (32 + 4) + 3] + (5 + 20) = [(23) + (36) + 3] + (25) = [ 23 + 36 + 3] + 25 = [ 62] + 25 = 62 + 25
= 87
Example 1.2-25
(23 + 13) + 7 + [23 + (12 + 9)] = (36) + 7 + [23 + (21)] = 36 + 7 + [ 23 + 21] = 43 + [ 44] = 43 + 44 = 87
Example 1.2-26
[(25 + 13 + 2) + (16 + 84)] + (10 + 3) + 5 = [(40) + (100)] + (13) + 5 = [ 40 + 100] + 13 + 5 = [140] + 18
= 140 + 18 = 158

Section 1.2 Exercises - Add the following numbers in the order grouped:
1. 2 + 3 + 5 + 6 = 2. (2 + 5) + (6 + 3) + 9 =
3. (6 + 3 + 8) + (2 + 3) + 4 = 4. 8 + [(1 + 3 + 4) + (1 + 2)] =
5. [(18 + 4) + 9] + [1 + (2 + 3)] = 6. 8 + [(2 + 3) + (6 + 3) + 15] =
7. (7 + 3 + 8) + [(7 + 2 + 3) + 5] = 8. [(3 + 9 + 4) + 1 + (1 + 8)] + (8 + 2) =

9. [(2 + 3 + 6) + (1 + 8)] + [(1 + 3) + 4] = 10. [[(3 + 5) + (4 + 3) + 5] + (2 + 3 + 5)] + 6 =

Mastering Fractions 1.3 Using Parentheses and Brackets in Subtraction
1.3 Using Parentheses and Brackets in Subtraction

In this section the use of parentheses and brackets as applied to subtraction are discussed.
Changing the order in which numbers are subtracted or grouped does affect the final answer.
The following two properties associated with subtraction are discussed first and are as follows:
1. Changing the order in which two numbers are subtracted does change the final answer. For
example, for any two real numbers a and b
a −b≠b−a Note: The symbol “ ≠ ” means not equal.
For example, 20 − 8 = 12 , but 8 − 20 = −12
2. Re-grouping numbers does change the final answer. For example, for any real numbers a , b ,
and c
( a − b ) − c ≠ a − ( b − c)
For example,
( 25 − 6) − 8 = (19) − 8 = 19 − 8 = 11 , however
25 − ( 6 − 8) = 25 − ( −2) = 25 + ( 2) = 25 + 2 = 27
In the following cases the use of parentheses and brackets in subtraction, using integer numbers,
are discussed:
Case I - Use of Parentheses in Subtraction
In subtraction, parentheses can be grouped in different ways as is shown in the following
example cases:
Case I a - Subtracting Integer Numbers Without Using Parentheses
Integer numbers are subtracted without the use of parentheses, as shown in the following general
and specific example:
a −b−c−d −e =
Let a − b − c − d − e = A , then
a −b−c−d −e = A
Example 1.3-1
24 − 5 − 13 − 7 − 8 =

Solution:
24 − 5 − 13 − 7 − 8 = −9
Case I b - Subtracting Two Integer Numbers Grouped by Parentheses

Two integer numbers that are grouped by parentheses are subtracted in the following ways as
Case I b-1.
a − ( b − c) =
Let k 1 = b − c , and a − k 1 = A , then
a − ( b − c) = a − ( k1 ) = a − k 1 = A
Example 1.3-2
20 − (15 − 45) =
Solution:
20 − (15 − 45) = 20 − ( −30) = 20 + ( 30) = 20 + 30 = 50
Case I b-2.
( a − b) − ( c − d ) =
Let k 1 = a − b , k 2 = c − d , and k 1 − k 2 = B , then
( a − b) − ( c − d ) = ( k 1 ) − ( k 2 ) = k1 − k 2 = B
Example 1.3-3
( 20 − 25) − ( 7 − 5) =
Solution:
( 20 − 25) − ( 7 − 5) = ( −5) − ( 2) = −5 − 2 = −7

Case I b-3.
a − ( b − c) − ( d − e) =
Let k 1 = b − c , k 2 = d − e , and a − k 1 − k 2 = C , then
a − ( b − c) − ( d − e) = a − ( k 1 ) − ( k 2 ) = a − k 1 − k 2 = C
Example 1.3-4
25 − ( 35 − 12) − ( 8 − 3) =
Solution:
25 − ( 35 − 12) − ( 8 − 3) = 25 − (23) − (5) = 25 − 23 − 5 = −3
Case I c - Subtracting Three Integer Numbers Grouped by Parentheses

Three integer numbers that are grouped by parentheses are subtracted in the following ways, as
Case I c-1.
a − (b − c − d ) =
Let k 1 = b − c − d , and a − k 1 = A , then
a − (b − c − d ) = a − ( k 1 ) = a − k 1 = A
Example 1.3-5
6 − ( 22 − 16 − 8) =
Solution:
6 − ( 22 − 16 − 8) = 6 − ( −2) = 6 + (2) = 6 + 2 = 8
Case I c-2.
( a − b − c) − ( d − e − f ) =
Let k 1 = a − b − c , k 2 = d − e − f , and k 1 − k 2 = B , then

( a − b − c) − ( d − e − f ) = ( k 1 ) − ( k 2 ) = k1 − k 2 = B
Example 1.3-6
(15 − 3 − 8) − ( 40 − 9 − 34) =
Solution:
(15 − 3 − 8) − ( 40 − 9 − 34) = (4) − ( −3) = 4 + (3) = 4 + 3 = 7
Case I d - Subtracting Two and Three Integer Numbers Grouped by Parentheses

Two and three integer numbers that are grouped by parentheses are subtracted in the following
ways, as shown by general and specific example cases:
Case I d-1.
( a − b ) − ( c − d − e) − f =
Let k 1 = a − b , k 2 = c − d − e , and k 1 − k 2 − f = A , then
( a − b ) − ( c − d − e) − f = ( k 1 ) − ( k 2 ) − f = k1 − k 2 − f = A
Example 1.3-7
( 43 − 6) − (54 − 13 − 7) − 19 =
Solution:
( 43 − 6) − (54 − 13 − 7) − 19 = (37) − (34) − 19 = 37 − 34 − 19 = 3 − 19 = −16
Case I d-2.
( a − b − c) − ( d − e) =
Let k 1 = a − b − c , k 2 = d − e , and k 1 − k 2 = B , then
( a − b − c) − ( d − e) = ( k 1 ) − ( k 2 ) = k1 − k 2 = B
Example 1.3-8
(8 − 13 − 10) − ( 6 − 36) =

Solution:
(8 − 13 − 10) − ( 6 − 36) = ( −15) − ( −30) = −15 + (30) = −15 + 30 = 15
Case II - Use of Brackets in subtraction

In subtraction, brackets are used in a similar way as parentheses. However, brackets are used to
cases:
Case II a - Using Brackets to Subtract Two Integer Numbers Sub-grouped by Parentheses
Two integer numbers, already grouped by parentheses, are regrouped by brackets and subtracted
Case II a-1.
[a − (b − c)] − d =
Let k 1 = b − c , a − k1 = k 2 , and k 2 − d = A , then
[a − (b − c)] − d = [a − k1 ] − d = [ k 2 ] − d = k 2 − d = A
Example 1.3-9
[38 − (12 − 9)] − 30 =
Solution:
[38 − (12 − 9)] − 30 = [38 − (3)] − 30 = [ 38 − 3] − 30 = [ 35] − 30 = 35 − 30 = 5
Case II a-2.
[(a − b) − c] − d =
Let k1 = a − b , k 2 = k1 − c , and k 2 − d = B , then
[(a − b) − c] − d = [( k1 ) − c] − d = [ k1 − c] − d = [ k 2 ] − d = k 2 − d = B
Example 1.3-10
[(9 − 23) − 12] − 40 =

Solution:
[(9 − 23) − 12] − 40 = [( −14) − 12] − 40 = [ −14 − 12] − 40 = [ −26] − 40 = −26 − 40 = −66
Case II a-3.
[
a − (b − c) − d ]=
Let k 1 = b − c , k 2 = k1 − d , and a − k 2 = C , then
[
a − (b − c) − d ]= [
a − ( k1 ) − d ] = a − [ k1 − d ] = a − [ k 2 ] = a − k 2 = C
Example 1.3-11
[
5 − (18 − 7) − 27 ] =
Solution:
[
5 − (18 − 7) − 27 ] = 5 − [(11) − 27] = 5 − [11 − 27] = 5 − [ −16] = 5 + [16] = 5 + 16 = 21
Case II a-4.
[
a − ( b − c) − ( d − e) ] =
Let k 1 = b − c , k 2 = d − e , k1 − k 2 = k3 , and a − k3 = D , then
[
a − ( b − c) − ( d − e) ] = a − [( k 1 ) − ( k 2 ) ] = a − [ k 1 − k 2 ] = a − [ k3 ] = a − k3 = D
Example 1.3-12
[
26 − (10 − 6) − ( 4 − 9) ]=
Solution:
[
26 − (10 − 6) − ( 4 − 9) ]= [
26 − (4) − ( −5)] = 26 − [4 + (5)] = 26 − [ 4 + 5] = 26 − [ 9] = 26 − 9 = 17
Case II a-5.
( a − b) − [( c − d ) − ( e − f ) ] =
Let; k 1 = a − b , k 2 = c − d , k 3 = e − f , k 2 − k3 = k 4 , and k1 − k 4 = E , then

( a − b) − [( c − d ) − ( e − f ) ] = ( k 1 ) − [( k 2 ) − ( k 3 ) ] = k 1 − [ k 2 − k 3 ] = k1 − [ k 4 ] = k1 − k 4 = E
Example 1.3-13
( 27 − 14) − [(13 − 9) − ( 26 − 8) ] =
Solution:
( 27 − 14) − [(13 − 9) − ( 26 − 8) ] = (13) − [(4) − (18)] = 13 − [ 4 − 18] = 13 − [ −14] = 13 + [14] = 13 + 14
= 27
Case II b - Using Brackets to Subtract Three Integer Numbers Sub-grouped by Parentheses

Three integer numbers, already grouped by parentheses, are regrouped by brackets and subtracted
Case II b-1.
[( a − b − c) − d ] − e =
Let k 1 = a − b − c , k 2 = k 1 − d , and k 2 − e = A , then
[( a − b − c) − d ] − e = [( k 1 ) − d ] − e = [ k 1 − d ] − e = [ k 2 ] − e = k 2 − e = A
Example 1.3-14
[(45 − 13 − 7) − 15] − 20 =
Solution:
[(45 − 13 − 7) − 15] − 20 = [(25) − 15] − 20 = [ 25 − 15] − 20 = [10] − 20 = 10 − 20 = −10
Case II b-2.
[
a − (b − c − d ) − ( e − f − g ) ]=
Let k 1 = b − c − d , k 2 = e − f − g , k1 − k 2 = k3 , and a − k3 = B , then
[
a − (b − c − d ) − ( e − f − g ) ]= [
a − ( k1 ) − ( k 2 ) ] = a − [ k 1 − k 2 ] = a − [ k3 ] = a − k3 = B

Example 1.3-15
[
50 − ( 5 − 25 − 7) − ( 36 − 12 − 5) ]=
Solution:
[
50 − ( 5 − 25 − 7) − ( 36 − 12 − 5) ]= [
50 − ( −27) − (19) ] = 50 − [ −27 − 19] = 50 − [ −46] = 50 + [ 46]
= 50 + 46 = 96
Case II c - Using Brackets to Subtract Two and Three Integer Numbers Sub-grouped by
Parentheses
subtracted as in the following general and specific example cases:
Case II c-1.
[(a − b) − (c − d − e)] − f =
Let k1 = a − b , k 2 = c − d − e , k1 − k 2 = k3 , and k3 − f = A , then
[(a − b) − (c − d − e)] − f = [( k1 ) − ( k 2 )] − f = [ k1 − k 2 ] − f = [ k3 ] − f = k3 − f = A
Example 1.3-16
[(300 − 450) − (100 − 35 − 55)] − 12 =
Solution:
[(300 − 450) − (100 − 35 − 55)] − 12 = [( −150) − (10)] − 12 = [ −150 − 10] − 12 = [ −160] − 12 = −160 − 12
= −172
Case II c-2.
[
a − ( b − c) − ( d − e − f ) ] =
Let k 1 = b − c , k 2 = d − e − f , k1 − k 2 = k3 , and a − k3 = B , then
[
a − ( b − c) − ( d − e − f ) ] = a − [( k 1 ) − ( k 2 ) ] = a − [ k 1 − k 2 ] = a − [ k3 ] = a − k3 = B

Example 1.3-17
[
34 − ( 324 − 130) − ( 250 − 39 − 85) ] =
Solution:
[
34 − ( 324 − 130) − ( 250 − 39 − 85) ] = 34 − [(194) − (126)] = 34 − [194 − 126] = 34 − [ 68] = 34 − 68
= −34
Case II c-3.
[( a − b) − ( c − d − e) − f ] − g =
Let k 1 = a − b , k 2 = c − d − e , k1 − k 2 − f = k 3 , and k3 − g = C , then
[( a − b) − ( c − d − e) − f ] − g = [( k 1 ) − ( k 2 ) − f ] − g = [ k 1 − k 2 − f ] − g = [ k3 ] − g = k3 − g = C
Example 1.3-18
[(13 − 8) − ( 24 − 9 − 15) − 6] − 30 =
Solution:
[(13 − 8) − ( 24 − 9 − 15) − 6] − 30 = [(5) − (0) − 6] − 30 = [ 5 − 0 − 6] − 30 = [ −1] − 30 = −1 − 30 = −31
Case II c-4.
(a − b) − [(c − d − e) − ( f − g) ] =
Let k 1 = a − b , k 2 = c − d − e , k 3 = f − g , k 2 − k3 = k 4 , and k1 − k 4 = D , then
(a − b) − [(c − d − e) − ( f − g) ] = ( k1 ) − [( k 2 ) − ( k3 )] = k1 − [ k 2 − k3 ] = k1 − [ k 4 ] = k1 − k 4 = D
Example 1.3-19
(35 − 12) − [(8 − 6 − 4) − (20 − 18)] =

Solution:
(35 − 12) − [(8 − 6 − 4) − (20 − 18)] = (23) − [( −2) − (2)] = (23) − [ −2 − 2] = (23) − [ −4] = 23 + [ 4] = 23 + 4
= 27
Section 1.3 Exercises - Subtract the following numbers in the order grouped:
1. (55 − 5) − 3 − 8 = 2. 59 − 38 − 12 − (20 − 5) =
3. (20 − 5) − (11 − 2) = 4. [−25 − (4 − 13)] − 5 =

5. 350 − (25 − 38) − 30 = 6. [(−30 − 3) − 8] − (16 − 9) =
7. [(40 − 4) − (8 − 10)] − 9 = 8. (35 − 56) − [(20 − 15) − 8] =
9. [(−175 − 55) − 245] − (5 − 6) = 10. (48 − 80) − [(12 − 2) − (15 − 37)] =

Mastering Fractions 1.4 Using Parentheses and Brackets in Multiplication
1.4 Using Parentheses and Brackets in Multiplication

Parentheses and brackets are the tools used for grouping numbers. In this section the use of
parentheses and brackets as applied to multiplication are discussed. The following properties
associated with multiplication are discussed first and are as follows:
1. Changing the order in which two numbers are multiplied does not change the final answer.
This property of real numbers is called the Commutative Property of Multiplication, e.g.,
for any two real numbers a and b
a×b = b×a
For example, 3 × 15 = 45 and 15 × 3 = 45
2. Re-grouping numbers does not change the final answer. This property of real numbers is
called the Associative Property of Multiplication, e.g., for any real numbers a , b , and c
( a × b) × c = a × (b × c)
For example,
(4 × 8) × 5 = (32) × 5 = 32 × 5 = 160
4 × (8 × 5) = 4 × (40) = 4 × 40 = 160
3. Multiplication can be distributed over addition. This property is called the Distributive
Property of multiplication, e.g., for any real numbers a , b , and c
a × (b + c ) = ab + ac
For example,
9 × (4 + 5) = (9 × 4) + (9 × 5) = 36 + 45 = 81
Similar to addition (see Section 1.2), changing the order in which numbers are multiplied or
grouped does not affect the final answer. However, again, it is important to learn how to solve
math operations in the exact order in which parentheses or brackets are used in grouping
numbers. The use of parentheses and brackets in multiplication, using integer numbers, are
discussed in the following cases:
Case I - Use of Parentheses in Multiplication
In multiplication, parentheses can be grouped in different ways, as is shown in the following
example cases:

Case I a - Multiplying Integer Numbers Without Using Parentheses

Integer numbers are multiplied without the use of parentheses, as shown in the following general
and specific example:
a × b × c × d × e = abcde
Example 1.4-1
3× 5× 7 × 2 × 4 =
Solution:
3 × 5 × 7 × 2 × 4 = 840
Case I b - Multiplying Two Integer Numbers Grouped by Parentheses

Two integer numbers that are grouped by parentheses are multiplied in the following ways, as
Case I b-1.
(a × b) × (c × d ) × (e × f ) = (ab) × (cd ) × (ef ) = ab × cd × ef = abcdef
Example 1.4-2
(2 × 5) × (7 × 4) × (1 × 3) =
Solution:
(2 × 5) × (7 × 4) × (1 × 3) = (10) × (28) × (3) = 10 × 28 × 3 = 840
Case I b-2.
a × (b × c ) × ( d × e) × f = a × (bc ) × ( de) × f = a × bc × de × f = abcdef
Example 1.4-3
2 × (5 × 3) × (6 × 4) × 7 =
Solution:
2 × (5 × 3) × (6 × 4) × 7 = 2 × (15) × (24) × 7 = 2 × 15 × 24 × 7 = 5040

Case I c - Multiplying Three Integer Numbers Grouped by Parentheses

Three integer numbers that are grouped by parentheses are multiplied in the following ways, as
Case I c-1.
a × (b × c × d ) = a × (bcd ) = a × bcd = abcd
Example 1.4-4
2 × (3 × 8 × 10) =
Solution:
2 × (3 × 8 × 10) = 2 × (240) = 2 × 240 = 480
Case I c-2.
(a × b × c) × ( d × e × f ) =
(a × b × c) × ( d × e × f ) = (abc) × ( def ) = abc × def = abcdef
Example 1.4-5
(5 × 3 × 2) × (10 × 4 × 7) =
Solution:
(5 × 3 × 2) × (10 × 4 × 7) = (30) × (280) = 30 × 280 = 8400
Case I d - Multiplying Two and Three Integer Numbers Grouped by Parentheses

Two and three integer numbers that are grouped by parentheses are multiplied in the following
ways, as shown by general and specific example cases:
Case I d-1.
(a × b) × (c × d × e) × f = (ab) × (cde) × f = abcdef
Example 1.4-6
(3 × 1) × (4 × 5 × 11) × 2 =

Solution:
(3 × 1) × (4 × 5 × 11) × 2 = (3) × (220) × 2 = 3 × 220 × 2 = 1320
Case I d-2.
(a × b × c) × ( d × e) = (abc) × ( de) = abc × de = abcde
Example 1.4-7
(2 × 9 × 8) × (6 × 4) =
Solution:
(2 × 9 × 8) × (6 × 4) = (144) × (24) = 144 × 24 = 3456
Case II - Use of Brackets in Multiplication

In multiplication, brackets are used in a similar way as parentheses. However, brackets are used
to separate mathematical operations that contain integer numbers already grouped by parentheses.
cases:
Case II a - Using Brackets to Multiply Two Integer Numbers Sub-grouped by Parentheses
Two integer numbers already grouped by parentheses are regrouped by brackets and are
multiplied as in the following general and specific example cases:
Case II a-1.
[ ]
a × ( b × c ) × ( d × e) = a × [(bc) × ( de)] = a × [ bc × de] = a × [ bcde] = a × bcde = abcde
Example 1.4-8
[
6 × (12 × 3) × (4 × 1) ] =
Solution:
[
6 × (12 × 3) × (4 × 1) ] = 6 × [(36) × (4)] = 6 × [ 36 × 4] = 6 × [144] = 6 × 144 = 864
Case II a-2.
[(a × b) × (c × d )] × (e × f ) = [(ab) × (cd )] × (ef ) = [ ab × cd ]ef = [ abcd ]ef = abcdef

Example 1.4-9
[(4 × 1) × (5 × 9)] × (2 × 3) =
Solution:
[(4 × 1) × (5 × 9)] × (2 × 3) = [(4) × (45)] × (6) = [ 4 × 45] × 6 = [180] × 6 = 180 × 6 = 1080
Case II a-3.
(a × b) × [(c × d ) × (e × f )] = (ab) × [(cd ) × (ef )] = ab × [ cd × ef ] = ab × [ cdef ] = ab × cdef = abcdef
Example 1.4-10
(7 × 4) × [(13 × 2) × (6 × 1)] =
Solution:
(7 × 4) × [(13 × 2) × (6 × 1)] = (28) × [(26) × (6)] = 28 × [156] = 28 × 156 = 4368
Case II b - Using Brackets to Multiply Three Integer Numbers Sub-grouped by Parentheses

Three integer numbers, already grouped by parentheses, are regrouped by brackets and are
multiplied as in the following general and specific example cases:
Case II b-1.
[(a × b × c) × d ] × e = [(abc) × d ] × e = [ abc × d ] × e = [ abcd ] × e = abcd × e = abcde
Example 1.4-11
[(7 × 3 × 10) × 4] × 2 =
Solution:
[(7 × 3 × 10) × 4] × 2 = [(210) × 4] × 2 = [ 210 × 4] × 2 = [ 840] × 2 = 840 × 2 = 1680
Case II b-2.
[
a × (b × c × d ) × (e × f × g ) ] = a × [(bcd ) × (efg )] = a × [ bcd × efg ] = a × [ bcdefg ] = a × bcdefg
= abcdefg

Example 1.4-12
[
2 × (5 × 1 × 6) × (3 × 8 × 4) ] =
Solution:
[
2 × (5 × 1 × 6) × (3 × 8 × 4) ] = 2 × [(30) × (96)] = 2 × [ 30 × 96] = 2 × [ 2880] = 2 × 2880 = 5760
Case II c - Using Brackets to Multiply Two and Three Integer Numbers Sub-grouped by
Parentheses
are multiplied as in the following general and specific example cases:
Case II c-1.
[
a × (b × c) × ( d × e × f ) ] = a × [(bc) × ( def )] = a × [ bc × def ] = a × [ bcdef ] = a × bcdef = abcdef
Example 1.4-13
[
2 × (3 × 7) × (1 × 10 × 5)] =
Solution:
[
2 × (3 × 7) × (1 × 10 × 5)] = 2 × [(21) × (50)] = 2 × [ 21 × 50] = 2 × [1050] = 2 × 1050 = 2100
Case II c-2.
[(a × b) × (c × d × e) × f ] × g = [(ab) × (cde) × f ] × g = [ ab × cde × f ] × g = [ abcdef ] × g = abcdef × g
= abcdefg
Example 1.4-14
[(3 × 5) × (4 × 1 × 7) × 6] × 2 =
Solution:
[(3 × 5) × (4 × 1 × 7) × 6] × 2 = [(15) × (28) × 6] × 2 = [15 × 28 × 6] × 2 = [ 2520] × 2 = 2520 × 2 = 5040
Case II c-3.
(a × b) × [(c × d × e) × ( f × g) × h] = (ab) × [(cde) × ( fg ) × h] = ab × [ cde × fg × h] = ab × [ cdefgh]

= ab × cdefgh = abcdefgh
Example 1.4-15
(5 × 3) × [(6 × 2 × 8) × (7 × 4) × 1] =
Solution:
(5 × 3) × [(6 × 2 × 8) × (7 × 4) × 1] = (15) × [(96) × (28) × 1] = 15 × [ 96 × 28 × 1] = 15 × [ 2688] = 15 × 2688
= 40320
The following examples further illustrate how to use parentheses and brackets in multiplication:
Example 1.4-16
5 × (2 × 11 × 8) × (4 × 6) = 5 × (176) × (24) = 5 × 176 × 24 = 21120
Example 1.4-17
(6 × 5) × (8 × 10) × 3 = (30) × (80) × 3 = 30 × 80 × 3 = 7200
Example 1.4-18
(2 × 10 × 7) × (6 × 2) × 4 = (140) × (12) × 4 = 140 × 12 × 4 = 6720
Example 1.4-19
[
9 × 3 × (10 × 4) × (2 × 7 × 5) ]= [ ]=
9 × 3 × (40) × (70) 9 × [ 3 × 40 × 70] = 9 × [ 8400] = 9 × 8400 = 75600
Example 1.4-20
(20 × 1 × 5) × [(2 × 6) × (4 × 8) × 3] = (100) × [(12) × (32) × 3] = 100 × [12 × 32 × 3] = 100 × [1152]
= 100 × 1152 = 115200
Example 1.4-21
[(5 × 3) × (11 × 4 × 2)] × (6 × 5) = [(15) × ( 88)] × ( 30) = [15 × 88] × 30 = [1320] × 30 = 1320 × 30 = 39600

Example 1.4-22
[
5 × (8 × 5) × 7 × ( 4 × 9)] = 5 × (40) × [7 × (36)] = 5 × 40 × [ 7 × 36] = 5 × 40 × [ 252] = 5 × 40 × 252
= 50400
Example 1.4-23
[(12 × 3 × 1) × (2 × 4) × 3] × (5 × 8) = [(36) × (8) × 3] × (40) = [ 36 × 8 × 3] × 40 = [ 864] × 40 = 864 × 40
= 34560
Example 1.4-24
(5 × 13 × 3) × [8 × (10 × 2)] × 3 = (195) × [8 × (20)] × 3 = 195 × [ 8 × 20] × 3 = 195 × [160] × 3 = 195 × 160 × 3
= 93600
Example 1.4-25
[(2 × 7 × 4) × (6 × 8)] × (2 × 3) × 4 = [(56) × (48)] × (6) × 4 = [ 56 × 48] × 6 × 4 = [ 2688] × 6 × 4
= 2688 × 6 × 4 = 64512
Section 1.4 Exercises - Multiply the following numbers in the order grouped:
1. 5 × 2 × 7 × 4 = 2. (3 × 5) × (4 × 2) × 7 =
3. (20 × 3 × 4) × (1 × 2 × 6) = 4. 8 × [(1 × 5 × 6) × (7 × 2)] =
5. [(2 × 7) × 4] × [6 × (5 × 3)] = 6. (6 × 8) × [(2 × 3) × 5] × 10 =
7. (2 × 3 × 9) × [(4 × 5) × 0] × 7 = 8. [(1 × 6 × 3) × [(7 × 3) × 5]] × 3 =

9. [(2 × 3) × (6 × 5 × 2)] × [4 × (2 × 4)] = 10. [(2 × 3) × (6 × 7) × 2] × [(4 × 2) × 5] =

Mastering Fractions 1.5 Using Parentheses and Brackets in Division
1.5 Using Parentheses and Brackets in Division

In this section the use of parentheses and brackets as applied to division are discussed. Similar to
subtraction, discussed in Section 1.3, changing the order in which numbers are divided or
grouped does affect the final answer. These two properties associated with division are discussed
below:
1. Changing the order in which two numbers are divided does change the final answer. For
example, for any two real numbers a and b
a b a
a÷b ≠ b÷a Note 1: , b ≠ 0 and , a ≠ 0 Note 2: is not defined.
b a 0
For example, 15 ÷ 5 = 3 , but 5 ÷ 15 = 0.33
2. Re-grouping numbers does change the final answer. For example, for any real numbers a , b ,
and c
( a ÷ b) ÷ c ≠ a ÷ ( b ÷ c )
For example,
(28 ÷ 4) ÷ 2 = (7) ÷ 2 = 7 ÷ 2 = 3.5 , however
28 ÷ (4 ÷ 2) = 28 ÷ (2) = 28 ÷ 2 = 14
In the following cases the use of parentheses and brackets in division, using integer numbers, are
discussed:
Case I - Use of Parentheses in Division

In division, parentheses can be grouped in different ways, as is shown in the following example
cases:
Case I a - Dividing Two Integer Numbers
Two integer numbers are divided using the general division process. Following is the general
and a specific example as to how two integer numbers are divided:
a÷b = A
Example 1.5-1
135 ÷ 15 =
Solution:
135 ÷ 15 = 9

Case I b - Dividing Two Integer Numbers Grouped by Parentheses

Two integer numbers that are grouped by parentheses are divided in the following ways, as
Case I b-1.
a ÷ (b ÷ c) =
Let b ÷ c = k1 and a ÷ k1 = B , then
a ÷ (b ÷ c ) = a ÷ ( k1 ) = a ÷ k1 = B
Example 1.5-2
38 ÷ (12 ÷ 3) =
Solution:
38 ÷ (12 ÷ 3) = 38 ÷ (4) = 38 ÷ 4 = 9.5
Case I b-2.
(a ÷ b) ÷ c =
Let a ÷ b = k1 and k1 ÷ c = C , then
(a ÷ b) ÷ c = ( k1 ) ÷ c = k1 ÷ c = C
Example 1.5-3
(125 ÷ 5) ÷ 4 =
Solution:
(125 ÷ 5) ÷ 4 = (25) ÷ 4 = 25 ÷ 4 = 6.25
Case I b-3.
(a ÷ b) ÷ (c ÷ d ) =
Let a ÷ b = k1 , c ÷ d = k 2 , and k1 ÷ k 2 = D , then

(a ÷ b) ÷ (c ÷ d ) = ( k1 ) ÷ ( k2 ) = k1 ÷ k 2 = D
Example 1.5-4
(15 ÷ 4) ÷ (8 ÷ 3) =
Solution:
(15 ÷ 4) ÷ (8 ÷ 3) = (3.75) ÷ (2.67) = 3.75 ÷ 2.67 = 1.41
Case II - Use of Brackets in Division

In division, brackets are used in a similar way as parentheses. However, brackets are used to
Brackets are used to group numbers in different ways, as is shown in the following general and
specific example cases:
Case II-1.
[a ÷ (b ÷ c)] ÷ d =
Let b ÷ c = k1 , a ÷ k1 = k 2 , and k 2 ÷ d = A , then
[a ÷ (b ÷ c)] ÷ d = [a ÷ ( k1 )] ÷ d = [a ÷ k1 ] ÷ d = [ k 2 ] ÷ d = k 2 ÷ d = A
Example 1.5-5
[15 ÷ (6 ÷ 4)] ÷ 2 =
Solution:
[15 ÷ (6 ÷ 4)] ÷ 2 = [15 ÷ (15

. )] ÷ 2 = [15 ÷ 15
. ] ÷ 2 = [10] ÷ 2 = 10 ÷ 2 = 5
Case II-2.
[(a ÷ b) ÷ c] ÷ d =
Let a ÷ b = k1 , k1 ÷ c = k 2 , and k 2 ÷ d = B , then
[(a ÷ b) ÷ c] ÷ d = [( k1 ) ÷ c] ÷ d = [ k1 ÷ c] ÷ d = [ k 2 ] ÷ d = k 2 ÷ d = B

Example 1.5-6
[(236 ÷ 12) ÷ 5] ÷ 3 =
Solution:
[(236 ÷ 12) ÷ 5] ÷ 3 = [(19.67) ÷ 5] ÷ 3 = [19.67 ÷ 5] ÷ 3 = [ 393

. ] ÷ 3 = 393
. ÷ 3 = 1.31
Case II-3.
[
a ÷ b ÷ (c ÷ d ) ]=
Let c ÷ d = k1 , b ÷ k1 = k 2 , and a ÷ k 2 = C , then
[
a ÷ b ÷ (c ÷ d ) ]= [
a ÷ b ÷ ( k1 ) ]= a ÷ [b ÷ k1 ] = a ÷ [ k 2 ] = a ÷ k 2 = C
Example 1.5-7
[
238 ÷ 24 ÷ (15 ÷ 5) ] =
Solution:
[
238 ÷ 24 ÷ (15 ÷ 5) ] = 238 ÷ [24 ÷ (3)] = 238 ÷ [ 24 ÷ 3] = 238 ÷ [ 8] = 238 ÷ 8 = 29.75
Case II-4.
[(a ÷ b) ÷ (c ÷ d )] ÷ e =
Let a ÷ b = k1 , c ÷ d = k1 , k1 ÷ k 2 = k3 , and k3 ÷ e = D , then
[(a ÷ b) ÷ (c ÷ d )] ÷ e = [( k1 ) ÷ ( k 2 )] ÷ e = [ k1 ÷ k 2 ] ÷ e = [ k3 ] ÷ e = k3 ÷ e = D
Example 1.5-8
[(28 ÷ 13) ÷ (15 ÷ 4)] ÷ 2 =
Solution:
[(28 ÷ 13) ÷ (15 ÷ 4)] ÷ 2 . ) ÷ (3.75)] ÷ 2 = [ 215

= [(215 . ÷ 3.75] ÷ 2 = [ 0.57] ÷ 2 = 0.57 ÷ 2 = 0.285

Case II-5.
[(a ÷ b) ÷ c] ÷ ( d ÷ e) =
Let a ÷ b = k1 , k1 ÷ c = k 2 , d ÷ e = k3 , and k 2 ÷ k3 = E , then
[(a ÷ b) ÷ c] ÷ ( d ÷ e) = [( k1 ) ÷ c] ÷ ( k3 ) = [ k1 ÷ c] ÷ k3 = [ k 2 ] ÷ k 3 = k 2 ÷ k3 = E
Example 1.5-9
[(29 ÷ 5) ÷ 2] ÷ (15 ÷ 6) =
Solution:
[(29 ÷ 5) ÷ 2] ÷ (15 ÷ 6) = [(5.8) ÷ 2] ÷ (2.5) = [ 5.8 ÷ 2] ÷ 2.5 = [ 2.9] ÷ 2.5 = 2.9 ÷ 2.5 = 116
.
Case II-6.
[
a ÷ (b ÷ c ) ÷ ( d ÷ e)]=
Let b ÷ c = k1 , d ÷ e = k 2 , k1 ÷ k 2 = k3 , and a ÷ k3 = F , then
[
a ÷ (b ÷ c ) ÷ ( d ÷ e)]= [
a ÷ ( k1 ) ÷ ( k 2 ) ] = a ÷ [ k1 ÷ k 2 ] = a ÷ [ k 3 ] = a ÷ k3 = F
Example 1.5-10
[
238 ÷ (35 ÷ 5) ÷ (14 ÷ 7) ] =
Solution:
[
238 ÷ (35 ÷ 5) ÷ (14 ÷ 7) ] = 238 ÷ [(7) ÷ (2)] = 238 ÷ [ 7 ÷ 2] = 238 ÷ [ 35
. ] = 238 ÷ 35
. = 68
Case II-7.
[(a ÷ b) ÷ (c ÷ d )] ÷ (e ÷ f ) =
Let a ÷ b = k1 , c ÷ d = k 2 , e ÷ f = k3 , k1 ÷ k 2 = k 4 , and k 4 ÷ k 3 = G , then
[(a ÷ b) ÷ (c ÷ d )] ÷ (e ÷ f ) = [( k1 ) ÷ ( k 2 )] ÷ ( k 3 ) = [ k1 ÷ k 2 ] ÷ k 3 = [ k 4 ] ÷ k3 = k 4 ÷ k3 = G

Example 1.5-11
[(230 ÷ 5) ÷ (36 ÷ 4)] ÷ (25 ÷ 6) =
Solution:
[(230 ÷ 5) ÷ (36 ÷ 4)] ÷ (25 ÷ 6) = [(46) ÷ (9)] ÷ (417

. ) = [ 46 ÷ 9] ÷ 417 . ] ÷ 417
. = [ 511 . = 511 . = 1.23
. ÷ 417
Case II-8.
(a ÷ b) ÷ [(c ÷ d ) ÷ (e ÷ f )] =
Let a ÷ b = k1 , c ÷ d = k 2 , e ÷ f = k3 , k 2 ÷ k3 = k 4 , and k1 ÷ k 4 = H , then
(a ÷ b) ÷ [(c ÷ d ) ÷ (e ÷ f )] = ( k1 ) ÷ [( k 2 ) ÷ ( k3 )] = k1 ÷ [ k 2 ÷ k 3 ] = k1 ÷ [ k 4 ] = k1 ÷ k 4 = H
Example 1.5-12
(358 ÷ 12) ÷ [(35 ÷ 7) ÷ (25 ÷ 2)] =
Solution:
(358 ÷ 12) ÷ [(35 ÷ 7) ÷ (25 ÷ 2)] = (29.83) ÷ [(5) ÷ (12.5)] = 29.83 ÷ [ 5 ÷ 12.5] = 29.83 ÷ [ 0.4] = 29.83 ÷ 0.4
= 74.58
The following examples further illustrate how to use parentheses and brackets in division:
Example 1.5-13
( 35 ÷ 5) ÷ 3 = ( 7) ÷ 3 = 7 ÷ 3 = 2.33
Example 1.5-14
240 ÷ (16 ÷ 2) = 240 ÷ (8) = 240 ÷ 8 = 30
Example 1.5-15
( 40 ÷ 2) ÷ (165 ÷ 15) = ( 20) ÷ (11) = 20 ÷ 11 = 1.82

Example 1.5-16
[
28 ÷ 15 ÷ ( 36 ÷ 3) ] = 28 ÷ [15 ÷ (12) ] = 28 ÷ [15 ÷ 12] = 28 ÷ [125
. ] = 28 ÷ 125
. = 22.4
Example 1.5-17
[(80 ÷ 2) ÷ 5] ÷ 4 = [(40) ÷ 5] ÷ 4 = [ 40 ÷ 5] ÷ 4 = [ 8] ÷ 4 = 8 ÷ 4 = 2
Example 1.5-18
( 238 ÷ 4) ÷ [16 ÷ (8 ÷ 2) ] = (59.5) ÷ [16 ÷ ( 4) ] = 59.5 ÷ [16 ÷ 4] = 59.5 ÷ [4] = 59.5 ÷ 4 = 14.88
Example 1.5-19
[( 30 ÷ 3) ÷ ( 28 ÷ 2)] ÷ 5 = [(10) ÷ (14) ] ÷ 5 = [10 ÷ 14] ÷ 5 = [0.71] ÷ 5 = 0.71 ÷ 5 = 0.14
Example 1.5-20
[(81 ÷ 3) ÷ 3] ÷ (18 ÷ 2) = [(27) ÷ 3] ÷ (9) = [ 27 ÷ 3] ÷ 9 = [ 9] ÷ 9 = 9 ÷ 9 = 1
Example 1.5-21
[
45 ÷ 25 ÷ (15 ÷ 5) ] = 45 ÷ [25 ÷ (3)] = 45 ÷ [25 ÷ 3] = 45 ÷ [8.33] = 45 ÷ 8.33 = 5.4
Example 1.5-22
( 230 ÷ 10) ÷ [48 ÷ ( 24 ÷ 2) ] = (23) ÷ [48 ÷ (12)] = 23 ÷ [ 48 ÷ 12] = 23 ÷ [ 4] = 23 ÷ 4 = 5.75
Section 1.5 Exercises - Divide the following numbers in the order grouped:
1. (16 ÷ 2) ÷ 4 = 2. (125 ÷ 5) ÷ (15 ÷ 5) =
3. [25 ÷ (8 ÷ 2)] ÷ 3 = 4. [(140 ÷ 10) ÷ 2] ÷ 6 =
5. [155 ÷ (15 ÷ 3)] ÷ 9 = 6. 250 ÷ [(48 ÷ 2) ÷ 4] =
7. [(28 ÷ 4) ÷ (16 ÷ 3)] ÷ 8 = 8. 66 ÷ [48 ÷ (14 ÷ 2)] =
9. (180 ÷ 2) ÷ [(88 ÷ 2) ÷ 4] = 10. [(48 ÷ 4) ÷ 2] ÷ (18 ÷ 3) =

Mastering Fractions 1.6 Using Parentheses and Brackets in Mixed Operations
1.6 Using Parentheses and Brackets in Mixed Operations

In this section the use of parentheses and brackets as applied to addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division, using integer numbers, are discussed. Similar to subtraction and
division, the order in which mixed operations are grouped does effect the final answer. This is
discussed in the following cases:
Case I - Use of Parentheses in Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, and Division
In mixed mathematical operations, parentheses can be grouped in different ways, as is shown in
the following example cases:
Case I-1.
a + ( b ÷ c) =
Let b ÷ c = k1 and a + k 1 = A , then
a + ( b ÷ c) = a + ( k 1 ) = a + k 1 = A
Example 1.6-1
30 + (50 ÷ 5) =
Solution:
30 + (50 ÷ 5) = 30 + (10) = 30 + 10 = 40
Case I-2.
a ÷ ( b × c) =
Let b × c = k 1 and a ÷ k 1 = B , then
a ÷ ( b × c) = a ÷ ( k 1 ) = a ÷ k 1 = B
Example 1.6-2
18 ÷ ( 4 × 2) =
Solution:
18 ÷ ( 4 × 2) = 18 ÷ (8) = 18 ÷ 8 = 2.25

Case I-3.
( a × b) ÷ c =
Let a × b = k 1 and k 1 ÷ c = C , then
( a × b) ÷ c = ( k1 ) ÷ c = k1 ÷ c = C
Example 1.6-3
( 20 × 5) ÷ 8 =
Solution:
( 20 × 5) ÷ 8 = (100) ÷ 8 = 100 ÷ 8 = 12.5
Case I-4.
( a ÷ b) + c =
Let a ÷ b = k 1 and k 1 + c = D , then
( a ÷ b) + c = ( k 1 ) + c = k1 + c = D
Example 1.6-4
( 45 ÷ 5) + 25 =
Solution:
( 45 ÷ 5) + 25 = (9) + 25 = 9 + 25 = 34
Case I-5.
( a + b) ÷ ( c − d ) =
Let a + b = k 1 , c − d = k 2 , and k 1 ÷ k 2 = E , then
( a + b) ÷ ( c − d ) = ( k 1 ) ÷ ( k 2 ) = k1 ÷ k 2 = E

Example 1.6-5
( 23 + 5) ÷ ( 20 − 8) =
Solution:
( 23 + 5) ÷ ( 20 − 8) = (28) ÷ (12) = 28 ÷ 12 = 2.33
Case I-6.
( a ÷ b) − ( c × d ) =
Let a ÷ b = k 1 , c × d = k 2 , and k 1 − k 2 = F , then
( a ÷ b) − ( c × d ) = ( k 1 ) − ( k 2 ) = k1 − k 2 = F
Example 1.6-6
( 49 ÷ 5) − (12 × 4) =
Solution:
( 49 ÷ 5) − (12 × 4) = (9.8) − (48) = 9.8 − 48 = −38.2
Case II - Use of Brackets in Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, and Division

In mixed operations, brackets are used in a similar way as parentheses. However, brackets are
used to separate mathematical operations that contain integer numbers already grouped by
parentheses. Brackets are used to group numbers in different ways, as is shown in the following
general and specific example cases:
Case II-1.
[a ÷ ( b + c) ] ÷ d =
Let b + c = k 1 , a ÷ k1 = k 2 , and k 2 ÷ d = A , then
[a ÷ ( b + c) ] ÷ d = [a ÷ ( k1 )] ÷ d = [a ÷ k1 ] ÷ d = [ k 2 ] ÷ d = k 2 ÷ d = A
Example 1.6-7
[350 ÷ (12 + 8)] ÷ 4 =

Solution:
[350 ÷ (12 + 8)] ÷ 4 = [350 ÷ (20)] ÷ 4 = [ 350 ÷ 20] ÷ 4 = [17.5] ÷ 4 = 17.5 ÷ 4 = 4.38
Case II-2.
[( a × b) ÷ c] + d =
Let a × b = k 1 , k1 ÷ c = k 2 , and k 2 + d = B , then
[( a × b) ÷ c] + d = [( k 1 ) ÷ c] + d = [ k 1 ÷ c] + d = [ k 2 ] + d = k 2 + d = B
Example 1.6-8
[(12 × 4) ÷ 2] + 46 =
Solution:
[(12 × 4) ÷ 2] + 46 = [(48) ÷ 2] + 46 = [ 48 ÷ 2] + 46 = [ 24] + 46 = 24 + 46 = 70
Case II-3.
[
a × b − (c + d ) ] =
Let c + d = k 1 , b − k 1 = k 2 , and ak 2 = C , then
[
a × b − (c + d ) ] = a × [b − ( k 1 ) ] = a × [b − k 1 ] = a × [ k 2 ] = a × k 2 = ak 2 = C
Example 1.6-9
[
8 × 10 − ( 5 + 9) ] =
Solution:
[
8 × 10 − ( 5 + 9) ] = 8 × [10 − (14)] = 8 × [10 − 14] = 8 × [ −4] = 8 × −4 = −32
Case II-4.
[( a × b) ÷ ( c + d )] ÷ e =

Let a × b = k 1 , c + d = k 2 , k1 ÷ k 2 = k3 , and k3 ÷ e = D , then
[( a × b) ÷ ( c + d )] ÷ e = [( k1 ) ÷ ( k 2 )] ÷ e = [ k1 ÷ k 2 ] ÷ e = [ k3 ] ÷ e = k3 ÷ e = D
Example 1.6-10
[( 4 × 5) ÷ ( 28 + 9)] ÷ 5 =
Solution:
[( 4 × 5) ÷ ( 28 + 9)] ÷ 5 = [(20) ÷ (37)] ÷ 5 = [ 20 ÷ 37] ÷ 5 = [ 0.54] ÷ 5 = 0.54 ÷ 5 = 0.108
Case II-5.
[( a − b) − c] + ( d + e) =
Let a − b = k 1 , k 1 − c = k 2 , d + e = k 3 , and k 2 + k 3 = E , then
[( a − b) − c] + ( d + e) = [( k 1 ) − c] + ( k 3 ) = [ k 1 − c] + k 3 = [ k 2 ] + k 3 = k 2 + k 3 = E
Example 1.6-11
[( 23 − 6) − 8] + (12 + 7) =
Solution:
[( 23 − 6) − 8] + (12 + 7) = [(17) − 8] + (19) = [17 − 8] + 19 = [ 9] + 19 = 9 + 19 = 28
Case II-6.
[
a + ( b + c) − ( d × e) ] =
Let b + c = k 1 , d × e = k 2 , k 1 − k 2 = k 3 , and a + k 3 = F , then
[
a + ( b + c) − ( d × e) ] = a + [( k 1 ) − ( k 2 ) ] = a + [ k 1 − k 2 ] = a + [ k 3 ] = a + k 3 = F
Example 1.6-12
[
35 + (12 + 5) − ( 4 × 2) ]=

Solution:
[
35 + (12 + 5) − ( 4 × 2) ]= [
35 + (17) − (8) ]= 35 + [17 − 8] = 35 + [ 9] = 35 + 9 = 44
Case II-7.
[( a ÷ b) + ( c ÷ d )] × ( e + f ) =
Let a ÷ b = k1 , c ÷ d = k 2 , e + f = k 3 , k1 + k 2 = k 4 , and k 4 k 3 = G , then
[( a ÷ b) + ( c ÷ d )] × ( e + f ) = [( k 1 ) + ( k 2 ) ] × ( k 3 ) = [ k 1 + k 2 ] × k 3 = [ k 4 ] × k 3 = k 4 × k 3 = k 4 k 3 = G
Example 1.6-13
[( 45 ÷ 9) + (12 ÷ 4)] × (10 + 5) =
Solution:
[( 45 ÷ 9) + (12 ÷ 4)] × (10 + 5) = [(5) + (3)] × (15) = [ 5 + 3] × 15 = [ 8] × 15 = 8 × 15 = 120
Case II-8.
( a − b) + [( c ÷ d ) × ( e ÷ f ) ] =
Let a − b = k 1 , c ÷ d = k 2 , e ÷ f = k3 , k 2 k 3 = k 4 , and k 1 + k 4 = H , then
( a − b) + [( c ÷ d ) × ( e ÷ f ) ] = ( k 1 ) + [( k 2 ) × ( k 3 ) ] = k1 + [k 2 × k 3 ] = k1 + [k 2 k 3 ] = k1 + [k 4 ] = k1 + k 4
= H
Example 1.6-14
( 45 − 6) + [(12 ÷ 4) × ( 34 ÷ 4) ] =
Solution:
( 45 − 6) + [(12 ÷ 4) × ( 34 ÷ 4) ] = (39) + [(3) × (8.5)] = 39 + [ 3 × 8.5] = 39 + [ 25.5] = 39 + 25.5 = 64.5

Case II-9.
( a + b + c) ÷ [d × ( e − f ) ] =
Let a + b + c = k 1 , e − f = k 2 , dk 2 = k 3 , and k 1 ÷ k 3 = I , then
( a + b + c) ÷ [d × ( e − f ) ] = ( k 1 ) ÷ [d × ( k 2 ) ] = k 1 ÷ [d × k 2 ] = k 1 ÷ [dk 2 ] = k 1 ÷ dk 2 = k 1 ÷ k 3 = I
Example 1.6-15
(8 + 50 + 5) ÷ [3 × (25 − 12)] =
Solution:
(8 + 50 + 5) ÷ [3 × (25 − 12)] = (63) ÷ [3 × (13)] = 63 ÷ [ 3 × 13] = 63 ÷ [ 39] = 63 ÷ 39 = 1.62
The following examples further illustrate how to use parentheses and brackets in mixed
operations:
Example 1.6-16
( 39 + 5) ÷ 4 = ( 44) ÷ 4 = 44 ÷ 4 = 11
Example 1.6-17
36 × (12 + 3) = 36 × (15) = 36 × 15 = 540
Example 1.6-18
( 23 + 5) ÷ (8 × 2) = ( 28) ÷ (16) = 28 ÷ 16 = 1.75
Example 1.6-19
[
38 + 15 × ( 20 ÷ 2) ] = 38 + [15 × (10) ] = 38 + [15 × 10] = 38 + [150] = 38 + 150 = 188
Example 1.6-20
[( 35 × 2) + 5] ÷ 3 = [( 70) + 5] ÷ 3 = [70 + 5] ÷ 3 = [75] ÷ 3 = 75 ÷ 3 = 25
Example 1.6-21
( 28 − 18) × [16 − (8 − 3) ] = (10) × [16 − (5) ] = 10 × [16 − 5] = 10 × [11] = 10 × 11 = 110

Example 1.6-22
[( 20 − 4) + (15 − 5)] ÷ 2 = [(16) + (10) ] ÷ 2 = [16 + 10] ÷ 2 = [26] ÷ 2 = 26 ÷ 2 = 13
Example 1.6-23
[(15 + 6) ÷ 3] × (8 ÷ 2) = [(21) ÷ 3] × (4) = [ 21 ÷ 3] × 4 = [ 7] × 4 = 7 × 4 = 28
Example 1.6-24
[
30 − 15 × ( 30 + 2) ] = 30 − [15 × ( 32) ] = 30 − [15 × 32] = 30 − [480] = 30 − 480 = −450
Example 1.6-25
(85 ÷ 5) × [20 + (13 − 8) ] = (17) × [20 + (5) ] = 17 × [20 + 5] = 17 × [25] = 17 × 25 = 425
Section 1.6 Exercises - Perform the indicated operations in the order grouped:
1. ( 28 ÷ 4) × 3 = 2. 250 + (15 ÷ 3) = 3. 28 ÷ [( 23 + 5) × 8] =
4. [( 255 − 15) ÷ 20] + 8 = 5. [230 ÷ (15 × 2)] + 12 = 6. 55 × [( 28 + 2) ÷ 3] =
7. [(55 ÷ 5) + (18 − 4)] × 4 = 8. 35 − [400 ÷ (16 + 4) ] = 9. ( 230 + 5) ÷ [2 × (18 + 2) ] =
10. [( 38 ÷ 4) + 2] × (15 − 3) =

Chapter 2 - Simplifying and Converting
Fractions
The objective of this chapter is to ensure the student learns how to simplify and convert fractions
from one form to another. The description of what defines a fraction along with identifying the
different types of fractions used in this book are discussed in Section 2.1. Section 2.2 shows the
steps as to how improper fractions are changed to mixed fractions. Section 2.3 shows the steps on
how to simplify fractions. The steps as to how decimal fractions and mixed fractions are changed
to integer fractions are discussed in Sections 2.4 and 2.5, respectively. The additional examples
along with the exercises provided at the end of each section further enforce the objective of this
chapter.
Section 2.1 What is a Fraction?

a
A fraction is an indicated quotient of two quantities generally shown as   , where the top
  b
quantity ( a ) is referred to as the numerator and the bottom quantity (b) is referred to as the
denominator. In this book, fractions are classified into three categories:
1. Integer Fractions
2. Decimal Fractions, and
3. Mixed Fractions
These fractions are defined as follows:
Integer Fractions: Integer fractions are a class of fractions where both the numerator and the
357 12 35 2 1 123 2 4 18
denominator are integer numbers. For example, − , − , − , − , − , , , , ,
110 7 80 5 3 325 5 6 7
645
, etc. are integer fractions.
12
Integer fractions are divided to the following subclasses:
• Proper Fractions, and
• Improper Fractions
Proper fractions are integer fractions with absolute values (see definition in the Terminology
3 23 12 123 347 1 7 12 125 238
section) of less than one. For example, − , − ,− , − , − , , , , , ,
5 27 19 327 534 8 9 35 232 315
etc. are proper fractions.
Improper fractions are integer fractions with absolute values of greater than one. For
8 12 38 110 437 10 12 75 136 354
example, − , − , − , − , − , , , , , , etc. are improper fractions.
3 5 32 23 323 5 3 5 24 120

Mastering Fractions 2.1 What is a Fraction?
a
In general, integer fractions are shown as   where (a ) and (b) are whole numbers. For
  b
example,
a 8
1. Let a = 8 and b = 13 , then = .
b 13
a −3 3
2. Let a = −3 and b = 7 , then = = − .
b 7 7
a 123 123
3. Let a = 123 and b = −98 , then = = − .
b −98 98
Decimal Fractions: Decimal fractions are defined in this book as the type of fractions where
0.24
either the numerator or the denominator or both are decimal numbers. For example, − ,
0.3
3 0.008 12.8 235.6 0.2 0.5 0.02 0.001 4
− , − , − , − , , , , , , etc. are decimal fractions.
0.5 014
. 1.6 5 0.5 1 0.3 0.5 012
.
• Exponential Notation - In general, decimal fractions are represented in exponential notation

form as (a × 10 − k ) where (a ) is an integer number and ( k ) indicates the location of the decimal
point k places to the left of where it is written. For example,
1. Let a = 382 and k = 1 , then (a × 10 − k ) = 382 × 10 −1 = 38.2 .
2. Let a = 5 and k = 2 , then (a × 10 − k ) = 5 × 10 −2 = 0.05 .
3. Let a = 75 and k = 3 , then (a × 10 − k ) = 75 × 10 −3 = 0.075 .
4. Let a = 24 and k = 4 , then (a × 10 − k ) = 24 × 10 −4 = 0.0024 .
5. Let a = 15 and k = 0 , then (a × 10 − k ) = 15 × 10 −0 = 15 × 1 = 15 .
Note that any number (except zero) raised to the zero power is equal to one. For example,
0 0
250 0 = 1 , −(233) = −1 , 5 0 = 1 , ( −233) = 1 , 12500000 0 = 1 , 173450 = 1 , etc.
Mixed Fractions: Mixed fractions are made up of a positive or negative whole number and an
2 2
integer fraction, where the integer fraction value is less than one. For example, −3 , −7 ,
8 5
5 12 2 3 1 2 5 4
−12 , −24 , −1 , 1 , 2 , 6 , 3 , 1 , etc. are mixed fractions.
7 37 3 5 8 3 9 13

Mastering Fractions 2.1 What is a Fraction?
a
In general, mixed fractions are shown as  k  where ( k ) is made up of a positive or negative
 b
a
whole number and is an integer fraction. For example,
b
a 5 a 5
1. Let k = 3 and = , then k = 3 .
b 7 b 7
a 3 a 3
2. Let k = −7 and = , then k = −7 .
b 8 b 8
a 1 a 1
3. Let k = 23 and = , then k = 23 .
b 5 b 5
In addition, fractions that are numerically equal, i.e., the numerator and the denominator are
multiplied or divided by the same non-zero number, are considered as Equivalent Fractions.
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8   5 10 15 20  2 4 6 8 
For example,  = = = ,... ,  − =− =− = − ,...  ,  = = = ,... ,
 .
012 0.24 0.36 0.48   3 6 9 12   7 14 21 28 
1 2 3 4   5 10 15 20   3.2 6.4 9.6 12.8  3 6 9 12 
 = = = ,... ,  − = − = − = − , ... ,  = = = ,... ,  = = = ,... ,
 5 10 15 20   8 16 24 32   0.3 0.6 0.9 12
.  4 8 12 16 
etc. are equivalent fractions.
Section 2.1 Exercises - Name the following type of fractions:
0.5 3 2 1
1. 2. − 3. 1 4.
0.2 5 3 01
.
5 10 15 20 3 1 38
5.  = = =  6. 4 7. 8. −
2 4 6 8 8 3 13
7 0.3 0.6 0.9 12

.
9. 10.  = = = 
2  2.2 4.4 6.6 8.8 

Mastering Fractions 2.2 Changing Improper Fractions to Mixed Fractions
2.2 Changing Improper Fractions to Mixed Fractions

c
Improper fractions of the form   with absolute values of greater than one are changed to
 b
a a
mixed fractions of the form  k  , where ( k ) is a positive or negative whole number and   is
 
b   b
an integer fraction with value of less than one, using the following steps:
Step 1 Divide the dividend, i.e., the numerator of the improper fraction by the divisor, i.e.,
the denominator of the improper fraction using the general division process.
Step 2 a. Use the whole number portion of the quotient as the whole number portion of the
mixed fraction.
b. Use the dividend of the remainder as the dividend (numerator) in the remainder
portion of the quotient.
c. Use the divisor of the improper fraction as the divisor (denominator) in the
remainder portion of the quotient.
The following examples show the steps as to how improper fractions are changed to mixed
fractions:
Example 2.2-1
86
=
5
Solution:
whole number portion of the quotient
Step 1
17
5 86 dividend of the improper fraction
−5
divisor of the improper fraction 36
−35
1 dividend of the remainder
Step 2
dividend of the improper fraction dividend of the remainder

86 1
= 17
5 5
divisor of the improper fraction divisor of the remainder

Example 2.2-2
506
=
3
Solution:
Step 1
168
−3
−18
26
−24
Step 2
506 2
= 168
3 3
Example 2.2-3
296
=
5
Solution:
Step 1
59
− 25
− 45
Step 2
296 1
= 59
5 5
divisor of the remainder
divisor of the improper fraction

Example 2.2-4
597
− =
10
Solution:
Step 1
59
− 50
97
divisor of the improper fraction −90
Step 2

597 7
− = − 59 
10  10 
Example 2.2-5
1428
=
45
Solution:
Step 1
31
−135
− 45
Step 2
1428 33
= 31
45 45

Example 2.2-6
38
− =
3
Solution:
Step 1
12
−3
− 6
Step 2
38 2
− = − 12 
3  3

Example 2.2-7
1967
=
60
Solution:
Step 1
32
− 180
167
Step 2
1967 47
= 32
60 60

Example 2.2-8
28
− =
13
Solution:
Step 1
2
−26
Step 2

28 2
− = − 2 
13  13 
Example 2.2-9
273
=
8
Solution:
Step 1
34
− 24
33
Step 2
273 1
= 34
8 8

Example 2.2-10
355
− =
102
Solution:
Step 1
3
− 306
Step 2
355 49
− = − 3 
102  102

c
In general, an improper integer fraction   , where ( c) is bigger than (b) , is changed to a mixed
  b
fraction in the following way:
1. divide the numerator ( c) by its denominator (b) using the general division process.
k
b c dividend of the improper fraction
− ( k × b)
c − ( k × b) = c − kb = r dividend of the remainder
2. Use the whole number portion of the quotient ( k ) , the dividend of the remainder (r ) , and the
divisor of the improper fraction (b) to represent the mixed fraction as:

c r
=k
b b

c r c r
Note 1 - In the general equation  = k  ; is the improper fraction, k is the quotient, k is
 b b b b
r
the whole number portion of the quotient, and is the remainder portion of the quotient.
b
Note 2 - The divisor of the improper fraction is always used as the divisor of the remainder. This
is shown in Step 2 of examples above.
Section 2.2 Exercises - Change the following improper fractions to mixed fractions:
83 13 26 67
1. = 2. = 3. − = 4. =
4 3 5 10
9 332 205 235

5. = 6. − = 7. = 8. −
2 113 9 14
207 523
9. = 10. − =
11 101

Mastering Fractions 2.3 Simplifying Integer Fractions
2.3 Simplifying Integer Fractions

a
Integer fractions   where both the numerator (a ) and the denominator (b) are integer numbers
  b
are simplified as in the following cases:
Case 1 - The Numerator and the Denominator are Even Numbers

Use the following steps to simplify the integer fractions if the numerator and the denominator are
even numbers:
even
Step 1 Check the numerator and the denominator of the integer fraction to see if it is an
even
type of fraction.
Step 2 Simplify the fraction to its lowest term by dividing the numerator and the
denominator by their Greatest Common Factor (G.C.F.) which is an even number, i.e.,
( 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, ...) . See page 70 on methods for finding G.C.F.
Step 3 Change the improper fraction to a mixed fraction if the fraction obtained from Step 2
is an improper fraction (see Section 2.2).
The following examples show the steps as to how integer fractions with even numerator and
denominator are simplified
Example 2.3-1
366
− =
64
Solution:
366 366 ( is an even No.)
Step 1 − = −
366 ( is an even No.) 366 ÷ 2 183

Step 2 − = − = −
64 ( is an even No.) 64 ÷ 2 32
183  23
Step 3 − = − 5 
32 32
Example 2.3-2
400
=
350
Solution:
Step 1 =
400 ( is an even No.) 400 ÷ 50 8

Step 2 = =
350 ( is an even No.) 350 ÷ 50 7

8 1
Step 3 = 1
7 7
Example 2.3-3
2
=
8
Solution:
Step 1 =
2 ( is an even No.) 2÷2 1

Step 2 = = 4
8 ( is an even No.) 8÷2
Step 3 Not Applicable
Note: See definition of “Not Applicable” in the Terminology section.

Example 2.3-4
18
− =
12
Solution:
Step 1 − = −
18 ( is an even No.) 18 ÷ 6 3
Step 2 − = − = −
12 ( is an even No.) 12 ÷ 6 2
3   1
Step 3 − = − 1 
2 2
Example 2.3-5
16
=
32
Solution:
Step 1 =
16 ( is an even No.) 16 ÷ 16 1
Step 2 = =
32 ( is an even No.) 32 ÷ 16 2

Case 2 - The Numerator and the Denominator are Odd Numbers

Use the following steps to simplify the integer fractions if the numerator and the denominator are
odd numbers:
odd
odd
type of fraction.
denominator by their Greatest Common Factor (G.C.F.) which is an odd number, i.e.,
(3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, ...) . See page 70 on methods for finding G.C.F.
The following examples show the steps as to how integer fractions with odd numerator and
denominator are simplified:
Example 2.3-6
3
− =
15
Solution:
3 3 ( is an odd No.)
Step 1 − = −
3 ( is an odd No.) 3÷3 1

Step 2 − = − = −
15 ( is an odd No.) 15 ÷ 3 5
Example 2.3-7
7
=
21
Solution:
Step 1 =
7 ( is an odd No.) 7÷7 1

Step 2 = =
21 ( is an odd No.) 21 ÷ 7 3

Example 2.3-8
17
=
21
Solution:
Step 1 =
Note - In cases where the answer to Steps 2 and 3 are stated as “Not Applicable” this indicates
that the fraction is in its lowest term and can not be simplified any further.
Example 2.3-9
305
− =
35
Solution:
305 305 ( is an odd No.)

Step 1 − = −
305 ( is an odd No.) 305 ÷ 5 61

Step 2 − = − = −
35 ( is an odd No.) 35 ÷ 5 7
61   5
Step 3 − = − 8 
7 7
Example 2.3-10
105
=
33
Solution:
105 105 ( is an odd No.)

Step 1 =
105 ( is an odd No.) 105 ÷ 3 35

Step 2 = =
33 ( is an odd No.) 33 ÷ 3 11
35 2
Step 3 = 3
11 11

Case 3 - The Numerator is an Even Number and the Denominator is an Odd Number
Use the following steps to simplify the integer fractions if the numerator is an even number and
the denominator is an odd number:
even
odd
type of fraction.
( 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, ...) . See page 70 on methods for finding G.C.F.
The following examples show the steps as to how integer fractions with an even numerator and
an odd denominator are simplified:
Example 2.3-11
18
=
27
Solution:
Step 1 =
18 ( is an even No.) 18 ÷ 9 2
Step 2 = =
27 ( is an odd No.) 27 ÷ 9 3
Example 2.3-12
14
=
25
Solution:
Step 1 =
Example 2.3-13
334
=
15

Solution:

Step 1 =
334 ( is an even No.) 4

Step 3 = 22
15 ( is an odd No.) 15
Example 2.3-14
108
− =
27
Solution:

Step 1 − = −
108 ( is an even No.) 108 ÷ 27 4

Step 2 − = − = − = −4
27 ( is an odd No.) 27 ÷ 27 1
Example 2.3-15
386
=
13
Solution:

Step 1 =
386 ( is an even No.) 9

Step 3 = 29
13 ( is an odd No.) 13

Case 4 - The Numerator is an Odd Number and the Denominator is an Even Number
Use the following steps to simplify the integer fractions if the numerator is an odd number and
the denominator is an even number:
odd
even
type of fraction.
(3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, ...) . See page 70 on methods for finding G.C.F.
The following examples show the steps as to how integer fractions with an odd numerator and an
even denominator are simplified:
Example 2.3-16
15
=
60
Solution:
Step 1 =
15 ( is an odd No.) 15 ÷ 15 1
Step 2 = =
60 ( is an even No.) 60 ÷ 15 4
Example 2.3-17
333
=
36
Solution:
333 333 ( is an odd No.)

Step 1 =
333 ( is an odd No.) 333 ÷ 9 37

Step 2 = =
36 ( is an even No.) 36 ÷ 9 4
37 1
Step 3 = 9
4 4

Example 2.3-18
305
=
200
Solution:
305 305 ( is an odd No.)

Step 1 =
305 ( is an odd No.) 305 ÷ 5 61

Step 2 = =
200 ( is an even No.) 200 ÷ 5 40
61 21
Step 3 = 1
40 40
Example 2.3-19
25
=
10
Solution:
Step 1 =
25 ( is an odd No.) 25 ÷ 5 5
Step 2 = =
10 ( is an even No.) 10 ÷ 5 2
5 1
Step 3 = 2
2 2
Example 2.3-20
327
− =
24
Solution:
327 327 ( is an odd No.)

Step 1 − = −
327 ( is an odd No.) 327 ÷ 3 109

Step 2 − = − = −
24 ( is an even No.) 24 ÷ 3 8
109   5
Step 3 − = − 13 
8 8

odd even odd

Note that in Cases 2, 3, and 4 where the integer fractions are , , and , respectively
odd odd even
odd numbers are always used to simplify the fractions. The following examples further illustrate
how to simplify integer fractions:
Example 2.3-21
15 15 ( is an odd No.) 15 ÷ 3 5
= = = = 5
3 3 ( is an odd No.) 3÷ 3 1
Example 2.3-22
6 6 ( is an even No.) 6÷2 3

− = = − = −
8 8 ( is an even No.) 8÷2 4
Example 2.3-23
12 12 ( is an even No.) 12 ÷ 3 4
= = = = 4
3 3 ( is an odd No.) 3÷ 3 1
Example 2.3-24
35 35 ( is an odd No.) 35 ÷ 7 5
= = = = 5
7 7 ( is an odd No.) 7÷7 1
Example 2.3-25
100 100 ( is an even No.) 1

= = 33
3 3 ( is an odd No.) 3
Example 2.3-26
112 112 ( is an even No.) 112 ÷ 2 56

= = = = 56
2 2 ( is an even No.) 2÷2 1
Example 2.3-27
325 325 ( is an odd No.) 325 ÷ 5 65  1

− = − = − = − = − 8 
40 40 ( is an even No.) 40 ÷ 5 8 8
Example 2.3-28
22 22 ( is an even No.) 22 ÷ 2 11 2
= = = = 3
6 6 ( is an even No.) 6÷2 3 3

Example 2.3-29
36 36 ( is an even No.) 36 ÷ 3 12
= = = = 12
3 3 ( is an odd No.) 3÷ 3 1
Example 2.3-30
6 6 ( is an even No.) 6÷3 2

= − = − = −
39 39 ( is an odd No.) 39 ÷ 3 13
Greatest Common Factor (G.C.F.) can be found in two ways: 1. trial and error method, and
2. prime factoring method.
1. Trial and Error Method: In trial and error method the numerator and the denominator are
divided by odd or even numbers until the largest divisor for both the numerator and the
denominator is found.
2. Prime Factoring Method: The steps in using prime factoring method are:
a. Rewrite both the numerator and the denominator by their equivalent prime number
products.
b. Identify the prime numbers that are common in both the numerator and the denominator.
c. Multiply the common prime numbers in either the numerator or the denominator to obtain
the G.C.F.
The following are examples of how G.C.F. can be found using the prime factoring method:
24 2×2×2×3
1. = 3 is common, therefore G. C. F .= 3
45 3× 3× 5
400 2×2×2×2×5×5
2. = 2 , 5 , and 5 are common, therefore G. C. F .= 2 × 5 × 5 = 50
350 2×5×5×7
15 3× 5
3. = 3 and 5 are common, therefore G. C. F .= 3 × 5 = 15
60 2 × 3× 2 × 5
108 2 × 2 × 3× 3× 3
4. = 3, 3, and 3 are common, therefore G. C. F .= 3 × 3 × 3 = 27
27 3× 3× 3
Section 2.3 Exercises - Simplify the following integer fractions:

60 8 355 3 27
1. = 2. = 3. = 4. = 5. =
150 18 15 8 6
33 250 4 284 45
6. = 7. = 8. = 9. = 10. =
6 1000 32 568 75

Mastering Fractions 2.4 Changing Decimal Fractions to Integer Fractions
2.4 Changing Decimal Fractions to Integer Fractions

 a × 10 − k1 
Decimal fractions of the form   where ( a ) and (b) are integer numbers and ( k1 ) and

 b × 10 − k 2 
( k 2 ) are equal to the number of decimal places are changed to integer fractions using the
following steps:
Step 1 ( )
Change the decimal number of the form a × 10 − k1 to integer fraction of the form
 a ( outer numerator )  5
  in the numerator, e.g., change 0.5 to in the numerator.
 10 k1 ( inner deno min ator )  10
 
Step 2 ( )
Change the decimal number of the form b × 10 − k 2 to integer fraction of the form
 b ( inner numerator )  238
  in the denominator, e.g., change 2.38 to in the
 10 k 2 ( outer deno min ator )  100
 
denominator.
Step 3 ( )
Multiply the outer numerator (a ) with the outer denominator 10 k 2 and the inner
5
denominator ( ) with
10 k1 the inner numerator (b) , e.g., change 10
238
to
100
5 × 100 500
= .
10 × 238 2380
Step 4 Simplify the integer fraction to its lowest term (see Section 2.3).
Step 5 Change the improper fraction to a mixed fraction if the fraction obtained from Step
4 is an improper fraction (see Section 2.2).
The following examples show the steps as to how decimal fractions are changed to integer
fractions:
Example 2.4-1
3.75
=
0.005
Solution:
375
3.75 100
Step 1 =
0.005 0.005
375 375
Step 2 100 = 100
0.005 5
1000

375
100 375 × 1000 375000
Step 3 5
= =
100 × 5 500
1000
375000 375000 ÷ 500 750

Step 4 = = = 750
500 500 ÷ 500 1
Example 2.4-2
0.4
=
018
.
Solution:
4
0.4 10
Step 1 =
018
. 018
.
4 4
Step 2 10 = 10
018
. 18
100
4
10 4 × 100 400
Step 3 18
= =
10 × 18 180
100
400 400 ÷ 20 20
Step 4 = =
180 180 ÷ 20 9
20 2
Step 5 = 2
9 9
Example 2.4-3
0.034
=
0.02
Solution:
34
0.034 1000
Step 1 =
0.02 0.02
34 34
Step 2 1000 = 1000
0.02 2
100

34
1000 34 × 100 3400
Step 3 2
= =
1000 × 2 2000
100
3400 3400 ÷ 200 17

Step 4 = =
2000 2000 ÷ 200 10
17 7
Step 5 = 1
10 10
Example 2.4-4
12.36
=
18
.
Solution:
1236
12.36
Step 1 = 100
.
18 .
18
1236 1236
Step 2 100 = 100
18
. 18
10
1236
100 1236 × 10 12360
Step 3 18
= =
100 × 18 1800
10
12360 12360 ÷ 40 309

Step 4 = =
1800 1800 ÷ 40 45
309 39
Step 5 = 6
45 45
Example 2.4-5
0.05
=
12.8
Solution:
5
0.05 100
Step 1 =
12.8 12.8

5 5
Step 2 100 = 100
12.8 128
10
5
Step 3 100 = 5 × 10 = 50
128 100 × 128 12800
10
50 50 ÷ 50 1
Step 4 = =
12800 12800 ÷ 50 256
In general, fractions with decimal numbers are categorized as in the following cases and are
changed to integer fractions as shown below:
Case I. - The numerator and the denominator are decimal numbers
a
a× 10 − k1 k1 a × 10 k 2
= 10b = k
b × 10 − k 2 10 1 ×b
10 k 2
Example 2.4-6
38 19
38 × 10 −2 0.38 100 38 × 10 380
/// 19
= = 14
= = =
14 × 10 −1 .
14 100 × 14 1400
//// 70
10 70
Case II. - The numerator is a decimal number and the denominator is an integer number
a
a × 10 − k1 k1 a ×1 a
= 10b = =
b 10 k1 ×b 10 k1 × b
1
Example 2.4-7
15 3
15 × 10 −3 0.015 1000 15 × 1 15
// 3
= = 26
= = =
26 26 1000 × 26 26000
///// 5200
1 5200
Case III. - The numerator is an integer number and the denominator is a decimal number

a
a 1 a × 10 k 2 a ×10 k 2
= b
= =
b × 10 − k 2 1× b b
10 k 2
Example 2.4-8
48 2400
48 48 1 48 × 100 4800
//// 2400 2
2
= = 22 = = = = 218
22 × 10 − 0.22 1 × 22 22
/ / 11 11
11
100
The following examples further illustrate how to change decimal fractions to integer fractions:
Example 2.4-9
18 45
018
. 100 18 × 1000 18000
///// 45
= 4 = = = = 45
0.004 100 × 4 400
/// 1
1000 1
Example 2.4-10
15 60
15 1 15 × 100 1500
//// 60
= 25
= = = = 60
0.25 1 × 25 25
// 1
100 1
Example 2.4-11
5 1
0.005 1000 5×1 5/ 1
= 35 = = =
35 1000 × 35 35000
///// 7000
1 7000
Example 2.4-12
126 105
12.6 10 126 × 100 12600
///// 105 1
= 24 = = = = 52
0.24 10 × 24 240
/// 2 2
2
100
Example 2.4-13
120 60000
120 1 120 × 1000 120000
////// 60000 17
= 38
= = = = 3157
0.038 1 × 38 38
// 19 19
19
1000
Example 2.4-14

1
01
. 10 = 1 × 1 = 1
= 130
130 10 × 130 1300
1
Example 2.4-15
12045 2409
12.045 1000 12045 × 100 1204500
/////// 2409 9
= 5 = = = = 240
0.05 1000 × 5 5000
//// 10 10
10
100
Example 2.4-16
38 95
38 1 38 × 10 380
/// 95
= 1124 = = =
112.4 1 × 1124 1124
//// 281
281
10
Example 2.4-17
9 3
0.009 1000 9 × 100 900
/// 3
= 123 = = =
123
. 1000 × 123 123000
////// 410
410
100
Example 2.4-18
28 350
28 1 28 × 100 2800
//// 350 44
= 1224
= = = = 2
12.24 1 × 1224 1224
//// 153 153
153
100
Note - An expression that contains fractions in the numerator and/or denominator is referred to as
2 5 2 2
0.5
a Complex Fraction. For example, 3 , 3 , 7 , , 5 , etc. are complex fractions.
8 116 38 3 30.6
15 5
Section 2.4 Exercises - Change the following decimal fractions to integer fractions:
0.3 0.02 0.5 35

1. = 2. = 3. = 4. =
0.05 4 0.01 0.005
12.3 6 0.008 0.9

5. = 6. = 7. = 8. =
0.03 12.2 12
. 0.05
1 4.02
9. = 10. =
0.2 12.8

Mastering Fractions 2.5 Changing Mixed Fractions to Integer Fractions
2.5 Changing Mixed Fractions to Integer Fractions

a a
Mixed fractions of the form  k  where ( k ) is a whole number and   is an integer fraction
 b  b
for a number less than one are changed to integer fractions using the following steps:
Step 1 Multiply the whole number ( k ) by the denominator (b) and add the result to the
numerator ( a ) . The product ( k × b) + a is the numerator of the integer fraction with
its denominator remaining as (b) , e.g., change 2

3
to
(2 × 5) + 3 = 10 + 3
=
13
.
5 5 5 5
Step 2 Simplify the integer fraction to its lowest term (see Section 2.3).
The following examples show the steps as to how mixed fractions are changed to integer
fractions:
Example 2.5-1
2
6 =
3
Solution:
2 (6 × 3) + 2 18 + 2 20
Step 1 6 = = =
3 3 3 3
Example 2.5-2
2
13 =
4
Solution:
2 (13 × 4) + 2 52 + 2 54
Step 1 13 = = =
4 4 4 4
54 54 ÷ 2 17
Step 2 = =
4 4÷2 2
Example 2.5-3
2
3 =
8
Solution:
2 (3 × 8) + 2 24 + 2 26
Step 1 3 = = =
8 8 8 8
26 26 ÷ 2 13
Step 2 = =
8 8÷2 4

Example 2.5-4
3
2 =
5
Solution:
3 (2 × 5) + 3 10 + 3 13
Step 1 2 = = =
5 5 5 5
Example 2.5-5
6
5 =
8
Solution:
6 5×8+ 6 40 + 6 46
Step 1 5 = = =
8 8 8 8
46 46 ÷ 2 23
Step 2 = =
8 8÷2 4
Note that conversion of mixed fractions to integer fractions result to having improper integer
fractions which is a subclass of integer fractions (see Section 2.1). The following examples
further illustrate how to change mixed fractions to improper integer fractions:
Example 2.5-6
13
2 ( 3 × 8) + 2 24 + 2 26
// 13
3 = = = =
8 8 8 8/ 4
4
Example 2.5-7
3 ( 5 × 7) + 3 35 + 3 38
5 = = =
7 7 7 7
Example 2.5-8
4 ( 2 × 5) + 4 10 + 4 14
2 = = =
5 5 5 5
Example 2.5-9
1 ( 4 × 9) + 1 36 + 1 37
4 = = =
9 9 9 9

Example 2.5-10
4 ( 3 × 7) + 4 21 + 4 25
3 = = =
7 7 7 7
Example 2.5-11
3 (12 × 10) + 3 120 + 3 123

12 = = =
10 10 10 10
Example 2.5-12
2 ( 20 × 3) + 2 60 + 2 62
20 = = =
3 3 3 3
Example 2.5-13
31
4 (10 × 12) + 4 120 + 4 124
/ // 31
10 = = = =
12 12 12 12
// 3
3
Example 2.5-14
2 ( 5 × 3) + 2 15 + 2 17
5 = = =
3 3 3 3
Example 2.5-15
8 ( 6 × 11) + 8 66 + 8 74
6 = = =
11 11 11 11
Section 2.5 Exercises - Change the following mixed fractions to improper integer fractions:
2 3 1 3
1. 3 = 2. 4 = 3. 5 = 4. 8 =
6 8 8 5
2 3 2 4
5. 7 = 6. 9 = 7. 12 = 8. 10 =
3 16 4 5
5 2
9. 2 = 10. 3 =
8 15

Chapter 3 - Integer Fractions
The objective of this chapter is to improve the student’s ability in solving integer fractions. The
steps in solving integer fractions along with examples illustrating the steps as to how to add
(Section 3.1), subtract (Section 3.2), multiply (Section 3.3), and divide (Section 3.4) two or more
integer fractions are given. Section 3.5 combines the mathematical operations using integer
fractions. In addition, for completeness, the general algebraic approach in solving integer
fractional operations is provided in each section. The student, depending on his or her grade
level and ability, can skip the algebraic approach to integer fractions and only learn the
techniques that are followed by examples. Focusing on the examples, and the steps shown to
solve each problem, should be adequate to teach the student the mechanics of how integer
fractions are mathematically operated on.
3.1 Adding Integer Fractions
Integer fractions, i.e., fractions where both the numerator and the denominator are integers, are
added as in the following cases:
Case I Adding Two or More Integer Fractions With Common Denominators
Integer fractions with two or more common denominators are added using the steps given as in
each case below:
Case I-A Add two integer fractions with common denominators using the following steps:
Step 1 a. Use the common denominator between the first and second fractions as the new
denominator.
b. Add the numerators of the first and second fractions to obtain the new numerator.
Step 2 Simplify the fraction to its lowest term (see Section 2.3).
The following examples show the steps as to how two integer fractions with common
denominators are added:
Example 3.1-1
2 8
+ =
3 3
Solution:
2 8 2+8 10
Step 1 + = =
3 3 3 3
10 1
Step 3 = 3
3 3

Mastering Fractions 3.1 Adding Integer Fractions
Example 3.1-2
15 9
+ =
4 4
Solution:
15 9 15 + 9 24
Step 1 + = =
4 4 4 4
24 24 ÷ 4 6
Step 2 = = = 6
4 4÷4 1
Example 3.1-3
5 2
+ =
9 9
Solution:
5 2 5+ 2 7
Step 1 + = =
9 9 9 9
Example 3.1-4
4 15
+ =
7 7
Solution:
4 15 4 + 15 19
Step 1 + = =
7 7 7 7
19 5
Step 3 = 2
7 7
Example 3.1-5
12 33
+ =
5 5
Solution:
12 33 12 + 33 45
Step 1 + = =
5 5 5 5

45 45 ÷ 5 9
Step 2 = = = 9
5 5÷ 5 1
In general, two integer fractions with a common denominator are added in the following way:
a b a +b
+ =
d d d
Example 3.1-6
6
5 13 5 + 13 18
// 6
+ = = = = 6
3 3 3 3/ 1
1
Case I-B Add three integer fractions with common denominators using the following steps:
Step 1 a. Use the common denominator between the first, second, and third fractions as the
new denominator.
b. Add the numerators of the first, second, and third fractions to obtain the new
denominator.
The following examples show the steps as to how three integer fractions with common
Example 3.1-7
3 4 1
+ + =
5 5 5
Solution:
3 4 1 3+ 4 +1 8
Step 1 + + = =
5 5 5 5 5
8 3
Step 3 = 1
5 5
Example 3.1-8
5 2 14
+ + =
8 8 8

Solution:
5 2 14 5 + 2 + 14 21
Step 1 + + = =
8 8 8 8 8
21 5
Step 3 = 2
8 8
Example 3.1-9
17 12 10
+ + =
3 3 3
Solution:
17 12 10 17 + 12 + 10 39
Step 1 + + = =
3 3 3 3 3
39 39 ÷ 3 13
Step 2 = = = 13
3 3÷ 3 1
Example 3.1-10
5 23 38
+ + =
4 4 4
Solution:
5 23 38 5 + 23 + 38 66
Step 1 + + = =
4 4 4 4 4
66 66 ÷ 2 33
Step 2 = =
4 4÷2 2
33 1
Step 3 = 16
2 2
Example 3.1-11
5 14 25
+ + =
12 12 12
Solution:
5 14 25 5 + 14 + 25 44
Step 1 + + = =
12 12 12 12 12

44 44 ÷ 4 11
Step 2 = =
12 12 ÷ 4 3
11 2
Step 3 = 3
3 3
In general, three integer fractions with a common denominator are added in the following way:
a b c a +b+c
+ + =
d d d d
Example 3.1-12
2
3 2 5 3+ 2 +5 10
// 2
+ + = = = = 2
5 5 5 5 5/ 1
1
Case II Adding Two or More Integer Fractions Without a Common Denominator

Two or more integer fractions without a common denominator are added using the steps given as
in each case below:
Case II-A Add two integer fractions without a common denominator using the following steps:
a
Step 1 Change the integer number ( a ) to an integer fraction of the form   , e.g., change 5
 
1
5
to .
1
Step 2 a. Multiply the denominators of the first and second fractions to obtain the new
denominator.
b. Cross multiply the numerator of the first fraction with the denominator of the
second fraction.
c. Cross multiply the numerator of the second fraction with the denominator of the
first fraction.
d. Add the results from the steps 2b and 2c above to obtain the new numerator.
The following examples show the steps as to how two integer fractions without a common
denominator are added:
Example 3.1-13
2 3
+ =
5 4

Solution:
2 3 (2 × 4) + (3 × 5) 8 + 15 23
Step 2 + = = =
5 4 5× 4 20 20
23 3
Step 4 = 1
20 20
Example 3.1-14
4
40 + =
3
Solution:
4 40 4
Step 1 40 + = +
3 1 3
40 4 (40 × 3) + (4 × 1) 120 + 4 124

Step 2 + = = =
1 3 1× 3 3 3
124 1
Step 4 = 41
3 3
Example 3.1-15
3 2
+ =
5 7
Solution:
3 2 (3 × 7) + (2 × 5) 21 + 10 31
Step 2 + = = =
5 7 5× 7 35 35

Example 3.1-16
8 3
+ =
15 5
Solution:
8 3 (8 × 5) + (3 × 15) 40 + 45 85
Step 2 + = = =
15 5 15 × 5 75 75
85 85 ÷ 5 17
Step 3 = =
75 75 ÷ 5 15
17 2
Step 4 = 1
15 15
Example 3.1-17
5
+3 =
6
Solution:
5 5 3
Step 1 +3 = +
6 6 1
5 3 (5 × 1) + (3 × 6) 5 + 18 23
Step 2 + = = =
6 1 6×1 6 6
23 5
Step 4 = 3
6 6
In general, two integer fractions without a common denominator are added in the following way:
a c ( a × d ) + ( c × b) ad + cb
+ = =
b d (b × d ) bd
Example 3.1-18
17
6 9 ( 6 × 4) + ( 3 × 9) 24 + 27 51
// 17 1
+ = = = = = 4
3 4 3× 4 12 12
// 4 4
4

Case II-B Add three integer fractions without a common denominator using the following
steps:
Step 1 Use parentheses to group the first and second fractions.
a
 
1
28
to .
1
Step 3 a. Add the grouped fractions following Steps 2a through 2d, outlined in Section 3.1,
Case II-A above, to obtain a new integer fraction.
b. Add the new integer fraction to the third fraction by repeating Steps 2a through 2d
outlined in Section 3.1, Case II-A above.
The following examples show the steps as to how three integer fractions without a common
denominator are added:
Example 3.1-19
3 4 1
+ + =
5 3 6
Solution:
3 4 1  3 4 1
Step 1 + + =  + +
5 3 6  5 3 6
 3 4 1  ( 3 × 3) + ( 4 × 5)  1  9 + 20  1  29  1 29 1
Step 3  + + =  + =  + =  + = +
 5 3 6  5× 3  6  15  6  15  6 15 6
(29 × 6) + (1 × 15) 174 + 15 189

= = =
15 × 6 90 90
189 189 ÷ 9 21
Step 4 = =
90 90 ÷ 9 10
21 1
Step 5 = 2
10 10
Example 3.1-20
4 2 1
+ + =
6 5 8

Solution:
4 2 1  4 2 1
Step 1 + + =  + +
6 5 8  6 5 8
 4 2 1  ( 4 × 5) + ( 2 × 6)  1  20 + 12  1  32  1 32 1
Step 3  + + =  + =  + =  + = +
 6 5 8  6 × 5  8  30  8  30  8 30 8
(32 × 8) + (1 × 30) 256 + 30 286

= = =
30 × 8 240 240
286 286 ÷ 2 143

Step 4 = =
240 240 ÷ 2 120
143 23
Step 5 = 1
120 120
Example 3.1-21
3 5
+ 12 + =
5 8
Solution:
3 5 3  5
Step 1 + 12 + =  + 12 +
5 8  5  8
3  5  3 12  5
Step 2  + 12 + =  +  +
5  8 5 1  8
 3 12  5  ( 3 × 1) + (12 × 5)  5  3 + 60  5  63 5 63 5
Step 3  + + =  + =  + =  + = +
5 1  8  5×1  8  5  8  5  8 5 8
(63 × 8) + (5 × 5) 504 + 25 529

= = =
5×8 40 40
529 9
Step 5 = 13
40 40
Example 3.1-22
3 5
15 + + =
4 6

Solution:
3 5  3 5
Step 1 15 + + = 15 + +
4 6  4 6
 3 5  15 3  5
Step 2 15 +  + =  +  +
 4 6  1 4 6
 15 3 5  (15 × 4) + ( 3 × 1)  5  60 + 3 5  63 5 63 5
Step 3  + + =  + =  + =  + = +
1 4 6  1× 4  6  4  6  4 6 4 6
(63 × 6) + (5 × 4) 378 + 20 398

= = =
4×6 24 24
398 398 ÷ 2 199

Step 4 = =
24 24 ÷ 2 12
199 7
Step 5 = 16
12 12
Example 3.1-23
4 2
25 + + =
5 3
Solution:
4 2  4 2
Step 1 25 + + =  25 +  +
5 3  5 3
 4 2  25 4  2
Step 2  25 +  + =  + +
 5 3  1 5 3
 25 4  2  ( 25 × 5) + ( 4 × 1)  2  125 + 4  2 129 2
Step 3  + + =  + =  + = +
 1 5 3  1× 5  3  5  3 5 3
(129 × 3) + (2 × 5) 387 + 10 397

= = =
5× 3 15 15
397 7
Step 5 = 26
15 15

In general, three integer fractions without a common denominator are added as in the following
cases:
Case I.
a c e
+ +
 a 
=  + +
c e  ( a × d ) + ( c × b)  e
=  +
 ad + cb  e
=  + =
[(ad + cb) × f ] + (e × bd )
b d f  b  d f  b × d  f  bd  f bd × f
(ad + cb) f + ebd adf + cbf + ebd

= =
bdf bdf
Example 3.1-24
1 3 2  1 3 2  (1 × 4) + ( 3 × 2)  2  4 + 6 2  10  2 10 2
+ + =  + + =  + =  + =  + = +
2 4 5  2 4 5  2 × 4  5  8  5  8  5 8 5
33
(10 × 5) + (2 × 8) 50 + 16 66
// 33 13
= = = = = 1
8×5 40 40
// 20 20
20
Case II.
a c e a c e a  (c × f ) + (e × d )  a  cf + ed  (a × df ) + [(cf + ed ) × b ]
+ + = + +  = +  = +  =
b d f b d f b  d× f  b  df  b × df
adf + ( cf + ed )b adf + cfb + edb

= =
bdf bdf
Example 3.1-25
1 3 2 1 3 2 1  ( 3 × 5) + ( 2 × 4)  1  15 + 8  1  23  1 23
+ + = + +  = +  = +  = +  = +
2 4 5 2 4 5 2  4×5  2  20  2  20  2 20
33
(1 × 20) + (23 × 2) 20 + 46 66
// 33 13
= = = = = 1
2 × 20 40 40
// 20 20
20
Note - In addition the use of parentheses does not change the final answer; the two examples
above have the same answer (see Section 1.2).

The following examples further illustrate how to add integer fractions:

Note that throughout the remaining chapters of this book, the intent of these additional examples
(which are given at the end of each section) is to show that:
1. Fractional operations can be solved in different ways, and
2. Fractional operations do not necessarily have to be solved in the exact “Steps” order as is
given in this and other chapters. For example, in many instances, the process of adding,
subtracting, multiplying, and dividing fractions is greatly simplified if fractions are reduced
to their lowest terms first. In some instances, fractions are simplified several times at
various steps of an operation.
Example 3.1-26
13
3 4 ( 3 × 5) + ( 4 × 6) 15 + 24 39
// 13 3
+ = = = = = 1
6 5 6×5 30 30
// 10 10
10
Example 3.1-27
3
3 8 4 3+ 8 + 4 15
// 3
+ + = = = = 3
5 5 5 5 5/ 1
1
Example 3.1-28
2 1 4  2 1 4  ( 2 × 4) + (1 × 5)  4  8 + 5 4  13  4 13 4
+ + =  + + =  + =  + =  + = +
5 4 3  5 4 3  5× 4  3  20  3  20  3 20 3
(13 × 3) + (4 × 20) 39 + 80 119 59

= = = = 1
20 × 3 60 60 60
Example 3.1-29
1  2 1 1  ( 2 × 5) + (1 × 3) 
+ +  = +
1  10 + 3 1  13 1 13 (1 × 15) + (13 × 2)
 = +  = +  = + =
2  3 5 2  3×5  2  15  2  15  2 15 2 × 15
15 + 26 41 11
= = = 1
30 30 30
Example 3.1-30
 3
4 8 9  6 4   8 9/   ( 6 × 3) + ( 4 × 1)   8 3   18 + 4   (8 × 2) + ( 3 × 1) 
6+ + + =  +  + +  =   + +  =   + 
3 1 6  1 3   1 6/   1× 3   1 2  3   1× 2 
 2
 22   16 + 3 22  19  22 19 (22 × 2) + (19 × 3) 44 + 57 101 16 5

=   +  = +  = + = = = =
 3  2  3  2 3 2 3× 2 6 6 6

Example 3.1-31
 2 6  8 2 1  2 + 6   8 + 2 + 1  8   11 8 11 (8 × 6) + (11 × 3) 48 + 33
 +  + + +  =   +  =   +  = + = =
 3 3  6 6 6  3   6   3  6  3 6 3× 6 18
9
81
// 9 1
= = = 4
18
// 2 2
2
Example 3.1-32
2 1 7 4 3  2 1  7 4  3  ( 2 × 5) + (1 × 3)   ( 7 × 5) + ( 4 × 10)  3
+ + + + =  +  + +  + =   + +
3 5 10 5 8  3 5  10 5  8  3×5   10 × 5  8
3
 10 + 3  35 + 40  3  13  75 3 13 75
// 3 13 3 3  13 3  3
=   + + =   +  + = + + = + + =  + +
 15   50  8  15  50  8 15 50
// 8 15 2 8  15 2  8
2
 (13 × 2) + ( 3 × 15)  3  26 + 45 3  71 3 71 3 (71 × 8) + (3 × 30) 568 + 90

=  + =  + =  + = + = =
 15 × 2  8  30  8  30  8 30 8 30 × 8 240
329
658
/// 329 89
= = = 2
240
/// 120 120
120
Example 3.1-33
0 5 4 2 5 4 6 2 5 4 6  2 5   4 6
2+ + + +6 = + 0+ + + = + + + =  +  + + 
200 10 5 1 10 5 1 1 10 5 1  1 10   5 1 
 ( 2 × 10) + ( 5 × 1)   ( 4 × 1) + ( 6 × 5)   20 + 5  4 + 30   25  34  25 34
=   +  =   +  =   +  = +
 1 × 10   5×1   10   5   10   5  10 5
93
( 25 × 5) + ( 34 × 10) 125 + 340 465
/// 93 3
= = = = = 9
10 × 5 50 50
// 10 10
10
Example 3.1-34
4  3 1  2  4  ( 3 × 5) + (1 × 4)   5 2   4  15 + 4   (5 × 3) + ( 2 × 1)  
+  +  +  5 +   = +   +  +   = +   + 
5  4 5  3  5  4×5   1 3   5  20   1× 3  

4  19   15 + 2   4  19  17   4  19 17  4  (19 × 3) + (17 × 20) 

= +   +  = + +  = + + = + 
5  20   3   5  20  3   5  20 3  5  20 × 3 
89
4  57 + 340  4  397  4 397 ( 4 × 60) + ( 397 × 5) 240 + 1985 2225
//// 89 5
= + = +  = + = = = = = 7
5  60  5  60  5 60 5 × 60 300 300
/// 12 12
12
Example 3.1-35
 1 1   3 5    1 3 4   (1 × 2) + (1 × 4)   3 + 5   1 + 3 + 4 
 +  +  +   +  + +  =   +  +  
 4 2 4 4  5 5 5  4×2   4    5 
  2 
 2 + 4   8/    8   6   2   8 6 2 8  ( 6 × 1) + ( 2 × 8)  8  6 + 16  8
=   +   +   =   +    +   =  +  + =  + =  +
  4/   5   8   1    5 
 8  1  
8 1 5  8×1  5  8  5

87
22 8 ( 22 × 5) + (8 × 8) 110 + 64 174
/// 87 7
= + = = = = = 4
8 5 8×5 40 40
// 20 20
20
Section 3.1 Exercises - Add the following integer fractions:
4 2 3 2 3 2 5
1. + = 2. + = 3. + + =
9 9 8 5 8 4 6
4 2 3 0 6 4 3 1 1
4. + + = 5. 5 + + + = 6.  +  + =
5 5 5 10 1 8  16  8 6
4 2 2 1 3 2  4 2 1 2 1 4 2
7.  +  +  + +  = 8. + + +  = 9. + + + + 12 =
 5 8  4 4 4 5  9 9 9 5 2 5 3
5 3 1  1 3
10.  +  +   +  +  =
8  5 8   8 8

Mastering Fractions 3.2 Subtracting Integer Fractions
3.2 Subtracting Integer Fractions

Integer fractions, i.e., fractions where both the numerator and the denominator are integer
numbers are subtracted as in the following cases:
Case I Subtracting Two or More Integer Fractions With Common Denominators
Integer fractions with two or more common denominators are subtracted using the steps given as
in each case below:
Case I-A Subtract two integer fractions with common denominators using the following
steps:
Step 1 a. Use the common denominator between the first and second fractions as the new
denominator.
b. Subtract the numerators of the first and second fractions to obtain the new
numerator.
The following examples show the steps as to how two integer fractions with common
denominators are subtracted:
Example 3.2-1
25 2
− =
3 3
Solution:
25 2 25 − 2 23
Step 1 − = =
3 3 3 3
23 2
Step 3 = 7
3 3
Example 3.2-2
40 10
− =
4 4
Solution:
40 10 40 − 10 30
Step 1 − = =
4 4 4 4
30 30 ÷ 2 15
Step 2 = =
4 4÷2 2

15 1
Step 3 = 7
2 2
Example 3.2-3
9 22
− =
12 12
Solution:
9 22 9 − 22 −13
Step 1 − = =
12 12 12 12
−13  1
Step 3 = − 1 
12 12
Example 3.2-4
5 14
− =
10 10
Solution:
5 14 5 − 14 −9
Step 1 − = =
10 10 10 10
Example 3.2-5
15 53
− =
6 6
Solution:
15 53 15 − 53 −38
Step 1 − = =
6 6 6 6
−38 −38 ÷ 2 −19

Step 2 = =
6 6÷2 3
−19  1
Step 3 = − 6 
3 3

In general, two integer fractions with a common denominator are subtracted in the following
way:
a b a −b
− =
d d d
Example 3.2-6
1
6 4 6−4 2/ 1
− = = =
8 8 8 8/ 4
4
Case I-B Subtract three integer fractions with common denominators using the following
steps:
Step 1 a. Use the common denominator between the first, second, and third fractions as the
new denominator.
b. Subtract the numerators of the first, second, and third fractions to obtain the new
numerator.
The following examples show the steps as to how three integer fractions with common
Example 3.2-7
7 3 1
− − =
4 4 4
Solution:
7 3 1 7 − 3−1 7−4 3
Step 1 − − = = =
4 4 4 4 4 4
Example 3.2-8
25 3 4
− − =
8 8 8
Solution:
25 3 4 25 − 3 − 4 25 − 7 18
Step 1 − − = = =
8 8 8 8 8 8

18 18 ÷ 2 9
Step 2 = =
8 8÷2 4
9 1
Step 3 = 2
4 4
Example 3.2-9
25 4 1
− − =
6 6 6
Solution:
25 4 1 25 − 4 − 1 25 − 5 20
Step 1 − − = = =
6 6 6 6 6 6
20 20 ÷ 2 10
Step 2 = =
6 6÷2 3
10 1
Step 3 = 3
3 3
Example 3.2-10
12 28 13
− − =
7 7 7
Solution:
12 28 13 12 − 28 − 13 12 − 41 −29
Step 1 − − = = =
7 7 7 7 7 7
−29  1
Step 3 = − 4 
7 7
Example 3.2-11
125 25 360
− − =
12 12 12
Solution:
125 25 360 125 − 25 − 360 125 − 385 −260

Step 1 − − = = =
12 12 12 12 12 12
−260 −260 ÷ 4 −65

Step 2 = =
12 12 ÷ 4 3

−65  2
Step 3 = − 21 
3 3
In general, three integer fractions with a common denominator are subtracted in the following
way:
a b c a −b−c
− − =
d d d d
Example 3.2-12
1
5 2 1 5− 2−1 5− 3 2/ 1
− − = = = =
6 6 6 6 6 6/ 3
3
Case II Subtracting Two or More Integer Fractions Without a Common Denominator

Two or more integer fractions without a common denominator are subtracted using the steps
given as in each case below:
Case II-A Subtract two integer fractions without a common denominator using the following
steps:
a
Step 1 Change the integer number ( a ) to an integer fraction of the form   , e.g., change
  1
358
358 to .
1
Step 2 a. Multiply the denominators of the first and second fractions to obtain the new
denominator.
b. Cross multiply the numerator of the first fraction with the denominator of the
second fraction.
c. Cross multiply the numerator of the second fraction with the denominator of the
first fraction.
d. Subtract the results from steps 2b and 2c above to obtain the new numerator.
The following examples show the steps as to how two integer fractions without a common
denominator are subtracted:
Example 3.2-13
12
5− =
8
Solution:
12 5 12
Step 1 5− = −
8 1 8

5 12 (5 × 8) − (12 × 1) 40 − 12 28
Step 2 − = = =
1 8 1× 8 8 8
28 28 ÷ 4 7
Step 3 = =
8 8÷4 2
7 1
Step 4 = 3
2 2
Example 3.2-14
4 3
− =
5 8
Solution:
4 3 (4 × 8) − (3 × 5) 32 − 15 17
Step 2 − = = =
5 8 5×8 40 40
Example 3.2-15
9 3
− =
8 4
Solution:
9 3 (9 × 4) − (3 × 8) 36 − 24 12
Step 2 − = = =
8 4 8×4 32 32
12 12 ÷ 4 3
Step 3 = =
32 32 ÷ 4 8
Example 3.2-16
10
− 35 =
6

Solution:
10 10 35
Step 1 − 35 = −
6 6 1
10 35 (10 × 1) − (35 × 6) 10 − 210 −200

Step 2 − = = =
6 1 6×1 6 6
−200 −200 ÷ 2 −100

Step 3 = =
6 6÷2 3
−100  1
Step 4 = − 33 
3 3
Example 3.2-17
3 4
− =
9 15
Solution:
3 4 (3 × 15) − (4 × 9) 45 − 36 9
Step 2 − = = =
9 15 9 × 15 135 135
9 9÷9 1
Step 3 = =
135 135 ÷ 9 15
In general, two integer fractions without a common denominator are subtracted in the following
way:
a c ( a × d ) − ( c × b) ad − cb
− = =
b d b×d bd
Example 3.2-18
5
3 1
− =
( 3 × 8) − (1 × 4) 24 − 4 20
// 5
= = =
4 8 4×8 32 32
// 8
8
Case II-B Subtract three integer fractions without a common denominator using the following
steps:

a
  1
12
to .
1
Step 3 a. Subtract the grouped fraction following Steps 2a through 2d, outlined in Section
3.2, Case II-A above, to obtain a new integer fraction.
b. Subtract the new integer fraction from the third fraction by repeating Steps 2a
through 2d, outlined in Section 3.2, Case II-A above.
The following examples show the steps as to how three integer fractions without a common
Example 3.2-19
4 1 2
− − =
5 3 6
Solution:
4 1 2  4 1 2
Step 1 − − =  − −
5 3 6  5 3 6
 4 1 2  ( 4 × 3) − (1 × 5)  2  12 − 5 2  7 2 7 2
Step 3  − − =  − =  − =  − = −
 5 3 6  5× 3  6  15  6  15 6 15 6
(7 × 6) − (2 × 15) 42 − 30 12
= = =
15 × 6 90 90
12 12 ÷ 6 2
Step 4 = =
90 90 ÷ 6 15
Example 3.2-20
4 2 3
− − =
7 5 4
Solution:
4 2 3  4 2 3
Step 1 − − =  − −
7 5 4  7 5 4

 4 2 3  ( 4 × 5) − ( 2 × 7)  3  20 − 14  3  6 3 6 3
Step 3  − − =  − =  − =  − = −
 7 5 4  7×5  4  35  4 35 4 35 4
(6 × 4) − (3 × 35) 24 − 105 −81

= = =
35 × 4 140 140
Example 3.2-21
5 2
15 − − =
8 3
Solution:
5 2  5 2
Step 1 15 − − = 15 −  −
8 3  8 3
 5 2  15 5  2
Step 2 15 −  − =  −  −
 8 3  1 8 3
 15 5  2  (15 × 8) − (5 × 1)  2  120 − 5 2  115 2 115 2

Step 3  − − =  − =  − =  − = −
 1 8 3  1 × 8  3  8  3  8  3 8 3
(115 × 3) − (2 × 8) 345 − 16 329

= = =
8×3 24 24
329 17
Step 5 = 13
24 24
Example 3.2-22
3 32
25 − − =
4 5
Solution:
3 32  3  32
Step 1 25 − − =  25 −  −
4 5  4 5

 3  32  25 3  32
Step 2  25 −  − =  − −
 4 5  1 4 5
 25 3  32  ( 25 × 4) − ( 3 × 1)  32  100 − 3 32  97  32
Step 3  − − =  − =  − =  −
 1 4  5  1× 4  5  4  5  4 5
97 32 (97 × 5) − (32 × 4) 485 − 128 357

= − = = =
4 5 4×5 20 20
357 17
Step 5 = 17
20 20
Example 3.2-23
4 1
− −7 =
5 4
Solution:
4 1  4 1
Step 1 − −7 =  −  −7
5 4  5 4
 4 1  4 1 7
Step 2  −  −7 =  −  −
 5 4  5 4 1
 4 1 7  ( 4 × 4) − (1 × 5)  7  16 − 5 7  11  7 11 7
Step 3  − − =  − =  − =  − = −
 5 4 1  5× 4  1  20  1  20  1 20 1
(11 × 1) − (7 × 20) 11 − 140 −129

= = =
20 × 1 20 20
−129  9
Step 5 = − 6 
20 20
In general, three integer fractions without a common denominator are subtracted as in the
following cases:
Case I.
a c e
− −
a c
=  − −
e  ( a × d ) − ( c × b)  e
=  −
 ad − cb  e
=  − =
[(ad − cb) × f ] − (e × bd )
b d f b d f  b × d  f  bd  f bd × f

=
[adf − cbf ] − ebd
=
adf − cbf − ebd
bdf bdf
Example 3.2-24
7 1 2  7 1 2  ( 7 × 2) − (1 × 4)  2  14 − 4  2  10  2 10 2
− − =  − − =  − =  − =  − = −
4 2 3  4 2 3  4×2  3  8  3  8 3 8 3
7
(10 × 3) − (2 × 8) 30 − 16 14
// 7
= = = =
8×3 24 24
// 12
12
Case II.
a c e a  c e a  −( c × f ) − ( e × d )  e a  −cf − ed 
− − = + − −  = + − = + 
b d f b  d f b  d× f  f b  df 
(a × df ) + [b × ( −cf − ed ) ] adf + [ −bcf − bed ] adf − bcf − bed

= = =
b × df bdf bdf
Example 3.2-25
7 1 2 7  1 2 7  −(1 × 3) − ( 2 × 2)  7  −3 − 4  7  −7  7 7
− − = + − −  = +  = +  = +  = −
4 2 3 4  2 3  4  2×3  4  6  4  6  4 6
7
(7 × 6) − (7 × 4) 42 − 28 14
// 7
= = = =
4×6 24 24
// 12
12
The following examples further illustrate how to subtract integer fractions:
Example 3.2-26
5
45 5 45 − 5 40
// 5
− = = = = 5
8 8 8 8/ 1
1
Example 3.2-27
1 −1
3 5 3/ 5 1 5 (1 × 8) − (5 × 2) 8 − 10 −2/ 1
− = − = − = = = = −
6 8 6/ 8 2 8 2×8 16 16
// 8
2 8

Example 3.2-28
15
8 1 2  8 1 2  ( 8 × 6) − (1 × 3)  2  48 − 3 2  45 2 45
// 2 15 2
− − =  − − =  − =  − =  − = − = −
3 6 5  3 6  5  3× 6  5  18  5  18  5 18
// 5 6 5
6
21
(15 × 5) − (2 × 6) 75 − 12 63 // 21 1
= = = = = 2
6×5 30 30
// 10 10
10
Example 3.2-29
5
16 2 4 16 − 2 − 4 16 − 6 10
// 5 1
− − = = = = = 2
4 4 4 4 4 4/ 2 2
2
Example 3.2-30
3 2  3 2 9  ( 3 × 3) − ( 2 × 5)  9  9 − 10  9  −1 9 −1 9
− −9 =  −  − =  − =  − =  − = −
5 3  5 3 1  5× 3  1  15  1  15  1 15 1
( −1 × 1) − (9 × 15) −1 − 135 −136  1 

= = = = − 9 
15 × 1 15 15 15
Example 3.2-31
 13 4  1  (13 × 3) − ( 4 × 8)  1  39 − 32  1  7 1 7 1 ( 7 × 5) − (1 × 24)
 − − =  − =  − =  − = − =
 8 3 5  8×3  5  24  5  24  5 24 5 24 × 5
35 − 24 11
= =
120 120
Example 3.2-32
1
2  1 1 2/  (5 × 1) − (1 × 3) 
− −  = −
1  5 − 3 1  2 1 2 (1 × 15) − (2 × 2) 15 − 4
 = −  = −  = − = =
4  3 5 4/  3×5  2  15  2  15  2 15 2 × 15 30
2
11
=
30
Example 3.2-33
 20 1  4 6   ( 20 × 5) − (1 × 3)   4 − 6   100 − 3  −2   97   2  97 2
 −  − −  =   −  =   −  =   +  = +
 3 5  7 7   3×5   7   15   7   15   7  15 7

(97 × 7) + (2 × 15) 679 + 30 709 79

= = = = 6
15 × 7 105 105 105
Example 3.2-34
5 
4  3 1  1  4  ( 3 × 4) − (1 × 2)  1  4  12 − 2  1  4  10  1  4  10
/ / 1
−  − − = −   −  = −  − = −   −  = −  − 
5  2 4  5  5  2×4  5  5  8  5  5  8  5  5 8/ 5
4 
 
4  5 1 4  (5 × 5) − (1 × 4)  4  25 − 4  4  21  4 21 (4 × 20) − (21 × 5)
= − − = −  = − = − = − =
5  4 5  5  4×5  5  20  5  20  5 20 5 × 20
−1
80 − 105 −25
// 1
= = = −
100 100
/// 4
4
Example 3.2-35
 1  4 3   20 1  4 − 3  4  ( 20 × 5) − (1 × 1)   1   4
 20 −  −  −  − 4 =  −  −  − =   −   −
 5  3 3   1 5  3   1
  1× 5   3  1
 100 − 1 1  4  99
  1  4  99 1 4  ( 99 × 3) − (1 × 5)  4  297 − 5  4
=  − − =   −  − =  −  − =  − =  −
  5  3  1  5  3  1  5 3  1  5× 3  1  15  1
  292 4 292 4 (292 × 1) − (4 × 15) 292 − 60 232 7

=  − = − = = = = 15
 15  1 15 1 15 × 1 15 15 15
Section 3.2 Exercises - Subtract the following integer fractions:
3 2 2 3 12 3 6
1. − = 2. − = 3. − − =
5 5 5 4 15 15 15
5 3 1 2 1 2 1 2
4. − − = 5.  −  − = 6. 28 −  −  =
8 4 3 8 6 5 8 3
4 1 4 1 1 3 1 18 4 2 
7.  −  −  −  = 8.  20 −  −  −  = 9.  −  −   − 2 =
6 8 5 2  6 4 2  5  3 3 
 1 16  1
10. 18 −  −  − 2  − =
 2  2  5

Mastering Fractions 3.3 Multiplying Integer Fractions
3.3 Multiplying Integer Fractions

Two or more integer fractions with or without a common denominator are multiplied using the
steps given as in each case below:
Case I Multiply two integer fractions with or without a common denominator using the
following steps:
a
  1
300
300 to .
1
Step 2 a. Multiply the numerator of the first fraction with the numerator of the second
fraction to obtain the new numerator.
b. Multiply the denominator of the first fraction with the denominator of the second
fraction to obtain the new denominator.
The following examples show the steps as to how two integer fractions with or without a
common denominator are multiplied:
Example 3.3-1
4 3
× =
5 8
Solution:
4 3 4×3 12
Step 2 × = =
5 8 5×8 40
12 12 ÷ 4 3
Step 3 = =
40 40 ÷ 4 10
Example 3.3-2
5
25 × =
8
Solution:
5 25 5
Step 1 25 × = ×
8 1 8
25 5 25 × 5 125
Step 2 × = =
1 8 1× 8 8

125 5
Step 4 = 15
8 8
Example 3.3-3
140 1
× =
3 5
Solution:
140 1 140 × 1 140

Step 2 × = =
3 5 3×5 15
140 140 ÷ 5 28
Step 3 = =
15 15 ÷ 5 3
28 1
Step 4 = 9
3 3
Example 3.3-4
4
36 × =
28
Solution:
4 36 4
Step 1 36 × = ×
28 1 28
36 4 36 × 4 144
Step 2 × = =
1 28 1 × 28 28
144 144 ÷ 4 36
Step 3 = =
28 28 ÷ 4 7
36 1
Step 4 = 5
7 7
Example 3.3-5
9
× 12 =
38
Solution:
9 9 12
Step 1 × 12 = ×
38 38 1

9 12 9 × 12 108
Step 2 × = =
38 1 38 × 1 38
108 108 ÷ 2 54
Step 3 = =
38 38 ÷ 2 19
54 16
Step 4 = 2
19 19
In general, two integer fractions with or without a common denominator are multiplied in the
following way:
a c a×c ac
× = =
b d b×d bd
Example 3.3-6
3
2 3 2×3 6/ 3
× = = =
5 4 5× 4 20
// 10
10
Case II Multiply three integer fractions with or without a common denominator using the
following steps:
a
  1
25
to .
1
Step 2 a. Multiply the numerators of the first, second, and third fractions to obtain the new
numerator (see Section 1.4).
b. Multiply the denominator of the first, second, and third fractions to obtain the new
denominator (see Section 1.4).
is an improper fraction(see Section 2.2).
The following examples show the steps as to how three integer fractions with or without a
Example 3.3-7
3 1
12 × × =
5 8
Solution:
3 1 12 3 1
Step 1 12 × × = × ×
5 8 1 5 8

12 3 1 12 × 3 × 1 36
Step 2 × × = =
1 5 8 1× 5× 8 40
36 36 ÷ 4 9
Step 3 = =
40 40 ÷ 4 10
Example 3.3-8
25 4 6
× × =
3 7 5
Solution:
25 4 6 25 × 4 × 6 600
Step 2 × × = =
3 7 5 3× 7 ×5 105
600 600 ÷ 15 40
Step 3 = =
105 105 ÷ 15 7
40 5
Step 4 = 5
7 7
Example 3.3-9
25 9
× 14 × =
3 50
Solution:
25 9 25 14 9
Step 1 × 14 × = × ×
3 50 3 1 50
25 14 9 25 × 14 × 9 3150
Step 2 × × = =
3 1 50 3 × 1 × 50 150
3150 3150 ÷ 150 21

Step 3 = = = 21
150 150 ÷ 150 1
Example 3.3-10
9 33 5
× × =
8 5 48

Solution:
9 33 5 9 × 33 × 5 1485
Step 2 × × = =
8 5 48 8 × 5 × 48 1920
1485 1485 ÷ 15 99
Step 3 = =
1920 1920 ÷ 15 128
Example 3.3-11
125 28
× × 39 =
4 13
Solution:
125 28 125 28 39
Step 1 × × 39 = × ×
4 13 4 13 1
125 28 39 125 × 28 × 39 136500

Step 2 × × = =
4 13 1 4 × 13 × 1 52
136500 136500 ÷ 52 2625

Step 3 = = = 2625
52 52 ÷ 52 1
In general, three integer fractions with or without a common denominator are multiplied as in the
following cases:
Case I.
a c e a×c×e ace
× × = =
b d f b×d × f bdf
Example 3.3-12
1 1 1
2 3 5 2/ × 3× 5/ 1× 1× 1 1
× × = = =
3 15 2 3/× 15
/ /× 2/ 1× 3 × 1 3
1 3 1
Case II.
a c e  a  c  e  a×c e ac e ac e ac × e ace
× × =  × × =  × =  × = × = =
b d f b d f b × d f  bd  f bd f bd × f bdf

Example 3.3-13
 1 1
2 3 5 2 3 5  2 × 3/  5  2 ×1 5  2 5 2 5 2 × 5/ 1× 1
× × =  × × =  × =  × =  × = × = =
3 15 2  3 15 2  3/× 15 2  1 × 15 2  15 2 15 2 15
/ /× 2 3×1
1  3
1
=
3
Case III.
a c e a c e a  c×e  a  ce  a ce a × ce ace
× × = × ×  = ×  = ×  = × = =
b d f b d f  b d × f  b  df  b df b × df bdf
Example 3.3-14
 1 1 
2 3 5 2  3 5 2  3 × 5/  2  3/× 1  2  1 × 1 2  1 2 1
× × = × ×  = ×  = ×  = ×  = ×  = ×
3 15 2 3  15 2  / /× 2 
3  15 3  3/× 2  3  1× 2 3  2 3 2
 3  1 
1
2/ × 1 1× 1 1
= = =
3 × 2/ 3×1 3
1
Note - In multiplication the use of parentheses does not change the final answer; the three
examples above have the same answer (see Section 1.4).
The following examples further illustrate how to multiply integer fractions:
Example 3.3-15
1 1
3 2 3/× 2 1 × 2/ 1×1 1
× = = = =
5 6 5 × 6/ 5 × 2/ 5×1 5
2 1
Example 3.3-16
8
2 2 24 2 × 24
// 2×8 16
× 24 = × = = = = 16
3 3 1 3/× 1 1× 1 1
1
Example 3.3-17
1 5 1 1
2 4 25 2 × 4/ × 25
// 2/ × 1 × 5/ 1×1×1 1
× × = = = = = 1
5 5 8 5/× 5 × 8/ 1 × 5/× 2/ 1×1×1 1
1 2 1 1
Example 3.3-18
6 1 0 6 ×1× 0 0
× × = = = 0
3 3 1 3× 3×1 1

Example 3.3-19
10 1 1
2 1 1 1000 2 1 1 1000
/ / / / × 2/ × 1 × 1 10
/ /× 1× 1× 1 1× 1× 1× 1 1
1000 × × × = × × × = = = = = 1
100 10 2 1 100 10 2 1 × 100
/ / / × 10 × 2/ 1 × 1 × 10
/ /×1 1× 1× 1× 1 1
1 1 1
Example 3.3-20
1 1 3
3 4 6 1 3/× 4/ × 6 × 1 1× 1× 6 × 1 6/ 3
× × × = = = =
8 5 10 3 8/ × 5 × 10 × 3/ 2 × 5 × 10 × 1 100
/// 50
2 1 50
Example 3.3-21
 3
3  5 6  3  5 6 36  / /
3  5 × 6 × 36 3  5 × 6 × 3 3  90  3 90
×  × × 36 = × × ×  = ×  = ×  = ×  = ×
8  12 7  8  12 7 1  / /× 7 ×1
8  12 8  1× 7 × 1 8  7 8 7
 1 
135
3 × 90 270
/// 135 23
= = = = 4
8×7 56
// 28 28
28
Example 3.3-22
 12   1 
 3   3 25  3 24   3 25  3 × 24
/ /   3/× 25  3 × 12   1 × 25
 × 24 ×  ×  =  ×  × ×  =  ×
   =   × 
 10  8 6   10 1   8 6   10
/ / × 1   8 × 6/   5×1   8× 2 
 5   2
9 5
 36   25 36 25 36
/ / × 25
// 9×5 45 1
=   ×  = × = = = = 11
 5   16  5 16 5/× 16
// 1× 4 4 4
1 4
Example 3.3-23
1 
 2 3   1 20   2/ × 3   1 20 121  1 × 3   1 × 20 × 121  3   2420 
 ×  × × × 121 =   × × ×  =   ×  =   × 
 5 4   3 33   5 × 4
/   3 33 1   5 × 2   3 × 33 × 1   10   99 
 2
1 242 22
3 2420 3/× 2420
//// 1 × 242
/// 1 × 22 22 1
= × = = = = = 7
10 99 10
/ / × 99
// 1 × 33
// 1× 3 3 3
1 33 3
Example 3.3-24
 1  
 35 1    1   35 × 1 5   1 3  35
/ /  5   1 × 3  1 5   3
 5 × 7  × 5 ×  8 × 3 =  5 × 7  × 1  ×  8 × 1  =   ×  ×   =   ×  ×  
    / /  1  8 × 1
 35  1 1   8 
 1 
1 5  3 1 × 5  3 5 3 5 3 5× 3 15 7
=  × × =   × =  × = × = = = 1
1 1  8 1 × 1 8 1 8 1 8 1× 8 8 8

Example 3.3-25
 50   1  1
 9   1   100 50  / / / 50 
 9 80   1 5  100  9 × 80
/ /   1 × 5/   50 × 50 
 × 80 ×  × 5 ×  ×  =  ×  × ×  × ×  =   ×  × 
 80   50   2 1  80 1   50 1  2/ 1  80
/ / × 1   50/ / × 1  1 × 1 
 1   1   10 
250
 9 × 1  1 × 1   2500   9   1  2500 9 1 2500 9 × 1 × 2500
//// 9 × 1 × 250
=   ×  ×  =   ×  × = × × = =
 1 × 1   10 × 1  1   1   10  1 1 10 1 1 × 10
/ /×1 1×1×1
1
2250
= = 2250
1
Section 3.3 Exercises - Multiply the following integer fractions:
4 3 4 5
1. × = 2. × × 100 =
8 5 8 6
7 9 6 1 3 1
3. × × = 4. 34 × × × × 20 =
3 4 3 5 17 8
2 4 25 1 25 1 0
5.  × 3 ×  ×  = 6. 1000 ×  ×  ×  × =
 55  5 8  5  5 8 100
2 36 1 1 7 9 4 1 1
7. × × × 10 × = 8.  ×  ×  × ×  =
6 1 100 6 8 4  18 14 9
 2 1 25  2 3 4 6 7 4 7
9. 18 ×  ×  ×   × = 10.  × ×  ×  ×  × =
 8  5 3   9 8 49 5 3 8 2

Mastering Fractions 3.4 Dividing Integer Fractions
3.4 Dividing Integer Fractions

Two or more integer fractions with or without a common denominator are divided using the steps
Case I Divide two integer fractions with or without a common denominator using the
following steps:
a
 
1
39
to .
1
Step 2 a. Change the division sign to a multiplication sign.
b. Replace the numerator of the second fraction with its denominator.
c. Replace the denominator of the second fraction with its numerator.
d. Multiply the numerator of the first fraction with the numerator of the second
fraction to obtain the new numerator.
e. Multiply the denominator of the first fraction with the denominator of the second
fraction to obtain the new denominator.
The following examples show the steps as to how two integer fractions with or without a
common denominator are divided:
Example 3.4-1
3 8
÷ =
5 15
Solution:
3 8 3 15 3 × 15 45
Step 2 ÷ = × = =
5 15 5 8 5×8 40
45 45 ÷ 5 9
Step 3 = =
40 40 ÷ 5 8
9 1
Step 4 = 1
8 8
Example 3.4-2
6
9÷ =
12

Solution:
6 9 6
Step 1 9÷ = ÷
12 1 12
9 6 9 12 9 × 12 108
Step 2 ÷ = × = =
1 12 1 6 1× 6 6
108 108 ÷ 6 18
Step 3 = = = 18
6 6÷6 1
Example 3.4-3
320 75
÷ =
465 100
Solution:
320 75 320 100 320 × 100 32000

Step 2 ÷ = × = =
465 100 465 75 465 × 75 34875
32000 32000 ÷ 25 1280 1280 ÷ 5 256

Step 3 = = = =
34875 34875 ÷ 25 1395 1395 ÷ 5 279
Example 3.4-4
125
÷ 230 =
65
Solution:
125 125 230

Step 1 ÷ 230 = ÷
65 65 1
125 230 125 1 125 × 1 125

Step 2 ÷ = × = =
65 1 65 230 65 × 230 14950
125 125 ÷ 25 5
Step 3 = =
14950 14950 ÷ 25 598

Example 3.4-5
32 50
÷ =
18 12
Solution:
32 50 32 12 32 × 12 384
Step 2 ÷ = × = =
18 12 18 50 18 × 50 900
384 384 ÷ 4 96 96 ÷ 3 32
Step 3 = = = =
900 900 ÷ 4 225 225 ÷ 3 75
In general, two integer fractions with or without a common denominator are divided in the
following way:
a c a d a×d ad
÷ = × = =
b d b c b×c bc
Example 3.4-6
3
3 2 3 15 3 × 15
// 3× 3 9 1
÷ = × = = = = 4
5 15 5 2 5/× 2 1× 2 2 2
1
Case II Divide three integer fractions with or without a common denominator using the
following steps:
a
  1
258
258 to .
1
Step 2 a. Select the two fractions grouped by parentheses.
b. Divide the grouped fractions following Steps 2a through 2e, outlined in Section
3.4, Case I above, to obtain a new integer fraction.
c. Divide the new integer fraction by the third fraction by repeating Steps 2a through
2e, outlined in Section 3.4, Case I above.

The following examples show the steps as to how three integer fractions are divided:
Example 3.4-7
3  9
 ÷ 4 ÷ =
5  25
Solution:
3  9  3  4 9
Step 1  ÷ 4 ÷ =  ÷ ÷
5  25  5  1 25
 3 4 9  3 1 9  3 × 1 9  3 9 3 9
Step 2  ÷ ÷ =  × ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷
 5 1  25  5 4  25  5 × 4  25  20  25 20 25
3 25 3 × 25 75
= × = =
20 9 20 × 9 180
75 75 ÷ 15 5
Step 3 = =
180 180 ÷ 15 12
Example 3.4-8
 68 33
235 ÷  ÷  =
 15 12 
Solution:
 68 33 235  68 33

Step 1 235 ÷  ÷  = ÷ ÷ 
 15 12  1  15 12 
235  68 33 235  68 12  235  68 × 12  235  816 

Step 2 ÷ ÷  = ÷ ×  = ÷  = ÷ 
1  15 12  1  15 33 1  15 × 33  1  495
235 816 235 495 235 × 495 116325

= ÷ = × = =
1 495 1 816 1 × 816 816
116325 116325 ÷ 3 38775

Step 3 = =
816 816 ÷ 3 272
38775 151
Step 4 = 142
272 272
Example 3.4-9
 4 2 1
 ÷ ÷ =
 5 3 5

Solution:
 4 2 1  4  3 1 4×3   1 12 1 12 1 12 5
Step 2  ÷ ÷ =  × ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = ×
 5 3 5  5 2 5  5 × 2 5  10  5 10 5 10 1
12 × 5 60
= =
10 × 1 10
60 60 ÷ 10 6
Step 3 = = = 6
10 10 ÷ 10 1
Example 3.4-10
12  15 12 
÷ ÷  =
30  6 5
Solution:
12  15 12  12  15 5  12  15 × 5  12  75  12 75
Step 2 ÷ ÷  = ÷ ×  = ÷  = ÷  = ÷
30  6 5 30  6 12  30  6 × 12  30  72  30 72
12 72 12 × 72 864
= × = =
30 75 30 × 75 2250
864 864 ÷ 2 432 432 ÷ 9 48

Step 3 = = = =
2250 2250 ÷ 2 1125 1125 ÷ 9 125
Example 3.4-11
9  7 5
÷ ÷  =
6  6 6
Solution:
9  7 5 9  7 6 9  7 × 6 9  42  9 42 9 30
Step 2 ÷ ÷  = ÷ ×  = ÷  = ÷  = ÷ = ×
6  6 6 6  6 5 6  6 × 5 6  30  6 30 6 42

9 × 30 270
= =
6 × 42 252
270 270 ÷ 6 45
Step 3 = =
252 252 ÷ 6 42
45 3
Step 4 = 1
42 42
In general, three integer fractions with or without a common denominator are divided as in the
following cases:
Case I.
a c e  a  d e a ×d e  ad  e ad e ad f ad × f adf
 ÷ ÷ =  × ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = × = =
b d f  b  c f  b×c f  bc  f bc f bc e bc × e bce
Example 3.4-12
 2
 2 3 8  2 6 8  2 × 6/  8  2 × 2 8  2 × 2 8  4 8 4 8
 ÷ ÷ =  × ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷
 5 6 5  5 3 5  5 × 3/  5  5×1  5  5×1  5  5  5 5 5
 1
1 1
4 5 4/ × 5/ 1×1 1
= × = = =
5 8 5/× 8/ 1× 2 2
1 2
Case II.
a c e a c f a c× f  a  cf  a cf a de a × de ade
÷ ÷  = ÷ ×  = ÷  = ÷  = ÷ = × = =
b d f  b d e b  d × e b  de  b de b cf b × cf bcf
Example 3.4-13
1 
2  3 8 2  3 5 2  3/× 5  2  1× 5 2  5 2 5 2 16 2 × 16
÷ ÷  = ÷ ×  = ÷  = ÷  = ÷  = ÷ = × =
5  6 5 5  6 8 5  6/ × 8  5  2 × 8 5  16  5 16 5 5 5×5
2 
32 7
= = 1
25 25
The following examples further illustrate how to divide integer fractions:
Example 3.4-14
2 3
4 2 4 15 4/ × 15
// 2×3 6
÷ = × = = = = 6
5 15 5 2 5/× 2/ 1×1 1
1 1

Example 3.4-15
1
3 3 24 3 1 3/× 1 1× 1 1
÷ 24 = ÷ = × = = =
5 5 1 5 24 5 × 24
// 5×8 40
8
Example 3.4-16
3
 3 1 4  3 5 4  3 × 5 4  15 4 15 4 15 15 15 × 15
// 15 × 3
 ÷ ÷ =  × ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = × = =
 5 5  15  5 1  15  5 × 1  15  5  15 5 15 5 4 5/× 4 1× 4
1
45 1
= = 11
4 4
Example 3.4-17
1 
 2 4 25  2 3  25  2/ × 3  25  1 × 3  25  3  25 3 25 16
25 ÷  ÷  = ÷ ×  = ÷  = ÷  = ÷  = ÷ = ×
 8 3 1  8 4  1  8 × 4/  1  8×2  1  16  1 16 1 3
 2
25 × 16 400 1
= = = 133
1× 3 3 3
Example 3.4-18
 7
5 3   5 49  12 / /  12
 5 × 49  5 × 7  12  35 12 35 12 35 1
 ÷  ÷ 12 =  × ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = ×
 7 49  7 3  1  7/ × 3  1  1× 3 1  3 1 3 1 3 12
 1 
35 × 1 35
= =
3 × 12 36
Example 3.4-19
3 2   1 
 9 3   4 8  9 32   4 1  / /   4/ × 1 
 9/ × 32  3 × 2  1× 1   6  1 
 ÷  ÷ ÷  =  ×  ÷ ×  =   ÷  =   ÷  =   ÷ 
 16 32   8 1   16 3   8 8   16
/ / × 3/   8 × 8/   1× 1   8×2   1   16 
 1 1  2
6 1 6 16 6 × 16 96
= ÷ = × = = = 96
1 16 1 1 1× 1 1
Example 3.4-20
 2
 1 3  2  1 8  5 2   1 × 8/   5 3   1 × 2   5 × 3  2   15 2 15
 ÷  ÷ 5 ÷  =  ×  ÷  ÷  =   ÷ ×  =   ÷  =   ÷  = ÷
 4 8  3  4 3  1 3   4/ × 3   1 2   1 × 3  1 × 2   3  2  3 2
1 

2 2 2×2 4
= × = =
3 15 3 × 15 45
Example 3.4-21
 5   1 
 3  2   15 3   2 12   15 4   2 1   15
/ /× 4   2/ × 1 
 15 ÷  ÷  ÷ 12 =  ÷  ÷  ÷  =  ×  ÷  ×  =   ÷ 
 4  5   1 4  5 1   1 3   5 12   1 × 3/   5 × 12
//
 1  6
 5× 4  1× 1  20   1  20 1 20 30 20 × 30 600
=   ÷  =   ÷  = ÷ = × = = = 600
 1 × 1   5 × 6  1   30  1 30 1 1 1× 1 1
Example 3.4-22
 5 1 
 3 6  2   3 10   2 4   3 10
/ /   2 1  3 5   2/ × 1 
 ÷  ÷  ÷ 4 =  ×  ÷  ÷  =  ×  ÷  ×  =  ×  ÷  
 25 10   3   25 6   3 1   25 6/   3 4   25 3  3 × 4/ 
 3  2
 1 1
 3/× 5/   1 × 1   1 × 1  1   1 1 1 1 1 6 6 1
=   ÷  =   ÷  =   ÷ = ÷ = × = = 1
/ /× 3/   3 × 2 
 25  5 × 1  6   5 6 5 6 5 1 5 5
 5 1
Example 3.4-23
  1 1
1  3 6  4 1  3 8  4  1  3/× 8/   4 1  1×1  4 1  1  4
 8 ÷  8 ÷ 8   ÷ 16 =  8 ÷  8 × 6   ÷ 16 =   ÷ ÷ =  ÷  ÷ =  ÷   ÷
    8  8/ × 6/   16  8  1 × 2   16  8  2   16
  1 2  
 1
1 1  4 1 2 4  1 × 2/  4 1×1 4 1 4 1 4 1 16
=  ÷ ÷ =  × ÷ =   ÷ 16 =  4 × 1  ÷ 16 =  4  ÷ 16 = 4 ÷ 16 = 4 × 4
 8 2  16  8 1  16 8
/ × 1    
4 
 
1
1 × 16 16
// 1
= = = = 1
4×4 16
// 1
1
Example 3.4-24
 1 1   2 
 8 16   1 8   2  8 2   1 16   2  8/× 2/   1 × 16/ /  2
 4 ÷ 2  ÷  4 ÷ 16   ÷ 4 =  ×  ÷  ×   ÷ =   ÷  ÷
   4 16   4 8   4 / /   4 × 8/   4
 4/ × 16
 2 2  1 
  1 
 1 × 1   1 × 2/   2  1   1×1  2  1   1  2 1 1 2 1 2 2
=   ÷  ÷ =   ÷   ÷ =   ÷    ÷ =  ÷  ÷ =  ×  ÷

 2 × 2  4/ × 1   4  4   2 × 1  4  4   2   4 4 2 4 4 1 4
 2 

 1 1
 1 × 2/  2 1 × 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 4 1× 4 4/ 1
=  4/ × 1  ÷ 4 =  2 × 1 ÷ 4 = 2 ÷ 4 = ÷ = × = = = = 1
    2 4 2 2 2×2 4/ 1
2 
  1
Section 3.4 Exercises - Divide the following integer fractions:
8 4 3 12 4 4 1
1. ÷ = 2.  ÷  ÷ = 3.  ÷  ÷ 8 =
10 30 8 16  8  16 32 
9 27  2 4 4 8 1 4
4. 12 ÷  ÷ = 5.  ÷  ÷ 2 = 6.  ÷  ÷  ÷  =
8 16   20 5  15 30   5 35 
2 4 9 18 4 2 8 6 4 1
7.  ÷  ÷  ÷  = 8.  ÷  ÷  ÷ 4 = 9.  ÷ 1 ÷  ÷  =
 5  10  1 4  5 5  5   10   6 3
 9 18 4 1
10.  ÷  ÷  ÷ =
 8 16  2  8

Mastering Fractions 3.5 Solving Mixed Operations Using Integer Fractions
3.5 Solving Mixed Operations Using Integer Fractions

Mixed integer fractions, i.e., integer fractions that are being added, subtracted, multiplied, and
divided are solved by using the following steps:
a
Step 1 Change the integer number ( a) to an integer fraction of the form   , e.g., change
  1
155
155 to .
1
Step 2 Add, subtract, multiply, and divide the integer fractions by following the steps
outlined in sections 3.1 through 3.4.
The following examples show mathematical operations on integer fractions using the above
steps:
Example 3.5-1
 3 4   4 1
 ×  + ÷  =
 5 6   3 5
Solution:
 3 4   4 1  3 × 4   4 5  12   4 × 5 12  20 
Step 2  ×  + ÷  =   + ×  =   +  = + 
 5 6   3 5  5 × 6   3 1  30   3 × 1  30  3 
12 20 (12 × 3) + (20 × 30) 36 + 600 636

= + = = =
30 3 30 × 3 90 90
636 636 ÷ 6 106

Step 3 = =
90 90 ÷ 6 15
106 1
Step 4 = 7
15 15
Example 3.5-2
 4   4 3
2 +  −  −  =
 3  5 2 
Solution:
 4   4 3  2   4  4 3
Step 1 2 +  −  −  =  +  − − 
 3  5 2   1 3  5 2 

 2 4   4 3  ( 2 × 3) + ( 4 × 1)   ( 4 × 2) − ( 3 × 5)   6 + 4   8 − 15
Step 2  +  − −  =   −  =   − 
 1 3  5 2   1 × 3   5 × 2   3   10 
10
    −7
    10 7 10 7 (10 × 10) + (7 × 3) 100 + 21
=   −  =   +  = + = =
 3   10   3   10  3 10 3 × 10 30
121
=
30
121 1
Step 4 = 4
30 30
Example 3.5-3
9  3
 ÷ 2 × =
5  5
Solution:
9  3  9 2 3
Step 1  ÷ 2 × =  ÷ ×
5  5  5 1 5
 9 2 3  9 1 3  9 × 1 3  9 3 9 3 9×3
Step 2  ÷ × =  × × =  × =  × = × =
 5 1 5  5 2 5  5 × 2 5  10  5 10 5 10 × 5
27
=
50
Example 3.5-4
 3 4   2 1
 −  ÷ +  =
 5 3  3 8
Solution:
 3 4   2 1  ( 3 × 3) − ( 4 × 5)   ( 2 × 8) + (1 × 3)   9 − 20   16 + 3
Step 2  −  ÷ +  =   ÷  =   ÷ 
 5 3  3 8  5× 3   3×8   15   24 
 −11  19  −11 19 −11 24 −11 × 24 −264

=   ÷  = ÷ = × = =
 15   24  15 24 15 19 15 × 19 285

−264 −264 ÷ 3 88
Step 3 = = −
285 285 ÷ 3 95
Example 3.5-5
  30 1    2 1
5 ÷  4 × 3  +  3 + 5 =
 
Solution:
  30 1    2 1 5 30
  1   2 1
Step 1 5 ÷  4 × 3  +  3 + 5 =  ÷  ×  +  + 
   1  4 3   3 5
 5  30 1    2 1  5  30 × 1   ( 2 × 5) + (1 × 3) 
Step 2  1 ÷  4 × 3  +  3 + 5 =  ÷  +  
  1  4 × 3    3×5 
5  30    10 + 3 5 30   13 5 12  13  5 × 12  13
=  ÷   +   =  ÷ +  =  × + =  +
 1  12    15   1 12   15  1 30  15  1 × 30  15
 60  13 60 13 (60 × 15) + (13 × 30) 900 + 390 1290

=  + = + = = =
 30  15 30 15 30 × 15 450 450
1290 1290 ÷ 10 129 129 ÷ 3 43

Step 3 = = = =
450 450 ÷ 10 45 45 ÷ 3 15
43 13
Step 4 = 2
15 15
In general, integer fractions are added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided as in the following
example cases which are followed by a specific example for each case:
Case I.
 a c   e g  a × c   e h  a × c  e × h   ac   eh  ac eh
 ×  + ÷  =   + ×  =   +  =   +  = +
b d  f h  b × d  f g  b × d   f × g  bd   fg  bd fg
( ac × fg) + ( eh × bd ) acfg + ehbd

= =
bd × fg bdfg
Example 3.5-6

1 3  1 1 
 3 15   2 1  / /   2 4
 3/ × 15  1 × 3   2 × 4/   3   2/ × 1 3  1 × 1
 ×  + ÷  =   + ×  =   +  =   +  = + 
 5 6   8 4  5/× 6/   8 1   1 × 2   8/ × 1   2   2/ × 1 2  1 × 1
 1 2  2  1 
3  1 3 1 ( 3 × 1) + (1 × 2) 3+ 2 5 1
= +  = + = = = = 2
2  1 2 1 2×1 2 2 2
Case II.
 a c   e g  a  d  e×g
  a×d    e×g ad  eg  ad eg
 ÷  − ×  =  ×  −  =   −  =   −  = −
 b d   f h  b c   f × h  b × c   f × h  bc   fh  bc fh
( ad × fh) − ( eg × bc) adfh − egbc

= =
bc × fh bcfh
Example 3.5-7
 1
5 1  1 4 5 4  1× 4  5 × 4/   4   5 × 1 4  5 4 5 4
 ÷  − ×  =  ×  −  =   −  =  − =  − = −
8 4  3 5 8 1   3 × 5  8/ × 1   15   2 × 1 15  2  15 2 15
2 
(5 × 15) − ( 4 × 2) 75 − 8 67 7
= = = = 2
2 × 15 30 30 30
Case III.
 a c   e g  a
 d  ( e × h) + ( g × f )   a × d   eh + gf   ad   eh + gf 
 ÷  × +  =  ×  ×  =   ×  =   × 
 b d   f h  
b c  f ×h   b × c   fh   bc   fh 
ad ( eh + gf ) ad × ( eh + gf ) adeh + adgf
= × = =
bc fh bc × fh bcfh
Example 3.5-8
 1
 5 2  1 4   5 4   ( 1 × 5) + ( 4 × 3)   5 × 4/   5 + 12   5 × 1   17 
 ÷  × +  =  ×  ×  =   ×  =   × 
 8 4  3 5  8 2  3× 5   8/ × 2   15   2 × 2   15 
2 
1
 5   17  5 17 5/× 17 1 × 17 17 5
=   ×  = × = = = = 1
 4   15  4 15 4 × 15
// 4×3 12 12
3
Case IV.

 a c   e g  ( a × d ) − ( c × b)   e × g   ad − cb   eg   ad − cb   fh 
 −  ÷ ×  =   ÷  =   ÷  =   × 
 b d   f h  b×d   f × h  bd   fh   bd   eg 
( ad − cb) × fh ( ad − cb) × fh adfh − cbfh

= = =
bd eg bd × eg bdeg
Example 3.5-9
1 2
 5 1  2 10   ( 5 × 3) − ( 1 × 2)   2/ × 10
/ /  15 − 2   1 × 2   13  1 × 1
 −  ÷ ×  =   ÷  =   ÷  =   ÷ 
 2 3  5 16   2×3   5/× 16
//  6   1× 8  6   1× 4
1 8 
2
 13  1  13 1 13 4 13 × 4/ 13 × 2 26 2
=   ÷  = ÷ = × = = = = 8
 6   4 6 4 6 1 6/ × 1 3× 1 3 3
3
Case V.
 a c   e g  ( a × d ) − ( c × b)   e × g   ad − cb   eg  ( ad − cb) + eg
 −  + ×  =   +  =   +  =
 b d   f h  b×d   f × h  bd   fh  bd fh
=
[( ad − cb) × fh] + ( eg × bd ) =
[ adfh − cbfh] + egbd = adfh − cbfh + egbd
bd × fh bdfh bdfh
Example 3.5-10
 5 1  3 4   ( 5 × 3) − ( 1 × 4)   3 × 4   15 − 4   12   11 12 11 12
 −  + ×  =   +  =   +  =  + = +
 4 3  5 7   4×3   5 × 7  12   35   12  35 12 35
(11 × 35) + (12 × 12) 385 + 144 529 109

= = = = 1
12 × 35 420 420 420
The following examples further illustrate how to add, subtract, multiply, or divide integer
fractions:
Example 3.5-11
 2
 2 5 3  2 6 3  2 × 6/  3  2 × 2 3  4 3 4 3 4×3 12
 ÷ × =  × × =  × =  × =  × = × = =
 3 6 5  3 5 5  3/× 5  5  1× 5  5  5 5 5 5 5×5 25
1 
Example 3.5-12

 4
4 8  25  4 8/  25  4 4  25  ( 4 × 5) + ( 4 × 7)  25  20 + 28 
25 ×  +  = × +  = × +  = ×  = × 
 7 10  1  7 10
/ / 1  7 5 1  7×5  1  35 
 5
5
25  48  25 48 25
/ /× 48 5 × 48 240 2
= ×  = × = = = = 34
1  35  1 35 1 × 35
// 1× 7 7 7
7
Example 3.5-13
2
10  3 1 / /  ( 3 × 5) + (1 × 4) 
10 2  15 + 4  2  19  2 19 2 20 2 × 20
÷ +  = ÷  = ÷  = ÷  = ÷ = × =
15  4 5 15
//  4×5  3  20  3  20  3 20 3 19 3 × 19
3
40
=
57
Example 3.5-14
1 4 
 5 15   5 16  6  5/× 16
// 6  1× 4 6  4 6 4 6 (4 × 1) + (6 × 3)
 ÷  +6 =  ×  + =  + =  + =  + = + =
 4 16   4 15  1  4/ × 15
/ /  1  1 × 3  1  3  1 3 1 3×1
1 3
4 + 18 22 1
= = = 7
3 3 3
Example 3.5-15
1   1
 1   3 2  1 5  3/× 2   1 1  1 × 2/   1 × 1   1 × 1  1   1
 ÷ 5 −  ×  =  ÷  −   =  ×  −  =   −  =   − 
 12   5 6   12 1  5 × 6/   12 5  5 × 2/   12 × 5  5 × 1  60   5
 2  1
−11
1 1 (1 × 5) − (1 × 60) 5 − 60 −55
// 11
= − = = = = −
60 5 60 × 5 300 300
/// 60
60
Example 3.5-16
1 4 
 5 15   3 5  5 16   (3 × 4) + (5 × 5)  / /   12 + 25
 5/× 16  1 × 4   37 
 ÷  × +  =  ×  ×  =   ×  =   × 
 4 16   5 4  4 15   5× 4  / /   20 
 4/ × 15  1 × 3   20 
1 3
1
 4   37  4 37 4/ × 37 1 × 37 37 7
=   ×  = × = = = = 2
 3   20  3 20 3 × 20
// 3× 5 15 15
5

Example 3.5-17
−1
 3 1  3 5   ( 3 × 5) + (1 × 4)   3 − 5  15 + 4   −2   19  −2/ 19 −1 19 4
 +  ÷ −  =   ÷  =   ÷  =  ÷ = ÷ = ×
 4 5  8 8   4×5   8   20   8   20  8/ 20 4 20 −1
4
1
19 × 4/ 19 × 1 19  4
= = = = − 3 
/ / × −1
20 5 × −1 −5 5
5
Example 3.5-18
 2 1  1 
 1 16 3   1   1 × 16
/ / × 3/   1 8   1 × 2/ × 1   1 1   1 × 1 × 1  1 × 1 
 × ×  +  ÷ 8 =   + ÷  =   + ×  =   + 
 8 3 2  2   8/× 3/× 2   2 1   1 × 1 × 2/   2 8   1 × 1 × 1  2 × 8 
 1 1   1
 1  1 1 1 (1 × 16) + (1 × 1) 16 + 1 17 1
=   +  = + = = = = 1
 1  16  1 16 1 × 16 16 16 16
Example 3.5-19
 1 1  2 1 8 
 1 4 3   8 36 32   1 × 4/ × 3/   8/ × 36 / /
/ / × 32  1 × 1 × 1   2 × 1 × 8  1  16
 × ×  ÷ × ×  =   ÷  =   ÷  =   ÷ 
 8 1 6   4 4 36   8
/ × 1 × 6/   4/ × 4
/ × 36
/ /   2 × 1 × 2  1 × 1 × 1   4  1 
2 2  1 1 1 
1 16 1 1 1×1 1
= ÷ = × = =
4 1 4 16 4 × 16 64
Example 3.5-20
 1 2    1  
 9 18  3   9 16  3  5 / /  3 5
 9/ × 16  1 × 2/  3  5  1 × 1 3 5
 8 ÷ 16  × 2  + 5 =  ×  ×  + =   × + =   × + =   × +
   8 18 2 1  8/× 18
/ /  2 1  1 × 2/  2  1  1 × 1 2  1
 1 2   1 
 1 3 5 1 3 5 1 × 3  5  3 5 3 5 (3 × 1) + (5 × 2) 3 + 10 13
=   ×  + =  ×  + =   + = 2 + 1 = 2 + 1 = = =
 1 2  1 1 2  1 1 × 2  1   2 ×1 2 2
1
= 6
2
Example 3.5-21
 1  
 8 1  4   5 5   8 − 1 4   5 + 5  5   7  4   10 / /  5
 5 − 5  + 2  ÷  10 + 10  + 5 =  5  + 2  ÷  10  + 1  =  5  + 2  ÷  10 + 
           / /  1 
 1  

7 4  1 5  (7 × 2) + (4 × 5)  1 5   14 + 20  1 + 5   34   6 34 6
=  +  ÷   +  =  ÷ +  =  ÷  =  10  ÷  1  = 10 ÷ 1
 5 2   1 1   5× 2  1 1   10   1     
17
34 1 34
/ /×1 17 × 1 17
= × = = =
10 6 10 × 6/ 10 × 3 30
3
Section 3.5 Exercises - Use the following integer fractions to perform the indicated operations:
5 8 2 3 4 3  2 1
1.  ×  ÷ = 2.  ÷ 12 × = 3. × −  =
4 1 3 4  15 5  4 3
1 4 2 4 2 1 6 3 4 1
4.  ÷  × = 5.  + 4 ÷  −  = 6.  −  ×  −  =
 5  15 5 8  8 3 5 4 5 5
5 8 4 8 1 12 15 2 1 2 2 1  1
7.  ×  ÷  ÷  = 8.  × ×  +  −  = 9.  +  +   ÷ =
 4   1  5 15 6 5 20  3 5  5  4 2   10
 2 3 1  3
10.  −  × 12 −   − =
 5 5   3  2

Chapter 4 - Decimal Fractions
The objective of this chapter is to improve the student’s ability in solving decimal fractions.
Decimal fractions are another class of fractions where the numerator and the denominator are
decimal numbers. The steps used to solve decimal fractions with examples illustrating the steps
as to how to add (Section 4.1), subtract (Section 4.2), multiply (Section 4.3), and divide (Section
4.4) two or more decimal fractions are given. Section 4.5 combines the mathematical operations
using decimal fractions. In addition, for completeness, the general algebraic approach in solving
decimal fractions is given in each section. The student, depending on his or her grade level and
ability, can skip the algebraic approach to decimal fractions and only learn the techniques that are
followed by examples. Focusing on the examples, and the steps shown to solve each problem,
should be adequate to teach the student the mechanics of how decimal fractions are
mathematically operated on.
4.1 Adding Decimal Fractions

 a × 10 − k1 
Decimal fractions   , i.e., fractions where ( a ) and ( b) are integer numbers and ( k1 ) and
 b × 10 − k 2 
( k2 ) are equal to the number of decimal places are added as in the following cases:
Case I Adding Two or More Decimal Fractions With Common Denominators
Decimal fractions with two or more common denominators are added using the steps given as in
each case below:
Case I-A Add two decimal fractions with common denominators using the following steps:
Step 1 Add the decimal fractions in a similar way as integer fractions with common
denominators are added (see Section 3.1, Case I-A).
Step 2 Change the decimal fractions to integer fractions (see Section 2.4).
The following examples show the steps as to how two decimal fractions with common
Example 4.1-1
0.29 0.8
+ =
0.5 0.5
Solution:
0.29 0.8 0.29 + 0.8 .

109
Step 1 + = =
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Mastering Fractions 4.1 Adding Decimal Fractions
109
.
109 100 109 × 10 1090
Step 2 = 5
= =
0.5 100 × 5 500
10
1090 1090 ÷ 10 109

Step 3 = =
500 500 ÷ 10 50
109 9
Step 4 = 2
50 50
Example 4.1-2
12.08 4.28
+ =
0.15 0.15
Solution:
12.08 4.28 12.08 + 4.28 16.36

Step 1 + = =
0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
1636
16.36 100 1636 × 100 163600
Step 2 = 15
= =
0.15 100 × 15 1500
100
163600 163600 ÷ 100 1636

Step 3 = =
1500 1500 ÷ 100 15
1636 1
Step 4 = 109
15 15
Example 4.1-3
10.92 0.08
+ =
0.028 0.028
Solution:
10.92 0.08 10.92 + 0.08 11

Step 1 + = =
0.028 0.028 0.028 0.028
11
11 1 11 × 1000 11000
Step 2 = 28
= =
0.028 1 × 28 28
1000
11000 11000 ÷ 4 2750

Step 3 = =
28 28 ÷ 4 7

2750 6
Step 4 = 392
7 7
Example 4.1-4
.
0.78 138
+ =
2.5 2.5
Solution:
.
0.78 138 .
0.78 + 138 2.16
Step 1 + = =
2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
216
2.16 100 216 × 10 2160
Step 2 = 25
= =
2.5 100 × 25 2500
10
2160 2160 ÷ 20 108

Step 3 = =
2500 2500 ÷ 20 125
Example 4.1-5
112.5 2.96
+ =
0.35 0.35
Solution:
112.5 2.96 112.5 + 2.96 115.46

Step 1 + = =
0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35
11546
115.46 100 11546 × 100 1154600
Step 2 = 35
= =
0.35 100 × 35 3500
100
1154600 1154600 ÷ 100 11546

Step 3 = =
3500 3500 ÷ 100 35
11546 31
Step 4 = 329
35 35
In general two decimal fractions with a common denominator are added in the following way:
a × 10 − k1 b × 10 − k 2 a × 10− k1 + b × 10− k 2
+ =
d × 10 − k 3 d × 10 − k 3 d × 10− k 3

Let A1 = a × 10− k1 , A2 = b × 10− k 2 , and A3 = d × 10− k 3 , then
a × 10− k1 + b × 10− k 2 A1 A2 A1 + A2
= + =
d × 10− k 3 A3 A3 A3
Example 4.1-6
25 5
5 × 10−2 2 × 10−1 0.05 0.2 0.05 + 0.2 0.25 100 25 × 10 250
/// 5
+ = + = = = = = =
8 × 10−1 8 × 10−1 08
. 08
. 0.8 08
. 8 100 × 8 800
/// 16
10 16
Case I-B Add three decimal fractions with common denominators using the following steps:
Step 1 Add the decimal fractions in a similar way as integer fractions with common
denominators are added (see Section 3.1, Case I-B).
The following examples show the steps as to how three decimal fractions with common
Example 4.1-7
0.32 0.8 0.04
+ + =
0.5 0.5 0.5
Solution:
0.32 0.8 0.04 0.32 + 0.8 + 0.04 116

.
Step 1 + + = =
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
116
116
. 100 116 × 10 1160
Step 2 = 5
= =
0.5 100 × 5 500
10
1160 1160 ÷ 20 58
Step 3 = =
500 500 ÷ 20 25
58 8
Step 4 = 2
25 25
Example 4.1-8
12.6 0.6 51
.
+ + =
0.4 0.4 0.4

Solution:
12.6 0.6 51
. 12.6 + 0.6 + 51
. 18.3
Step 1 + + = =
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
183
18.3 10 183 × 10 1830
Step 2 = 4
= =
0.4 10 × 4 40
10
1830 1830 ÷ 10 183

Step 3 = =
40 40 ÷ 10 4
183 3
Step 4 = 45
4 4
Example 4.1-9
2.32 0.8 0.2
+ + =
0.45 0.45 0.45
Solution:
2.32 0.8 0.2 2.32 + 0.8 + 0.2 3.32

Step 1 + + = =
0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45
332
3.32 100 332 × 100 33200
Step 2 = 45
= =
0.45 100 × 45 4500
100
33200 33200 ÷ 100 332

Step 3 = =
4500 4500 ÷ 100 45
332 17
Step 4 = 7
45 45
Example 4.1-10
2556
. 1.35 20.2
+ + =
16.4 16.4 16.4
Solution:
2556
. 1.35 20.2 . + 1.35 + 20.2
2556 47.11
Step 1 + + = =
16.4 16.4 16.4 16.4 16.4

4711
47.11 100 4711 × 10 47110
Step 2 = 164
= =
16.4 100 × 164 16400
10
47110 47110 ÷ 10 4711

Step 3 = =
16400 16400 ÷ 10 1640
4711 1431
Step 4 = 2
1640 1640
Example 4.1-11
1.45 019
. 0.234
+ + =
1.35 1.35 1.35
Solution:
1.45 019
. 0.234 1.45 + 019
. + 0.234 1874
.
Step 1 + + = =
1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35
1874
1874
. 1000 1874 × 100 187400
Step 2 = 135
= =
1.35 1000 × 135 135000
100
187400 187400 ÷ 100 1874 1874 ÷ 2 937

Step 3 = = = =
135000 135000 ÷ 100 1350 1350 ÷ 2 675
937 262
Step 4 = 1
675 675
In general, three decimal fractions with a common denominator are added in the following way:
a × 10 − k1 b × 10 − k 2 c × 10 − k 3 a × 10 − k1 + b × 10 − k 2 + c × 10 − k 3
−k4
+ −k4
+ −k4
=
d × 10 d × 10 d × 10 d × 10 − k 4
Let A1 = a × 10− k1 , A2 = b × 10− k 2 , A3 = c × 10− k 3 , and A4 = d × 10− k 4 , then
a × 10 − k1 + b × 10 − k 2 + c × 10 − k 3 A1 A2 A A1 + A2 + A3
= + + 3 =
d × 10 −k4
A4 A4 A4 A4
Example 4.1-12
49
15 × 10 −2 3 × 10 −1 4 × 10 −2 015
. 0.3 0.04 015
. + 0.3 + 0.04 0.49 100
+ + = + + = = = 124
124 × 10 −3 124 × 10 −3 124 × 10 −3 0124
. 0124
. 0124
. 0124
. 0124
.
1000

490 245
49 × 1000 49000
///// 490
/// 245 59
= = = = = 3
100 × 124 12400
/ //// 124
/// 62 62
124 62
Case II Adding Two or More Decimal Fractions Without a Common Denominator

Two or more decimal fractions without a common denominator are added using the steps given
as in each case below:
Case II A Add two decimal fractions without a common denominator using the following
steps:
Step 1 a. Change the decimal fractions to integer fractions (see Section 2.4).
( ) a
b. Change the decimal number a × 10 − k to an integer fraction of the form  k  ,
 10 
5
e.g., change 0.05 to .
100
Step 2 Add the integer fractions (see Section 3.1, Case II-A).
The following examples show the steps as to how two decimal fractions without a common
Example 4.1-13
0.5 0.3
+ =
0.01 0.8
Solution:
5 3
0.5 0.3 10 10 5 × 100 3 × 10 500 30
Step 1a + = 1 + 8 = + = +
0.01 0.8 10 × 1 10 × 8 10 80
100 10
Step 1b Not Applicable
500 30 (500 × 80) + ( 30 × 10) 40000 + 300 40300

Step 2 + = = =
10 80 10 × 80 800 800
40300 40300 ÷ 100 403

Step 3 = =
800 800 ÷ 100 8
403 3
Step 4 = 50
8 8

Example 4.1-14
10.8
+ 12.5 =
0.2
Solution:
108
10.8 10 + 12.5 108 × 10 1080
Step 1a + 12.5 = 2
= + 12.5 = + 12.5
0.2 10 × 2 20
10
1080 1080 125

Step 1b + 12.5 = +
20 20 10
1080 125 (1080 × 10) + (125 × 20) 10800 + 2500 13300

Step 2 + = = =
20 10 20 × 10 200 200
13300 13300 ÷ 100 133

Step 3 = =
200 200 ÷ 100 2
133 1
Step 4 = 66
2 2
Example 4.1-15
018
. 0.6
+ =
0.4 2.4
Solution:
18 6
018
. 0.6 100 + 10 18 × 10 6 × 10 180 60
Step 1a + = 4 24
= + = +
0.4 2.4 100 × 4 10 × 24 400 240
10 10
180 60 (180 × 240) + ( 60 × 400) 43200 + 24000 67200

Step 2 + = = =
400 240 400 × 240 96000 96000
67200 67200 ÷ 100 672 672 ÷ 32 21 21 ÷ 3 7

Step 3 = = = = = =
96000 96000 ÷ 100 960 960 ÷ 32 30 30 ÷ 3 10
Example 4.1-16
518
.
20.4 + =
0.65

Solution:
518
518
. 518 × 100 51800
Step 1a 20.4 + = 20.4 + 10 = 20.4 + = 20.4 +
0.65 65 10 × 65 650
100
51800 204 51800

Step 1b 20.4 + = +
650 10 650
204 51800 ( 204 × 650) + ( 51800 × 10) 132600 + 518000

Step 2 + = =
10 650 10 × 650 6500
650600
=
6500
650600 650600 ÷ 100 6506

Step 3 = =
6500 6500 ÷ 100 65
6506 6
Step 4 = 100
65 65
Example 4.1-17
24.5 10.8
+ =
0.2 0.08
Solution:
245 108
24.5 10.8 10 + 10 245 × 10 108 × 100 2450 10800
Step 1a + = 2 8
= + = +
0.2 0.08 10 × 2 10 × 8 20 80
10 100
2450 10800 ( 2450 × 80) + (10800 × 20) 196000 + 216000

Step 2 + = =
20 80 20 × 80 1600
412000
=
1600
412000 412000 ÷ 400 1030 1030 ÷ 2 515

Step 3 = = = =
1600 1600 ÷ 400 4 4÷2 2
515 1
Step 4 = 257
2 2

In general, two decimal fractions without a common denominator are added in the following
way:
a × 10 − k1
+
c × 10 − k 3
=
[(a × 10 ) × (d × 10 )] + [(c × 10 ) × (b × 10 )]
− k1 −k4 −k3 −k2
b × 10 − k 2 d × 10 − k 4 (b × 10 ) × (d × 10 )
−k2 −k4
[(a × 10 ) × (d × 10 )] + [(c × 10 ) × (b × 10 )] = [ A × A ] + [ A × A ] = [ A A ] + [ A A ]
− k1 −k4 −k3 −k2
1 4 3 2 1 4 3 2
(b × 10 ) × (d × 10 )
−k2 −k4 A2 × A4 A2 A4
A1 A4 + A3 A2
=
A2 A4
Example 4.1-18
2 4
2 × 10 −2 4 × 10 −1 0.02 0.4 100 + 10 2 × 10 4 × 100 20 400
−1
+ −2
= + = 3 55
= + = +
3 × 10 55 × 10 0.3 055
. 100 × 3 10 × 55 300 550
10 100
131
( 20 × 550) + ( 400 × 300) 11000 + 120000 131000
////// 131
= = = =
300 × 550 165000 165000
// //// 165
165
Case II-B Add three decimal fractions without a common denominator using the following
steps:
( ) a
  10
15
e.g., change 15
. to .
10
Step 3 Add the integer fractions (see Section 3.1, Case II-B).
The following examples show the steps as to how three decimal fractions without a common
Example 4.1-19
0.8 15
.
0.6 + + =
0.03 0.5

Solution:
.
0.8 15  .
0.8  15
Step 1 0.6 + + =  0.6 + +
0.03 0.5  0.03 0.5
 8  15
 0.8  15.    8 × 100  15 × 10
Step 2a =  0.6 + 10  + 10 =  0.6 +
 0.6 + + +
 0.03  0.5  3  5  10 × 3  10 × 5

 100  10
 800  150
=  0.6 + +
 30  50
 800  150  6 800  150

Step 2b  0.6 + + =  + +
 30  50  10 30  50
 6 800  150  ( 6 × 30) + ( 800 × 10)  150  180 + 8000  150

Step 3  + + =  + =  +
 10 30  50  10 × 30  50  300  50
 8180  150 8180 150 (8180 × 50) + (150 × 300) 409000 + 45000
=  + = + = =
 300  50 300 50 300 × 50 15000
454000
=
15000
454000 454000 ÷ 1000 454

Step 4 = =
15000 15000 ÷ 1000 15
454 4
Step 5 = 30
15 15
Example 4.1-20
0.8 12
. 0.4
+ + =
0.03 0.5 0.02
Solution:
0.8 12
. 0.4  0.8 12.  0.4
Step 1 + + =  + +
0.03 0.5 0.02  0.03 0.5 0.02
 8 12  4
 0.8 12.  0.4    8 × 100 12 × 10  4 × 100
Step 2a  + + =  10 + 10  + 10 =  + +
 0.03 0.5 0.02  3 5

2  10 × 3 10 × 5  10 × 2
 100 10  100

 800 120  400

=  + +
 30 50  20
 800 120  400  ( 800 × 50) + (120 × 30)  400  40000 + 3600  400
Step 3  + + =  + = +
 30 50  20  30 × 50  20  1500  20
 43600  400 43600 400 ( 43600 × 20) + ( 400 × 1500)

=  + = + =
 1500  20 1500 20 1500 × 20
872000 + 600000 1472000

= =
30000 30000
1472000 1472000 ÷ 2000 736

Step 4 = =
30000 30000 ÷ 2000 15
736 1
Step 5 = 49
15 15
Example 4.1-21
0.4 0.3
+ + 012
. =
0.2 0.01
Solution:
0.4 0.3  0.4 0.3 

Step 1 + + 012
. =  +  + 012
.
0.2 0.01  0.2 0.01
 4 3 
 0.4 0.3     4 × 10 3 × 100 
Step 2a  +  + 012
. =  10
2
+ 10  + 012
1
. =  + .
 + 012
 0.2 0.01    10 × 2 10 × 1 
 10 100 
 40 300 
=  + .
 + 012
 20 10 
 40 300   40 300  12
Step 2b  + .
 + 012 =  + +
 20 10   20 10  100
 40 300  12  ( 40 × 10) + ( 300 × 20)  12  400 + 6000  12

Step 3  + + =  + =  +
 20 10  100  20 × 10  100  200  100

 6400  12 6400 12 ( 6400 × 100) + (12 × 200) 640000 + 2400

=  + = + = =
 200  100 200 100 200 × 100 20000
642400
=
20000
642400 642400 ÷ 200 3212 3212 ÷ 4 803

Step 4 = = = =
20000 20000 ÷ 200 100 100 ÷ 4 25
803 3
Step 5 = 32
25 25
Example 4.1-22
0.8 01
.
+ 0.8 + =
0.2 0.4
Solution:
0.8 01
.  0.8  01.
Step 1 + 0.8 + =  + 0.8 +
0.2 0.4  0.2  0.4
 8  1
 0.8  01.    8 × 10  1 × 10  80  10
Step 2a  + 0.8 + =  10 + 0.8 + 10 =  + 0.8 + =  + 0.8 +
 0.2  0.4  2  4  10 × 2  10 × 4  20  40
 10  10
 80  10  80 8  10
Step 2b  + 0.8 + =  + +
 20  40  20 10  40
 80 8  10  ( 80 × 10) + ( 8 × 20)  10  800 + 160  10  960  10

Step 3  + + =  + =  + =  +
 20 10  40  20 × 10  40  200  40  200  40
960 10 ( 960 × 40) + (10 × 200) 38400 + 2000 40400

= + = = =
200 40 200 × 40 8000 8000
40400 40400 ÷ 400 101

Step 4 = =
8000 8000 ÷ 400 20
101 1
Step 5 = 5
20 20
Example 4.1-23
0.5 12 . 0.4
+ + =
012
. 0.8 0.06

Solution:
0.5 12 . 0.4  0.5 12.  0.4

Step 1 + + =  + +
.
012 0.8 0.06  .
012 0.8  0.06
 5 12  4
 0.5 12 .  0.4    5 × 100 12 × 10  4 × 100
Step 2a  + + =  10 + 10  + 10 =  + +
 012
. 0.8  0.06  12 8 

6  10 × 12 10 × 8  10 × 6
 100 10  100
 500 120  400

=  + +
 120 80  60
 500 120  400  ( 500 × 80) + (120 × 120)  400  40000 + 14400  400
Step 3  + + =  + = +
 120 80  60  120 × 80  60  9600  60
 54400  400 54400 400 (54400 × 60) + ( 400 × 9600)

=  + = + =
 9600  60 9600 60 9600 × 60
3264000 + 3840000 7104000

= =
576000 576000
7104000 7104000 ÷ 1000 7104 7104 ÷ 64 111 111 ÷ 3 37

Step 4 = = = = = =
576000 576000 ÷ 1000 576 576 ÷ 64 9 9÷3 3
37 1
Step 5 = 12
3 3
In general, three decimal fractions without a common denominator are added as in the following
cases:
Case I.
a × 10 − k1 c × 10 − k 3 e × 10 − k 5  a × 10 − k1 c × 10 − k 3  e × 10 − k 5
+ + =  + +
b × 10 − k 2 d × 10 − k 4 f × 10 − k 6  b × 10 − k 2 d × 10 − k 4  f × 10 − k 6
[( ) ( )] [(
 a × 10 − k1 × d × 10 − k 4 + c × 10 − k 3 × b × 10 − k 2

= 
) ( )] + e × 10 − k5

 ( ) (
b × 10 − k 2 × d × 10 − k 4 ) 


f × 10 − k 6
Let A1 = a × 10− k1 , A2 = b × 10− k 2 , A3 = c × 10− k 3 , A4 = d × 10− k 4 , A5 = e × 10− k 5 , and

A6 = f × 10 − k 6 , then
[( ) ( )] [(
 a × 10 − k1 × d × 10 − k 4 + c × 10 − k 3 × b × 10 − k 2
 ) ( )] + e × 10 − k5
= 
 [ A1 × A4 ] + [ A3 × A2 ]  A5
+


 (
b × 10 − k 2 × d × 10 − k 4) ( ) 


f × 10 −k6
 A2 × A4  A6
 [ A1 A4 ] + [ A3 A2 ]  A5  A A + A3 A2  A5 A A + A3 A2 A
=  + =  1 4 + = 1 4 + 5
 A2 A4  A6  A2 A4  A6 A2 A4 A6
Let B1 = A1 A4 + A3 A2 and B2 = A2 A4 , then
A1 A4 + A3 A2 A B1 A ( B1 × A6 ) + ( A5 × B2 ) ( B1 A6 ) + ( A5B2 ) B1 A6 + A5 B2
+ 5 = + 5 = = =
A2 A4 A6 B2 A6 B2 × A6 B2 A6 B2 A6
Example 4.1-24
 2 4  33
2 × 10 −1 4 × 10 −2 33 × 10 −2 0.2 0.04 0.33  0.2 0.04  0.33  
+ + = + + =  + + =  10 + 100  + 100
45 × 10 −2 3 × 10 −1 15 × 10 −2 0.45 0.3 015
.  0.45 0.3  015
.  45 3 

15
 100 10  100
 2 × 100 4 × 10  33 × 100  200 40  3300  ( 200 × 300) + ( 40 × 450)  3300

=  + + =  + + =  +
 10 × 45 100 × 3  100 × 15  450 300 1500  450 × 300  1500
78 33 11
 60000 + 18000 3300  78000  3300 78000
///// 3300
//// 78 33
// 78 11
=  + =  + = + = + = +
 135000  1500  135000 1500 135000
////// 1500
//// 135 15
// 135 5
135 15 5
75 25
( 78 × 5) + (11 × 135) 390 + 1485 1875
//// 75
// 25 7
= = = = = = 2
135 × 5 675 675
/// 27
// 9 9
27 9
Case II.
a × 10 − k1 c × 10 − k 3 e × 10 − k 5 a × 10 − k1  c × 10 − k 3 e × 10 − k 5 
+ + = + + 
b × 10 − k 2 d × 10 − k 4 f × 10 − k 6 b × 10 − k 2  d × 10 − k 4 f × 10 − k 6 
=
a × 10 − k1 [( ) ( )] [(
 c × 10 − k 3 × f × 10 − k 6 + e × 10 − k 5 × d × 10 − k 4

+
) ( )]
b × 10 − k 2 
 (
d × 10 − k 4 × f × 10 − k 6 ) ( ) 



A6 = f × 10 − k 6 , then
a × 10 − k1 
+
[( ) ( )] [( ) (
 c × 10 − k 3 × f × 10 − k 6 + e × 10 − k 5 × d × 10 − k 4
)] = A1  [ A3 × A6 ] + [ A5 × A4 ] 
+ 
b × 10 −k2

 ( ) (
d × 10 − k 4 × f × 10 − k 6 ) 


A2  A4 × A6 
A1  [ A3 A6 ] + [ A5 A4 ]  A  A A + A5 A4  A A A + A5 A4
+  = 1 + 3 6  = 1 + 3 6
A2  A4 A6  A2  A4 A6  A2 A4 A6
A1 A3 A6 + A5 A4 A1 B1 ( A1 × B2 ) + ( B1 × A2 ) ( A1 B2 ) + ( B1 A2 ) A1 B2 + B1 A2
+ = + = = =
A2 A4 A6 A2 B2 A2 × B2 A2 B2 A2 B2
Example 4.1-25
2  4 33 
2 × 10 −1 4 × 10 −2 33 × 10 −2 0.2 0.04 0.33 0.2  0.04 0.33  
+ + = + + = + +  = 10 +  100 + 100 
45  3 15 
45 × 10 −2 3 × 10 −1 15 × 10 −2 0.45 0.3 015
. 0.45  0.3 . 
015
 
100  10 100 
2 × 100  4 × 10 33 × 100  200  40 3300  200  ( 40 × 1500) + ( 3300 × 300) 

= + +  = + +  = + 
10 × 45  100 × 3 100 × 15  450  300 1500  450  300 × 1500 
4 105
200  60000 + 990000  200  1050000  200
/ / / 1050000
/////// 4 105 ( 4 × 45) + (105 × 9)
= +  = +  = + = + =
450  450000  450  450000  /450
// /450000
///// 9 45 9 × 45
9 45
225 25
180 + 945 1125
//// 225
/// 25 7
= = = = = 2
405 405
/// 81
// 9 9
81 9
The following examples further illustrate how to add decimal fractions:
Example 4.1-26
2674 1337
255
. 124
. 255
. + 124
. 26.74 100 2674 × 10 26740
///// 1337 7
+ = = = 2 = = = = 133
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 100 × 2 200
/// 10 10
10 10

Example 4.1-27
3 15 1 15
0.03 15. 100 + 10 3 × 10 15 × 10 30
/ / 150/// 1 15 (1 × 6) + (15 × 40) 6 + 600
+ = 12 6
= + = + = + = =
12. 0.6 100 × 12 10 × 6 1200
/ / / / 60// 40 6 40 × 6 240
10 10 40 6
303
606
/// 303 63
= = = 2
240
/// 120 120
120
Example 4.1-28
124 5 1240 25
12.4 0.5 10 10 124 × 100 5 × 100 12400
/ / / / / 500
// 1240 25 (1240 × 12) + (25 × 1)
+ = 1 + 24 = + = + = + =
0.01 0.24 10 × 1 10 × 24 10
// 240
/// 1 12 1 × 12
100 100 1 12
14880 + 25 14905 1
= = = 1242
12 12 12
Example 4.1-29
 12 24  5
1.2 0.24 0.05  1.2 0.24  0.05    12 × 10 24 × 100  5 × 10
+ + =  + + =  10
4
+ 100  + 100 = 
8 1
+ +
0.4 0.08 01.  0.4 0.08  01
.    10 × 4 100 × 8  100 × 1
 10 100  10
 3 3  1
 120 / / / /  500
/ / / 2400 ///  3  3 1  3 + 3 1  6 1 6 1 (6 × 2) + (1 × 1) 12 + 1
=  + + =  + + =  + =  + = + = =
 40
// 8/ 00
/ /  1000
////  1  1 2  1  2  1 2 1 2 1× 2 2
 1 1  2
13 1
= = 6
2 2
Example 4.1-30
 15 8  4
.
015 0.8 0.4  015
. 0.8  0.4    15 × 10 8 × 100  4 × 1000
+ + =  + + =  100
2
+ 10  + 10 = 
4 5
+ +
0.2 0.04 0.005  0.2 0.04  0.005    100 × 2 10 × 4  10 × 5
 10 100  1000
 3 20  80
 150 / / /  4000
/ / / 800 ////  3 20  80  (3 × 1) + (20 × 4)  80  3 + 80  80 83 80
=  + + =  + + =  + =  + = +
 200
/// 40
//  50
//  4 1 1  4 ×1  1  4  1 4 1
 4 1  1
(83 × 1) + (80 × 4) 83 + 320 403 3

= = = = 100
4×1 4 4 4

Example 4.1-31
14 7
 0.6 0.8  0.07  0.6 + 0.8  0.07  1.4  0.07 1.4 0.07 10 + 100
 + + =  + =  + = + = 15 15
 15
. .  015
15 .  15 .  015
. .  015
 15 . 15
. 015
.
10 100
14 7 7
14 × 10 7 × 100 140
/// 700
/// 14 7 14 + 7 21
// 7 2
= + = + = + = = = = 1
10 × 15 100 × 15 / / / 1500
150 //// 15 15 15 15
// 5 5
15 15 5
Example 4.1-32
 6 8  3 8  1
 0.06 0.8    5  6 × 10 8 × 10  5  60 // // 
80 5/
=  100 10 + = =
 +  + 0.05 +  + +  + +
 12.5 15
.   125 15  100  100 × 125 10 × 15  100  12500
/ / / / / 150
/ / /  100
/ //
 10 10   625 15  20
 3 8 1  ( 3 × 15) + ( 8 × 625)  1  45 + 5000  1  5045  1 5045 1

=  + + =  + =  + =  + = +
 625 15  20  625 × 15  20  9375  20  9375  20 9375 20
4411
(5045 × 20) + (1 × 9375) 100900 + 9375 110275
////// 4411
= = = =
9375 × 20 187500 187500
////// 7500
7500
Example 4.1-33
 102 4 
 10.2 0.4  1245  10  1245  102 × 10 4 × 100  1245  1020 400 
12.45 +  +  = + + 10  = + +  = + + 
 0.5 0.06  100  5 6  100  10 × 5 10 × 6  100  50 60 
 
 10 100 
249 406
1245  (1020 × 60) + ( 400 × 50)  1245  61200 + 20000  1245  81200  / / / / 81200
1245 /////
= +  = +  = +  = +
100  50 × 60  100  3000  100  3000  100
/// 3000
////
20 15
2371
249 406 ( 249 × 15) + ( 406 × 20) 3735 + 8120 11855
///// 2371 31
= + = = = = = 39
20 15 20 × 15 300 300
/// 60 60
60
Example 4.1-34
 7 8   4 1 
 0.7 0.08   0.4     5/   7 × 100 8 × 10   4 × 100 1 
 +  + + 0.05 =  10 + 100  + 10 +  =  +  + + 
 0.05 0.4   0.03   5 4   3 100
///  10 × 5 100 × 4   10 × 3 20 
 100 10   100 20 

 14 1   40 
 700
/ / / 80/ /   400
/// 1   14 1  40 1   (14 × 5) + (1 × 1)   ( 40 × 20) + (1 × 3) 
=  + +
  +  =  +  + +  =   + 
 50
/ / 400
/ / /   30
/ / 20   1 5  3 20   1× 5   3 × 20 
 1 5   3 
331
 70 + 1  800 + 3  71  803 71 803 ( 71 × 60) + (803 × 5) 4260 + 4015 8275
////
=   +  =   +  = + = = =
 5   60   5   60  5 60 5 × 60 300 300
///
12
331 7
= = 27
12 12
Example 4.1-35
 15 4   18 8 
 15. .
0.004   18 0.8     
10 1000 10 10
 +  + +  =  +  + + 
 0.05 0.02   0.2 0.04   5 2   2 4 
 100 100   10 100 
 30 1   9 20 
 15 × 100 4 × 100   18 × 10 8 × 100   1500
//// / / /   180
400 / / / 800
///  30 1   9 20 
=  +  + +  =  50 + + + =  +  + + 
 10 × 5 1000 × 2   10 × 2 10 × 4   // / / / /   20
2000 // / / 
40  1 5  1 1 
 1 5   1 1 
 ( 30 × 5) + (1 × 1)   9 + 20   150 + 1  29   151  29  151 29 (151 × 1) + (29 × 5)

=   +  =   +  =   +  = + =
 1× 5   1   5   1  5   1 5 1 5 ×1
151 + 145 296 1

= = = 59
5 5 5
Section 4.1 Exercises - Add the following decimal fractions:
0.5 0.3 0.02 0.4 0.6 0.08

1. + = 2. + = 3. + =
.
15 .
15 .
18 0.28 0.5 0.3
.
33 .
015 .
01 .
2.2 015 .
14 .
12 .
0.5 15
4. + + = 5. + + = 6. + + =
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.01 0.3
 0.4 14
.  0.2 01
. 0.08 0   0.05 0.5 
7. 018
. + +  = 8.  +  + 015
. = 9.  +  + +  =
 0.002 0.2   0.4 
0.8  0.2 01.   015
. . 
15
4.9   0.5 015

. 
10.  + 3.6 +  +  =
 0.07   0.05 0.5 

Mastering Fractions 4.2 Subtracting Decimal Fractions
4.2 Subtracting Decimal Fractions

 a × 10 − k1 
Decimal fractions   , i.e., fractions where ( a ) and ( b) are integer numbers and ( k1 ) and
 b × 10 − k 2 
( k2 ) are equal to the number of decimal places are subtracted as in the following cases:
Case I Subtracting Two or More Decimal Fractions With Common Denominators

Decimal fractions with two or more common denominators are subtracted using the steps given
as in each case below:
Case I-A Subtract two decimal fractions with common denominators using the following
steps:
Step 1 Subtract the decimal fractions in a similar way as integer fractions with common
denominators are subtracted (see Section 3.2, Case I-A).
The following examples show the steps as to how two decimal fractions with common
Example 4.2-1
0.9 0.8
− =
0.2 0.2
Solution:
0.9 0.8 0.9 − 0.8 01

.
Step 1 − = =
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
1
01
. 10 1 × 10 10
Step 2 = 2
= =
0.2 10 × 2 20
10
10 10 ÷ 10 1
Step 3 = =
20 20 ÷ 10 2
Example 4.2-2
0.08 0.28
− =
0.12 0.12

Solution:
0.08 0.28 0.08 − 0.28 −0.2

Step 1 − = =
0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12
2
−
−0.2 10 −2 × 100 −200
Step 2 = 12
= =
0.12 10 × 12 120
100
−200 −200 ÷ 40 −5
Step 3 = =
120 120 ÷ 40 3
−5   2
Step 4 = − 1 
3 3
Example 4.2-3
0.92 0.8
− =
0.025 0.025
Solution:
0.92 0.8 0.92 − 0.8 0.12

Step 1 − = =
0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025
12
0.12 100 12 × 1000 12000
Step 2 = 25
= =
0.025 100 × 25 2500
1000
12000 12000 ÷ 500 24

Step 3 = =
2500 2500 ÷ 500 5
24 4
Step 4 = 4
5 5
Example 4.2-4
0.78 0.18
− =
0.5 0.5
Solution:
0.78 0.18 0.78 − 0.18 0.6

Step 1 − = =
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

6
0.6 10 6 × 10 60
Step 2 = 5
= =
0.5 10 × 5 50
10
60 60 ÷ 10 6
Step 3 = =
50 50 ÷ 10 5
6 1
Step 4 = 1
5 5
Example 4.2-5
0.5 0.96
− =
0.032 0.032
Solution:
0.5 0.96 0.5 − 0.96 −0.46

Step 1 − = =
0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032
−46
−0.46 100 −46 × 1000 −46000
Step 2 = 32
= =
0.032 100 × 32 3200
1000
−46000 −46000 ÷ 400 −115

Step 3 = =
3200 3200 ÷ 400 8
−115   3
Step 4 = − 14 
8 8
In general two decimal fractions with a common denominator are subtracted in the following
way:
a × 10 − k1 b × 10 − k 2 a × 10 − k1 − b × 10 − k 2
− =
d × 10 − k 3 d × 10 − k 3 d × 10 − k 3
Let A1 = a × 10− k1 , A2 = b × 10− k 2 , and A3 = d × 10− k 3 , then
a × 10 − k1 − b × 10 − k 2 A1 A2 A1 − A2
= − =
d × 10 −k3
A3 A3 A3
Example 4.2-6
48 24 4
5 × 10−1 2 × 10−2 0.5 0.02 0.5 − 0.02 0.48 100 48 × 10 480
/// 24
// 4
− = − = = = = = = =
6 × 10−1 6 × 10−1 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 6 100 × 6 600
/// 30
/ / 5
10 30 5

Case I-B Subtract three decimal fractions with common denominators using the following
steps:
Step 1 Subtract the decimal fractions in a similar way as integer fractions with common
denominators are subtracted (see Section 3.2, Case I-B).
The following examples show the steps as to how three decimal fractions with common
Example 4.2-7
012
. 0.7 0.05
− − =
0.6 0.6 0.6
Solution:
012
. 0.7 0.05 0.12 − 0.7 − 0.05 0.12 − 0.75 −0.63
Step 1 − − = = =
0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
−63
−0.63 100 −63 × 10 −630
Step 2 = 6
= =
0.6 100 × 6 600
10
−630 −630 ÷ 30 −21

Step 3 = =
600 600 ÷ 30 20
−21  1

Step 4 = − 1 
20 20
Example 4.2-8
12.4 0.7 5.3
− − =
0.4 0.4 0.4
Solution:
12.4 0.7 5.3 12.4 − 0.7 − 5.3 12.4 − 6 6.4

Step 1 − − = = =
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
64
6.4 10 64 × 10 640
Step 2 = 4
= =
0.4 10 × 4 40
10

640 640 ÷ 40 16
Step 3 = = = 16
40 40 ÷ 40 1
Example 4.2-9
4.12 0.7 0.25
− − =
0.63 0.63 0.63
Solution:
4.12 0.7 0.25 4.12 − 0.7 − 0.25 4.12 − 0.95 317

.
Step 1 − − = = =
0.63 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.63
317
317
. 100 317 × 100 31700
Step 2 = 63
= =
0.63 100 × 63 6300
100
31700 31700 ÷ 100 317

Step 3 = =
6300 6300 ÷ 100 63
317 2
Step 4 = 5
63 63
Example 4.2-10
0.56 1.38 25.85
− − =
15.8 15.8 15.8
Solution:
0.56 1.38 25.85 0.56 − 1.38 − 25.85 0.56 − 27.23 −26.67

Step 1 − − = = =
15.8 15.8 15.8 15.8 15.8 15.8
−2667
−26.67 100 −2667 × 10 −26670
Step 2 = 158
= =
15.8 100 × 158 15800
10
−26670 −26670 ÷ 10 −2667

Step 3 = =
15800 15800 ÷ 10 1580
−2667  1087 
Step 4 = − 1 
1580 1580 

Example 4.2-11
1.45 0.09 0.34
− − =
12.45 12.45 12.45
Solution:
1.45 0.09 0.34 1.45 − 0.09 − 0.34 1.45 − 0.43 102

.
Step 1 − − = = =
12.45 12.45 12.45 12.45 12.45 12.45
102
102
. 100 102 × 100 10200
Step 2 = 1245
= =
12.45 100 × 1245 124500
100
10200 10200 ÷ 100 102 102 ÷ 3 34

Step 3 = = = =
124500 124500 ÷ 100 1245 1245 ÷ 3 415
In general, three decimal fractions with a common denominator are subtracted in the following
way:
a × 10 − k1 b × 10 − k 2 c × 10 − k 3 a × 10 − k1 − b × 10 − k 2 − c × 10 − k 3
− − =
d × 10 − k 4 d × 10 − k 4 d × 10 − k 4 d × 10 − k 4
a × 10 − k1 − b × 10 − k 2 − c × 10 − k 3 A1 A2 A A1 − A2 − A3
= − − 3 =
d × 10 −k4
A4 A4 A4 A4
Example 4.2-12
16 × 10−2 9 × 10−3 4 × 10−1 016

. 0.009 0.4 016
. − 0.009 − 0.4 016
. − 0.409
− − = − − = =
12 × 10−2 12 × 10−2 12 × 10−2 012
. 012
. 012
. 012
. 012
.
−249 −249
−0.249 1000 −249 × 100 − 24900
///// −249  9 
= = 12
= = = = − 2 
012
. 1000 × 12 12000
///// 120 120
100 120
Case II Subtracting Two or More Decimal Fractions Without a Common Denominator

Two or more decimal fractions without a common denominator are subtracted using the steps

Case II-A Subtract two decimal fractions without a common denominator using the following
steps:
b. Change the decimal number (a × 10− k ) to an integer fraction of the form  k  ,
a
  10
128
10
Step 2 Subtract the integer fractions (see Section 3.2, Case II-A).
The following examples show the steps as to how two decimal fractions without a common
Example 4.2-13
0.8
− 01
. =
0.2
Solution:
8
0.8 10 8 × 10 80
Step 1a . =
− 01
2
. =
− 01 . =
− 01 − 01
.
0.2 10 × 2 20
10
80 80 1
Step 1b . =
− 01 −
20 20 10
80 1 (80 × 10) − (1 × 20) 800 − 20 780

Step 2 − = = =
20 10 20 × 10 200 200
780 780 ÷ 20 39
Step 3 = =
200 200 ÷ 20 10
39 9
Step 4 = 3
10 10
Example 4.2-14
.
018 0.5
− =
0.2 0.24
Solution:
18 5
.
018 0.5 100 − 10 18 × 10 5 × 100 180 500
Step 1a − = 2 24
= − = −
0.2 0.24 100 × 2 10 × 24 200 240
10 100


180 500 (180 × 240) − ( 500 × 200) 43200 − 100000 −56800
Step 2 − = = =
200 240 200 × 240 48000 48000
−56800 −56800 ÷ 100 −568 −568 ÷ 8 −71

Step 3 = = = =
48000 48000 ÷ 100 480 480 ÷ 8 60
−71  11
Step 4 = − 1 
60 60
Example 4.2-15
.
12 0.38
− =
0.5 5.4
Solution:
12 38
12
. 0.38 10 − 100 12 × 10 38 × 10 120 380
Step 1a − = 5 54
= − = −
0.5 5.4 10 × 5 100 × 54 50 5400
10 10
120 380 (120 × 5400) − ( 380 × 50) 648000 − 19000 629000

Step 2 − = = =
50 5400 50 × 5400 270000 270000
629000 629000 ÷ 1000 629

Step 3 = =
270000 270000 ÷ 1000 270
629 89
Step 4 = 2
270 270
Example 4.2-16
18
.
0.48 − =
0.6
Solution:
18
18
. 18 × 10 180
Step 1a 0.48 − = 0.48 − 10 = 0.48 − = 0.48 −
0.6 6 10 × 6 60
10
180 48 180
Step 1b 0.48 − = −
60 100 60
48 180 ( 48 × 60) − (180 × 100) 2880 − 18000 −15120

Step 2 − = = =
100 60 100 × 60 6000 6000

−15120 −15120 ÷ 40 −378

Step 3 = =
6000 6000 ÷ 40 150
−378  78

Step 4 = − 2 
150 150
Example 4.2-17
22.5 10.8
− =
0.2 0.8
Solution:
225 108
22.5 10.8 10 − 10 225 × 10 108 × 10 2250 1080
Step 1a − = 2 8
= − = −
0.2 0.8 10 × 2 10 × 8 20 80
10 10
2250 1080 ( 2250 × 80) − (1080 × 20) 180000 − 21600 158400

Step 2 − = = =
20 80 20 × 80 1600 1600
158400 158400 ÷ 1600 99

Step 3 = = = 99
1600 1600 ÷ 1600 1
In general, two decimal fractions without a common denominator are subtracted in the following
way:
a × 10 − k1
−
c × 10 − k 3
=
[(a × 10 ) × (d × 10 )] − [(c × 10 ) × (b × 10 )]
− k1 −k4 −k3 −k2
b × 10 − k 2 d × 10 − k 4 (b × 10 ) × (d × 10 )
−k2 −k4
[(a × 10 ) × (d × 10 )] − [(c × 10 ) × (b × 10 )] = [ A × A ] − [ A × A ] = [ A A ] − [ A A ]
− k1 −k4 −k3 −k2
1 4 3 2 1 4 3 2
(b × 10 ) × (d × 10 )
−k2 −k4 A2 × A4 A2 A4
A1 A4 − A3 A2
=
A2 A4

Example 4.2-18
5 3
5 × 10−2 3 × 10−1 0.05 0.3 100 − 10 5 × 10 3 × 100 50 300
− = − = = − = −
2 × 10−1 24 × 10−2 0.2 0.24 2 24 100 × 2 10 × 24 200 240
10 100
−1
(50 × 240) − ( 300 × 200) 12000 − 60000 −/48000
//// −1
= = = = = −1
200 × 240 480000 48000
///// 1
1
Case II-B Subtract three decimal fractions without a common denominator using the
following steps:
b. Change the decimal number (a × 10− k ) to an integer fraction of the form  k  ,
a
  10
8
100
Step 3 Subtract the integer fractions (see Section 3.2, Case II-B).
The following examples show the steps as to how three decimal fractions without a common
Example 4.2-19
0.7 0.25 0.4
− − =
0.6 0.2 0.01
Solution:
0.7 0.25 0.4  0.7 0.25 0.4

Step 1 − − =  − −
0.6 0.2 0.01  0.6 0.2  0.01
 7 25  4
 0.7 0.25 0.4    7 × 10 25 × 10  4 × 100
Step 2a − =  10 100 − 10 = 
 − − − −
 0.6 0.2  0.01  6 2 

1  10 × 6 100 × 2  10 × 1
 10 10  100
 70 250  400
=  − −
 60 200  10

 70 250  400  ( 70 × 200) − ( 250 × 60)  400  14000 − 15000  400

Step 3  − − =  − =  −
 60 200  10  60 × 200  10  12000  10
 −1000  400 −1000 400 ( −1000 × 10) − ( 400 × 12000)

=  − = − =
 12000  10 12000 10 12000 × 10
−10000 − 4800000 −4810000

= =
120000 120000
−4810000 −4810000 ÷ 10000 −481

Step 4 = =
120000 120000 ÷ 10000 12
−481  1

Step 5 = − 40 
12 12
Example 4.2-20
0.09 0.2
0.8 − − =
01
. 0.5
Solution:
0.09 0.2  0.09  0.2

Step 1 0.8 − − =  0.8 − −
01
. 0.5  .  0.5
01
 9  2
 0.09  0.2    9 × 10  2 × 10
Step 2a = 100  − 10 =  0.8 −
 0.8 − −  0.8 − −
 .  0.5
01 1  5  100 × 1 10 × 5
 
 10  10
 90  20
=  0.8 − −
 100  50
 90  20 8 90  20
Step 2b  0.8 − − =  − −
 100  50  10 100  50
8 90  20  ( 8 × 100) − ( 90 × 10)  20  800 − 900  20

Step 3  − − =  − =  −
 10 100  50  10 × 100  50  1000  50
 −100  20 −100 20 ( −100 × 50) − ( 20 × 1000) −5000 − 20000

=  − = − = =
 1000  50 1000 50 1000 × 50 50000
−25000
=
50000

−25000 −25000 ÷ 5000 −5 −5 ÷ 5 1

Step 4 = = = = −
50000 50000 ÷ 5000 10 10 ÷ 5 2
Example 4.2-21
.
012 0.7
− − 0.05 =
0.4 .
01
Solution:
.
012 0.7  012
. 0.7 
Step 1 − − 0.05 =  −  − 0.05
0.4 .
01  0.4 . 
01
 12 7
 012
. 0.7     12 × 10 7 × 10 
Step 2a  −  − 0.05 =  100 − 10  − 0.05 =  −  − 0.05
 0.4 . 
01  4 1

 100 × 4 10 × 1 
 10 10 
 120 70 
=  −  − 0.05
 400 10 
 120 70   120 70  5
Step 2b  −  − 0.05 =  − −
 400 10   400 10  100
 120 70  5  (120 × 10) − ( 70 × 400)  5  1200 − 28000  5

Step 3  − − =  − =  −
 400 10  100  400 × 10  100  4000  100
 −26800  5 −26800 5 ( −26800 × 100) − (5 × 4000)

=  − = − =
 4000  100 4000 100 4000 × 100
−2680000 − 20000 −2700000

= =
400000 400000
−2700000 −2700000 ÷ 100000 −27

Step 4 = =
400000 400000 ÷ 100000 4
−27  3
Step 5 = − 6 
4 4
Example 4.2-22
.
012 0.9 0.4
− − =
0.6 0.3 12 .

Solution:
.
012 0.9 0.4  012
. 0.9  0.4
Step 1 − − =  − −
0.6 0.3 12 .  0.6 0.3  12 .
 12 9 4
 012
. 0.9  0.4    12 × 10 9 × 10  4 × 10
Step 2a  − − =  100 − 10  − 10 =  − −
 0.6 0.3  12 .  6 3  12

 100 × 6 10 × 3  10 × 12
 10 10  10
 120 90  40
=  − −
 600 30  120
 120 90  40  (120 × 30) − ( 90 × 600)  40  3600 − 54000  40

Step 3  − − =  − =  −
 600 30  120  600 × 30  120  18000  120
 −50400  40 −50400 40 ( −50400 × 120) − ( 40 × 18000)

=  − = − =
 18000  120 18000 120 18000 × 120
−6048000 − 720000 −6768000

= =
2160000 2160000
−6768000 −6768000 ÷ 8000 −846 −846 ÷ 2 −423

Step 4 = = = =
2160000 2160000 ÷ 8000 270 270 ÷ 2 135
−423  18 
Step 5 = − 3 
135 135
Example 4.2-23
0.06 0.4
4.5 − − =
0.3 0.5
Solution:
0.06 0.4  0.06  0.4

Step 1 4.5 − − =  4.5 − −
0.3 0.5  0.3  0.5
 6  4
 0.06  0.4    6 × 10  4 × 10
Step 2a =  4.5 − 100  − 10 =  4.5 −
 4.5 − − −
 0.3  0.5  3  5  100 × 3 10 × 5

 10  10

 60  40
=  4.5 − −
 300  50
 60  40  45 60  40
Step 2b  4.5 − − =  − −
 300  50  10 300  50
 45 60  40  ( 45 × 300) − ( 60 × 10)  40  13500 − 600  40

Step 3  − − =  − =  −
 10 300  50  10 × 300  50  3000  50
 12900  40 12900 40 (12900 × 50) − ( 40 × 3000) 645000 − 120000

=  − = − = =
 3000  50 3000 50 3000 × 50 150000
525000
=
150000
525000 525000 ÷ 5000 105 105 ÷ 15 7

Step 4 = = = =
150000 150000 ÷ 5000 30 30 ÷ 15 2
7 1
Step 5 = 3
2 2
In general, three decimal fractions without a common denominator are subtracted as in the
following cases:
Case I.
a × 10 − k1 c × 10 − k 3 e × 10 − k 5  a × 10 − k1 c × 10 − k 3  e × 10 − k 5
− − =  − −
b × 10 − k 2 d × 10 − k 4 f × 10 − k 6  b × 10 − k 2 d × 10 − k 4  f × 10 − k 6
[( ) ( )] [(
 a × 10 − k1 × d × 10 − k 4 − c × 10 − k 3 × b × 10 − k 2

= 
) ( )] − e × 10 − k5

 (
b × 10 − k 2 × d × 10 − k 4 ) ( ) 


f × 10 − k 6
A6 = f × 10 − k 6 , then
[( ) ( )] [(
 a × 10 − k1 × d × 10 − k 4 − c × 10 − k 3 × b × 10 − k 2
 ) ( )] − e × 10 − k5
= 
 [ A1 × A4 ] − [ A3 × A2 ]  A5
−


 (
b × 10 − k 2 × d × 10 − k 4 ) ( ) 


f × 10 −k6
 A2 × A4  A6
 [ A1 A4 ] − [ A3 A2 ]  A5  A A − A3 A2  A5 A A − A3 A2 A
=  − =  1 4 − = 1 4 − 5
 A A
2 4  A6  A A
2 4  A6 A A
2 4 A6

Let B1 = A1 A4 − A3 A2 and B2 = A2 A4 , then
A1 A4 − A3 A2 A5 B A ( B1 × A6 ) − ( A5 × B2 ) ( B1 A6 ) − ( A5 B2 ) B1 A6 − A5 B2
− = 1− 5 = = =
A2 A4 A6 B2 A6 B2 × A6 B2 A6 B2 A6
Example 4.2-24
 12 4  2
12 × 10−1 4 × 10−2 2 × 10−1 .
12 0.04 0.2  12. 0.04  0.2 
10 100

10
− − = − − =  − − =  − −
4 × 10−2 6 × 10−1 5 × 10−2 0.04 0.6 0.05  0.04 0.6  0.05  4 6 

5
 100 10  100
 30 1  4
 12 × 100 4 × 10  2 × 100  1200
//// / /  200
40 ///  30 1  4  ( 30 × 15) − (1 × 1)  4
=  − − =  − − =  − − =  −
 10 × 4 100 × 6  10 × 5  40
// 600
/ / /  50
//  1 15  1  1 × 15  1
 1 15  1
 450 − 1 4  449  4 449 4 ( 449 × 1) − ( 4 × 15) 449 − 60 389 14

=  − =  − = − = = = = 25
 15  1  15  1 15 1 15 × 1 15 15 15
Case II.
a × 10 − k1 c × 10 − k 3 e × 10 − k 5 a × 10 − k1  c × 10 − k 3 e × 10 − k 5 
− − = + − − 
b × 10 − k 2 d × 10 − k 4 f × 10 − k 6 b × 10 − k 2  d × 10 − k 4 f × 10 − k 6 
=
a × 10 − k1 [( ) ( )] [(
 − c × 10 − k 3 × f × 10 − k 6 − e × 10 − k 5 × d × 10 − k 4

+
) ( )]
b × 10 − k 2 
 ( ) (
d × 10 − k 4 × f × 10 − k 6 ) 


A6 = f × 10 − k 6 , then
a × 10 − k1 
+
[( ) ( )] [(
 − c × 10 − k 3 × f × 10 − k 6 − e × 10 − k 5 × d × 10 − k 4
) ( )] A1  −[ A3 × A6 ] − [ A5 × A4 ] 
 = A + 
b × 10 − k 2 
 ( ) (
d × 10 − k 4 × f × 10 − k 6 ) 
 2  A4 × A6 
A1  −[ A3 A6 ] − [ A5 A4 ]  A  − A A − A5 A4  A − A3 A6 − A5 A4 A A A + A5 A4
+  = 1 + 3 6  = 1 + = 1− 3 6
A2  A4 A6  A2  A4 A6  A2 A4 A6 A2 A4 A6

A1 A3 A6 + A5 A4 A1 B1 ( A1 × B2 ) − ( B1 × A2 ) ( A1 B2 ) − ( B1 A2 ) A1 B2 − B1 A2
− = − = = =
A2 A4 A6 A2 B2 A2 × B2 A2 B2 A2 B2
Example 4.2-25
12 × 10−1 4 × 10−2 2 × 10−1 .

12 0.04 0.2 12
.  0.04 0.2 
− − = − − = + − − 
4 × 10−2 6 × 10−1 5 × 10−2 0.04 0.6 0.05 0.04  0.6 0.05
12  4 2  30  1 4 
  12 × 100  4 × 10 2 × 100  / / / /  40
1200 // ///
200
= 10 +  − 100 − 10  = + − − = + − −
 
4  6 5  10 × 4  100 × 6 10 × 5  40
//  600
/// 50
// 
 1  15 1 
100  10 100 
30  1 4  30  −(1 × 1) − ( 4 × 15)  30  −1 − 60  30  −61 30 61

= + − −  = +  = +  = +  = −
1  15 1  1  15 × 1  1  15  1  15  1 15
( 30 × 15) − ( 61 × 1) 450 − 61 389 14

= = = = 25
1 × 15 15 15 15
The following examples further illustrate how to Subtract decimal fractions:
Example 4.2-26
−8 −10
15
. 2.3 15
. − 2.3 −0.8 10 −8 × 100 −800 −10  1
− = = = 24 = = = = − 3 
0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 10 × 24 240
/// 3 3
100 3
Example 4.2-27
18 6 90 3
.
18 0.6 10 10 18 × 100 6 × 10 1800
/ / / / 60
// 90 3 90 − 3 87
− = 2 − 2 = − = − = − = = = 87
0.02 0.2 10 × 2 10 × 2 20
// 20
// 1 1 1 1
100 10 1 1
Example 4.2-28
27 15 30 30
2.7 15
. 10 10 27 × 100 15 × 100 2700
/ / / / 1500
//// 30 30 30 − 30 0
− = 9 − 5 = − = − = − = = = 0
0.09 0.05 10 × 9 10 × 5 90
// 50
// 1 1 1 1
1 1
100 100
Example 4.2-29
−11 −22
2.8 01
. 38
. 2.8 − 01
. − 38
. −11. 10 −11 × 100 −1100
//// −22
− − = = = 5
= = = = −22
0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 10 × 5 50
// 1
100 1

Example 4.2-30
 64 15  6
6.4 015
. 0.6 .  0.6
 6.4 015    64 × 100 15 × 10  6 × 100
− − =  − − =  10
8
− 100  − 10 = 
5 3
− −
0.08 0.5 0.03  0.08 0.5  0.03    10 × 8 100 × 5 10 × 3
 100 10  100
 80 3  20
 6400
/ / / / 150
/ / /  600
///  80 3  20  ( 80 × 10) − ( 3 × 1)  20  800 − 3 20  797  20
=  80 −  − =  − − =  − =  − =  −
 // / / /  30
500 //  1 10  1  1 × 10  1  10  1  10  1
 1 10  1
797 20 (797 × 1) − (20 × 10) 797 − 200 597 59 7

= − = = = =
10 1 10 × 1 10 10 10
Example 4.2-31
15  24 48  30  12 48 
.
15  2.4 4.8    15 × 100  24 × 10 48 × 10  / / / /  240
1500 ///
/ / / 480
− −  = 10 − 10 − 10  = − −  = − −
5 
. 
0.05  0.2 01  2 1  10 × 5  10 × 2 10 × 1  50
//  20
// 10
// 
100  10 10  1  1 1 
30  12 48  30  12 − 48  30  −36  30  36  30 36 30 + 36 66
= − −  = −  = −  = +  = + = = = 66
1  1 1 1  1  1  1  1  1 1 1 1 1
Example 4.2-32
49  18 36 
4.9  18 . 0.36    49 × 100  18 × 10 36 × 10 
+ − − = 10 +  − 10 − 100  = + − −
 
0.07  0.2 0.6  7  2 6  10 × 7  10 × 2 100 × 6 

100  10 10 
70  9 6 
/ / / /  180
4900 / //
/ / / 360 70  9 6  70  −( 9 × 10) − ( 6 × 1)  70  −90 − 6 
= + − −  = + − −  = +  = + 
70
//  20// 600
/// 1  1 10  1  10 × 1  1  10 
1  1 10 
302
70  −96  70 96 ( 70 × 10) − ( 96 × 1) 700 − 96 604
/// 302 2
= +  = − = = = = = 60
1  10  1 10 1 × 10 10 10
// 5 5
5
Example 4.2-33
 45  5
0.45 0.5  0.45 0.5  25   25 45 × 10  5 × 100
2.5 − = =  − 100  − 10 = 
−  2.5 − − − −
0.5 015
.  0.5  015
.  10 5  15  10 100 × 5  10 × 15

 10  100

 5 9  10
 25
// / / /  500
450 ///  5 9  10  ( 5 × 10) − ( 9 × 2)  10  50 − 18  10  32  10
=  − − =  − − =  − =  − =  −
 10
// 500
/ / /  150
///  2 10  3  2 × 10  3  20  3  20  3
 2 10  3
−26
32 10 ( 32 × 3) − (10 × 20) 96 − 200 − 104
/// −26  11 
= − = = = = = − 1 
20 3 20 × 3 60 60
// 15 15 
15
Example 4.2-34
 28 15   280 3 
 2.8 15.    9  28 × 100 15 × 10  9  2800 /// 9
/ / / / 150
 −  − 0.9 =  10 − 10  − =  − − =  − −
 0.01 0.5  1 5  10

 10 × 1 10 × 5  10  10// 50
/ /  10
 100 10   1 1 
 280 3 9  280 − 3 9  277  9 277 9 ( 277 × 10) − ( 9 × 1) 2770 − 9

=  − − =  − =  − = − = =
 1 1  10  1  10  1  10 1 10 1 × 10 10
2761 1
= = 276
10 10
Example 4.2-35
 98 18  75  4
 9.8 18 .  7.5   10 10  10  − 8/  98 × 100 18 × 10  75 × 100  4
 0.04 − 0.2  − 0.05  − 08
. =  − − =  − − −
   4 2 5  10 //   10 × 4 10 × 2  10 × 5  5

 100 10  100  5
 245 9  150 
 9800 / / /  7500
/ / / / 180 //// 4  245 9  150  4  245 − 9  150  4  236  150  4
=  − − − =  − − − =  − − =  − −
 40
// 20
//  50
//  5 
 1 1 1  5  1  1  5  1  1  5
 1 1  1 
 236 150  4  236 − 150  4   86 4 86 4 (86 × 5) − (4 × 1) 430 − 4 426

=  − − 5 =  − 5 =  − = − = = =
 1 1   1  1 5 1 5 1× 5 5 5
1
= 85
5

Section 4.2 Exercises - Subtract the following decimal fractions:
3.6 0.8 6.4 .

18 3.6 18
.
1. − = 2. − = 3. − =
0.04 0.04 0.04 0.01 0.02 0.2
2.4 0.3 15. .  4.9

12.2 18 0.9 0.4 
4. − − = 5.  − − = 6. 8.8 +  − −  =
012
. 012
. 012
.  0.04 0.2  0.7  0.03 0.02 
2.2  0.9 15.  14

. 01
. 33
. 11
. 0
7. − −  = 8.  9.8 −  − = 9. − − =
0.4  0.03 0.5   0.2  0.2 0.03 01. 0.5
 3.6 0.3 12
. 
10.  − −

− 0.5 =
 0.04 12
.  0.2 

Mastering Fractions 4.3 Multiplying Decimal Fractions
4.3 Multiplying Decimal Fractions

Two or more decimal fractions with or without a common denominator are multiplied using the
Case I Multiply two decimal fractions with or without a common denominator using the
following steps:

a
  10
3
1000
Step 2 Multiply the integer fractions (see Section 3.3, Case I).
The following examples show the steps as to how two decimal fractions with or without a
Example 4.3-1
12.2 15.
× =
108
. 0.4
Solution:
122 15
12.2 15. 10 × 10 122 × 100 15 × 10 12200 150
Step 1a × = 108 4
= × = ×
108
. 0.4 10 × 108 10 × 4 1080 40
100 10
12200 150 12200 × 150 1830000

Step 2 × = =
1080 40 1080 × 40 43200
1830000 1830000 ÷ 400 4575 4575 ÷ 3 1525

Step 3 = = = =
43200 43200 ÷ 400 108 108 ÷ 3 36
1525 13
Step 4 = 42
36 36
Example 4.3-2
0.2
× 0.5 =
0.08

Solution:
2
0.2 10 × 0.5 2 × 100 200
Step 1a × 0.5 = 8
= × 0.5 = × 0.5
0.08 10 × 8 80
100
200 200 5
Step 1b × 0.5 = ×
80 80 10
200 5 200 × 5 1000

Step 2 × = =
80 10 80 × 10 800
1000 1000 ÷ 200 5

Step 3 = =
800 800 ÷ 200 4
5 1
Step 4 = 1
4 4
Example 4.3-3
2.2 18
.
× =
0.04 0.3
Solution:
22 18
2.2 18
. 10 × 10 22 × 100 18 × 10 2200 180
Step 1a × = 4 3
= × = ×
0.04 0.3 10 × 4 10 × 3 40 30
100 10
2200 180 2200 × 180 396000

Step 2 × = =
40 30 40 × 30 1200
396000 396000 ÷ 1200 330

Step 3 = = = 330
1200 1200 ÷ 1200 1
Example 4.3-4
12.2 0.05
× =
4.8 4.8
Solution:
122 5
12.2 0.05 10 × 100 122 × 10 5 × 10 1220 50
Step 1a × = 48 48
= × = ×
4.8 4.8 10 × 48 100 × 48 480 4800
10 10

1220 50 1220 × 50 61000

Step 2 × = =
480 4800 480 × 4800 2304000
61000 61000 ÷ 1000 61

Step 3 = =
2304000 2304000 ÷ 1000 2304
Example 4.3-5
0.05
12.4 × =
0.8
Solution:
5
0.05 5 × 10 50
Step 1a 12.4 × = 12.4 × 100 = 12.4 × = 12.4 ×
0.8 8 100 × 8 800
10
50 124 50
Step 1b 12.4 × = ×
800 10 800
124 50 124 × 50 6200

Step 2 × = =
10 800 10 × 800 8000
6200 6200 ÷ 200 31

Step 3 = =
8000 8000 ÷ 200 40
In general, two decimal fractions are multiplied in the following way:
a × 10 − k1
×
c × 10 − k 3
=
(a × 10 ) × (c × 10 )
− k1 −k3
b × 10 − k 2 d × 10 − k 4 (b × 10 ) × (d × 10 )
−k2 −k4
(a × 10 ) × (c × 10 )
− k1 −k3
=
A1 × A3
=
A1 A3
(b × 10 ) × (d × 10 )
−k2 −k4 A2 × A4 A2 A4

Example 4.3-6
52 11
52 × 10 −2 11 × 10 −3 .
052 0.011 100 × 1000 52 × 10 11 × 100 520 1100
−1
× −2
= × = 3 4
= × = ×
3 × 10 4 × 10 0.3 0.04 100 × 3 1000 × 4 300 4000
10 100
26 11 13
520
/ / / × 1100
//// 26
/ / × 11 13 × 11 143
= = = =
300
/ / / × 4000
//// 15 × 40// 15 × 20 300
15 40 20
Case II Multiply three decimal fractions with or without a common denominator using the
following steps:

a
 10 
139
e.g., change 139
. to .
10
Step 2 Multiply the integer fractions (see Section 3.3, Case II).
The following examples show the steps as to how three decimal fractions with or without a
Example 4.3-7
0.08 01
.
× × 0.3 =
0.5 0.06
Solution:
8 1
0.08 01
. 100 × 10 × 0.3 8 × 10 1 × 100 80 100
Step 1a × × 0.3 = 5 6
= × × 0.3 = × × 0.3
0.5 0.06 100 × 5 10 × 6 500 60
10 100
80 100 80 100 3
Step 1b × × 0.3 = × ×
500 60 500 60 10
80 100 3 80 × 100 3 8000 3 8000 × 3 24000

Step 2 × × = × = × = =
500 60 10 500 × 60 10 30000 10 30000 × 10 300000
24000 24000 ÷ 1000 24 24 ÷ 4 6

Step 3 = = = =
300000 300000 ÷ 1000 300 300 ÷ 4 75

Example 4.3-8
0.01 0.75
0.8 × × =
0.8 0.2
Solution:
1 75
0.01 0.75 100 100 1 × 10 75 × 10 10 750
Step 1a 0.8 × × = 0.8 ×
8
×
2
= 0.8 × × = 0.8 × ×
0.8 0.2 100 × 8 100 × 2 800 200
10 10
10 750 8 10 750
Step 1b 0.8 × × = × ×
800 200 10 800 200
8 10 750 8 × 10 × 750 60000

Step 2 × × = =
10 800 200 10 × 800 × 200 1600000
60000 60000 ÷ 10000 6 6÷2 3

Step 3 = = = =
1600000 1600000 ÷ 10000 160 160 ÷ 2 80
Example 4.3-9
2.5 0.02 2.45
× × =
0.4 18
. 0.4
Solution:
25 2 245
2.5 0.02 2.45 10 × 100 × 100 25 × 10 2 × 10 245 × 10
Step 1a × × = 4 18 4
= × ×
0.4 18
. 0.4 10 × 4 100 × 18 100 × 4
10 10 10
250 20 2450
= × ×
40 1800 400
250 20 2450 250 × 20 × 2450 12250000

Step 2 × × = =
40 1800 400 40 × 1800 × 400 28800000
12250000 12250000 ÷ 50000 245

Step 3 = =
28800000 28800000 ÷ 50000 576
Example 4.3-10
01
. 0.25
0.09 × × =
0.7 0.6

Solution:
1 25
01
. 0.25 10 100 1 × 10 25 × 10 10 250
Step 1a 0.09 × × = 0.09 ×
7
×
6
= 0.09 × × = 0.09 × ×
0.7 0.6 10 × 7 100 × 6 70 600
10 10
10 250 9 10 250
Step 1b 0.09 × × = × ×
70 600 100 70 600
9 10 250 9 × 10 × 250 22500

Step 2 × × = =
100 70 600 100 × 70 × 600 4200000
22500 22500 ÷ 500 45 45 ÷ 15 3

Step 3 = = = =
4200000 4200000 ÷ 500 8400 8400 ÷ 15 560
Example 4.3-11
0.9 0.8 0.5
× × =
0.2 01
. 15
.
Solution:
9 8 5
0.9 0.8 0.5 10 × 10 × 10 9 × 10 8 × 10 5 × 10 90 80 50
Step 1a × × = 2 1 15
= × × = × ×
0.2 01
. 15
. 10 × 2 10 × 1 10 × 15 20 10 150
10 10 10
90 80 50 90 × 80 × 50 360000
Step 2 × × = =
20 10 150 20 × 10 × 150 30000
360000 360000 ÷ 30000 12

Step 3 = = = 12
30000 300000 ÷ 30000 1
In general, three decimal fractions are multiplied as in the following cases:
Case I.
a × 10 − k1
×
c × 10 − k 3
×
e × 10 − k 5
=
(a × 10 ) × (c × 10 ) × (e × 10 )
− k1 −k3 − k5
b × 10 − k 2 d × 10 − k 4 f × 10 − k 6 (b × 10 ) × (d × 10 ) × ( f × 10 )
−k2 −k4 −k6
Let A1 = a × 10− k1 , A2 = b × 10− k 2 , A3 = c × 10− k 3 , A4 = d × 10− k 4 , A5 = e × 10 − k5 , and

A6 = f × 10 − k 6 , then
(a × 10 ) × (c × 10 ) × (e × 10 )
− k1 −k3 − k5
=
A1 × A3 × A5
=
A1 A3 A5
(b × 10 ) × (d × 10 ) × ( f × 10 )
−k2 −k4 −k6 A2 × A4 × A6 A2 A4 A6
Example 4.3-12
2 24 12
2 × 10 −1 24 × 10 −2 12 × 10 −3 0.2 0.24 0.012 10 × 100 × 1000
× × = × × = 5 3 14
5 × 10 −2 3 × 10 −1 14 × 10 −2 0.05 0.3 014
.
100 10 100
4 12 3 1
2 × 100 24 × 10 12 × 100 200 240 1200 200
/ / / × 240
/ / / × 1200
/ /// 4 × 12 × 3/ 4 × 12 × 1
= × × = × × = = =
10 × 5 100 × 3 1000 × 14 50 300 14000 50
/ / × 300
/ / / × 14000
/ //// / /× 35
1 × 15 1 × 5 × 35
1 15 35 5
48
=
175
Case II.
a × 10 − k1 c × 10 − k 3 e × 10 − k 5  a × 10 − k1 c × 10 − k 3  e × 10 − k 5
× × =  −k2
× ×
b × 10 −k2
d × 10 −k4
f × 10 −k6
 b × 10 d × 10 − k 4  f × 10 − k 6
=
( ) (
 a × 10 − k1 × c × 10 − k 3
 )  × e × 10 − k5
( ) (
 b × 10 − k 2 × d × 10 − k 4
 )  f × 10 −k6
Let A1 = a × 10− k1 , A2 = b × 10− k 2 , A3 = c × 10− k 3 , A4 = d × 10− k 4 , A5 = e × 10 − k 5 , and
A6 = f × 10 − k 6 , then
 ( ) (
 a × 10 − k1 × c × 10 − k 3 )  × e × 10 − k5
= 
 A1 × A3  A5
× = 
 A1 A3  A5
× =
A1 A3 A
× 5
 ( ) (
 b × 10 − k 2 × d × 10 − k 4
)  f × 10 −k6
 A2 × A4  A6  A2 A4  A6 A2 A4 A6
A1 A3 × A5 A1 A3 A5
= =
A2 A4 × A6 A2 A4 A6
Example 4.3-13
 2 24  12
2 × 10 −1 24 × 10 −2 12 × 10 −3 0.2 0.24 0.012  
× × = × × =  10 × 100  × 1000
5 × 10 −2 3 × 10 −1 14 × 10 −2 0.05 0.3 014
.  5 3 

14
 100 10  100

 4 12  3  4
 2 × 100 24 × 10  12 × 100  200 240  1200  200 / / /  1200
/ / / × 240 / ///  4 × 12
// 3
=  × × =  × × =   =  ×
 10 × 5 100 × 3  1000 × 14  50 300  14000  50
/ / × 300
/ / /  14000
/ ////  1 × 15
/ /  35
 1 15  35  5
 4 × 4 3   16 3 16 3 16 × 3 48
=  × =  × = × = =
 1 × 5  35  5  35 5 35 5 × 35 175
Case III.
a × 10 − k1 c × 10 − k 3 e × 10 − k 5 a × 10 − k1  c × 10 − k 3 e × 10 − k 5 
× × = × × 
b × 10 − k 2 d × 10 − k 4 f × 10 − k 6 b × 10 − k 2  d × 10 − k 4 f × 10 − k 6 
=
a × 10 − k1 ( ) (
 c × 10 − k 3 × e × 10 − k 5
×
) 
b × 10 − k 2 ( ) (
 d × 10 − k 4 × f × 10 − k 6
 ) 
A6 = f × 10 − k 6 , then
a × 10 − k1
×
( ) (
 c × 10 − k 3 × e × 10 − k 5 )  =
A1  A3 × A5 
×  =
A1  A3 A5 
×  =
A1 A A
× 3 5
b × 10 −k2
 ( ) (
 d × 10 − k 4 × f × 10 − k 6
)  A2  A4 × A6  A2  A4 A6  A2 A4 A6
A1 × A3 A5 A1 A3 A5
= =
A2 × A4 A6 A2 A4 A6
Example 4.3-14
2  24 12 
2 × 10 −1 24 × 10 −2 12 × 10 −3 0.2 0.24 0.012  
× × = × × = 10 ×  100 × 1000 
5 × 10 −2 3 × 10 −1 14 × 10 −2 0.05 0.3 .
014 5  3 14 

100  10 100 
4  12 3   1
2 × 100  24 × 10 12 × 100  200  240 1200  / / /  240
200 / /// 
/ / / × 1200 4  12 × 3/ 
= × ×  = × ×  = ×  = × 
10 × 5  100 × 3 1000 × 14  50  300 14000  50
//  300
/ / / × 14000
/ //// 1  15
/ /× 35 
1  15 35   5 
4  12 × 1  4  12  4 12 4 × 12 48
= ×  = ×  = × = =
1  5 × 35  1  175  1 175 1 × 175 175

The following examples further illustrate how to multiply decimal fractions:
Example 4.3-15
8 5 80 1 40
0.8 0.05 10 100 8 × 100 5 × 10 / / / 50
800 // 80 1 / /× 1
80 40 × 1 40
× = 1 × 1 = × = × = × = = =
0.01 01
. 10 × 1 100 × 1 / / 100
10 /// 1 2 1 × 2/ 1×1 1
100 10 1 2 1
= 40
Example 4.3-16
8 123 1
0.08 246 100 246 8 × 10 246
/// 80
// 123 1 123 × 1 123 23
24.6 × = ×
16
= × = × = × = = = 1
16
. 10 10 100 × 16 / / 1600
10 //// 5 20 5 × 20 100 100
10 5 20
Example 4.3-17
18 17 8 9 170 4
018
. 17
. 0.8 100 10 10 18 × 10 17 × 100 8 × 10 180
/ / / 1700
/ / / / 80
// 9 170 4
× × = 2 × 4 × 2 = × × = × × = × ×
0.2 0.04 0.2 100 × 2 10 × 4 10 × 2 200
/// 40
// 20
// 10 4 1
10 100 10 10 4 1
17 1
/ / / × 4/
9 × 170 9 × 17 × 1 153
= = = = 153
/ / × 4/ × 1
10 1×1×1 1
1 1
Example 4.3-18
24 18 7 60 15
2.4 .
18 35 35 24 × 100 18 × 100 35
/ /× 2400
/ / / / × 1800
//// 7 × 60 × 15
0.35 × × = × 10 × 10 = × × = =
0.04 012
. 100 4 12 100 10 × 4 10 × 12 100
/ / / × 40
/ / × 120
/// 20 × 1 × 1
100 100 20 1 1
315
6300
//// 315
= = = 315
20
// 1
1
Example 4.3-19
 5  28
 0.5  2.8  105
 × 10.5 × 10
=  105 ×  × 10 =  5 × 100 × 105 × 28 × 100 =  500 × 105 × 2800
 105
.  0.04  10  4  10 × 105 10  10 × 4  1050 10  40
 100  100
 10 21  70  5 1
 500 / / /  2800
/ / / 105 ////  10 21 70  10 / /  70
/ / × 21  5 × 1 70  5 70 5 70
=  × × =  × × =  × =  × =  × = ×
 1050
/ / / / 10//  40
//  21 2  1  21
/ /× 2/  1  1 × 1 1  1 1 1 1
 21 2  1  1 1
5 × 70 350
= = = 350
1× 1 1

Example 4.3-20
33  18 5 15 
3.3  18
. 0.05 15
.    33 × 10  18 × 100 5 × 100 15 × 10 
× × ×  = 10 ×  10 × 100 × 10  = × × × 
.  0.02 0.33 0.5
01 1  2 33 5 10 × 1  10 × 2 100 × 33 10 × 5 
10  100 100 10 
33  90 5 3   1
/ / /  1800
330 / / / / 500 ///
/ / / 150 33  90 5 3 33  90 × 5 × 3/  33  90 × 5 × 1
= × × ×  = × × ×  = ×  = × 
10
/ /  20 // 3300
/ / / / 50//  1  1 33 1  1  1 × 33
/ /× 1  1  1 × 11 × 1 
1  1 33 1   11 
3
33  450  33 450 / /× 450
33 3 × 450 1350
= ×  = × = = = = 1350
1  11  1 11 1 × 11
// 1×1 1
1
Example 4.3-21
38 15 1 2
.
38 .
15 0.01 0.02 38 × 100 15 × 1000 1 × 10 2 × 10
× × × = 102
× 10 × 100 × 100 =
5 5 18
× × ×
0.02 0.005 0.5 .
18 10 × 2 10 × 5 100 × 5 100 × 18
100 1000 10 10
190 300 1 1 19 10 2
/ / / / / 10
/ / / / 15000
3800 // 20
// 190 300 1 1 190
/ / / × 300
/ / /× 1× 1 19 × 10
/ /× 1× 1 19 × 2 × 1 × 1
= × × × = × × × = = =
20
// 50
// / / / 1800
500 //// 1 1 50 90 1 × 1 × 50/ / × 90
// 1 × 1 × 5/× 3 1× 1× 1× 3
1 1 50 90 5 3 1
38 2
= = 12
3 3
Example 4.3-22
 4 22   24 
 0.04 2.2   2.4    4 
 ×  ×  0.4 ×  =  100 × 10  ×  × 10  =  4 × 10 × 22 × 10  ×  4 × 24 × 100 
 12. 0.8   0.08   12 8   10 8   100 × 12 10 × 8   10 10 × 8 
 10 10   100 
 1 11   2 30 
 40// / / /   4/ 2400
220 ////  1 11  2 30   1 × 11   2 × 30   11   60 
=  ×  × ×  =  ×  × ×  =   ×  =   × 
 1200
/ / / / 80/ /   10
// 80
//   30 4   5 1   30 × 4   5 × 1   120   5 
 30 4   5 1 
12 1
11 60
// 11 12 11 × 12
// 11 × 1 11 1
= × = × = = = = 1
120 5/ 120 1 120
/ / /×1 10 × 1 10 10
1 10
Example 4.3-23
15 77  33 0 
 
.
15 0.77  0.33 0  10 × 100 ×  100 × 1  = 15 × 10 × 77 × 100 ×  33 × 10 × 100 × 0 
× × ×  =  
0.5 0.02  0.7 015 .  5 2  7 15  10 × 5 100 × 2  100 × 7 1 × 15 
10 100  10 100 

3 77  33 
150
/ / / 7700 /// 0
/ / / /  330 3 77  33 0  3 × 77  33 × 0  231  0  231 0
= × × ×  = × × ×  = ×  = ×  = ×
50
// / / /  700
200 / / / 15 1 2  70 15 1 × 2  70 × 15 2  1050  2 1050
1 2  70 
231 × 0 0
= = = 0
2 × 1050 2100
Note: Any number multiplied by zero is always equal to zero.

Example 4.3-24
 26  35 
 2.6  35 .   10 106  10  × 5  26 × 100
 106
 35 × 10  5
 0.05 × 10.6 × 0.2  × 0.5 =  × × =  × × × =
   5 10  2  10  10 × 5 10  10 × 2  10
 100  10 
 52 53  35  1
 2600 / / /  350
/ / / / 106 / / /  5/  52 53 35  1  52 × 53 35  1  2756  35  1
 × × × =  ×  ×  × =   ×  × =   × ×
50
/ / 10
/ /  20/ /  10//  1 5  2  2  1 × 5  2  2  5  2  2

 1 5  2  2
 1378 7  4823
 2756 35  1 / / 1
/ / / / × 35
 2756  1378 × 7  1  9646  1 9646 1 9646
/ / / /×1
=  5 × 2 × 2 =  5/× 2/  × 2 =  1× 1  × 2 =  1 × 2 = × =
      1 2 1 × 2/
 1 1  1
 
4823 × 1 4823
= = = 4823
1× 1 1
Section 4.3 Exercises - Multiply the following decimal fractions:
35
. 0.7 15
. 01
. 18
. 0.4 
1. × = 2. × = 3.  ×  × 0.07 =
0.07 0.05 0.05 0.03  0.02 
0.04
.
15 .
18 0 11
. 0.44 .
7.5 0.02 012
4. × × = 5. × . =
× 38 6. × × =
0.05 0.2 18. 0.2 0.4 .
12 0.8 0.75
.
39 .  0.08
15 7.5 0.5 .
18   0.4
7.  × × = 8. 145
. × × = 9.  × 0.2 × 

.  =
× 012
 0.03 0.05  0.39 0.001 0.45  0.04   0.9 
 5.5 0.01 
10. 8.4 ×  × 
  × 0.2 =
  0.5 .
01 

Mastering Fractions 4.4 Dividing Decimal Fractions
4.4 Dividing Decimal Fractions

Two or more decimal fractions with or without a common denominator are divided using the
Case I Divide two decimal fractions with or without a common denominator using the
following steps:
a
  10
2386
10
Step 2 Divide the integer fractions (see Section 3.4, Case I).
The following examples show the steps as to how two decimal fractions with or without a
Example 4.4-1
10.5 12.4
÷ =
0.06 2.8
Solution:
105 124
10.5 12.4 105 × 100 124 × 10 10500 1240
Step 1a ÷ = 10
6
÷ 10 =
28
÷ = ÷
0.06 2.8 10 × 6 10 × 28 60 280
100 10
10500 1240 10500 280 10500 × 280 2940000

Step 2 ÷ = × = =
60 280 60 1240 60 × 1240 74400
2940000 2940000 ÷ 100 29400 29400 ÷ 24 1225

Step 3 = = = =
74400 74400 ÷ 100 744 744 ÷ 24 31
1225 16
Step 4 = 39
31 31
Example 4.4-2
0.5
÷ 0.2 =
0.08
Solution:
5
0.5 10 5 × 100 500
Step 1a ÷ 0.2 =
8
÷ 0.2 = ÷ 0.2 = ÷ 0.2
0.08 10 × 8 80
100

500 500 2
Step 1b ÷ 0.2 = ÷
80 80 10
500 2 500 10 500 × 10 5000

Step 2 ÷ = × = =
80 10 80 2 80 × 2 160
5000 5000 ÷ 40 125

Step 3 = =
160 160 ÷ 40 4
125 1
Step 4 = 31
4 4
Example 4.4-3
.
418 2.5
÷ =
10.5 12.8
Solution:
418 25
.
418 2.5 100 ÷ 10 418 × 10 25 × 10 4180 250
Step 1a ÷ = 105 128
= ÷ = ÷
10.5 12.8 100 × 105 10 × 128 10500 1280
10 10
4180 250 4180 1280 4180 × 1280 5350400

Step 2 ÷ = × = =
10500 1280 10500 250 10500 × 250 2625000
5350400 5350400 ÷ 100 53504 53504 ÷ 2 26752

Step 3 = = = =
2625000 2625000 ÷ 100 26250 26250 ÷ 2 13125
26752 502
Step 4 = 2
13125 13125
Example 4.4-4
5.6
12.6 ÷ =
0.3
Solution:
56
5.6 10 56 × 10 560
Step 1a 12.6 ÷ = 12.6 ÷
3
= 12.6 ÷ = 12.6 ÷
0.3 10 × 3 30
10
560 126 560

Step 1b 12.6 ÷ = ÷
30 10 30
126 560 126 30 126 × 30 3780

Step 2 ÷ = × = =
10 30 10 560 10 × 560 5600

3780 3780 ÷ 20 189

Step 3 = =
5600 5600 ÷ 20 280
Example 4.4-5
0.05 3.6
÷ =
15
. 0.8
Solution:
5 36
0.05 3.6 100 ÷ 10 5 × 10 36 × 10 50 360
Step 1a ÷ = 15 8
= ÷ = ÷
15
. 0.8 100 × 15 10 × 8 1500 80
10 10
50 360 50 80 50 × 80 4000
Step 2 ÷ = × = =
1500 80 1500 360 1500 × 360 540000
4000 4000 ÷ 4000 1

Step 3 = =
540000 540000 ÷ 4000 135
In general, two decimal fractions are divided in the following way:
a × 10 − k1
÷
c × 10 − k 3
=
a × 10 − k1
×
d × 10 − k 4
=
(a × 10 ) × (d × 10 )
− k1 − k4
b × 10 − k 2 d × 10 − k 4 b × 10 − k 2 c × 10 − k 3 (b × 10 ) × (c × 10 )
− k2 − k3
(a × 10 ) × (d × 10 )
− k1 − k4
=
A1 × A4
=
A1 A4
(b × 10 ) × (c × 10 )
− k2 − k3 A2 × A3 A2 A3
Example 4.4-6
5 45
5 × 10−1 45 × 10−3 0.5 0.045 10 ÷ 1000 5 × 100 45 × 100 500 4500
× = ÷ = = ÷ = ÷
12 × 10−2 6 × 10−2 .
012 0.06 12 6 10 × 12 1000 × 6 120 6000
100 100
1 50
500 6000 500
/ / / × 6000
//// 1 × 50 50 5
= × = = = = 5
120 4500 120
/ / / × 4500
//// 1× 9 9 9
1 9

Case II Divide three decimal fractions with or without a common denominator using the
following steps:
a
  10
9
10
Step 2 Divide the integer fractions (see Section 3.4, Case II).
The following examples show the steps as to how three decimal fractions with or without a
Example 4.4-7
 012
. 12
.  0.4
 ÷ ÷ =
 0.03 0.5 0.9
Solution:
 12 12  4
 012
. 12
.  0.4    12 × 100 12 × 10  4 × 10
Step 1a  ÷ ÷ =  100 ÷ 10  ÷ 10 =  ÷ ÷
 0.03 0.5 0.9  3 5

9  100 × 3 10 × 5  10 × 9
 100 10  10
 1200 120  40
=  ÷ ÷
 300 50  90
 1200 120  40  1200 50  40  1200 × 50  40  60000  40

Step 2  ÷ ÷ =  × ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷
 300 50  90  300 120  90  300 × 120  90  36000  90
60000 40 60000 90 60000 × 90 5400000

= ÷ = × = =
36000 90 36000 40 36000 × 40 1440000
5400000 5400000 ÷ 10000 540 540 ÷ 36 15

Step 3 = = = =
1440000 1440000 ÷ 10000 144 144 ÷ 36 4
15 3
Step 4 = 3
4 4
Example 4.4-8
 0.8 
0.03 ÷  ÷ 0.42 =
 0.5 

Solution:
 8 
 0.8     8 × 10 
Step 1a 0.03 ÷  ÷ 0.42 = 0.03 ÷  10 ÷ 0.42 = 0.03 ÷  ÷ 0.42
 0.5   5   10 × 5 
 10 
 80 
= 0.03 ÷  ÷ 0.42
 50 
 80  3  80 42 
Step 1b 0.03 ÷  ÷ 0.42 = ÷ ÷ 
 50  100  50 100 
3  80 42  3  80 100  3  80 × 100  3  8000 

Step 2 ÷ ÷  = ÷ ×  = ÷  = ÷ 
100  50 100  100  50 42  100  50 × 42  100  2100 
3 8000 3 2100 3 × 2100 6300

= ÷ = × = =
100 2100 100 8000 100 × 8000 800000
6300 6300 ÷ 100 63

Step 3 = =
800000 800000 ÷ 100 8000
Example 4.4-9
 01
.  0.3
 0.5 ÷ ÷ =
 0.03 0.8
Solution:
 1  3
 01
.  0.3    1 × 100  3 × 10
Step 1a =  0.5 ÷ 10  ÷ 10 =  0.5 ÷
 0.5 ÷ ÷ ÷
 0.03 0.8  3  8  10 × 3  10 × 8

 100  10
 100  30
=  0.5 ÷ ÷
 30  80
 100  30  5 100  30
Step 1b  0.5 ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷
 30  80  10 30  80
 5 100  30  5 30  30  5 × 30  30  150  30
Step 2  ÷ ÷ =  × ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷
 10 30  80  10 100  80  10 × 100  80  1000  80
150 30 150 80 150 × 80 12000

= ÷ = × = =
1000 80 1000 30 1000 × 30 30000
12000 12000 ÷ 1000 12 12 ÷ 6 2

Step 3 = = = =
30000 30000 ÷ 1000 30 30 ÷ 6 5

Example 4.4-10
 0.05 0.8 
 ÷  ÷ 0.02 =
 0.03 0.01
Solution:
 5 8 
 0.05 0.8     5 × 100 8 × 100 
Step 1a =  100 10  ÷ 0.02 = 
 ÷  ÷ 0.02 ÷ ÷  ÷ 0.02
 0.03 0.01  3 1 

 100 × 3 10 × 1 
 100 100 
 500 800 
=  ÷  ÷ 0.02
 300 10 
 500 800   500 800  2

Step 1b  ÷  ÷ 0.02 =  ÷ ÷
 300 10   300 10  100
 500 800  2  500 10  2  500 × 10  2

Step 2  ÷ ÷ =  × ÷ =  ÷
 300 10  100  300 800  100  300 × 800  100
 5000  2 5000 2 5000 100 5000 × 100 500000

=  ÷ = ÷ = × = =
 240000  100 240000 100 240000 2 240000 × 2 480000
500000 500000 ÷ 10000 50 50 ÷ 2 25

Step 3 = = = =
480000 480000 ÷ 10000 48 48 ÷ 2 24
25 1
Step 4 = 1
24 24
Example 4.4-11
 01. 0.2  0.2
 ÷ ÷ =
 0.03 0.5  0.6
Solution:
 1 2 2
 01. 0.2  0.2  
Step 1a  ÷ ÷ 10 10
=  3 ÷ 5÷ 10 =  1 × 100 ÷ 2 × 10  ÷ 2 × 10
 0.03 0.5  0.6   6  10 × 3 10 × 5  10 × 6
 100 10  10
 100 20  20
=  ÷ ÷
 30 50  60

 100 20  20  100 50  20  100 × 50  20  5000  20
Step 2  ÷ ÷ =  × ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷
 30 50  60  30 20  60  30 × 20  60  600  60

5000 20 5000 60 5000 × 60 300000

= ÷ = × = =
600 60 600 20 600 × 20 12000
300000 30000 ÷ 3000 100 100 ÷ 4 25

Step 3 = = = = = 25
12000 12000 ÷ 3000 4 4÷4 1
In general, three decimal fractions are divided as in the following cases:

Case I.
 a × 10 − k1 c × 10− k 3  e × 10 − k5  a × 10 − k1 d × 10 − k 4  e × 10 − k5
 −k
÷ −k
 ÷ −k =  −k
× ÷
 b × 10 2 d × 10 4  f × 10 6  b × 10 2 c × 10 − k 3  f × 10 − k 6
 (a × 10 − k1 ) × (d × 10 − k 4 )  − k5
 ÷ e × 10
= 
( −k
 b × 10
2
) × (c × 10 ) 
−k 3 − k6
f × 10
A6 = f × 10 − k 6 , then
 ( ) (
 a × 10 − k1 × d × 10 − k 4 )  ÷ e × 10− k5
 A1 × A4  A5
=  ÷
 A1 A4  A5
=  ÷ =
A1 A4 A
÷ 5
 ( ) (
 b × 10 − k 2 × c × 10 − k 3
)  f × 10 − k6
 A2 × A3  A6  A2 A3  A6 A2 A3 A6
A1 A4 A A1 A4 × A6 A1 A4 A6
= × 6 = =
A2 A3 A5 A2 A3 × A5 A2 A3 A5
Example 4.4-12
 4 12  45
 4 × 10−1 12 × 10−2  45 × 10−3  0.4 012
.  0.045  
 ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷ =  10 ÷ 100  ÷ 1000
 2   25 3  6
 25 × 10
− 3 × 10  6 × 10−2
−1  0.25 0.3  0.06

 100 10  100
 8 4  9
 4 × 100 12 × 10  45 × 100  400 120  4500  400 / / /  4500
/ / / 120 //// 8 4 9
=  ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷
 10 × 25 100 × 3  1000 × 6  250 300  6000  250
/ / / 300
/ / /  6000
//// 5 10  12
 5 10  12
4 3
 8 10  9  8 × 10  9  80  9 80
// 9/ 4 3 4 4 4×4 16
=  × ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = ÷ = × = =
 5 4  12  5 × 4  12  20  12 20
/ / 12
// 1 4 1 3 1× 3 3
1 4
1
= 5
3

Case II.
a × 10 − k1  c × 10 − k 3 e × 10 − k5  a × 10 − k1  c × 10 − k 3 f × 10 − k 6 
÷ ÷  = ÷  × 
b × 10 − k 2 −k
 d × 10 4 f × 10 − k 6  b × 10 − k 2  d × 10 − k 4 e × 10 − k5 
=
a × 10 − k1 ( ) (
 c × 10 − k 3 × f × 10 − k 6
÷
) 
b × 10 − k 2 ( ) (
 d × 10 − k 4 × e × 10 − k5
 ) 
A6 = f × 10 − k 6 , then
a × 10 − k1
÷
( ) (
 c × 10 − k 3 × f × 10 − k 6 )  =
A1  A3 × A6 
÷  =
A1  A3 A6 
÷  =
A1 A3 A6
÷
b × 10 − k2
 ( ) (
 d × 10 − k 4 × e × 10 − k5
)  A2  A4 × A5  A2  A4 A5  A2 A4 A5
A1 A4 A5 A1 × A4 A5 A1 A4 A5
= × = =
A2 A3 A6 A2 × A3 A6 A2 A3 A6
Example 4.4-13
4  12 45 
4 × 10−1  12 × 10−2 45 × 10−3  0.4  012
. 0.045  
10 ÷  100 ÷ 1000 
÷

÷

= ÷ ÷  = 25  3 6 
25 × 10−2  3 × 10−1 6 × 10−2  0.25  0.3 0.06 
 
100  10 100 
8  4 9 
4 × 100  12 × 10 45 × 100  400  120 4500  / / /  120
400 // //
/ / / 4500 8  4 9
= ÷ ÷  = ÷ ÷  = ÷ ÷  = ÷ ÷ 
10 × 25  100 × 3 1000 × 6 250  300 6000  / / / 6000
/ / /  300
250 / /// 5  10 12 
5  10 12 
24 2 9 1
8  4 12  8  4 × 12  8  48  8 48
// 8 24 8 45 8/ × 45
// 2/ × 9
= ÷ ×  = ÷  = ÷  = ÷ = ÷ = × = =
5  10 9  5  10 × 9  5  90  5 90
// 5 45 5 24 5× 24// 1 × 6/
45 1 6 3
3
1× 9 9/ 3
= = = = 3
1× 3 3/ 1
1

The following examples further illustrate how to divide decimal fractions:

Example 4.4-14
4 2 20 3
0.4 0.2 10 10 4 × 100 2 × 10 400 20 400 150 400
/ / /× 150
/// 20 × 3
÷ = 5 ÷ 15 = ÷ = ÷ = × = =
0.05 15
. 10 × 5 10 × 15 50 150 50 20 50
/ /× 20
// 1× 1
100 10 1 1
60
= = 60
1
Example 4.4-15
14 64 70 32
14
. 128 10 128 14 × 100 / / / 1400
128 //// 64 70 64 1 64
/ /×1 32 × 1
12.8 ÷ = ÷
2
= ÷ = ÷ = ÷ = × = =
0.02 10 10 10 × 2 10
// 20
// 5 1 5 70 5 × 70
// 5 × 35
100 5 1 35
32
=
175
Example 4.4-16
126 315 66
12.6 10 132 126 × 100 132 / / / / / 132
12600 /// 315 66 315 5 315 × 5
÷ 13.2 = ÷ = ÷ = ÷ = ÷ = × =
0.04 4 10 10 × 4 10 40
// 10
// 1 5 1 66 1 × 66
100 1 5
1575 57
= = 23
66 66
Example 4.4-17
 3 1 4
 0.3 .
01  0 .4    3 × 100 1 × 10  4 × 100  300 10  400
 ÷ ÷ =  10 ÷ 10  ÷ 10 =  ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷
 0.05 0.5  012
.  5 5  12  10 × 5 10 × 5  10 × 12  50 50  120
 100 10  100
 30 1  10
 300 50  400  300 / /  400
/ / / × 50 ///  30 × 1 10  30  10 30 10 30 3
=  × ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = ×
 50 10  120  50
/ / × 10
/ /  120
///  1×1  3  1  3 1 3 1 10
 1 1  3
3
30
/ /× 3 3× 3 9
= = = = 9
1 × 10
// 1× 1 1
1
Example 4.4-18
126  48  315  40 2
12.6  4.8   4 126 × 100  48 × 100 4  / / / / /  4800
12600 / / / / 4/ 
÷ ÷ 0.4 = 10 ÷ 10 ÷  = ÷ ÷  = ÷ ÷ 
0.04  012
.  4  12 10  10 × 4  10 × 12 10  40
//  120
/ / / 10
//
100  100  1  1 5
 20 
315  40 2  315  40 5  315  40
/ / × 5 315  20 × 5 315  100  315 100
= ÷ ÷  = ÷ ×  = ÷  = ÷  = ÷  = ÷
1  1 5 1  1 2 1  1 × 2/  1  1× 1  1  1  1 1
 1

63
315 1 315 × 1 315
/// 63 3
= × = = = = 3
1 100 1 × 100 100
/// 20 20
20
Example 4.4-19
 3 4 
 0.3 0.4    3  3 × 10 4 × 100  3  30 400  3
=  10 10 ÷ =  = 
 ÷  ÷ 0.3 ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷
 0.5 0.05  5 5  10

 10 × 5 10 × 5  10  50 50  10
 10 100 
 3 1  1 1
 30 50  3  30 //  3
/ / × 50  3 × 1 3  3 3 3 3 3 10 3/× 10//
=  × ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = × =
 50 400  10 / / /  10
/ / × 400
 50  5 × 8  10  40  10 40 10 40 3 40
/ / × 3/
 5 8  4 1
1×1 1
= =
4 ×1 4
Example 4.4-20
 58  49  29 3 
 .
58  245  12  245  58 × 10 12  / / /  580
245 // 
/ / / 12
24.5 ÷  .  =
÷ 012 ÷ 10 ÷  = ÷ ÷  = ÷ ÷ 
 0.4  10  4 100  10  10 × 4 100  10
/ /  40/ / 100
///
 10  2  2 25 
49  29 3  49  29 25 49  29 × 25 49  29 × 25 49  725 49 725

= ÷ ÷  = ÷ ×  = ÷  = ÷  = ÷  = ÷
2  2 25 2  2 3 2  2×3  2  2×3  2  6  2 6
3
49 6 49 × 6/ 49 × 3 147
= × = = =
2 725 /2× 725 1 × 725 725
1
Example 4.4-21
 9 3   4 
 0.9 0.03  0.4     15  9 × 100 3 × 10   4 × 100 15
 ÷  ÷ . = 
÷ 15 10 ÷ 100  ÷ 10 ÷  =  ÷  ÷ ÷ 
 016
. 3.2   0.08   16 32   8 10   10 × 16 100 × 32   10 × 8 10 
 100 10   100 
 30 20   5 2 
 900 30   400 15  900 3200   400 10   900 / / / /   400
/ / / × 3200 //
/ / / × 10
=  ÷  ÷ ÷  =  ×  ÷ ×  =   ÷ 
 160 3200   80 10   160 30   80 15  160
/ / / × 30
/ /   80 / / × 15
// 
 1 1   1 3 
60
 30 × 20   5 × 2   600   10  600 10 600 3 600
/ / /× 3 60 × 3 180
=   ÷  =   ÷  = ÷ = × = = = = 180
 1× 1   1× 3  1   3 1 3 1 10 1 × 10
// 1× 1 1
1
Example 4.4-22

1  1  3 6 
 01 .  0.3 0.6   4/  10  10 10
 1  1 × 100  3 × 10 6 × 100  
0.04 ÷  ÷ ÷  = ÷ ÷ ÷  = ÷ ÷ ÷ 
 0.08  08
. 0.08   ///  8
100  8 8   25  10 × 8  10 × 8 10 × 8  
25  100  10 100  
 5    1 1 
1  100
/ / /  30 600   1  5  30 80   1  5  30 / / 
/ /× 80 1 5  1× 1 
= ÷ ÷ ÷  = ÷ ÷ ×  = ÷ ÷  = ÷ ÷ 
25  80/ /  80 80   25  4  80 600   / /× 600
25  4  80 / / /  25  4  1 × 20  
 4   1 20  
  
25
1 5  1  1 5 1  1  5 20  1  5 × 20  1  100  1 100
///
= ÷ ÷  = ÷ ÷ = ÷ × = ÷ = ÷ = ÷
25  4  20   25  4 20  25  4 1  25  4 × 1  25  4  25 4/
1
1 25 1 1 1× 1 1
= ÷ = × = =
25 1 25 25 25 × 25 625
Example 4.4-23
 8  2 
 0.8  0.02   10 16  100  ÷ 5   8 × 100  16 2 × 10  5
 0.04 ÷ 16
. ÷ ÷ 0.05 =  ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷ ÷
  01.   4 10  1  100  10 × 4 10  100 × 1  100
 100  10 
 20 5  1  1
 800 16  20  5  800 10  20  5  800 / /  20
/ / / × 10 / /  5/
=  40 ÷ 10  ÷ 100  ÷ 100 =  40 × 16  ÷ 100  ÷ 100 =  ÷ ÷
     40
/ / × 16
/ /  100

/ / /  100
///
 1 8 5  20
 25 
 20 × 5 1  1  100  1  1  100 1  1  100 5  1  100
/ / / × 5 1
=  1 × 8  ÷ 5  ÷ 20 =  8  ÷ 5  ÷ 20 =  ÷ ÷ =  × ÷ =  ÷
     8 5  20  8 1  20 8/ × 1  20
 2 
 
10
 25 × 5  1  125  1 125 1 125 20 125 × 20// 125 × 10 1250
=   ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = × = = = = 1250
 2 × 1  20  2  20 2 20 2 1 2/ × 1 1× 1 1
1
Section 4.4 Exercises - Divide the following decimal fractions:

0.8 0.04 0.3 1.2 0.04
1. ÷ = 2. ÷ = 3. ÷ 0.2 =
0.01 0.2 0.08 016. 0.05
0.9 .  0.4
18 1.2 0.04  0.2 0.4  0.8
4.  ÷ ÷ = 5. 0.6 ÷  ÷  = 6.  ÷ ÷ =
 0.08 . 
016 0.02  0.64 01.   0.05 . 
35 0.01
0.6  0.06  0.5  0.08  0.9 0.27  01

.
7. ÷  0.3 ÷  = 8. ÷ ÷ 0.04 = 9.  ÷ ÷ =
0.01  0.4  0.04  01
.   0.8 . 
16 0.09
 01
. 0.4 0.04 
10.  ÷

÷ ÷ 0.2 =

 0.05 0.02  . 
01

Mastering Fractions 4.5 Solving Mixed Operations Using Decimal Fractions
4.5 Solving Mixed Operations Using Decimal Fractions

Decimal fractions are added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided by using the following steps:
b. Change the decimal number (a × 10 − k ) to an integer fraction of the form  k  ,
a
 10 
38
1000
Step 3 Simplify the fraction to its lowest term (see Sections 2.3).
The following examples show mathematical operations on decimal fractions using the above
steps:
Example 4.5-1
 0.2  01.
 ÷ 0.5 × =
 0.06  0.3
Solution:
 2  1
 0.2  01.  
Step 1a  ÷ 0.5 × =  10 ÷ 0.5 × 10 =  2 × 100 ÷ 0.5 × 1 × 10
 0.06  0.3  6  3  10 × 6  10 × 3
 100  10
 200  10
=  ÷ 0.5 ×
 60  30
 200  10  200 5  10
Step 1b  ÷ 0.5 × =  ÷ ×
 60  30  60 10  30
 200 5  10  200 10  10  200 × 10  10  2000  10

Step 2  ÷ × =  × × =  × =  ×
 60 10  30  60 5  30  60 × 5  30  300  30
2000 10 2000 × 10 20000

= × = =
300 30 300 × 30 9000
20000 20000 ÷ 1000 20

Step 3 = =
9000 9000 ÷ 1000 9
20 2
Step 4 = 2
9 9

Example 4.5-2
.
 0.04 0.08  12
 + × =
 0.5 0.5  01.
Solution:
 0.04 0.08  12.  0.04 + 0.08  12.  012

.  12 . 012
. 12
.
Step 1a  + × =  × =  × = ×
 0.5 0.5  01.  0.5  01.  0.5  01. 0.5 01 .
12 12
100 × 10 12 × 10 12 × 10 120 120
= 5 1
= × = ×
100 × 5 10 × 1 500 10
10 10
120 120 120 × 120 14400

Step 2 × = =
500 10 500 × 10 5000
14400 14400 ÷ 100 144 144 ÷ 2 72

Step 3 = = = =
5000 5000 ÷ 100 50 50 ÷ 2 25
72 22
Step 4 = 2
25 25
Example 4.5-3
 015
. 01
.  12
.
 − ÷ =
 0.3 0.5  0.02
Solution:
 15 1 12
 015
. 01
.  12
.    15 × 10 1 × 10  12 × 100
Step 1a  − ÷ =  100 − 10  ÷ 10 =  − ÷
 0.3 0.5  0.02  3 5

2  100 × 3 10 × 5  10 × 2
 10 10  100
 150 10  1200
=  − ÷
 300 50  20
 150 10  1200  (150 × 50) − (10 × 300)  1200  7500 − 3000  1200
Step 2  − ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷
 300 50  20  300 × 50  20  15000  20
 4500  1200 4500 1200 4500 20 4500 × 20

=  ÷ = ÷ = × =
 15000  20 15000 20 15000 1200 15000 × 1200

90000
=
18000000
90000 90000 ÷ 90000 1

Step 3 = =
18000000 18000000 ÷ 90000 200
Example 4.5-4
 .  0.2
012
 0.8 × ÷ =
 0.3  0.5
Solution:
 12  2
.  0.2
012  
Step 1a

=  0.8 × 100  ÷ 10 =  0.8 × 12 × 10  ÷ 2 × 10
 0.8 × ÷ 5  
 0.3  0.5  3   100 × 3  10 × 5
 10  10
 120  20
=  0.8 × ÷
 300  50
 120  20  8 120  20
Step 1b  0.8 × ÷ =  × ÷
 300  50  10 300  50
 8 120  20  8 × 120  20  960  20 960 20 960 50

Step 2  × ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = ×
 10 300  50  10 × 300  50  3000  50 3000 50 3000 20
960 × 50 48000
= =
3000 × 20 60000
48000 48000 ÷ 4000 12

Step 3 = =
60000 60000 ÷ 4000 15
Example 4.5-5
 12
.  16.
 − 0.03 + =
 0.5  0.6
Solution:
 12  16
 12
.  16.    12 × 10  16 × 10
Step 1a  − 0.03 + =  10 − 0.03 + 10 =  − 0.03 +
 0.5  0.6  5  6  10 × 5  10 × 6
 10  10
 120  160
=  − 0.03 +
 50  60

 120  160  120 3  160

Step 1b  − 0.03 + =  − +
 50  60  50 100  60
 120 3  160  (120 × 100) − ( 3 × 50)  160  12000 − 150  160

Step 2  − + =  + =  +
 50 100  60  50 × 100  60  5000  60
 11850  160 11850 160 (11850 × 60) + (160 × 5000)

=  + = + =
 5000  60 5000 60 5000 × 60
711000 + 800000 1511000

= =
300000 300000
1511000 1511000 ÷ 1000 1511

Step 3 = =
300000 300000 ÷ 1000 300
1511 11
Step 4 = 5
300 300
In general, decimal fractions are added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided as in the following
Case I.
 a × 10 − k1 c × 10 − k 3  e × 10 − k 5  a × 10 − k1 d × 10 − k 4  e × 10 − k 5
 ÷ × =  × ×
 b × 10 − k 2 d × 10 − k 4  f × 10 − k 6  b × 10 − k 2 c × 10 − k 3  f × 10 − k 6
 (a × 10 − k1 ) × (d × 10 − k 4 )  −k
=   × e × 10 5
(
 b × 10
−k 2
) × (c × 10 ) 
−k 3
−k6
f × 10
A6 = f × 10 − k 6 , then
 ( ) (
 a × 10 − k1 × d × 10 − k 4 )  × e × 10 − k5
= 
 A1 × A4  A5
× = 
 A1 A4  A5
× =
A1 A4 A
× 5 =
A1 A4 A5

(
 b × 10
−k2
) (
× c × 10 − k 3 )  f × 10 −k6
 A2 × A3  A6  A2 A3  A6 A2 A3 A6 A2 A3 A6
Example 4.5-6
 6 24  26
 6 × 10−2 24 × 10−1  26 × 10−2  0.06 2.4  0.26  
 = ÷ =  100 10 × 100

÷

×  × ÷
 13 × 10−1 5 × 10−2  1 × 10−1  13. 0.05 01
.  13 5 

1
 10 100  10

 3 48  13
 6 × 10 24 × 100  26 × 10  60 2400  260  60
// / / / /  260
2400 ///  3 48  13
=  ÷ × =  ÷ × =  ÷ × =  ÷ ×
 100 × 13 10 × 5  100 × 1  1300 50  100  1300
//// 50
/ /  100///  65 1  5
 65 1  5
1 1
 3 1  13  3 × 1  13  3  13 3 13 3 × 13// 3×1 3/
=  × × =  × =  × = × = = =
 65 48  5  65 × 48  5  3120  5 3120 5 3120
/ / / /× 5 240 × 5 240
/ / /× 5
240 80
1 1
= =
80 × 5 400
Case II.
 a × 10 − k1 c × 10 − k 3  e × 10 − k 5
 + ÷
 b × 10 − k 2 d × 10 − k 4  f × 10 − k 6
=
 [( ) ( )] [( ) (
 a × 10 − k1 × d × 10 − k 4 + c × 10 − k 3 × b × 10 − k 2
)] ÷ e × 10 − k5


 ( ) (
b × 10 − k 2 × d × 10 − k 4 ) 


f × 10 − k 6
A6 = f × 10 − k 6 , then
[( ) ( )] [( ) (
 a × 10 − k1 × d × 10 − k 4 + c × 10 − k 3 × b × 10 − k 2
 )] ÷ e × 10 − k5  [ A1 × A4 ] + [ A3 × A2 ]  A5
=  ÷


 ( ) (
b × 10 − k 2 × d × 10 − k 4 ) 


f × 10 −k6
 A2 × A4  A6
 [ A1 A4 ] + [ A3 A2 ]  A5  A1 A4 + A3 A2  A5
=  ÷ =  ÷
 A2 A4  A6  A2 A4  A6
 A1 A4 + A3 A2  A5  B1  A5 B1 A B1 A6 B1 × A6 B1 A6
 ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ 5 = × = =
 A2 A4  A6  B2  A6 B2 A6 B2 A5 B2 × A5 B2 A5
Example 4.5-7
 5 1  2
 5 × 10−1 1 × 10−2  2 × 10−3  0.5 0.01 0.002  
 + ÷ =  + ÷ =  10 + 100  ÷ 1000
   15 3  6
 15 × 10 −2 3 × 10  6 × 10 −2
−1  015
. 0.3  0.06

 100 10  100

 10 1  1
 5 × 100 1 × 10  2 × 100  500 10  200  500
/// // 
10 200
///  10 1  1
=  + ÷ =  + ÷ =  + ÷ =  + ÷
 10 × 15 100 × 3 1000 × 6  150 300  6000  150
/ / / 300
/ / /  6000
////  3 30  30
 3 30  30
101
 (10 × 30) + (1 × 3)  1  300 + 3 1  303 1 303
/// 1 101 1 101 30
=  ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = ÷ = ×
 3 × 30  30  90  30  90  30 90
/ / 30 30 30 30 1
30
1
101 × 30
// 101 × 1 101
= = = = 101
30
/ /×1 1×1 1
1
Case III.
a × 10 − k1  c × 10 − k 3
÷ ×
e × 10 − k 5 
 =
a × 10 − k1
÷
( ) (
 c × 10 − k 3 × e × 10 − k 5 ) 
b × 10 − k 2  d × 10 − k 4 f × 10 − k 6  b × 10 − k 2  ( ) (
 d × 10 − k 4 × f × 10 − k 6
) 
A6 = f × 10 − k 6 , then
a × 10 − k1
÷
( ) (
 c × 10 − k 3 × e × 10 − k 5 )  =
A1  A3 × A5 
÷  =
A1  A3 A5 
÷  =
A1 A A
÷ 3 5
b × 10 −k2
 ( ) (
 d × 10 − k 4 × f × 10 − k 6
)  A2  A4 × A6  A2  A4 A6  A2 A4 A6
A1 A4 A6 A1 × A4 A6 A1 A4 A6
= × = =
A2 A3 A5 A2 × A3 A5 A2 A3 A5
Example 4.5-8
4  12 5 
4 × 10−1  12 × 10−1 5 × 10−1  0.4  12. 0.5   
10 ÷  10 × 10 
÷

×

= ÷ ×  =
15 × 10−3  6 × 10−2 8 × 10−2  0.015  0.06 0.08  15  6 8 

1000  100 100 
80  20 25 
4 × 1000  12 × 100 5 × 100  4000  1200 500  / / / /  1200
4000 ///
/ / / / 500 80  20 25
= ÷ ×  = ÷ ×  = ÷ ×  = ÷ × 
10 × 15  10 × 6 10 × 8  150  60 80  150
///  60// 80
//  3  1 4
3  1 4 
125 16
80  20 × 25 80  500  80 500
/// 80 125 80 1 80 × 1 80
// 16
= ÷  = ÷  = ÷ = ÷ = × = = =
3  1× 4  3  4  3 4/ 3 1 3 125 3 × 125 375
/// 75
1 75

Case IV.
 a × 10 − k1 c × 10 − k 3  e × 10 − k 5
 − ×
 b × 10 − k 2 d × 10 − k 4  f × 10 − k 6

= 
[( ) ( )] [( ) (
 a × 10 − k1 × d × 10 − k 4 − c × 10 − k 3 × b × 10 − k 2
)] × e × 10 − k5

 ( ) (
b × 10 − k 2 × d × 10 − k 4 ) 


f × 10 − k 6
A6 = f × 10 − k 6 , then
[( ) ( )] [( ) (
 a × 10 − k1 × d × 10 − k 4 − c × 10 − k 3 × b × 10 − k 2
 )] × e × 10 − k5  [ A1 × A4 ] − [ A3 × A2 ]  A5
=  ×


 ( ) (
b × 10 − k 2 × d × 10 − k 4 ) 


f × 10 −k6
 A2 × A4  A6
 [ A1 A4 ] − [ A3 A2 ]  A5  A A − A3 A2  A5
=  × =  1 4 ×
 A A
2 4  A6  A2 A4  A6
Let B1 = A1 A4 − A3 A2 and B2 = A2 A4 , then
 A1 A4 − A3 A2  A5  B1  A5 B1 A5 B1 × A5 B1 A5
 × =  × = × = =
 A2 A4  A6  B2  A6 B2 A6 B2 × A6 B2 A6
Example 4.5-9
 4 12  22
 4 × 10−2 12 × 10−2  22 × 10−2  0.04 012
.  0.22  
 − × =  − × =  100 − 100  × 100
 1 1   3 6  5
 3 × 10 − −
6 × 10  5 × 10−1  0.3 0.6  0.5

 10 10  10
 2 1  11
 4 × 10 12 × 10  22 × 10  40 120  220  40
// / / /  220
120 ///  2 1  11
=  − × =  − × =  − × =  − ×
 100 × 3 100 × 6  100 × 5  300 600  500  300
/ / / 600
/ / /  500
///  15 5  25
 15 5  25
−1
 ( 2 × 5) − (1 × 15)  11  10 − 15 11  −5 11 −5/ 11 −1 11 −1 × 11 −11
=  × =  × =  × = × = × = =
 15 × 5  25  75  25  75  25 75
/ / 25 15 25 15 × 25 375
15
Case V.
a × 10 − k1  c × 10 − k 3 e × 10 − k 5  a × 10 − k1  c × 10 − k 3 f × 10 − k 6 
− ÷  = − × 
b × 10 − k 2  d × 10 − k 4 f × 10 − k 6  b × 10 − k 2  d × 10 − k 4 e × 10 − k 5 

=
a × 10 − k1 ( ) (
 c × 10 − k 3 × f × 10 − k 6
−
) 
b × 10 − k 2 ( ) (
 d × 10 − k 4 × e × 10 − k 5
 ) 
A6 = f × 10 − k 6 , then
a × 10 − k1
−
( ) (
 c × 10 − k 3 × f × 10 − k 6 )  =
A1  A3 × A6 
−  =
A1  A3 A6 
−  =
A1 A3 A6
−
b × 10 −k2
 ( ) (
 d × 10 − k 4 × e × 10 − k 5
)  A2  A4 × A5  A2  A4 A5  A2 A4 A5
( A1 × A4 A5 ) − ( A3 A6 × A2 ) ( A1 A4 A5 ) − ( A3 A6 A2 ) A1 A4 A5 − A3 A6 A2
= = =
A2 × A4 A5 A2 A4 A5 A2 A4 A5
Example 4.5-10
2  5 8 
2 × 10−1  5 × 10−2 8 × 10−3  0.2  0.05 0.008   
10 −  100 ÷ 1000 
−

÷

= − ÷  = 1
1 × 10−2  3 × 10−1 3 × 10−2  0.01  0.3 0.03   3 3 

100  10 100 
20  1 4 
2 × 100  5 × 10 8 × 100  200  50 800  / / /  50
200 // /// 
800 20  1 4 
= − ÷  = − ÷  = − ÷  = − ÷ 
10 × 1  100 × 3 1000 × 3 10  300 3000  10
/ /  300
/ / / 3000
//// 1  6 15
1  6 15 
20  1 15 20  1 × 15 20  15  20 15 ( 20 × 24) − (15 × 1) 480 − 15 465

= − ×  = −  = −  = − = = =
1 6 4 1  6× 4 1  24  1 24 1 × 24 24 24
9
= 19
24
The following examples further illustrate how to add, subtract, multiply, and divide decimal
fractions:
Example 4.5-11
 12 8  12
 012
. 0.8  12
.    12 × 10 8 × 10  12 × 100  120 80  1200
 × + =  100 × 10  + 10 =  × + =  × +
 0.3 12 .  0.05  3 12 

5  100 × 3 10 × 12  10 × 5  300 120  50
 10 10  100
 1 4  24
 120 / /  1200
/ / / × 80 ////  1 × 4  24  4  24 4 24 (4 × 1) + (24 × 15) 4 + 360 364
=  + =  + =  + = + = = =
 300
/ / / × 120
/ // 50
// 15 × 1  1  15  1 15 1 15 × 1 15 15
 15 1  1

4
= 24
15
Example 4.5-12
19 21
 2.3 0.2  38
/ /  2.3 − 0.2  19  2.1 19 2.1 19 10 19 21 × 10
38
. × −  = ×  = ×  = × = × = ×
 15
. . 
15 / /  15
10 .  . 
5  15 5 15
. 5 15 5 10 × 15
5 10
7
19 210
/// 19 7 19 × 7 133 8
= × = × = = = 5
5 150
/// 5 5 5×5 25 25
5
Example 4.5-13
124  3 2 
12.4  0.3 0.02    124 × 100  3 × 100 2 × 10 
− + = 10 −  10 + 100  = − +
 
0.08  0.04 . 
05 8  4 5  10 × 8  10 × 4 100 × 5 

100  100 10 
155  15 1 
/ / / / /  300
12400 /// // 
20 155  15 1  155  (15 × 25) + (1 × 2)  155  375 + 2 
= − +  = − +  = −  = − 
80
//  40
// 500
/// 1  2 25 1  2 × 25  1  50 
1  2 25 
155  377  155 377 (155 × 50) − ( 377 × 1) 7750 − 377 7373 23
= −  = − = = = = 147
1  50  1 50 1 × 50 50 50 50
Example 4.5-14
 8  5  4 12  50
 24 
 0.08

 0.5
÷ 2.4 + 100
=  14 ÷  + 10 =  8 × 10 ÷ 24  + 5 × 100 =  80// / /  500
24
÷ +
///
3 
 14.  0.03  10   100 × 14 10  10 × 3  1400
/ / / / 10
/ /  30
//
 10  100  70 5 3
 1 1 
 4 12  50  4 5  50  4/ × 5/  50  1 × 1  50  1  50 1 50
=  ÷ + =  × + =  + =  + =  + = +
 70 5  3  70 12  3 / / × 12
 70 // 3  14 × 3  3  42  3 42 3
 14 3 
(1 × 3) + (50 × 42) 3 + 2100 2103 87

= = = = 16
42 × 3 126 126 126
Example 4.5-15
 5 15   3 2 
 0.5 15.   0.3 0.02       5 × 100 15 × 10   3 × 100 2 × 10 
 ÷  × +  =  10 ÷ 10  ×  10 + 100  =  ÷  × + 
 0.04 16
.   0.08 0.4   4 16   8 4   10 × 4 10 × 16   10 × 8 100 × 4 
 100 10   100 10 

 25 15   15 1 
 500 / / /   300
/ / / 150 /// // 
20  25 15   15 1   25 16   (15 × 20) + (1 × 4) 
=  ÷  × +  =  ÷  × +  =  ×  × 
 40
// 160
/ / /   80// 400
///  2 16   4 20   2 15   4 × 20 
 2 16   4 20 
 5 8 1 152
 25 / /   300 + 4 
/ /× 16  5 × 8   304   40   304  40 304 / / × 304
40 1 × 304
///
=   ×  =   ×  =   ×  = × = =
/ /   80 
 2/ × 15  1 × 3   80   3   80  3 80 3 × 80
// 3 × 2/
 1 3  2 1
1 × 152 152 2
= = = 50
3×1 3 3
Example 4.5-16
42 105  104 
4.2  2.4 38. 4.2  10  2.4 + 38
. + 4.2  42 × 100  10.4  / / / /  10 
4200
× + +  = ×  = ×  = × 
0.04  012
. 012
. . 
012 4  012
.  10 × 4  012
.  40
//  12 
100 1  100 
 260  9100
105  104 × 100  105  10400
// /// 105  260  105 260 105 × 260 27300
///// 9100
= ×  = ×  = ×  = × = = =
1  10 × 12  1  120
///  1  3  1 3 1× 3 3/ 1
 3  1
= 9100
Example 4.5-17
 1 4 1  1
 01. 0.04 0.01 01
.    1 × 100 4 × 10 1 × 10  1 × 100
 × × ÷ =  10 × 100 × 100  ÷ 10 =  × × ÷
 0.08 0.2 0.5  0.35  8 2 5 

35  10 × 8 100 × 2 100 × 5 10 × 35
 100 10 10  100
 1 1 1 
 100 40 10  100  100
/ / / × 40 //  2
/ / × 10  1×1×1  2  1  2 1 2
=  × × ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷
 80 200 500  350  80
/ / × 200
/ / / × 500
/ / /  7  2 × 2 × 50  7  200  7 200 7
 2 2 50 
1 7 1× 7 7
= × = =
200 2 200 × 2 400
Example 4.5-18
 8 1  2 8 
   
 0.8 01.   0.2 0.08  10 − 10  +  10 × 100  =  8 × 100 − 1 × 10  +  2 × 100 × 8 × 10 
 −  + ×  =     
. 
 0.02 0.4   0.04 01  2 4  4
 
1 

 10 × 2 10 × 4   10 × 4 100 × 1
 100 10   100 10 
 40 1  2 2
 800
/ / / 10
/ /   200 80   40 1   200
/ / / × 80
//  40 1   2 × 2 
=  20 −  + ×  =  − + =  −  + 
 // / /   40 100 
40  1 4   40 / / / 
/ / × 100  1 4  1 × 1 
 1 4  1 1 

 ( 40 × 4) − (1 × 1)   4   160 − 1  4  159 4 (159 × 1) + ( 4 × 4) 159 + 16 175

=   +  =   +  = + = = =
 1× 4   1  4   1 4 1 4 ×1 4 4
3
= 43
4
Example 4.5-19
 15 35   4 2 
 15. 35
.   0.04     8/   15 × 100 35 × 10   4 × 10 2
 +  × + 0.08 =  10 + 10  ×  100 +  =  +  × + 
 0.05 0.5  0.2   5 5   2 100
///  10 × 5 10 × 5   100 × 2 25
 100 10   10 25 
 30 7   1 
 1500 / / /   40
/ / / / 350 // 2  30 7   1 2   30 + 7   (1 × 25) + ( 2 × 5) 
=  +  × +  =  +  × +  =   × 
 50// 50 / / / 25
/ /   200  1 1   5 25  1   5 × 25 
 1 1   5 
7
 37   25 + 10  37  35  37 35// 37 7 37 × 7 259 9
=   ×  = ×  = × = × = = = 10
 1   125  1  125 1 125
/// 1 25 1 × 25 25 25
25
Example 4.5-20
 6 8  3
 0.6 0.8   0.3   4
10 10
=  1 ÷ 4  ÷  × 10 =  6 × 100 ÷ 8 × 10  ÷ 4  × 3 × 100
 ÷  ÷ 0.4 ×   
 0.01 0.4   0.45   10  45  10 × 1 10 × 4  10  10 × 45
 100 10   100
 60 1 2 2
 600 80  4  300  600 40  4  300  600 / /  4/ 
/ / / 40 300
///
=  ÷  ÷ × =  ×  ÷ × =  ×  ÷ ×
 10 40  10  450  10 80  10  450  10
// 80
/ /  10
// 450
///
 1 2 5 3
 30  
 60 1  2  2  60
/ / × 1 2  2   30 × 1
 2
  2  30
  2 2 30 2 2
=  ×  ÷ × =   ÷ × =   ÷  × =   ÷  × =  ÷  ×
 1 2 5 3  1 × 2/  5  3 
 1×1  5 3 
 1  5 3  1 5 3
 1 
 15  25
 30 5  2  30
/ / × 5 2  15 × 5  2  75  2 75 2 75
/ /× 2 25 × 2 50
=  1 × 2 × 3 =  1 × 2/  × 3 =  1×1  × 3 =  × = × = = =
      1 3 1 3 1 × 3/ 1×1 1
 1 1
= 50

Section 4.5 Exercises - Use the following decimal fractions to perform the indicated operations:
2.4  0.2 0.01 0.04 16

.  15
. 12
. 0  2.4
1. × +  = 2.  ÷  × 0.08 = 3.  + + − =
0.3  12
. 0.5   0.8 
0.02  0.5 0.03 0.4  01
.
0.6  4.9  3.6 0.3 0.9 018

.  14.
4. + − 0.36 = 5.  ×  ÷ 0.001 = 6.  ÷ × =
0.2  0.07   0.06 . 
12  0.08 . 
16 0.2
0.8 01
.  0.4 .
016  0.5 0.3  4.8 01
.  7.5
7.  − + = 8. × ÷  = 9.  × ÷ =
 0.05 
0.05 0.2 0.2  0.06 0.05   0.04  0.4 0.05
 2.7 15
.  6.4
10.  +

 + 3.2 − =
  0.09 0.05   0.02

Chapter 5 - Mixed Fractions
The objective of this chapter is to improve the student’s ability in solving mixed fractions. The
steps used to solve mixed fractions with examples illustrating the steps as to how to add (Section
5.1), subtract (Section 5.2), multiply (Section 5.3), and divide (Section 5.4) two or more mixed
fractions are given. Section 5.5 combines the mathematical operations using mixed fractions. In
addition, for completeness, the general algebraic approach in solving mixed fractions is given in
each section. The student, depending on his or her grade level and ability, can skip the algebraic
approach to mixed fractions and only learn the techniques that are followed by examples.
Focusing on the examples, and the steps shown to solve each problem, should be adequate to
teach the student the mechanics of how mixed fractions are mathematically operated on.
5.1 Adding Mixed Fractions

a a
Mixed fractions  k  , i.e., fractions made up of a whole number ( k ) and an integer fraction  
 b  
b
are added as in the following cases:
Case I Adding Two or More Mixed Fractions With Common Denominators
Mixed fractions with two or more common denominators are added using the steps given as in
each case below:
Case I-A Add two mixed fractions with common denominators using the following steps:
Step 1 Change the mixed fractions to integer fractions (see Section 2.5).
Step 2 Add the integer fractions (see Section 3.1, Case I-A).
The following examples show the steps as to how two mixed fractions with common
Example 5.1-1
1 1
3 +2 =
5 5
Solution:
1 1 ( 3 × 5) + 1 + ( 2 × 5) + 1 15 + 1 + 10 + 1 16 + 11
Step 1 3 +2 = = =
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
16 11 16 + 11 27
Step 2 + = =
5 5 5 5

Mastering Fractions 5.1 Adding Mixed Fractions
27 2
Step 4 = 5
5 5
Example 5.1-2
3 1
2 +1 =
8 8
Solution:
3 1 ( 2 × 8) + 3 + (1 × 8) + 1 16 + 3 + 8 + 1 19 + 9
Step 1 2 +1 = = =
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
19 9 19 + 9 28
Step 2 + = =
8 8 8 8
28 28 ÷ 4 7
Step 3 = =
8 8÷4 2
7 1
Step 4 = 3
2 2
Example 5.1-3
2 1
15 + 5 =
7 7
Solution:
2 1 (15 × 7) + 2 + (5 × 7) + 1 105 + 2 + 35 + 1 107 + 36

Step 1 15 + 5 = = =
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
107 36 107 + 36 143

Step 2 + = =
7 7 7 7
143 3
Step 4 = 20
7 7
Example 5.1-4
1 5
5 +2 =
6 6
Solution:
1 5 (5 × 6) + 1 + ( 2 × 6) + 5 30 + 1 + 12 + 5 31 17
Step 1 5 +2 = = = +
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

31 17 31 + 17 48
Step 2 + = =
6 6 6 6
48 48 ÷ 6 8
Step 3 = = = 8
6 6÷6 1
Example 5.1-5
1 3
3 +4 =
12 12
Solution:
1 3 ( 3 × 12) + 1 + ( 4 × 12) + 3 36 + 1 48 + 3 37 51
Step 1 3 +4 = = + = +
12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
37 51 37 + 51 88
Step 2 + = =
12 12 12 12
88 88 ÷ 4 22
Step 3 = =
12 12 ÷ 4 3
22 1
Step 4 = 7
3 3
In general two mixed fractions with a common denominator are added in the following way:
a b ( k × d ) + a + ( k2 × d ) + b k1d + a + k 2 d + b
k1 + k2 = 1 =
d d d d d d
Let A1 = k1d + a , and A2 = k2d + b , then
k1d + a k2 d + b A1 A2 A1 + A2
+ = + =
d d d d d
Example 5.1-6
7
1 2 ( 2 × 3) + 1 + ( 4 × 3) + 2 6 + 1 12 + 2 7 14 7 + 14 21
// 7
2 +4 = = + = + = = = = 7
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3/ 1
1
Case I-B Add three mixed fractions with common denominators using the following steps:
Step 2 Add the integer fractions (see Section 3.1, Case I-B).

The following examples show the steps as to how three mixed fractions with common
Example 5.1-7
1 1 1
3 + 2 +1 =
5 5 5
Solution:
1 1 1 ( 3 × 5) + 1 + ( 2 × 5) + 1 + (1 × 5) + 1 15 + 1 + 10 + 1 + 5 + 1
Step 1 3 + 2 +1 = =
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
16 11 6
= + +
5 5 5
16 11 6 16 + 11 + 6 33
Step 2 + + = =
5 5 5 5 5
33 3
Step 4 = 6
5 5
Example 5.1-8
20 1 14
18 +1 + 2 =
10 10 10
Solution:
20 1 14 (18 × 10) + 20 + (1 × 10) + 1 + ( 2 × 10) + 14

Step 1 18 +1 + 2 =
10 10 10 10 10 10
180 + 20 10 + 1 20 + 14 200 11 34
= + + = + +
10 10 10 10 10 10
200 11 34 200 + 11 + 34 245

Step 2 + + = =
10 10 10 10 10
245 245 ÷ 5 49
Step 3 = =
10 10 ÷ 5 2
49 1
Step 4 = 24
2 2

Example 5.1-9
4 3 1
5 +2 +3 =
7 7 7
Solution:
4 3 1 (5 × 7) + 4 + ( 2 × 7) + 3 + ( 3 × 7) + 1 35 + 4 + 14 + 3 + 21 + 1
Step 1 5 +2 +3 = =
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
39 17 22
= + +
7 7 7
39 17 22 39 + 17 + 22 78
Step 2 + + = =
7 7 7 7 7
78 1
Step 4 = 11
7 7
Example 5.1-10
4 1 2
12 + 11 + 2 =
3 3 3
Solution:
4 1 2 (12 × 3) + 4 + (11 × 3) + 1 + ( 2 × 3) + 2 36 + 4 + 33 + 1 + 6 + 2
Step 1 12 + 11 + 2 = =
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
40 34 8
= + +
3 3 3
40 34 8 40 + 34 + 8 82
Step 2 + + = =
3 3 3 3 3
82 1
Step 4 = 27
3 3
Example 5.1-11
1 2 3
2 +3 +5 =
8 8 8
Solution:
1 2 3 ( 2 × 8) + 1 + ( 3 × 8) + 2 + (5 × 8) + 3 16 + 1 + 24 + 2 + 40 + 3
Step 1 2 +3 +5 = =
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

17 26 43
= + +
8 8 8
17 26 43 17 + 26 + 43 86
Step 2 + + = =
8 8 8 8 8
86 86 ÷ 2 43
Step 3 = =
8 8÷2 4
43 3
Step 4 = 10
4 4
In general, three mixed fractions with a common denominator are added in the following way:
a b c ( k1 × d ) + a + ( k2 × d ) + b + ( k3 × d ) + c k1d + a k 2 d + b k 3d + c
k1 + k2 + k3 = = + +
d d d d d d d d d
Let A1 = k1d + a , A2 = k2d + b , and A3 = k3d + c , then
k1d + a k 2 d + b k 3d + c A A A A + A + A3
+ + = 1+ 2+ 3 = 1 2
d d d d d d d
Example 5.1-12
5 3 1 (1 × 4 ) + 5 + ( 3 × 4 ) + 3 + ( 5 × 4 ) + 1 4 + 5 12 + 3 20 + 1 9 15 21
1 +3 +5 = = + + = + +
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
9 + 15 + 21 45 1
= = = 11
4 4 4
Case II Adding Two or More Mixed Fractions Without a Common Denominator

Two or more mixed fractions without a common denominator are added using the steps given as
in each case below:
Case II-A Add two mixed fractions without a common denominator using the following steps:

The following examples show the steps as to how two mixed fractions without a common
Example 5.1-13
1 1
2 +3 =
5 3
Solution:
1 1 ( 2 × 5) + 1 + ( 3 × 3) + 1 10 + 1 + 9 + 1 11 + 10
Step 1 2 +3 = = =
5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3
11 10 (11 × 3) + (10 × 5) 33 + 50 83
Step 2 + = = =
5 3 5× 3 15 15
83 8
Step 4 = 5
15 15
Example 5.1-14
1 1
3 +2 =
4 7
Solution:
1 1 ( 3 × 4) + 1 + ( 2 × 7) + 1 12 + 1 14 + 1 13 15
Step 1 3 +2 = = + = +
4 7 4 7 4 7 4 7
13 15 (13 × 7) + (15 × 4) 91 + 60 151

Step 2 + = = =
4 7 4×7 28 28
151 11
Step 4 = 5
28 28
Example 5.1-15
2 1
6 +3 =
3 2
Solution:
2 1 ( 6 × 3) + 2 + ( 3 × 2) + 1 18 + 2 + 6 + 1 20 + 7
Step 1 6 +3 = = =
3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2
20 7 ( 20 × 2) + ( 7 × 3) 40 + 21 61
Step 2 + = = =
3 2 3× 2 6 6

61 1
Step 4 = 10
6 6
Example 5.1-16
2 1
7 +3 =
5 8
Solution:
2 1 ( 7 × 5) + 2 + ( 3 × 8) + 1 35 + 2 24 + 1 37 25
Step 1 7 +3 = = + = +
5 8 5 8 5 8 5 8
37 25 ( 37 × 8) + ( 25 × 5) 296 + 125 421

Step 2 + = = =
5 8 5×8 40 40
421 21
Step 4 = 10
40 40
Example 5.1-17
4 2
3 + 12 =
5 4
Solution:
4 2 ( 3 × 5) + 4 + (12 × 4) + 2 15 + 4 48 + 2 19 50
Step 1 3 + 12 = = + = +
5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4
19 50 (19 × 4) + (50 × 5) 76 + 250 326

Step 2 + = = =
5 4 5× 4 20 20
326 326 ÷ 2 163

Step 3 = =
20 20 ÷ 2 10
163 3
Step 4 = 16
10 10
In general, two mixed fractions without a common denominator are added in the following way:
a c ( k × b) + a + ( k2 × d ) + c k1b + a + k2d + c
k1 + k2 = 1 =
b d b d b d
Let A1 = k1b + a , and A2 = k2d + c , then

k1b + a k 2 d + c A A ( A1 × d ) + ( A2 × b) A1d + A2b

+ = 1+ 2 = =
b d b d b×d bd
Example 5.1-18
2 1
1 +2 =
(1 × 3) + 2 + ( 2 × 5) + 1 3 + 2 + 10 + 1 5 + 11 (5 × 5) + (11 × 3) 25 + 33 58
= = = = =
3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3×5 15 15
13
= 3
15
Case II-B Add three mixed fractions without a common denominator using the following
steps:
The following examples show the steps as to how three mixed fractions without a common
Example 5.1-19
1 1 1
2 +3 +2 =
5 2 3
Solution:
1 1 1  1 1 1
Step 1 2 + 3 + 2 = 2 + 3  + 2
5 2 3  5 2  3
 1 1 1  ( 2 × 5) + 1 ( 3 × 2) + 1 ( 2 × 3) + 1  10 + 1 6 + 1 6 + 1
Step 2 2 + 3  + 2 =  + + =  + +
 5 2 3  5 2  3  5 2  3
 11 7  7
=  + +
 5 2 3
 11 7 7  (11 × 2) + ( 7 × 5)  7  22 + 35  7  57  7 57 7
Step 3  + + =  + =  + =  + = +
5 2 3  5× 2  3  10  3  10  3 10 3
(57 × 3) + ( 7 × 10) 171 + 70 241

= = =
10 × 3 30 30

241 1
Step 5 = 8
30 30
Example 5.1-20
1 1 3
3 +2 +4 =
8 2 5
Solution:
1 1 3  1 1 3
Step 1 3 +2 +4 = 3 + 2  + 4
8 2 5  8 2 5
 1 1 3  ( 3 × 8) + 1 ( 2 × 2) + 1 + ( 4 × 5) + 3
Step 2 3 + 2  + 4 =  +
 8 2 5  8 2  5
 24 + 1 4 + 1 20 + 3  25 5  23
=  + + =  + +
 8 2  5  8 2 5
 25 5  23  ( 25 × 2) + ( 5 × 8)  23  50 + 40  23  90  23
Step 3  + + =  + =  + =  +
 8 2 5  8×2  5  16  5  16  5
90 23 ( 90 × 5) + ( 23 × 16) 450 + 368 818

= + = = =
16 5 16 × 5 80 80
818 818 ÷ 2 409

Step 4 = =
80 80 ÷ 2 40
409 9
Step 5 = 10
40 40
Example 5.1-21
2 2 1
3 +1 + 2 =
4 3 6
Solution:
2 2 1  2 2 1
Step 1 3 +1 + 2 = 3 + 1  + 2
4 3 6  4  3 6
 2 2 1  ( 3 × 4) + 2 (1 × 3) + 2  ( 2 × 6) + 1
Step 2 3 + 1  + 2 =  + +
 4 3 6  4 3  6

 12 + 2 3 + 2  12 + 1  14 5  13
=  + + =  + +
 4 3  6  4 3 6
 14 5  13  (14 × 3) + ( 5 × 4)  13  42 + 20  13  62  13
Step 3  + + =  + =  + =  +
 4 3 6  4×3  6  12  6  12  6
62 13 ( 62 × 6) + (13 × 12) 372 + 156 528

= + = = =
12 6 12 × 6 72 72
528 528 ÷ 8 66 66 ÷ 3 22
Step 4 = = = =
72 72 ÷ 8 9 9÷3 3
22 1
Step 5 = 7
3 3
Example 5.1-22
1 1 1
5 +2 +4 =
2 3 8
Solution:
1 1 1  1 1 1
Step 1 5 +2 +4 = 5 + 2  + 4
2 3 8  2 3 8
 1 1 1  ( 5 × 2) + 1 ( 2 × 3) + 1 ( 4 × 8) + 1
Step 2 5 + 2  + 4 =  + +
 2 3 8  2 3  8
 10 + 1 6 + 1 32 + 1  11 7  33
=  + + =  + +
 2 3  8  2 3 8
 11 7  33  (11 × 3) + ( 7 × 2)  33  33 + 14  33  47  33
Step 3  + + =  + =  + =  +
2 3  8  2×3  8  6  8  6 8
47 33 ( 47 × 8) + ( 33 × 6) 376 + 198 574

= + = = =
6 8 6×8 48 48
574 574 ÷ 2 287

Step 4 = =
48 48 ÷ 2 24
287 23
Step 5 = 11
24 24

Example 5.1-23
1 1 2
3 + 2 +1 =
8 5 3
Solution:
1 1 2  1 1 2
Step 1 3 + 2 +1 = 3 + 2  + 1
8 5 3  8 5 3
 1 1 2  ( 3 × 8) + 1 ( 2 × 5) + 1 (1 × 3) + 2
Step 2 3 + 2  + 1 =  + +
 8 5 3  8 5  3
 24 + 1 10 + 1 3 + 2  25 11 5
=  + + =  + +
 8 5  3  8 5 3
 25 11 5  ( 25 × 5) + (11 × 8)  5  125 + 88  5  213  5

Step 3  + + =  + =  + =  +
 8 5 3  8×5  3  40  3  40  3
213 5 ( 213 × 3) + (5 × 40) 639 + 200 839

= + = = =
40 3 40 × 3 120 120
839 119
Step 5 = 6
120 120
In general, three mixed fractions without a common denominator are added as in the following
cases:
Case I.
a c e  a c e  ( k × b) + a ( k 2 × d ) + c  ( k 3 × f ) + e
k1 + k2 + k3 =  k1 + k 2  + k 3 =  1 + +
b d f  b d f  b d  f
 k1b + a k 2 d + c  k 3 f + e
=  + +
 b d  f
Let A1 = k1b + a , A2 = k2d + c , and A3 = k3 f + e , then
 k1b + a k 2 d + c  k 3 f + e  A1 A2  A3  ( A1 × d ) + ( A2 × b)  A3  A1d + A2b  A3

 + + =  + + =  + =  +
 b d  f  b d  f  b×d  f  bd  f
=
( A1d + A2b) + A3
=
[( A1d + A2b) × f ] + ( A3 × bd ) =
[ A1df + A2bf ] + A3bd
=
A1df + A2bf + A3bd
bd f bd × f bdf bdf

Example 5.1-24
2 5 3  2 5 3  ( 2 × 3) + 2 ( 3 × 4) + 5 (1 × 5) + 3  6 + 2 12 + 5 5 + 3
2 + 3 + 1 = 2 + 3  + 1 =  + + =  + +
3 4 5  3 4  5  3 4  5  3 4  5
 8 17  8  ( 8 × 4) + (17 × 3)  8  32 + 51 8  83  8 83 8
=  + + =  + =  + =  + = +
 3 4  5  3× 4  5  12  5  12  5 12 5
(83 × 5) + (8 × 12) 415 + 96 511 31

= = = = 8
12 × 5 60 60 60
Case II.
a c e a  c e ( k1 × b) + a +  ( k2 × d ) + c + ( k3 × f ) + e 
k1 + k2 + k3 = k1 +  k2 + k3  =
b d f b  d f b  d f 
k1b + a  k 2 d + c k 3 f + e 
= + + 
b  d f 
k1b + a  k 2 d + c k 3 f + e  A1  A2 A3  A1  ( A2 × f ) + ( A3 × d )  A1  A2 f + A3d 
+ +  = + +  = + + = + 
b  d f  b  d f  b  d× f  b  df 
A1 ( A2 f + A3d ) ( A1 × df ) + [( A2 f + A3d ) × b ] A1df + [ A2 fb + A3db] A1df + A2 fb + A3db

= + = = =
b df b × df bdf bdf
Example 5.1-25
2 5 3 2  5 3 ( 2 × 3) + 2 +  ( 3 × 4) + 5 + (1 × 5) + 3 6 + 2 +  12 + 5 + 5 + 3
2 + 3 +1 = 2 + 3 + 1  = =  
3 4 5 3  4 5 3  4 5  3  4 5 
8  17 8  8  (17 × 5) + ( 8 × 4)  8  85 + 32  8  117  8 117

= + +  = +  = +  = +  = +
3  4 5 3  4×5  3  20  3  20  3 20
(8 × 20) + (117 × 3) 160 + 351 511 31

= = = = 8
3 × 20 60 60 60

The following examples further illustrate how to add mixed fractions:

Example 5.1-26
6
3 5
2 +3 =
( 2 × 8) + 3 ( 3 × 8) + 5 16 + 3 24 + 5 19 29 19 + 29 48
// 6
+ = + = + = = = = 6
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8/ 1
1
Example 5.1-27
2 4
+3 =
(6 × 3) + 2 + (3 × 5) + 4 18 + 2 + 15 + 4 20 + 19 (20 × 5) + (19 × 3) 100 + 57
6 = = = =
3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3×5 15
157 7
= = 10
15 15
Example 5.1-28
1 2 3  1 2 3  ( 6 × 2) + 1 ( 3 × 5) + 2  (1 × 7) + 3  12 + 1 15 + 2  7 + 3
6 + 3 +1 = 6 + 3  +1 =  + + =  + +
2 5 7  2 5  7  2 5  7  2 5  7
 13 17  10  (13 × 5) + (17 × 2)  10  65 + 34  10  99  10 99 10
=  + + =  + =  + =  + = +
 2 5 7  2×5  7  10  7  10  7 10 7
(99 × 7) + (10 × 10) 693 + 100 793 23

= = = = 11
10 × 7 70 70 70
Example 5.1-29
4 3 2
5 + 2 +1 =
(5 × 7) + 4 + (2 × 7) + 3 + (1 × 7) + 2 35 + 4 + 14 + 3 + 7 + 2 39 + 17 + 9
= =
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
39 + 17 + 9 65 2
= = = 9
7 7 7
Example 5.1-30
 1 1 2  ( 4 × 3) + 1 ( 2 × 2) + 1 (1 × 5) + 2  12 + 1 4 + 1 5 + 2  13 5  7
4 + 2  +1 =  + + =  + + =  + +
 3 2 5  3 2  5  3 2  5  3 2 5
 (13 × 2) + (5 × 3)  7  26 + 15 7  41 7 41 7 (41 × 5) + (7 × 6) 205 + 42

=  + =  + =  + = + = =
 3× 2  5  6  5  6 5 6 5 6×5 30
247 7
= = 8
30 30

Example 5.1-31
3  1 1 (8 × 4) + 3 +  ( 2 × 3) + 1 + (1 × 2) + 1 32 + 3  6 + 1 2 + 1 35  7 3 
8 + 2 + 1  = = + +  = + + 
4  3 2 4  3 2  4  3 2  4  3 2
35  ( 7 × 2) + ( 3 × 3)  35  14 + 9  35  23 35 23 ( 35 × 6) + ( 23 × 4) 210 + 92
= +  = +  = +  = + = =
4  3× 2  4  6  4  6  4 6 4×6 24
151
302
/// 151 7
= = = 12
24
// 12 12
12
Example 5.1-32
 4 1  2 2  ( 2 × 5) + 4 ( 3 × 3) + 1  ( 3 × 3) + 2 ( 4 × 5) + 2 
2 + 3  + 3 + 4  =  +  + + 
 5 3  3 5  5 3   3 5 
 10 + 4 9 + 1  9 + 2 20 + 2   14 10   11 22   (14 × 3) + (10 × 5)   (11 × 5) + ( 22 × 3) 

=  +  + +  =  +  + +  =   + 
 5 3   3 5   5 3  3 5  5× 3   3×5 
71
 42 + 50   55 + 66   92   121 92 121 92 + 121 213
/// 71 1
=   +  =   +  = + = = = = 14
 15   15   15   15  15 15 15 15
// 5 5
5
Example 5.1-33
 1 1  2 1 1  (1 × 5) + 1 ( 3 × 4) + 1  (1 × 3) + 2 ( 2 × 3) + 1 ( 4 × 3) + 1
1 + 3  + 1 + 2 + 4  =  +  + + + 
 5 4  3 3 3  5 4   3 3 3 
 5 + 1 12 + 1  3 + 2 6 + 1 12 + 1  6 13  5 7 13  ( 6 × 4) + (13 × 5)   5 + 7 + 13

=  +  + + +  =  +  + + +  =   + 
 5 4   3 3 3  5 4  3 3 3  5× 4   3 
 24 + 65  25  89  25 89 25 (89 × 3) + (25 × 20) 267 + 500 767 12 47

=   +  =   + = + = = = =
 20   3   20  3 20 3 20 × 3 60 60 60
Example 5.1-34
1  3  1 4  (1 × 3) + 1 +  (1 × 4) + 3 +  (1 × 5) + 1 + (2 × 5) + 4  
1 + 1 +  1 + 2   =  
3  4  5 5  3  4  5 5  
3 + 1  4 + 3  5 + 1 10 + 4   4  7  6 14   4  7  6 + 14   4  7  20  
= + + +  = + + +  = + +  = + + 
3  4  5 5   3  4  5 5   3  4  5   3  4  5  

 4
4  7  20   4  7 20
// 4 7 4 4  ( 7 × 1) + ( 4 × 4)  4  7 + 16  4  23 
= + +  = + + = + + = +  = +  = 3+ 4 
3  4  5   3  4 5/  3  4 1  3  4 ×1  3  4   
 1 

4 23 (4 × 4) + (23 × 3) 16 + 69 85 1
= + = = = = 7
3 4 3× 4 12 12 12
Example 5.1-35
 2 1 1 1  (1 × 3) + 2 (2 × 2) + 1 + (4 × 3) + 1 + (2 × 4) + 1
 1 3 + 2 2  + 4 3  + 2 4 =  +  
   3 2  3  4
 3 + 2 4 + 1 12 + 1  8 + 1  5 5  13  9  (5 × 2) + (5 × 3)  13  9
=  + +  + =  +  +  + =   + +
 3 2  3  4  3 2  3  4  3× 2  3  4
 10 + 15 13  9  25 13  9  25 13
 9  ( 25 × 3) + (13 × 6)  9  75 + 78  9
=  + + =   + + =  + + =  + =  +
  6  3  4  6 3 4 6 3 4  6×3  4  18  4
387
 153  9 153 9 (153 × 4) + ( 9 × 18) 612 + 162 774
/// 387 27
=  + = + = = = = = 10
 18  4 18 4 18 × 4 72 72
// 36 36
36
Section 5.1 Exercises - Add the following mixed fractions:
3 5 3 1 1 3 1
1. 1 + 2 = 2. 2 + 3 = 3. 1 + 1 + 2  =
4 3 8 8 2  4 4
3 4 2 2 3 1 5 7 3 4
4.  2 + 3  + 1 = 5. 2 + 1 + 2  = 6. 3 + 2 + 4 + 1 =
 4 5 3 3  8 3 8 8 8 8
3 5 4 2 2 5 3 7 1 2 1 1
7. 1 + 2  + 1 + 1  = 8. 1 + 2  +  3 + 2  = 9.  6 + 3  + 1 + 3  =
 2 2  3 3  3 4  2 2  2 3  5 4
4  3 2 4 
10. 1 + 2 + 1 + 3   =
3  5  5 2 

Mastering Fractions 5.2 Subtracting Mixed Fractions
5.2 Subtracting Mixed Fractions

a
Mixed fractions  k  , i.e., fractions made up of a whole number ( k ) and an integer fraction
 b
 a
  are subtracted as in the following cases:
 b
Case I Subtracting Two or More Mixed Fractions With Common Denominators

Mixed fractions with two or more common denominators are subtracted using the steps given as
in each case below:
Case I-A Subtract two mixed fractions with common denominators using the following steps:
Step 2 Subtract the integer fractions (see Section 3.2, Case I-A).
The following examples show the steps as to how two mixed fractions with common
Example 5.2-1
1 1
3 −2 =
4 4
Solution:
1 1 ( 3 × 4) + 1 − ( 2 × 4) + 1 12 + 1 − 8 + 1 13 − 9
Step 1 3 −2 = = =
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
13 9 13 − 9 4
Step 2 − = =
4 4 4 4
4 4÷4 1
Step 3 = = = 1
4 4÷4 1
Example 5.2-2
1 2
2 −7 =
3 3
Solution:
1 2 ( 2 × 3) + 1 − ( 7 × 3) + 2 6 + 1 21 + 2 7 23
Step 1 2 −7 = = − = −
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

7 23 7 − 23 −16
Step 2 − = =
3 3 3 3
−16   1
Step 4 = − 5 
3 3
Example 5.2-3
1 3
5 −3 =
8 8
Solution:
1 3 (5 × 8) + 1 − ( 3 × 8) + 3 40 + 1 − 24 + 3 41 − 27
Step 1 5 −3 = = =
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
41 27 41 − 27 14
Step 2 − = =
8 8 8 8
14 14 ÷ 2 7
Step 3 = =
8 8÷2 4
7 3
Step 4 = 1
4 4
Example 5.2-4
1 2
2 −5 =
5 5
Solution:
1 2 ( 2 × 5) + 1 − (5 × 5) + 2 10 + 1 − 25 + 2 11 − 27
Step 1 2 −5 = = =
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
11 27 11 − 27 −16
Step 2 − = =
5 5 5 5
−16   1
Step 4 = − 3 
5 5
Example 5.2-5
1 3
25 − 13 =
2 2

Solution:
1 3 ( 25 × 2) + 1 − (13 × 2) + 3 50 + 1 26 + 3 51 29
Step 1 25 − 13 = = − = −
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
51 29 51 − 29 22
Step 2 − = =
2 2 2 2
22 22 ÷ 2 11
Step 3 = = = 11
2 2÷2 1
In general two mixed fractions with a common denominator are subtracted in the following way:
a b ( k1 × d ) + a − ( k2 × d ) + b k1d + a k 2 d + b
k1 − k2 = = −
d d d d d d
Let A1 = k1d + a , and A2 = k2d + b , then
k1d + a k 2 d + b A1 A2 A1 − A2
− = − =
d d d d d
Example 5.2-6
5
3 1
3 −1 =
( 3 × 4 ) + 3 (1 × 4 ) + 1 12 + 3 4 + 1 15 5 15 − 5 10
// 5 1
− = − = − = = = = 2
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4/ 2 2
2
Case I-B Subtract three mixed fractions with common denominators using the following
steps:
Step 2 Subtract the integer fractions (see Section 3.2, Case I-B).
The following examples show the steps as to how three mixed fractions with common
Example 5.2-7
1 1 2
5 −2 −4 =
5 5 5

Solution:
1 1 2 (5 × 5) + 1 − ( 2 × 5) + 1 − ( 4 × 5) + 2 25 + 1 10 + 1 20 + 2
Step 1 5 −2 −4 = = − −
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
26 11 22
= − −
5 5 5
26 11 22 26 − 11 − 22 26 − 33 −7
Step 2 − − = = =
5 5 5 5 5 5
−7  2
Step 4 = − 1 
5 5
Example 5.2-8
1 1 2
8 −4 −3 =
3 3 3
Solution:
1 1 2 (8 × 3) + 1 − ( 4 × 3) + 1 − ( 3 × 3) + 2 24 + 1 12 + 1 9 + 2
Step 1 8 −4 −3 = = − −
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
25 13 11
= − −
3 3 3
25 13 11 25 − 13 − 11 25 − 24 1
Step 2 − − = = =
3 3 3 3 3 3
Example 5.2-9
1 3 2
3 −2 −3 =
8 8 8
Solution:
1 3 2 ( 3 × 8) + 1 − ( 2 × 8) + 3 − ( 3 × 8) + 2 24 + 1 16 + 3 24 + 2
Step 1 3 −2 −3 = = − −
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
25 19 26
= − −
8 8 8

25 19 26 25 − 19 − 26 25 − 45 −20
Step 2 − − = = =
8 8 8 8 8 8
−20 −20 ÷ 4 −5
Step 3 = =
8 8÷4 2
−5   1
Step 4 = − 2 
2 2
Example 5.2-10
2 1 2
6 −1 − 2 =
3 3 3
Solution:
2 1 2 ( 6 × 3) + 2 − (1 × 3) + 1 − ( 2 × 3) + 2 18 + 2 3 + 1 6 + 2
Step 1 6 −1 − 2 = = − −
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
20 4 8
= − −
3 3 3
20 4 8 20 − 4 − 8 20 − 12 8
Step 2 − − = = =
3 3 3 3 3 3
8 2
Step 4 = 2
3 3
Example 5.2-11
1 2 1
2 −1 − 3 =
6 6 6
Solution:
1 2 1 ( 2 × 6) + 1 − (1 × 6) + 2 − ( 3 × 6) + 1 12 + 1 6 + 2 18 + 1
Step 1 2 −1 − 3 = = − −
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
13 8 19
= − −
6 6 6
13 8 19 13 − 8 − 19 13 − 27 −14
Step 2 − − = = =
6 6 6 6 6 6
−14 −14 ÷ 2 −7
Step 3 = =
6 6÷2 3

−7   1
Step 4 = − 2 
3 3
In general, three mixed fractions with a common denominator are subtracted in the following
way:
a b c ( k1 × d ) + a − ( k2 × d ) + b − ( k3 × d ) + c k1d + a k 2 d + b k 3d + c
k1 − k2 − k3 = = − −
d d d d d d d d d
Let A1 = k1d + a , A2 = k2d + b , and A3 = k3d + c , then
k1d + a k 2 d + b k 3d + c A1 A2 A3 A1 − A2 − A3
− − = − − =
d d d d d d d
Example 5.2-12
5 2 3 ( 6 × 4 ) + 5 − ( 2 × 4 ) + 2 − (1 × 4 ) + 3 24 + 5 8 + 2 4 + 3 29 10 7
6 − 2 −1 = = − − = − −
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
3
29 − 10 − 7 29 − 17 12
// 3
= = = = = 3
4 4 4/ 1
1
Case II Subtracting Two or More Mixed Fractions Without a Common Denominator

Two or more mixed fractions without a common denominator are subtracted using the steps
Case II-A Subtract two mixed fractions without common denominators using the following
steps:
The following examples show the steps as to how two mixed fractions without common
Example 5.2-13
3 1
4 −3 =
4 8
Solution:
3 1 ( 4 × 4) + 3 − ( 3 × 8) + 1 16 + 3 − 24 + 1 19 − 25
Step 1 4 −3 = = =
4 8 4 8 4 8 4 8

19 25 (19 × 8) − ( 25 × 4) 152 − 100 52

Step 2 − = = =
4 8 4×8 32 32
52 52 ÷ 4 13
Step 3 = =
32 32 ÷ 4 8
13 5
Step 4 = 1
8 8
Example 5.2-14
2 3
3 −6 =
5 4
Solution:
2 3 ( 3 × 5) + 2 − ( 6 × 4) + 3 15 + 2 − 24 + 3 17 − 27
Step 1 3 −6 = = =
5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4
17 27 (17 × 4) − ( 27 × 5) 68 − 135 −67

Step 2 − = = =
5 4 5× 4 20 20
−67  7
Step 4 = − 3 
20 20 
Example 5.2-15
2 2
16 − 10 =
4 5
Solution:
2 2 (16 × 4) + 2 − (10 × 5) + 2 64 + 2 50 + 2 66 52
Step 1 16 − 10 = = − = −
4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5
66 52 ( 66 × 5) − (52 × 4) 330 − 208 122

Step 2 − = = =
4 5 4×5 20 20
122 122 ÷ 2 61
Step 3 = =
20 20 ÷ 2 10
61 1
Step 4 = 6
10 10

Example 5.2-16
1 4
3 −4 =
5 3
Solution:
1 4 ( 3 × 5) + 1 − ( 4 × 3) + 4 15 + 1 − 12 + 4 16 − 16
Step 1 3 −4 = = =
5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3
16 16 (16 × 3) − (16 × 5) 48 − 80 −32

Step 2 − = = =
5 3 5× 3 15 15
−32  2
Step 4 = − 2 
15 15 
Example 5.2-17
1 2
4 −2 =
8 3
Solution:
1 2 ( 4 × 8) + 1 − ( 2 × 3) + 2 32 + 1 − 6 + 2 33 − 8
Step 1 4 −2 = = =
8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3
33 8 ( 33 × 3) − (8 × 8) 99 − 64 35
Step 2 − = = =
8 3 8×3 24 24
35 11
Step 4 = 1
24 24
In general, two mixed fractions without a common denominator are subtracted in the following
way:
a c ( k1 × b) + a − ( k2 × d ) + c k1b + a k 2 d + c
k1 − k2 = = −
b d b d b d
Let A1 = k1b + a , and A2 = k2d + c ,then
k1b + a k 2 d + c A1 A2 ( A1 × d ) − ( A2 × b) A1d − A2b

− = − = =
b d b d b×d bd

Example 5.2-18
2 1 ( 7 × 5) + 2 − ( 4 × 3) + 1 35 + 2 12 + 1 37 13 ( 37 × 3) − (13 × 5) 111 − 65
7 −4 = = − = − = =
5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5× 3 15
46 1
= = 3
15 15
Case II-B Subtract three mixed fractions without a common denominator using the following
steps:
Step 1 Use parentheses to group the first an second fractions.
The following examples show the steps as to how three mixed fractions without a common
Example 5.2-19
1 1 1
3 − 2 −1 =
4 3 2
Solution:
1 1 1  1 1 1
Step 1 3 − 2 −1 = 3 − 2  − 1
4 3 2  4 3 2
 1 1 1  ( 3 × 4) + 1 ( 2 × 3) + 1 (1 × 2) + 1  12 + 1 6 + 1 2 + 1
Step 2 3 − 2  − 1 =  − − =  − −
 4 3 2  4 3  2  4 3  2
 13 7  3
=  − −
 4 3 2
 13 7  3  (13 × 3) − ( 7 × 4)  3  39 − 28  3  11  3 11 3
Step 3  − − =  − =  − =  − = −
 4 3 2  4×3  2  12  2  12  2 12 2
(11 × 2) − ( 3 × 12) 22 − 36 −14

= = =
12 × 2 24 24
−14 −14 ÷ 2 7
Step 4 = = −
24 24 ÷ 2 12

Example 5.2-20
1 1 1
4 −3 −2 =
5 8 4
Solution:
1 1 1  1 1 1
Step 1 4 −3 −2 = 4 − 3  − 2
5 8 4  
5 8 4
 1 1 1  ( 4 × 5) + 1 ( 3 × 8) + 1 − ( 2 × 4) + 1
Step 2 4 − 3  − 2 =  −
 5 8 4  5 8  4
 20 + 1 24 + 1 8 + 1  21 25 9
=  − − =  − −
 5 8  4  5 8 4
 21 25 9  ( 21 × 8) − ( 25 × 5)  9  168 − 125 9  43  9

Step 3  − − =  − =  − =  −
 5 8 4  5×8  4  40  4  40  4
43 9 ( 43 × 4) − ( 9 × 40) 172 − 360 −188

= − = = =
40 4 40 × 4 160 160
−188 −188 ÷ 4 −47

Step 4 = =
160 160 ÷ 4 40
−47  7
Step 5 = − 1 
40 40 
Example 5.2-21
1 2 1
12 − 15 − 8 =
4 3 5
Solution:
1 2 1  1 2 1
Step 1 12 − 15 − 8 = 12 − 15  − 8
4 3 5  4  3 5
 1 2 1  (12 × 4) + 1 (15 × 3) + 2  ( 8 × 5) + 1
Step 2  12 − 15  − 8 =  − −
 4 3 5  4 3  5
 48 + 1 45 + 2  40 + 1  49 47  41
=  − − =  − −
 4 3  5  4 3 5

 49 47  41  ( 49 × 3) − ( 47 × 4)  41  147 − 188  41  −41 41

Step 3  − − =  − =  − =  −
 4 3 5  4 × 3  5  12  5  12  5
−41 41 ( −41 × 5) − ( 41 × 12) −205 − 492 −697

= − = = =
12 5 12 × 2 24 24
−697  37 
Step 5 = − 11 
24 60
Example 5.2-22
1 1 1
6 − 2 −1 =
5 3 2
Solution:
1 1 1  1 1 1
Step 1 6 − 2 −1 = 6 − 2  − 1
5 3 2   5 3 2
 1 1 1  ( 6 × 5) + 1 ( 2 × 3) + 1 − (1 × 2) + 1  30 + 1 6 + 1 2 + 1
Step 2 6 − 2  − 1 =  − =  − −
 5 3  2  5 3  2  5 3  2
 31 7  3
=  − −
 5 3 2
 31 7 3  ( 31 × 3) − ( 7 × 5)  3  93 − 35 3  58  3 58 3
Step 3  − − =  − =  − =  − = −
 5 3 2  5× 3  2  15  2  15  2 15 2
(58 × 2) − ( 3 × 15) 116 − 45 71

= = =
15 × 2 30 30
71 11
Step 5 = 2
30 30
Example 5.2-23
3 1 2
5 − 6 − 10 =
5 4 3
Solution:
3 1 2  3 1 2
Step 1 5 − 6 − 10 =  5 − 6  − 10
5 4 3  5 4 3

 3 1 2  ( 5 × 5) + 3 ( 6 × 4) + 1 − (10 × 3) + 2
Step 2  5 − 6  − 10 =  −
 5 4 3  5 4  3
 25 + 3 24 + 1 30 + 2  28 25 32
=  − − =  − −
 5 4  3  5 4 3
 28 25 32  ( 28 × 4) − ( 25 × 5)  32  112 − 125 32

Step 3  − − =  − =  −
 5 4 3  5× 4  3  20  3
 −13 32 −13 32 ( −13 × 3) − ( 32 × 20) −39 − 640 −679

=  − = − = = =
 20  3 20 3 20 × 3 60 60
−679  19

Step 5 = − 11 
60 60
In general, three mixed fractions without a common denominator are subtracted as in the
following cases:
Case I.
a c e  a c e  ( k × b) + a ( k 2 × d ) + c  ( k 3 × f ) + e
k1 − k2 − k3 =  k1 − k2  − k3 =  1 − −
b d f  b  d f  b d  f
 k1b + a k 2 d + c  k 3 f + e
=  − −
 b d  f
 k1b + a k 2 d + c  k 3 f + e  A1 A2  A3  ( A1 × d ) − ( A2 × b)  A3  A d − A2b  A3
 − − =  − − =  − =  1 −
 b d  f  b d  f  b×d  f  bd  f
=
( A1d − A2b) − A3
=
[( A1d − A2 b) × f ] − ( A3 × bd ) =
[ A1df − A2bf ] − A3bd
=
A1df − A2bf − A3bd
bd f bd × f bdf bdf
Example 5.2-24
2 1 4  2 1 4  ( 5 × 3) + 2 ( 2 × 2) + 1 (1 × 5) + 4  15 + 2 4 + 1 5 + 4
5 − 2 −1 = 5 − 2  − 1 =  − − =  − −
3 2 5  3 2  5  3 2  5  3 2  5

 17 5  9  (17 × 2) − ( 5 × 3)  9  34 − 15 9 19
  9 19 9
=  − − =  − =  − =  − = −
 3 2 5  3× 2  5  6  5  6 5 6 5
(19 × 5) − ( 9 × 6) 95 − 54 41 11
= = = = 1
6×5 30 30 30
Case II.
a c e a  c e ( k1 × b) + a +  − ( k2 × d ) + c − ( k3 × f ) + e 
k1 − k2 − k3 = k1 +  − k 2 − k3  =
b d f b  d f b  d f 
k1b + a  k 2 d + c k 3 f + e 
= + − − 
b  d f 
k1b + a  k 2 d + c k 3 f + e  A1  A2 A3  A1  −( A2 × f ) − ( A3 × d ) 
+ − −  = + − −  = + 
b  d f  b  d f  b  d× f 
A1  − A2 f − A3d  A1 ( − A2 f − A3d ) ( A1 × df ) + [( − A2 f − A3d ) × b ]

= +  = + =
b  df  b df b × df
A1df + [ − A2 fb − A3db] A1df − A2 fb − A3db

= =
bdf bdf
Example 5.2-25
2 1 4 2  1 4 (5 × 3) + 2 +  − ( 2 × 2) + 1 − (1 × 5) + 4 
5 − 2 −1 = 5 +  −2 − 1  =
3 2 5 3  2 5 3  2 5 
15 + 2  4 + 1 5 + 4  17  5 9  17  −( 5 × 5) − ( 9 × 2)  17  −25 − 18 
= + − −  = + − −  = +  = + 
3  2 5  3  2 5 3  2×5  3  10 
17  −43 17 −43 17 43 (17 × 10) − ( 43 × 3) 170 − 129 41 11

= +  = + = − = = = = 1
3  10  3 10 3 10 3 × 10 30 30 30
The following examples further illustrate how to subtract mixed fractions:
Example 5.2-26
3 1
5 −1 =
(5 × 8) + 3 − (1 × 3) + 1 40 + 3 − 3 + 1 43 − 4 ( 43 × 3) − ( 4 × 8) 129 − 32 97
= = = = =
8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 8×3 24 24

1
= 4
24
Example 5.2-27
4 2
3 −1 =
(3 × 5) + 4 − (1 × 3) + 2 15 + 4 − 3 + 2 19 − 5 (19 × 3) − (5 × 5) 57 − 25 32
= = = = =
5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5× 3 15 15
2
= 2
15
Example 5.2-28
2 2 1
−3 −2 =
(8 × 3) + 2 − (3 × 3) + 2 − (2 × 3) + 1 24 + 2 − 9 + 2 − 6 + 1 26 − 11 − 7 26 − 11 − 7
8 = = =
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
8 2
= = 2
3 3
Example 5.2-29
1 1 1  1 1 1  ( 4 × 2) + 1 ( 2 × 3) + 1 (1 × 5) + 1  8 + 1 6 + 1 5 + 1
4 − 2 −1 = 4 − 2  −1 =  − − =  − −
2 3 5  2 3  5  2 3  5  2 3  5
 9 7 6  ( 9 × 3) − ( 7 × 2)  6  27 − 14  6  13 6 13 6 (13 × 5) − ( 6 × 6)
=  − − =  − =  − =  − = − =
 2 3 5  2×3  5  6  5  6 5 6 5 6×5
65 − 36 29
= =
30 30
Example 5.2-30
3  4 1 ( 4 × 4) + 3 −  ( 3 × 5) + 4 − ( 2 × 2) + 1 16 + 3  15 + 4 4 + 1
4 − 3 − 2  =   = − − 
4  5 2 4  5 2  4  5 2 
19  19 5  19  (19 × 2) − ( 5 × 5)  19  38 − 25 19  13  19 13
= − −  = −  = −  = −  = −
4  5 2 4  5× 2  4  10  4  10  4 10
69
(19 × 10) − (13 × 4) 190 − 52 138
/// 69 9
= = = = = 3
4 × 10 40 40
// 20 20
20
Example 5.2-31
 2 1  1 1  ( 6 × 3) + 2 (1 × 4) + 1 −  (4 × 8) + 1 − (2 × 4) + 1
6 −1  − 4 − 2  =  −
 3 4  8 4  3 4   8 4 

 18 + 2 4 + 1  32 + 1 8 + 1  20 5   33 9   ( 20 × 4) − (5 × 3)   ( 33 × 4) − ( 9 × 8) 
=  −  − −  =  −  − −  =   − 
 3 4   8 4   3 4  8 4  3× 4   8×4 
85
 80 − 15  132 − 72   65  60  65 60 ( 65 × 32) − ( 60 × 12) 2080 − 720 1360
////
=   −  =   −  = − = = =
 12   32   12   32  12 32 12 × 32 384 384
///
24
85 13
= = 3
24 24
Example 5.2-32
 2 3  1 1  (5 × 5) + 2 (1 × 5) + 3  (1 × 5) + 1 ( 2 × 3) + 1
 5 − 1  − 1 − 2  =  −  − − 
 5 5  5 3  5 5   5 3 
 25 + 2 5 + 3  5 + 1 6 + 1  27 8   6 7   27 − 8   ( 6 × 3) − ( 7 × 5) 
=  −  − −  =  −  − −  =   − 
 5 5   5 3   5 5  5 3   5   5× 3 
74
 19   18 − 35 19  −17  19 −17 19 17 (19 × 15) + (17 × 5) 285 + 85 370
///
=   −  = −  = − = + = = =
 5   15  5  15  5 15 5 15 5 × 15 75 75
//
15
74 14
= = 4
15 15
Example 5.2-33
 1 1  1 1  (8 × 4) + 1 (1 × 2) + 1  ( 4 × 2) + 1 (1 × 3) + 1
8 − 1  −  4 − 1  =  −  − − 
 4 2  2 3  4 2   2 3 
 32 + 1 2 + 1  8 + 1 3 + 1  33 3   9 4   ( 33 × 2) − ( 3 × 4)   ( 9 × 3) − ( 4 × 2) 
=  −  − −  =  −  − −  =   − 
 4 2   2 3   4 2   2 3   4×2   2×3 
27 43
 66 − 12   27 − 8   54   19  54
/ / 19 27 19 ( 27 × 6) − (19 × 4) 162 − 76 86
//
=   −  =   −  = − = − = = =
 8   6   8  6 8/ 6 4 6 4×6 24 24
//
4 12
43 7
= = 3
12 12
Example 5.2-34
3  1 2 2 (2 × 5) + 3 −  (3 × 3) + 1 − (1 × 3) + 2  − (4 × 5) + 2 
2 −  3 − 1  − 4  =  
5  3 3 5 5  3 3  5 

10 + 3  9 + 1 3 + 2  20 + 2  13  10 5  22  13  10 − 5 22  13  5  22 
= −  − − = −  − − = −  − = −  −
5  3 3  5  5  3 3 5  5  3  5  5  3 5 
13  5 22  13  (5 × 5) − ( 22 × 3)  13  25 − 66  13  −41  13 −41 13 41
= − −  = −  = −  = 5 −  15  = 5 − 15 = 5 + 15
5 3 5  5  3×5  5  15   
16
(13 × 15) + (41 × 5) 195 + 205 400
/// 16 1
= = = = = 5
5 × 15 75 75
// 3 3
3
Example 5.2-35
 3 1 2 3  (11 × 4) + 3 (1 × 2) + 1 − (4 × 5) + 2  − (2 × 7) + 3
 11 4 − 1 2  − 4 5  − 2 7 =  −  
   4 2  5  7
 44 + 3 2 + 1 20 + 2  14 + 3  47
  3 22  17  ( 47 × 2) − ( 3 × 4)  22  17
=  − − − =  −  −  − =   − −
 4 2  5  7 
 4 2  5 7  4×2  5  7
 41 
 94 − 12  22  17  82  22  17 / / 22  17
 82  41
 22 17
=  8  − 5  − 7 =  8  − 5  − 7 =  8/ − 5  − 7 =  − −
      4 5 7
4 
 ( 41 × 5) − ( 22 × 4)  17  205 − 88  17  117  17 117 17 (117 × 7) − (17 × 20)

=  − =   − =  − = − =
 4×5  7  20  7  20  7 20 7 20 × 7
819 − 340 479 59

= = = 3
140 140 140
Section 5.2 Exercises - Subtract the following mixed fractions:
3 1 2 2 1 3 1
1. 4 − 3 = 2. 3 − 4 = 3.  8 − 2  − 1 =
7 7 5 3  4 4 3
4 3 2 3 5 1 2 5 3
4. 6 −  2 − 1  = 5. 2 − 4 − 5 = 6. 4 − 5 − 2 =
5  4 3 6 6 6 3 6 5
2 3 2 2 1 4 2 3 2 1 3
7. 3 −  4 − 1  = 8.  6 − 1  −  2 − 5  = 9.  3 − 4  −  3 − 2  =

5  8 3  3 5  3 3  4 5  8 4
 3 5 2 3
10.  5 − 3  − 1  − 2 =
 4 8 3 5

Mastering Fractions 5.3 Multiplying Mixed Fractions
5.3 Multiplying Mixed Fractions

Two or more mixed fractions with or without a common denominator are multiplied using the
Case I Multiply two mixed fractions with or without a common denominator using the
following steps:
The following examples show the steps as to how two mixed fractions with or without a common
denominator are multiplied:
Example 5.3-1
3 2
2 ×1 =
5 3
Solution:
3 2 ( 2 × 5) + 3 × (1 × 3) + 2 10 + 3 × 3 + 2 13 × 5
Step 1 2 ×1 = = =
5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3
13 5 13 × 5 65
Step 2 × = =
5 3 5× 3 15
65 65 ÷ 5 13
Step 3 = =
15 15 ÷ 5 3
13 1
Step 4 = 4
3 3
Example 5.3-2
1 1
3 ×4 =
3 3
Solution:
1 1 ( 3 × 3) + 1 × ( 4 × 3) + 1 9 + 1 × 12 + 1 10 × 13
Step 1 3 ×4 = = =
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
10 13 10 × 13 130
Step 2 × = =
3 3 3× 3 9

130 4
Step 4 = 14
9 9
Example 5.3-3
2 1
15 × 8 =
3 7
Solution:
2 1 (15 × 3) + 2 × (8 × 7) + 1 45 + 2 × 56 + 1 47 × 57
Step 1 15 × 8 = = =
3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7
47 57 47 × 57 2679
Step 2 × = =
3 7 3× 7 21
2679 2679 ÷ 3 893

Step 3 = =
21 21 ÷ 3 7
893 4
Step 4 = 127
7 7
Example 5.3-4
1 2
3 ×5 =
5 5
Solution:
1 2 ( 3 × 5) + 1 × (5 × 5) + 2 15 + 1 × 25 + 2 16 × 27
Step 1 3 ×5 = = =
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
16 27 16 × 27 432
Step 2 × = =
5 5 5×5 25
432 7
Step 4 = 17
25 25
Example 5.3-5
3 5
5 ×2 =
8 3
Solution:
3 5 (5 × 8) + 3 × ( 2 × 3) + 5 40 + 3 × 6 + 5 43 × 11
Step 1 5 ×2 = = =
8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3

43 11 43 × 11 473
Step 2 × = =
8 3 8×3 24
473 17
Step 4 = 19
24 24
In general, two mixed fractions are multiplied in the following way:
a c ( k1 × b) + a × ( k2 × d ) + c k1b + a k2 d + c ( k1b + a) × ( k2 d + c)
k1 × k2 = = × =
b d b d b d b×d
Let A1 = k1b + a , and A2 = k2 d + c , then
( k1b + a) × ( k2 d + c) A1 × A2 AA
= = 1 2
b×d b×d bd
Example 5.3-6
3
2 1
5 ×2 =
( 5 × 3) + 2 ( 2 × 4) + 1 15 + 2 8 + 1 17 9 17 × 9/ 17 × 3 51 3
× = × = × = = = = 12
3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3
/× 4 1× 4 4 4
1
Case II Multiply three mixed fractions with or without a common denominator using the
following steps:
The following examples show the steps as to how three mixed fractions with or without a
Example 5.3-7
2 2 1
3 ×1 × 4 =
5 3 4
Solution:
2 2 1 ( 3 × 5) + 2 × (1 × 3) + 2 × ( 4 × 4) + 1 15 + 2 3 + 2 16 + 1
Step 1 3 ×1 × 4 = = × ×
5 3 4 5 3 4 5 3 4
17 5 17
= × ×
5 3 4

17 5 17 17 × 5 × 17 1445
Step 2 × × = =
5 3 4 5× 3× 4 60
1445 1445 ÷ 5 289

Step 3 = =
60 60 ÷ 5 12
289 1
Step 4 = 24
12 12
Example 5.3-8
3 1 5
2 ×1 × 3 =
2 2 2
Solution:
3 1 5 ( 2 × 2 ) + 3 × (1 × 2 ) + 1 × ( 3 × 2 ) + 5 4 + 3 2 +1 6+5
Step 1 2 ×1 × 3 = = × ×
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
7 3 11
= × ×
2 2 2
7 3 11 7 × 3 × 11 231
Step 2 × × = =
2 2 2 2×2×2 8
231 7
Step 4 = 28
8 8
Example 5.3-9
1 2 1
4 × 2 ×1 =
5 3 4
Solution:
1 2 1 ( 4 × 5) + 1 × ( 2 × 3) + 2 × (1 × 4) + 1 20 + 1 × 6 + 2 × 4 + 1
Step 1 4 × 2 ×1 = =
5 3 4 5 3 4 5 3 4
21 8 5
= × ×
5 3 4
21 8 5 21 × 8 × 5 840
Step 2 × × = =
5 3 4 5× 3× 4 60
840 840 ÷ 60 14
Step 3 = = = 14
60 60 ÷ 60 1

Example 5.3-10
1 2 5
4 ×2 ×6 =
3 3 3
Solution:
1 2 5 ( 4 × 3) + 1 × ( 2 × 3) + 2 × ( 6 × 3) + 5 12 + 1 × 6 + 2 × 18 + 5
Step 1 4 ×2 ×6 = =
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
13 8 23
= × ×
3 3 3
13 8 23 13 × 8 × 23 2392
Step 2 × × = =
3 3 3 3× 3× 3 27
2392 16
Step 4 = 88
27 27
Example 5.3-11
1 2 4
2 ×4 ×6 =
4 8 6
Solution:
1 2 4 ( 2 × 4) + 1 × ( 4 × 8) + 2 × ( 6 × 6) + 4 8 + 1 × 32 + 2 × 36 + 4
Step 1 2 ×4 ×6 = =
4 8 6 4 8 6 4 8 6
9 34 40
= × ×
4 8 6
9 34 40 9 × 34 × 40 12240
Step 2 × × = =
4 8 6 4×8×6 192
12240 12240 ÷ 16 765 765 ÷ 3 255

Step 3 = = = =
192 192 ÷ 16 12 12 ÷ 3 4
255 3
Step 4 = 63
4 4

In general, three mixed fractions are multiplied as in the following cases:

Case I.
a c e ( k1 × b) + a × ( k2 × d ) + c × ( k3 × f ) + e k1b + a k2 d + c k3 f + e
k1 × k2 × k3 = = × ×
b d f b d f b d f
Let A1 = k1b + a , A2 = k2 d + c , and A3 = k3 f + e , then
k1b + a k2 d + c k3 f + e A1 A2 A3 A1 × A2 × A3 A1 A2 A3
× × = × × = =
b d f b d f b×d × f bdf
Example 5.3-12
1
2 5
1 × 2 ×1 =
4 (1 × 5) + 2 × ( 2 × 3) + 5 × (1 × 7) + 4 5 + 2 × 6 + 5 × 7 + 4 7 × 11 × 11 7/ × 11 × 11
= = =
5 3 7 5 3 7 5 3 7 5 3 7 5 × 3 × 7/
1
1 × 11 × 11 121 1
= = = 8
5× 3×1 15 15
Case II.
a c e  a c e  ( k × b) + a ( k2 × d ) + c  ( k3 × f ) + e
k1 × k2 × k3 =  k1 × k2  × k3 =  1 × ×
b d f  b d f  b d  f
 k1b + a k2 d + c  k3 f + e
=  × ×
 b d  f
 k1b + a k2 d + c  k3 f + e  A1 A2  A3  A1 × A2  A3  A1 A2  A3 A1 A2 A3
 × × =  × × =  × =  × = ×
 b d  f  b d  f  b×d  f  bd  f bd f
A1 A2 A3
=
bdf
Example 5.3-13
2 5 4  2 5 4  (1 × 5) + 2 ( 2 × 3) + 5 (1 × 7) + 4  5 + 2 6 + 5 7 + 4
1 × 2 × 1 = 1 × 2  × 1 =  × × =  × ×
5 3 7  5 3  7  5 3  7  5 3  7
11
 7 11 11  7 × 11 11  77  11 77 11 77
/ / × 11 11 × 11 121 1
=  × × =  × =  × = × = = = = 8
5 3 7  5× 3  7  15  7 15 7 15 × 7/ 15 × 1 15 15
1

Case III.
a c e a  c e ( k1 × b) + a ×  ( k2 × d ) + c × ( k3 × f ) + e 
k1 × k2 × k3 = k1 ×  k2 × k3  =
b d f b  d f b  d f 
k1b + a  k2 d + c k3 f + e 
= × × 
b  d f 
k1b + a  k2 d + c k3 f + e  A1  A2 A3  A1  A2 × A3  A1  A2 A3  A1 A2 A3
× ×  = × ×  = ×  = ×  = ×
b  d f  b  d f  b  d× f  b  df  b df
A1 × A2 A3 A1 A2 A3
= =
b × df bdf
Example 5.3-14
2 5 4 2  5 4 (1 × 5) + 2 ×  ( 2 × 3) + 5 × (1 × 7) + 4  5 + 2 ×  6 + 5 × 7 + 4 
1 × 2 ×1 = 1 × 2 × 1  =   =  
5 3 7 5  3 7 5  3 7  5  3 7 
1
7  11 11 7  11 × 11 7  121 7 121 7/ × 121 1 × 121 121 1
= × ×  = ×  = ×  = × = = = = 8
5 3 7 5  3× 7  5  21  5 21 5 × 21
// 5× 3 15 15
3
The following examples further illustrate how to multiply mixed fractions:
Example 5.3-15
1 3 ( 3 × 4) + 1 × ( 2 × 8) + 3 12 + 1 16 + 3 13 19 13 × 19 247 23
3 ×2 = = × = × = = = 7
4 8 4 8 4 8 4 8 4×8 32 32
Example 5.3-16
2
2 3
4 ×2 =
( 4 × 3) + 2 ( 2 × 7) + 3 12 + 2 14 + 3 14 17 14
/ / × 17 2 × 17 34 1
× = × = × = = = = 11
3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 × 7/ 3×1 3 3
1
Example 5.3-17
5 2 1 (1 × 8) + 5 × ( 4 × 8) + 2 × ( 3 × 2) + 1 8 + 5 32 + 2 6 + 1 13 34 7
1 ×4 ×3 = = × × = × ×
8 8 2 8 8 2 8 8 2 8 8 2
17
13 × 34
/ /× 7 13 × 17 × 7 1547 11
= = = = 24
8 × 8 × 2/ 8×8×1 64 64
1

Example 5.3-18
 2 3 1  ( 2 × 3) + 2 (1 × 5) + 3 × (3 × 2) + 1  6 + 2 5 + 3 6 + 1  8 8 7
2 ×1  × 3 =  × =  × × =  × ×
 3 5 2  3 5  2  3 5  2  3 5 2
32
 8 × 8 7  64  7 64 7 64
/ /× 7 32 × 7 224 14
=  × =  × = × = = = = 14
 3 × 5 2  15  2 15 2 15 × 2/ 15 × 1 15 15
1
Example 5.3-19
3  3 2 (2 × 4) + 3 ×  (1 × 5) + 3 × (3 × 10) + 2  8 + 3  5 + 3 30 + 2  11  8 32 
2 × 1 × 3  = = × ×  = × × 
4  5 10  4  5 10  4  5 10  4  5 10 
4  32
11  8/ × 32  11  4 × 32  11  128  11 128 11 × 128
/// 11 × 32 352 2
= × = ×  = ×  = × = = = = 14
4  5 × 10
/ /  4  5×5  4  25  4 25 4/ × 25 1 × 25 25 25
 5 1
Example 5.3-20
 1 4 3 1  (1 × 3) + 1 ( 2 × 5) + 4 ( 2 × 5) + 3 (1 × 14) + 1
1 × 2 × 2  × 1 =  × × ×
 3 5 5  14  3 5 5  14
 3 + 1 10 + 4 10 + 3 14 + 1  4 14 13 15  4 × 14 × 13 15  728  15 728 15

=  × × × =  × × × =  × =  × = ×
 3 5 5  14 3 5 5  14  3 × 5 × 5  14  75  14 75 14
52 1
728
/ / / × 15
// 52 × 1 52 2
= = = = 10
/ /× 14
75 // 5×1 5 5
5 1
Example 5.3-21
2  1 1 3
1 × 3 × 2  × 1 =
(1 × 3) + 2 ×  ( 3 × 6) + 1 × ( 2 × 2) + 1 × ( 5 × 1) + 3
3  6 2  5 3  6 2  4
3 + 2  18 + 1 4 + 1 5 + 3 5  19 5  8 5  19 × 5 8 5  95 8 5 95 8
= × × × = × ×  × = ×  × = ×  × = × ×
3  6 2  4 3  6 2  5 3  6×2  5 
3 12  5 3 12 5
1 2
5/× 95 × 8/ 1 × 95 × 2 190 1
= = = = 21
3 × 12
/ / × 5/ 3× 3×1 9 9
3 1

Example 5.3-22
 3 10   1 3  ( 2 × 5) + 3 (3 × 5) + 10  ×  (2 × 3) + 1 × (1 × 4) + 3
2 × 3  × 2 ×1  =  ×
 5 5  3 4  5 5   3 4 
 5  1
 10 + 3 15 + 10   6 + 1 4 + 3  13 25  7 7  / /   7 × 7
 13 × 25  13 × 5/   49 
=  × ×
  ×  =  × ×
  ×  =  ×
   =   × 
 5 5   3 4  5 5   3 4  5 × 5/   3 × 4   5/× 1   12 
 1   1 
 13 × 1 49  13 49 13 49 13 × 49 637 1
=  × =  × = × = = = 53
 1 × 1  12  1  12 1 12 1 × 12 12 12
Example 5.3-23
 2 1  3 1 1  ( 3 × 3) + 2 ( 4 × 5) + 1  (1 × 11) + 3 (1 × 2) + 1 ( 2 × 3) + 1
 3 × 4  × 1 × 1  × 2 =  ×  × × ×
 3 5   11 2  3  3 5   11 2  3
 7  7 
 9 + 2 20 + 1  11 + 3 2 + 1 6 + 1  11 21  14 3  7  11 × 21 / /× 3 7
/ /   14
=  ×  × × × =  ×  × ×  × =   × ×
 3 5   11 2  3  3 5   11 2  3  3/× 5   11 × 2/  3
 1   1
7 7
 11 × 7   7 × 3  7  77   21 7 77 21 7 77
/ / × 21
/ /× 7 7×7×7 343 3
=   ×  × =   ×  × = × × = = = = 68
 1 × 5   11 × 1 3  5   11 3 5 11 3 5 × 11
/ /× 3/ 5 × 1× 1 5 5
1 1
Example 5.3-24
1  1 2 1 ( 4 × 8) + 1 ×  ( 6 × 2) + 1 × (1 × 33) + 2  × ( 2 × 13) + 1
4 ×  6 × 1  × 2  =  
8  2 33  13  8  2 33  13 
32 + 1  12 + 1 33 + 2  26 + 1  33  13 35 27  33  13 × 35 27 
= ×  × ×  = ×  ×  ×  = ×  ×
8  2 33  13  8  2 33  13  8  2 × 33  13 
 9
33  455 27  33  455 27  33  455 × 27 // 33  455 × 9  33  4095 
= ×  × = × × = × = × = ×
8  66  13  8  66 13  8  66 / / × 13  8  22 × 13  8  286 
 22 
3 315
33 4095 33
/ /× 4095 3 × 4095
//// 3 × 315 945 1
= × = = = = = 59
8 286 8 × 286
/// 8 × 26
// 8×2 16 16
26 2
Example 5.3-25
3  4  5 3  ( 4 × 8) + 3 ×  ( 2 × 5) + 4 ×  ( 3 × 6) + 5 × (1 × 5) + 3 
4 × 2 ×  3 × 1   =   
8  5  6 5  8  5  6 5  

  4 
32 + 3  10 + 4  18 + 5 5 + 3  35  14  23 8   35 14  23 × 8/  
= × × ×  = × × ×  = × ×
8  5  6 5  8  5  6 5   8 5  6/ × 5  
  3  
35  14  23 × 4   35  14  92   35  14 92  35  14 × 92  35  1288 
= × ×  = × ×  = × × = × = ×
8  5  3 × 5   8  5  15   8  5 15  8  5 × 15  8  75 
7 161
35 1288 35
/ /× 1288
//// 7 × 161 1127 2
= × = = = = 75
8 75 8/× 75
// 1 × 15 15 15
1 15
Section 5.3 Exercises - Multiply the following mixed fractions:
3 1 1 1 5 1 2 2
1. 1 × 2 = 2. 2 × 1 × 4 = 3. 3 × 1 × 1  =
4 3 3 4 6 3  5 3
3 1 1 5 2 1 1 1 1 2 0
4.  2 × 5  × 3 = 5. 2 × 3 × 1 × 1 = 6. 1 × 2 ×  3 ×  =
 4 2 5 6 5 3 2 5 3  3 1
5 1 3 1 1 3 1 2 1 2 3 2
7. 1 × 2  ×  2 × 1  = 8.  2 × 1  ×  4 × 2  = 9.  3 × 1 × 3  × 1 =
 6 3  7 7  2 4  2 3  2 3 5 3
1  3 1 2
10. 2 ×  3 × 1  × 2  =
3  5 2 3

Mastering Fractions 5.4 Dividing Mixed Fractions
5.4 Dividing Mixed Fractions

Two or more mixed fractions with or without a common denominator are divided using the steps
Case I Divide two mixed fractions with or without a common denominator using the
following steps:
The following examples show the steps as to how two mixed fractions with or without a common
denominator are divided:
Example 5.4-1
3 1
2 ÷1 =
5 3
Solution:
3 1 ( 2 × 5) + 3 ÷ (1 × 3) + 1 10 + 3 ÷ 3 + 1 13 ÷ 4
Step 1 2 ÷1 = = =
5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3
13 4 13 3 13 × 3 39
Step 2 ÷ = × = =
5 3 5 4 5× 4 20
39 19
Step 4 = 1
20 20
Example 5.4-2
1 1
3 ÷4 =
5 5
Solution:
1 1 ( 3 × 5) + 1 ÷ ( 4 × 5) + 1 15 + 1 20 + 1 16 21
Step 1 3 ÷4 = = ÷ = ÷
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
16 21 16 5 16 × 5 80
Step 2 ÷ = × = =
5 5 5 21 5 × 21 105
80 80 ÷ 5 16
Step 3 = =
105 105 ÷ 5 21

Example 5.4-3
2 1
15 ÷ 10 =
3 5
Solution:
2 1 (15 × 3) + 2 ÷ (10 × 5) + 1 45 + 2 50 + 1 47 51
Step 1 15 ÷ 10 = = ÷ = ÷
3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5
47 51 47 5 47 × 5 235
Step 2 ÷ = × = =
3 5 3 51 3 × 51 153
235 82
Step 4 = 1
153 153
Example 5.4-4
4 1
2 ÷3 =
6 4
Solution:
4 1 ( 2 × 6) + 4 ÷ ( 3 × 4) + 1 12 + 4 ÷ 12 + 1 16 ÷ 13
Step 1 2 ÷3 = = =
6 4 6 4 6 4 6 4
16 13 16 4 16 × 4 64
Step 2 ÷ = × = =
6 4 6 13 6 × 13 78
64 64 ÷ 2 32
Step 3 = =
78 78 ÷ 2 39
Example 5.4-5
2 2
12 ÷6 =
8 4
Solution:
2 2 (12 × 8) + 2 ÷ ( 6 × 4) + 2 96 + 2 ÷ 24 + 2 98 ÷ 26
Step 1 12 ÷6 = = =
8 4 8 4 8 4 8 4
98 26 98 4 98 × 4 392
Step 2 ÷ = × = =
8 4 8 26 8 × 26 208
392 392 ÷ 8 49
Step 3 = =
208 208 ÷ 8 26

49 23
Step 4 = 1
26 26
In general, two mixed fractions are divided in the following way:
a c ( k1 × b) + a ÷ ( k2 × d ) + c k1b + a k 2 d + c
k1 ÷ k2 = = ÷
b d b d b d
Let A1 = k1b + a , and A2 = k2 d + c , then
k1b + a k 2 d + c A1 A2 A1 d A1 × d A1d
÷ = ÷ = × = =
b d b d b A2 b × A2 bA2
Example 5.4-6
4 2 1
3 2 (1 × 5) + 3 ÷ (1 × 10) + 2 8 12 8 10 8/ × 10
// 4 × 2/ 4 ×1 4 1
1 ÷1 = = ÷ = × = = = = = 1
5 10 5 10 5 10 5 12 5/× 12
// 1 × 6/ 1× 3 3 3
1 6 3
Case II Divide three mixed fractions with or without a common denominator using the
following steps:
The following examples show the steps as to how three mixed fractions with or without a
Example 5.4-7
 2 1 2
3 ÷ 2  ÷ 1 =
 5 3 7
Solution:
 2 1 2  ( 3 × 5) + 2 ( 2 × 3) + 1 (1 × 7) + 2  15 + 2 6 + 1 7 + 2
Step 1 3 ÷ 2  ÷ 1 =  ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷
 5 3 7  5 3  7  5 3  7
 17 7  9
=  ÷ ÷
 5 3 7
 17 7  9  17 3  9  17 × 3 9  51 9 51 9 51 7
Step 2  ÷ ÷ =  × ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = ×
 5 3 7  5 7 7  5× 7  7  35 7 35 7 35 9

51 × 7 357
= =
35 × 9 315
357 357 ÷ 3 119 119 ÷ 7 17

Step 3 = = = =
315 315 ÷ 3 105 105 ÷ 7 15
17 2
Step 4 = 1
15 15
Example 5.4-8
4  2 1
2 ÷ 1 ÷ 3  =
5  5 3
Solution:
4  2 1 ( 2 × 5) + 4 ÷  (1 × 5) + 2 ÷ ( 3 × 3) + 1 10 + 4 ÷  5 + 2 ÷ 9 + 1
Step 1 2 ÷ 1 ÷ 3  =   =  
5  5 3 5  5 3  5  5 3 
14  7 10 
= ÷ ÷ 
5 5 3
14  7 10  14  7 3  14  7 × 3  14  21 14 21
Step 2 ÷ ÷  = ÷ ×  = ÷  = ÷  = ÷
5 5 3 5  5 10  5  5 × 10  5  50  5 50
14 50 14 × 50 700
= × = =
5 21 5 × 21 105
700 700 ÷ 5 140 140 ÷ 7 20

Step 3 = = = =
105 105 ÷ 5 21 21 ÷ 7 3
20 2
Step 4 = 6
3 3
Example 5.4-9
 2 1 1
3 ÷ 2  ÷ 1 =
 5 5  5
Solution:
 2 1 1  ( 3 × 5) + 2 ( 2 × 5) + 1 ÷ (1 × 5) + 1  15 + 2 10 + 1 5 + 1
Step 1 3 ÷ 2  ÷ 1 =  ÷ =  ÷ ÷
 5 5 5  5 5  5  5 5  5
 17 11 6
=  ÷ ÷
 5 5 5
 17 11 6  17 5  6  17 × 5 6  85 6 85 6 85 5
Step 2  ÷ ÷ =  × ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = ×
 5 5  5  5 11 5  5 × 11  5  55  5 55 5 55 6

85 × 5 425
= =
55 × 6 330
425 425 ÷ 5 85
Step 3 = =
330 330 ÷ 5 66
85 19
Step 4 = 1
66 66
Example 5.4-10
2  1 3
2 ÷ 3 ÷ 4  =
5  8 5
Solution:
2  1 3 (2 × 5) + 2 ÷  (3 × 8) + 1 ÷ (4 × 5) + 3
Step 1 2 ÷ 3 ÷ 4  =  
5  8 5 5  8 5 
10 + 2  24 + 1 20 + 3 12  25 23
= ÷ ÷  = ÷ ÷ 
5  8 5  5  8 5
12  25 23 12  25 5  12  25 × 5  12  125  12 125

Step 2 ÷ ÷  = ÷ ×  = ÷  = ÷  = ÷
5  8 5 5  8 23 5  8 × 23 5  184  5 184
12 184 12 × 184 2208

= × = =
5 125 5 × 125 625
2208 333
Step 4 = 3
625 625
Example 5.4-11
 4 2 2
3 ÷ 1  ÷ 4 =
 8 5 3
Solution:
 4 2 2  ( 3 × 8) + 4 (1 × 5) + 2  ( 4 × 3) + 2
Step 1 3 ÷ 1  ÷ 4 =  ÷ ÷
 8 5 3  8 5  3
 24 + 4 5 + 2  12 + 2  28 7  14
=  ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷
 8 5  3  8 5 3
 28 7  14  28 5  14  28 × 5 14  140  14 140 14
Step 2  ÷ ÷ =  × ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷
 8 5 3  8 7 3  8×7  3  56  3 56 3

140 3 140 × 3 420

= × = =
56 14 56 × 14 784
420 420 ÷ 4 105

Step 3 = =
784 784 ÷ 4 196
In general, three mixed fractions are divided as in the following cases:

Case I.
 a c e  ( k1 × b) + a ( k2 × d ) + c  ÷ ( k3 × f ) + e  k1b + a k 2 d + c  k 3 f + e
 k1 ÷ k 2  ÷ k 3 =  ÷ =  ÷ ÷
 b d f  b d  f  b d  f
Let A1 = k1b + a , A2 = k2 d + c , and A3 = k3 f + e
 k1b + a k 2 d + c  k 3 f + e  A1 A2  A3  A1 d  A3  A1 × d  A3  A1d  A3
 ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷ =  × ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷
 b d  f  b d  f  b A2 f  b × A2  f  bA2  f
A1d A3 A1d f A1d × f A1df

= ÷ = × = =
bA2 f bA2 A3 bA2 × A3 bA2 A3
Example 5.4-12
 1 2 1  ( 3 × 8) + 1 (1 × 3) + 2  (1 × 4) + 1  24 + 1 3 + 2  4 + 1  25 5  5
3 ÷ 1  ÷ 1 =  ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷
 8 3 4  8 3  4  8 3  4  8 3 4
3 1
 25 3 5  25 × 3 5  75  5 75 5 15 5 15 4 15
/ /× 4/ 3×1 3
=  × ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = ÷ = × = = =
 8 5 4  8×5  4  40  4 40 4 8 4 8 5 8/ × 5/ 2×1 2
2 1
1
= 1
2
Case II.
a  c e ( k1 × b) + a ÷  ( k2 × d ) + c ÷ ( k3 × f ) + e  k1b + a  k 2 d + c k 3 f + e 
k1 ÷  k2 ÷ k3  = = ÷ ÷ 
b  d f b  d f  b  d f 
k1b + a  k 2 d + c k 3 f + e  A1  A2 A3  A1  A2 f  A1  A2 × f 
÷ ÷  = ÷ ÷  = ÷ ×  = ÷ 
b  d f  b  d f  b  d A3  b  d × A3 

A1  A2 f  A1 A2 f A1 dA3 A1 × dA3 A1dA3

= ÷  = ÷ = × = =
b  dA3  b dA3 b A2 f b × A2 f bA2 f
Example 5.4-13
1  2 1 ( 3 × 8) + 1 ÷  (1 × 3) + 2 ÷ (1 × 4) + 1 24 + 1  3 + 2 4 + 1 25  5 5
3 ÷ 1 ÷ 1  = = ÷ ÷  = ÷ ÷ 
8  3 4 8  3 4  8  3 4  8 3 4
5
25  5 4  25  5 × 4  25  20  25 20 25 15 25
/ /× 15 5 × 15 75
= ÷ ×  = ÷  = ÷  = ÷ = × = = =
8  3 5 8  3 × 5 8  15  8 15 8 20 8 × 20
// 8×4 32
4
11
= 2
32
The following examples further illustrate how to divide mixed fractions:

Example 5.4-14
3 2 ( 2 × 5) + 3 ÷ (1 × 3) + 2 10 + 3 3 + 2 13 5 13 3 13 × 3 39 14
2 ÷1 = = ÷ = ÷ = × = = = 1
5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 5 5×5 25 25
Example 5.4-15
2 1
1 2 (1 × 3) + 1 ÷ ( 4 × 3) + 2 3 + 1 12 + 2 4 14 4 3 4/ × 3/ 2×1 2
1 ÷4 = = ÷ = ÷ = × = = =
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 14 3/× 14
// 1× 7 7
1 7
Example 5.4-16
2  2 4 ( 3 × 3) + 2 ÷  (1 × 3) + 2 ÷ ( 2 × 5) + 4  9 + 2  3 + 2 10 + 4 
3 ÷ 1 ÷ 2  =   = ÷ ÷ 
3  3 5 3  3 5  3  3 5 
14
11  5 14  11  5 5  11  5 × 5  11  25  11 25 11 42 11 × 42
//
= ÷ ÷  = ÷ ×  = ÷  = ÷  = ÷ = × =
3 3 5  3  3 14  3  3 × 14  3  42  3 42 3 25 3/× 25
1
11 × 14 154 4
= = = 6
1 × 25 25 25
Example 5.4-17
 1 2 3  (1 × 3) + 1 ( 4 × 3) + 2  ÷ ( 2 × 5) + 3  3 + 1 12 + 2  10 + 3
1 ÷ 4  ÷ 2 =  ÷  =  ÷ ÷
 3 3  5  3 3  5  3 3  5
 2 1
 4 14  13 4 3  13  4/ × 3/  13  2 × 1 13  2  13 2 13 2 5
=  ÷ ÷ =  × ÷ =   ÷ 5 =  1 × 7  ÷ 5 =  7  ÷ 5 = 7 ÷ 5 = 7 × 13
3 3 5  3 14  5  3
/× 14
/ / 
1 7 

2×5 10
= =
7 × 13 91
Example 5.4-18
3  1 1 ( 2 × 5) + 3 ÷  (1 × 3) + 1 ÷ ( 2 × 3) + 1 10 + 3  3 + 1 6 + 1 13  4 7 
2 ÷ 1 ÷ 2  = = ÷ ÷  = ÷ ÷ 
5  3 3 5  3 3  5  3 3  5  3 3
 1
13  4 3  13  4 × 3/  13  4 × 1 13  4  13 4 13 7 13 × 7 91
= ÷ ×  = ÷ = ÷  = ÷  = ÷ = × = =
5  3 7 5  3/× 7  5  1 × 7 5  7 5 7 5 4 5× 4 20
1 
11
= 4
20
Example 5.4-19
 6 4  2 1  (1 × 8) + 6 ( 2 × 6) + 4   (1 × 3) + 2 (1 × 2) + 1
1 ÷ 2  ÷ 1 ÷ 1  =  ÷  ÷ ÷ 
 8 6  3 2  8 6   3 2 
 7 8
 8 + 6 12 + 4   3 + 2 2 + 1  14 / /   5 3
/ / 16  7 8  5 2 
=  ÷  ÷ ÷  =  8/ ÷ 6/  ÷  3 ÷ 2  =  ÷  ÷ × 
 8 6   3 2     4 3  3 3 
 4 3
 7 3  5 × 2   7 × 3   10   21  10 21 10 21 9 21 × 9 189
=  ×  ÷  =   ÷  =   ÷ = ÷ = × = =
 4 8  3 × 3  4 × 8  9   32  9 32 9 32 10 32 × 10 320
Example 5.4-20
 2 2  1 3  ( 4 × 3) + 2 ( 3 × 5) + 2  ÷  (1 × 5) + 1 ÷ ( 2 × 8) + 3
 4 ÷ 3  ÷ 1 ÷ 2  =  ÷
 3 5  5 8  3 5   5 8 
 12 + 2 15 + 2   5 + 1 16 + 3   14 17   6 19   14 5   6 8 
=  ÷  ÷ ÷  =  ÷  ÷ ÷  =  ×  ÷ × 
 3 5   5 8   3 5  5 8   3 17   5 19 
35
 14 × 5   6 × 8   70   48  70 48 70 95 70
/ / × 95 35 × 95 3325
=   ÷  =   ÷  = ÷ = × = = =
 3 × 17   5 × 19   51   95  51 95 51 48 51 × 48
// 51 × 24 1224
24
877
= 2
1224
Example 5.4-21
 2 1  1 2  ( 5 × 3) + 2 ( 2 × 4) + 1 ÷  (1 × 6) + 1 ÷ ( 3 × 6) + 2 
 5 ÷ 2  ÷ 1 ÷ 3  =  ÷
 3 4  6 6  3 4   6 6 

 10 
 15 + 2 8 + 1  6 + 1 18 + 2   17 9   7 20
//  17 4   7 10 
=  ÷  ÷ ÷  =  ÷  ÷ ÷  =  ×  ÷  ÷ 
 3 4   6 6   3 4   6 6/   3 9  6 3 
 3
 17 × 4   7 3   68   7 × 3  68  21  68 21 68 60 68 × 60 4080
=   ÷ ×  =   ÷  = ÷  = ÷ = × = =
 3 × 9   6 10   27   6 × 10  27  60  27 60 27 21 27 × 21 567
111
= 7
567
Example 5.4-22
2  3 2 1 (1 × 3) + 2 ÷  ( 3 × 5) + 3 ÷ ( 4 × 3) + 2  ÷ (1 × 2) + 1
1 ÷  3 ÷ 4  ÷ 1  =   
3  5 3 2 3  5 3  2 
3 + 2  15 + 3 12 + 2  2 + 1  5  18 14  3  5  18 3  3 
= ÷  ÷ ÷  = ÷  ÷  ÷  = ÷  ×  ÷ 
3  5 3  2  3  5 3  2 3  5 14  2 
 27 
5  18 × 3  3  5  54  3  / / 3
5  54 5  27 3  5  27 2 
= ÷  ÷  = ÷   ÷  = ÷ ÷  = ÷ ÷  = ÷ × 
3  5 × 14  2  3  70  2  3 // 2
70 3  35 2  3  35 3 
 35 
9 
5  27
/ /× 2 5 9×2 5  18  5 18 5 35 5 × 35 175 13
= ÷ = ÷  = ÷  = ÷ = × = = = 3
3 35 × 3/  3  35 × 1  3  35  3 35 3 18 3 × 18 54 54
 1 
Example 5.4-23
 1 2 2 1  (1 × 5) + 1 (1 × 3) + 2  ÷ (1 × 4) + 2  ÷ ( 2 × 6) + 1
 1 ÷ 1  ÷ 1  ÷ 2 =  ÷  
 5 3 4 6  5 3  4  6
 3
 5 + 1 3 + 2  4 + 2  12 + 1  6 ÷ 5  ÷ 6/  ÷ 13  6  3  3 13
  6×3 3 13
=  ÷ ÷ ÷ =  5 3  4/  6 =  ×  ÷  ÷ =   ÷ ÷
 5 3  4  6  5 5  2  6  5 × 5  2  6
 2 
6 
 18  3  13  18 3  13  18 2  13  18
/ / × 2  13  6×2  13  12  13
=   ÷  ÷ =  25 ÷ 2  ÷ 6 =  25 × 3  ÷ 6 =  25 × 3/  ÷ 6 =  ÷ =  ÷
 25 2 6      25 × 1  6  25  6
 1 
12 13 12 6 12 × 6 72
= ÷ = × = =
25 6 25 13 25 × 13 325

Example 5.4-24
 1 1  1 2  1  (1 × 8) + 1 ( 2 × 4) + 1 ÷  (1 × 2) + 1 ÷ ( 4 × 3) + 2   ÷ (1 × 4) + 1
 1 ÷ 2  ÷  1 ÷ 4   ÷ 1 =  ÷ 
 8 4 2 3  4  8 4   2 3   4
 8 + 1 8 + 1  2 + 1 12 + 2   4 + 1  9 9   3 14   5
=  ÷  ÷ ÷  ÷ =  ÷  ÷  ÷   ÷

 8 4   2 3   4  8 4   2 3  4
 1 1  
 9 4   3 3   5  9/ × 4/   3 × 3   5  1 × 1  9 5  1  9 5
=  ×  ÷  ×   ÷ =  8/ × 9/  ÷  2 × 14   ÷ 4 =   ÷ ÷ =   ÷  ÷
 8 9 2 14  4
 2 1    2 × 1 28  4  2  28  4
 14 
1 9  5  1 28  5 1 × 28
// 5  1 × 14  5  14  5 14 5 14 4
=  2 ÷ 28  ÷ 4 = 2 × 9  ÷ 4 =  ÷ =  ÷ 4 = 9 ÷ 4 = 9 ÷ 4 = 9 × 5
    2/ × 9  4  1 × 9   
 1 
14 × 4 56 11
= = = 1
9×5 45 45
Section 5.4 Exercises - Divide the following mixed fractions:
1 3 2 3 1 3 2
1. 2 ÷ 1 = 2. 3 ÷ 1 = 3.  3 ÷ 2  ÷ 1 =
3 5 5 8  2 5 5
1 3 3 2 1 1 3 1 3
4. 4 ÷  2 ÷ 1  = 5.  3 ÷ 2  ÷ 2 = 6. 1 ÷ 2  ÷ 1 =
3  4 5  3 5 2  4 3 5
2 1 1 3 2 3 1 1  2 1 1  3
7.  4 ÷ 2  ÷  2 ÷ 1  = 8.  4 ÷ 2  ÷  2 ÷ 1  = 9. 3 ÷  2 ÷ 1   ÷ 2 =
 3 4  5 4  3 4  5 4  3  3 4  5
 2 2 1 2  1
10.  4 ÷ 1  ÷  3 ÷ 1   ÷ 2 =
 5 3  5 3  3

Mastering Fractions 5.5 Solving Mixed Operations Using Mixed Fractions
5.5 Solving Mixed Operations Using Mixed Fractions

Mixed fractions are added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided by using the following steps:
The following examples show mathematical operations on mixed fractions using the above steps:
Example 5.5-1
 1 5 2
3 × 2  + 1 =
 5 3  3
Solution:
 1 5 2  ( 3 × 5) + 1 ( 2 × 3) + 5 (1 × 3) + 2  15 + 1 6 + 5 3 + 2
Step 1 3 × 2  + 1 =  × + =  × +
 5 3 3  5 3  3  5 3  3
 16 11 5
=  × +
 5 3 3
 16 11 5  16 × 11 5  176  5 176 5 (176 × 3) + (5 × 15)

Step 2  × + =  + =  + = + =
 5 3 3  5× 3  3  15  3 15 3 15 × 3
528 + 75 603
= =
45 45
603 603 ÷ 9 67
Step 3 = =
45 45 ÷ 9 5
67 2
Step 4 = 13
5 5
Example 5.5-2
1  1 2
3 − 1 ÷ 4  =
5  8 3
Solution:
1  1 2 ( 3 × 5) + 1 −  (1 × 8) + 1 ÷ ( 4 × 3) + 2  15 + 1 −  8 + 1 ÷ 12 + 2 
Step 1 3 − 1 ÷ 4  =   =  
5  8 3  5  8 3  5  8 3 

16  9 14 
= − ÷ 
5 8 3 
16  9 14  16  9 3  16  9 × 3  16  27  16 27
Step 2 − ÷  = − ×  = −  = −  = −
5 8 3  5  8 14  5  8 × 14  5  112  5 112
(16 × 112) − ( 27 × 5) 1792 − 135 1657

= = =
5 × 112 560 560
1657 537
Step 4 = 2
560 560
Example 5.5-3
 4 3 1  3 1
2 + 1 + 1  ÷ 2 × 1  =
 5 5 5  4 2
Solution:
 4 3 1  3 1
Step 1 2 + 1 + 1  ÷ 2 × 1 
 5 5 5  4 2
 ( 2 × 5) + 4 (1 × 5) + 3 + (1 × 5) + 1 ÷  ( 2 × 4) + 3 × (1 × 2) + 1
=  +   
 5 5 5   4 2 
 10 + 4 5 + 3 5 + 1  8 + 3 2 + 1  14 8 6   11 3 
=  + +  ÷ ×  =  + +  ÷ × 
 5 5 5   4 2   5 5 5  4 2 
 14 8 6   11 3  14 + 8 + 6   11 × 3  28   33 28 33
Step 2  + +  ÷ ×  =   ÷  =   ÷  = ÷
 5 5 5  4 2  5   4×2  5  8 5 8
28 8 28 × 8 224
= × = =
5 33 5 × 33 165
224 59
Step 4 = 1
165 165
Example 5.5-4
 1 1  2 1
 3 ÷ 1  × 1 − 4  =
 2 2  3 4

Solution:
 1 1  2 1  ( 3 × 2) + 1 (1 × 2) + 1 ×  (1 × 3) + 2 − ( 4 × 4) + 1
Step 1  3 ÷ 1  × 1 − 4  =  ÷   
 2 2   3 4  2 2   3 4 
 6 + 1 2 + 1  3 + 2 16 + 1  7  3 5 17
=  ÷  × −  =  ÷  × − 
 2 2   3 4   2 2  3 4 
 7 3   5 17   7 2   ( 5 × 4) − (17 × 3)   7 × 2   20 − 51
Step 2  ÷  × −  =  ×  ×  =   × 
 2 2  3 4   2 3  3× 4   2 × 3   12 
 14   −31 14 −31 14 × −31 −434

=   ×  = × = =
 6   12  6 12 6 × 12 72
−434 −434 ÷ 2 −217

Step 3 = =
72 72 ÷ 2 36
−217  1
Step 4 = − 6 
36 36 
Example 5.5-5
 1 1  2 1
 3 + 2  − 1 + 4  =
 2 5  5 3
Solution:
 1 1  2 1  ( 3 × 2) + 1 ( 2 × 5) + 1 −  (1 × 5) + 2 + ( 4 × 3) + 1
Step 1  3 + 2  − 1 + 4  =  +
 2 5  5 3  2 5   5 3 
 6 + 1 10 + 1  5 + 2 12 + 1  7 11  7 13
=  +  − +  =  +  − + 
 2 5   5 3   2 5 5 3
 7 11  7 13  ( 7 × 5) + (11 × 2)   ( 7 × 3) + (13 × 5) 

Step 2  +  − +  =   − 
2 5 5 3  2×5   5× 3 
 35 + 22   21 + 65  57   86  57 86 (57 × 15) − (86 × 10)

=   −  =   −  = − =
 10   15   10   15  10 15 10 × 15
855 − 860 −5
= =
150 150
−5 −5 ÷ 5 1
Step 3 = = −
150 150 ÷ 5 30

In general, mixed fractions are added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided as in the following
Case I.
 a c  e g  ( k1 × b) + a ( k2 × d ) + c  +  ( k3 × f ) + e ÷ ( k4 × h) + g 
 k1 × k 2  +  k 3 ÷ k 4  =  ×
 b d   f h  b d   f h 
 k1b + a k 2 d + c   k 3 f + e k 4 h + g 
=  ×  + ÷ 
 b d   f h 
Let A1 = k1b + a , A2 = k 2 d + c , A3 = k3 f + e , and A4 = k4 h + g , then
 k1b + a k 2 d + c   k 3 f + e k 4 h + g   A1 A2   A3 A4   A1 × A2   A3 h
 ×  + ÷  =  ×  + ÷  =   + × 
 b d   f h   b d   f h  b×d   f A4 
 A1 A2   A3 × h  A1 A2 A3h ( A1 A2 × fA4 ) + ( A3h × bd ) A1 A2 fA4 + A3hbd

=   +  = + = =
 bd   f × A4  bd fA4 bd × fA4 bdfA4
Example 5.5-6
 1 2  5 4  ( 2 × 4) + 1 ( 3 × 3) + 2   ( 3 × 2) + 5 (1 × 8) + 4 
2 × 3  + 3 ÷ 1  =  ×  + ÷ 
 4 3  2 8  4 3   2 8 
3 
 8 + 1 9 + 2  6 + 5 8 + 4  9 11  11 12   9/ × 11  11 8 
=  ×  + ÷  =  ×  + ÷  =   + × 
 4 3   2 8  4 3  2 8  4 × 3/   2 12 
 1
4  
  1
 3 × 11  11 × 8
/  33
  11 × 4
/  =  33 +  11 × 1 =  33 +  11 = 33 + 11
=   +  =   +  12
 4 × 1   2/ × 12   4 1× / /   4   1× 3   4   3 4 3
1   3
 
( 33 × 3) + (11 × 4) 99 + 44 143 11
= = = = 11
4×3 12 12 12
Case II.
 a c  e g  ( k1 × b) + a ( k2 × d ) + c  −  ( k3 × f ) + e × ( k4 × h) + g 
 k1 ÷ k 2  −  k 3 × k 4  =  ÷
 b d   f h  b d   f h 

 k1b + a k 2 d + c   k 3 f + e k 4 h + g 
=  ÷  − × 
 b d   f h 
Let A1 = k1b + a , A2 = k2 d + c , A3 = k3 f + e , and A4 = k4 h + g , then
 k1b + a k 2 d + c   k 3 f + e k 4 h + g   A1 A2   A3 A4   A1 d   A3 × A4 
 ÷  − ×  =  ÷  − ×  =  ×  − 
 b d   f h   b d   f h   b A2   f × h 
 A1 × d   A3 A4   A1d   A3 A4  ( A1d × fh) − ( A2b × A3 A4 ) A1dfh − A2 A3 A4b

=   −  =   −  = =
 b × A2   fh   A2b   fh  A2bfh A2bfh
Example 5.5-7
 3 5  1 2  ( 4 × 2) + 3 (1 × 4) + 5  ( 2 × 3) + 1 (1 × 6) + 2 
4 ÷ 1  − 2 × 1  =  ÷  − × 
 2 4   3 6   2 4   3 6 
 2
 8 + 3 4 + 5  6 + 1 6 + 2   11 9  7 8  11 4   7 × 8  11 × 4/   56 
=  ÷  − ×  =  ÷  − ×  =  ×  −  =   − 
 2 4   3 6  2 4   3 6  2 9  3 × 6  2/ × 9   18 
 1 
−54
 11 × 2   56  22 56 ( 22 × 18) − ( 56 × 9) 396 − 504 −108
/// 54
=   −  = − = = = = −
 1 × 9   18  9 18 9 × 18 162 162
/ / / 81
81
Case III.
 a c  e g  ( k1 × b) + a ( k2 × d ) + c  ÷  ( k3 × f ) + e × ( k4 × h) + g 
 k1 − k 2  ÷  k 3 × k 4  =  −
 b d  f h  b d   f h 
 k1b + a k 2 d + c   k 3 f + e k 4 h + g
=  −  ÷ × 
 b d   f h 
 k1b + a k 2 d + c   k 3 f + e k 4 h + g   A1 A2   A3 A4 
 −  ÷ ×  =  −  ÷ × 
 b d   f h   b d   f h 
 ( A1 × d ) − ( A2 × b)   A3 × A4   A1d − A2b   A3 A4   A1d − A2b   fh 

=   ÷  =   ÷  =   × 
 b×d   f ×h   bd   fh   bd   A3 A4 
( A1d − A2b) × fh A1dfh − A2bfh

= =
bd × A3 A4 bdA3 A4

Example 5.5-8
 3 5  1 2  ( 8 × 2) + 3 (1 × 4) + 5  ( 2 × 3) + 1 (1 × 5) + 2 
8 − 1  ÷  2 × 1  =  −  ÷ × 
 2 4  3 5  2 4   3 5 
 16 + 3 4 + 5  6 + 1 5 + 2   19 9   7 7   (19 × 4) − ( 9 × 2)   7 × 7 
=  −  ÷ ×  =  −  ÷ ×  =   ÷ 
 2 4   3 5   2 4   3 5   2×4   3 × 5
29
 76 − 18   49   58   49  58 49 58 15 / / × 15
58 29 × 15 435 43
=   ÷  =   ÷  = ÷ = × = = = = 2
 8   15   8   15  8 15 8 49 8/ × 49 4 × 49 196 196
4
Case IV.
 a c  e g  ( k1 × b) + a ( k2 × d ) + c  −  ( k3 × f ) + e + ( k4 × h) + g 
 k1 + k 2  −  k 3 + k 4  =  +
 b d   f h  b d   f h 
 k1b + a k 2 d + c   k 3 f + e k 4 h + g 
=  +  − + 
 b d   f h 
 k1b + a k 2 d + c   k 3 f + e k 4 h + g   A1 A2   A3 A4 
 +  − +  =  +  − + 
 b d   f h   b d   f h
 ( A1 × d ) + ( A2 × b)   ( A3 × h) + ( A4 × f )   A1d + A2b   A3h + A4 f 

=   −  =   − 
 b×d   f ×h   bd   fh 
=
( A1d + A2b) − ( A3h + A4 f )
=
[( A1d + A2b) × fh] − [( A3h + A4 f ) × bd ]
bd fh bd × fh
=
[ A1dfh + A2bfh] − [ A3hbd + A4 fbd ] = A1dfh + A2bfh − A3hbd − A4 fbd
bdfh bdfh
Example 5.5-9
 3 4  2 1  ( 5 × 2) + 3 (1 × 3) + 4  −  ( 2 × 3) + 2 + (1 × 5) + 1
5 + 1  −  2 + 1  =  +   
 2 3   3 5  2 3   3 5 
 10 + 3 3 + 4   6 + 2 5 + 1  13 7  8 6  (13 × 3) + ( 7 × 2)   ( 8 × 5) + ( 6 × 3) 
=  +  − +  =  +  − +  =   − 
 2 3   3 5   2 3  3 5  2×3   3×5 

149
 39 + 14   40 + 18   53  58  53 58 (53 × 15) − (58 × 6) 795 − 348 447
///
=   −  =   −  = − = = =
 6   15   6   15  6 15 6 × 15 90 90
//
30
149 29
= = 4
30 30
Case V.
 a c  e g  ( k1 × b) + a ( k2 × d ) + c  ×  ( k3 × f ) + e ÷ ( k4 × h) + g 
 k1 ÷ k 2  ×  k 3 ÷ k 4  =  ÷
 b d  f h  b d   f h 
 k1b + a k 2 d + c   k 3 f + e k 4 h + g 
=  ÷  × ÷ 
 b d   f h 
 k1b + a k 2 d + c   k 3 f + e k 4 h + g  A1 A2   A3 A4   A1 d   A3 h 
 ÷  × ÷  =  ÷  × ÷  =  ×  × × 
 b d   f h   b d   f h   b A2   f A4 
 A1 × d   A3 × h   A1d   A3h  A1d A3h A1d × A3h A1dA3h

=   ×  =   ×  = × = =
 b × A2   f × A4   bA2   fA4  bA2 fA4 bA2 × fA4 bA2 fA4
Example 5.5-10
 3 5  6 2  ( 3 × 2) + 3 ( 2 × 4) + 5 ×  ( 4 × 7) + 6 ÷ (1 × 5) + 2 
3 ÷ 2  × 4 ÷ 1  =  ÷
 2 4   7 5  2 4   7 5 
 6 + 3 8 + 5  28 + 6 5 + 2   9 13  34 7   9 4   34 5 
=  ÷  × ÷  =  ÷  × ÷  =  ×  × × 
 2 4   7 5   2 4  7 5  2 13  7 7
 2
 9 × 4/   34 × 5   9 × 2   34 × 5  18   170  18 170 18 × 170 3060
=  2/ × 13 ×  7 × 7  =   ×  =   ×  = × = =
  1 × 13  7 × 7   13   49  13 49 13 × 49 637
1 
512
= 4
637
The following examples further illustrate how to add, subtract, multiply, and divide mixed
fractions:
Example 5.5-11
 1 4 3  (5 × 4 ) + 1 (1 × 5) + 4  ÷ (2 × 4) + 3  20 + 1 5 + 4  8 + 3  21 9  11
5 × 1  ÷ 2 =  ×  =  × ÷ =  × ÷
 4 5 4  4 5  4  4 5  4  4 5 4

1
 21 × 9  11  189  11 189 11 189 4 189 × 4/ 189 × 1 189 24
=  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = × = = = = 3
 4×5  4  20  4 20 4 20 11 20
/ / × 11 5 × 11 55 55
5
Example 5.5-12
1  4 3
2 + 3 ÷1  =
(2 × 3) + 1 +  (3 × 5) + 4 ÷ (1 × 8) + 3 6 + 1 +  15 + 4 ÷ 8 + 3 7 +  19 ÷ 11
  =   =  
3  5 8 3  5 8  3  5 8  3  5 8
7  19 8  7  19 × 8  7  152  7 152 (7 × 55) + (152 × 3) 385 + 456 841

= + ×  = +  = +  = + = = =
3  5 11 3  5 × 11  3  55  3 55 3 × 55 165 165
16
= 5
165
Example 5.5-13
 5 1 3  ( 2 × 7) + 5 (1 × 5) + 1 ( 2 × 4) + 3  14 + 5 5 + 1 8 + 3  19 6  11
2 −1  + 2 =  − + =  − + =  − +
 7 5  4  7 5  4  7 5  4  7 5 4
 (19 × 5) − ( 6 × 7)  11  95 − 42  11  53  11 53 11 (53 × 4) + (11 × 35) 212 + 385

=  + =  + =  + = + = =
 7×5  4  35  4  35  4 35 4 35 × 4 140
597 37
= = 4
140 140
Example 5.5-14
1  2 1 (3 × 3) + 1 ×  (1 × 5) + 2 ÷ (2 × 10) + 1 9 + 1  5 + 2 20 + 1 10  7 21
3 × 1 ÷ 2  =   = × ÷  = × ÷ 
3  5 10  3  5 10  3  5 10  3  5 10 
2
10  7 10  10  7 × 10  10  70  10 70 10
/ / × 70 2 × 70 140 14
= × ×  = ×  = ×  = × = = = = 2
3  5 21 3  5 × 21  3  105 3 105 3 × 105
/// 3 × 21 63 63
21
Example 5.5-15
 1 4  1 1  ( 5 × 4) + 1 (1 × 21) + 4  ÷  ( 4 × 3) + 1 + (1 × 5) + 1
5 × 1  ÷ 4 + 1  =  ×   
 4 21   3 5  4 21   3 5 
 1 
 20 + 1 21 + 4   12 + 1 5 + 1  21 25  13 6  / /× 25   (13 × 5) + (6 × 3) 
 21
=  ×  ÷ +  =  × ÷
  +  =  ÷ 
 4 21   3 5   4 21  3 5  / /  
 4 × 21 3× 5 
 1 
 1 × 25  65 + 18   25   83  25 83 25 15 25 × 15 375 43
=   ÷  =   ÷  = ÷ = × = = = 1
 4 × 1   15   4   15  4 15 4 83 4 × 83 332 332

Example 5.5-16
 2 1  2 1  ( 3 × 5) + 2 (1 × 10) + 1  ( 2 × 3) + 2 (1 × 3) + 1
3 ÷1  + 2 −1  =  ÷  + − 
 5 10   3 3  5 10   3 3 
 2
 15 + 2 10 + 1  6 + 2 3 + 1  17 11  8 4   17 10   8 − 4   17 × 10
/ /   4
=  ÷  + −  =  ÷  + −  =  ×  +  =   + 
 5 10   3 3   5 10   3 3   5 11  3   5/× 11   3 
 1 
 17 × 2  4  34  4 34 4 (34 × 3) + (4 × 11) 102 + 44 146 4 14

=  + =  + = + = = = =
 1 × 11  3  11  3 11 3 11 × 3 33 33 33
Example 5.5-17
 2 4  1 1  ( 4 × 3) + 2 (1 × 5) + 4   ( 2 × 3) + 1 (1 × 9) + 1
4 −1  × 2 ÷1  =  −  × ÷ 
 3 5  3 9  3 5   3 9 
 12 + 2 5 + 4   6 + 1 9 + 1  14 9   7 10   (14 × 5) − ( 9 × 3)   7 9 
=  −  × ÷  =  −  × ÷  =   × × 
 3 5   3 9   3 5  3 9   3× 5   3 10 
 3 7
 70 − 27   7 × 9/   43  7 × 3  43  21 43 21 43 × 21
// 43 × 7 301
=  × =   ×  = ×  = × = = =
 15   3/× 10   15   1 × 10  15  10  15 10 15
/ /× 10 5 × 10 50
1  5
1
= 6
50
Example 5.5-18
1  4 5 2
3 ÷ 5 + 2 + 1  =
(3 × 4) + 1 ÷  (5 × 3) + 4 + (2 × 3) + 5 + (1 × 3) + 2 
 
4  3 3 3  4  3 3 3 
12 + 1  15 + 4 6 + 5 3 + 2  13  19 11 5  13  19 + 11 + 5 13  35 13 35
= ÷ + +  = ÷ + +  = ÷  = ÷  = ÷
4  3 3 3  4  3 3 3 4  3  4  3 4 3
13 3 13 × 3 39
= × = =
4 35 4 × 35 140
Example 5.5-19
 2 1 3 2  ( 4 × 3) + 2 (2 × 2) + 1 × (1 × 5) + 3  − (1 × 3) + 2
 4 3 − 2 2  × 1 5  − 1 3 =  −  
   3 2  5  3
 12 + 2 4 + 1 5 + 3  3 + 2  14 5  8  5  (14 × 2) − (5 × 3)  8  5
=  − ×  − =  −  ×  − =   × −
 3 2  5  3 
 3 2  5 3  3× 2  5  3

52
 28 − 15 8  5  13 8  5  13 8  5  13 × 8  5  104  5 /// 5
104
=  6  × 5  − 3 =  6  × 5  − 3 =  × − =   − =  30  − 3 = 30 −
     6 5 3  6×5  3   // 3
15
52 5 (52 × 3) − (5 × 15) 156 − 75 81 1 36

= − = = = =
15 3 15 × 3 45 45 45
Example 5.5-20
1  1 1 2 (2 × 3) + 1 ×  (4 × 2) + 1 + (1 × 4) + 1 ÷ (2 × 5) + 2 
2 ×  4 + 1  ÷ 2  =   
3  2 4 5 3  2 4  5 
6 + 1  8 + 1 4 + 1 10 + 2  7  9 5  12  7  ( 9 × 4) + (5 × 2)  12 
= ×  + ÷ = ×  + ÷ = ×  ÷ 
3  2 4  5  3  2 4  5  3  2×4  5 
 23 
7  36 + 10  12  7  46  12  / / 12 
7  46 7  23 12  7  23 5 
= ×  ÷ = ×  ÷ = × ÷  = × ÷  = × × 
3  8  5  3  8  5  3 8/ 5 3 4 5 3  4 12 
 4 
7  23 × 5  7  115  7 115 7 × 115 805 85

= × = ×  = × = = = 5
3  4 × 12  3  48  3 48 3 × 48 144 144
Section 5.5 Exercises - Use the following mixed fractions to perform the indicated operations:
1 3 3 3 1 4 3 1 2
1.  4 ÷ 2  × 2 = 2. 1 +  2 ÷ 1  = 3. 1 × 2  ÷ 1 =
 2 5 4 8  5 5  4 3 5
3 1 3 1 2 1 2 1 4 1
4.  2 − 2  + 1 = 5. 3 ÷  4 + 1  = 6.  2 × 1  +  2 × 3  =
 4 4 4 5 
3 3  3 2  5 2
3 3 4 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 3 1
7.  3 ÷ 2  ÷ 1 × 1  = 8.  2 × 1  ÷  2 + 2  = 9. 1 + 3  ÷  2 − 1  =
 4 5  5 3  8 5  5 5  3 4  5 3
 1 2 2 1
10.  3 − 1  + 1  × 2 =
 2 3 5 3

Chapter 6 - Integer and Decimal Fractions
The objective of this chapter is to improve the student’s ability in solving integer and decimal
fractions by grouping the two types of fractions together. The steps used to perform the
combined fractional operations with examples illustrating how to add (Section 6.1), subtract
(Section 6.2), multiply (Section 6.3), and divide (Section 6.4) two or more integer and decimal
fractions are given. Section 6.5 mixes the mathematical operations using the two types of
fractions. To further enhance the student’s ability, each section is concluded by solving
additional examples which do not follow the exact order as is given by the steps for each case.
6.1 Adding Integer and Decimal Fractions

a
Integer fractions of the form   where both the numerator ( a ) and the denominator (b) are
 b
 a × 10 − k1 
integers, and decimal fractions of the form   where ( a ) and (b) are integer numbers and
 b × 10 − k 2 
( k1 ) and ( k2 ) are equal to the number of decimal places are added as in the following cases:
Case I Adding Two Integer and Decimal Fractions

Add two integer and decimal fractions using the following steps:
a
  1
5
to .
1
Step 2 a. Change the decimal fraction to an integer fraction (see Section 2.4).
( ) a
  10
125
10
Step 3 Add the integer fractions (see Section 3.1).
The following examples show the steps as to how two integer and decimal fractions are added:
Example 6.1-1
2 0.2
+ =
8 0.01
Solution:

Mastering Fractions 6.1 Adding Integer and Decimal Fractions
2
2 0.2 2 10 2 2 × 100 2 200
Step 2a + = +
1
= + = +
8 0.01 8 8 10 × 1 8 10
100
2 200 ( 2 × 10) + ( 200 × 8) 20 + 1600 1620

Step 3 + = = =
8 10 8 × 10 80 80
1620 1620 ÷ 20 81
Step 4 = =
80 80 ÷ 20 4
81 1
Step 5 = 20
4 4
Example 6.1-2
5
+ 0.3 =
6
Solution:
Step 2a Not Applicable
5 5 3
Step 2b + 0.3 = +
6 6 10
5 3 (5 × 10) + (3 × 6) 50 + 18 68
Step 3 + = = =
6 10 6 × 10 60 60
68 68 ÷ 4 17
Step 4 = =
60 60 ÷ 4 15
17 2
Step 5 = 1
15 15
Example 6.1-3
0.2
24 + =
0.05
Solution:
0.2 24 0.2
Step 1 24 + = +
0.05 1 0.05

2
24 0.2 24 10 24 2 × 100 24 200
Step 2a + = +
5
= + = +
1 0.05 1 1 10 × 5 1 50
100
24 200 ( 24 × 50) + ( 200 × 1) 1200 + 200 1400

Step 3 + = = =
1 50 1 × 50 50 50
1400 1400 ÷ 50 28
Step 4 = = = 28
50 50 ÷ 50 1
Example 6.1-4
0.04 12
+ =
1.2 30
Solution:
4
0.04 12 100 + 12 4 × 10 12 40 12
Step 2a + = 12
= + = +
1.2 30 30 100 × 12 30 1200 30
10
40 12 (40 × 30) + (12 × 1200) 1200 + 14400 15600

Step 3 + = = =
1200 30 1200 × 30 36000 36000
15600 15600 ÷ 100 156 156 ÷ 12 13

Step 4 = = = =
36000 36000 ÷ 100 360 360 ÷ 12 30
Example 6.1-5
3
1.9 + =
4
Solution:


3 19 3
Step 2b 1.9 + = + =
4 10 4
19 3 (19 × 4) + (3 × 10) 76 + 30 106

Step 3 + = = =
10 4 10 × 4 40 40
106 106 ÷ 2 53
Step 4 = =
40 40 ÷ 2 20
53 13
Step 5 = 2
20 20
Case II Adding Three Integer and Decimal Fractions

Add three integer and decimal fractions using the following steps:
a
  1
23
to .
1
Step 3 a. Change the decimal fraction(s) to integer fraction(s) (see Section 2.4).
a
b. Change the decimal number ( a × 10 − k ) to an integer fraction of the form  k  ,
 10 
5
10
The following examples show the steps as to how three integer and decimal fractions are added:
Example 6.1-6
2 0.3
+ +8 =
3 0.8
Solution:
2 0.3  2 0.3 
Step 1 + +8 =  +  +8
3 0.8  3 0.8 
 2 0.3   2 0.3 8
Step 2  +  +8 =  + +
 3 0.8   3 0.8  1

 3
 2 0.3 8 2  8  2 3 × 10  8  2 30  8
Step 3a =  + 10 + =  + =  +
 + + + +
 3 0.8  1  3 8 1  3 10 × 8  1  3 80  1

 10 
 2 30  8  ( 2 × 80) + ( 30 × 3)  8  160 + 90  8 250 8

Step 4  + + =  + =  + = +
 3 80  1  3 × 80  1  240  1 240 1
(250 × 1) + (8 × 240) 250 + 1920 2170

= = =
240 240 240
2170 2170 ÷ 10 217

Step 5 = =
240 240 ÷ 10 24
217 1
Step 6 = 9
24 24
Example 6.1-7
3 0.5
0.5 + + =
8 0.2
Solution:
3 0.5  3 0.5
Step 1 0.5 + + =  0.5 +  +
8 0.2   8 0.2
5
 3 0.5  3 10  3 5 × 10  3 50
Step 3a  0.5 +  + =  0.5 +  +
2
=  0.5 +  + =  0.5 +  +
 8  0.2  8   8 
10 × 2  8 20
10
 3 50  5 3 50
Step 3b  0.5 +  + =  + +
 8  20  10 8  20
 5 3 50  (5 × 8) + ( 3 × 10)  50  40 + 30  50 70 50
Step 4  + + =  + =  + = +
 10 8  20  10 × 8  20  80  20 80 20
(70 × 20) + (50 × 80) 1400 + 4000 54000

= = =
80 × 20 1600 1600

54000 54000 ÷ 200 27

Step 5 = =
1600 1600 ÷ 200 8
27 3
Step 6 = 3
8 8
Example 6.1-8
0.8 4
2+ + =
0.5 5
Solution:
0.8 4  0.8  4
Step 1 2+ + = 2 + +
0.5 5  0.5  5
 0.8  4  2 0.8  4
Step 2 2 + + =  + +
 0.5  5  1 0.5  5
 8
 2 0.8  4 2 
Step 3a =  + 10  + 4 =  2 + 8 × 10  + 4 =  2 + 80  + 4
 + + 5 5
 1 0.5  5 1  1 10 × 5  5  1 50  5
 10 
 2 80  4  ( 2 × 50) + (80 × 1)  4  100 + 80  4  180  4

Step 4  + + =  + =  + =  +
 1 50  5  1 × 50  5  50  5  50  5
180 4 (180 × 5) + (4 × 50) 900 + 200 1100

= + = = =
50 5 50 × 5 250 250
1100 1100 ÷ 50 22
Step 5 = =
250 250 ÷ 50 5
22 2
Step 6 = 4
5 5
Example 6.1-9
3 18.
+ + 12 =
5 0.08
Solution:
3 18.  3 . 
18
Step 1 + + 12 =  +  + 12
5 0.08  5 0.08 

 3 18.   3 18.  12
Step 2  +  + 12 =  + +
 5 0.08   5 0.08  1
 18 
 3 18.  12 3  12  3 18 × 100  12  3 1800  12
Step 3a  + + =  + 108
+ =  + + =  + +
 5 0.08  1  5  1  5 10 × 8  1 5 80  1
 100 
 3 1800  12  ( 3 × 80) + (1800 × 5)  12  240 + 9000  12

Step 4  + + =  + =  +
5 80  1  5 × 80  1  400  1
 9240  12 9240 12 ( 9240 × 1) + (12 × 400) 9240 + 4800 14040

=  + = + = = =
 400  1 400 1 400 × 1 400 400
14040 14040 ÷ 40 351

Step 5 = =
400 400 ÷ 40 10
351 1
Step 6 = 35
10 10
Example 6.1-10
3 18.
+ + 0.4 =
8 0.02
Solution:
3 18.  3 18
. 
Step 1 + + 0.4 =  +  + 0.4
8 0.02  8 0.02 
 18 
 3 18.  3   3 18 × 100   3 1800 
Step 3a  +  + 0.4 =  + 10  + 0.4 =  +
2 
 + 0.4 =  +  + 0.4
 8 0.02  8 8 10 × 2  8 20 
 100 
 3 1800   3 1800  4
Step 3b  +  + 0.4 =  + +
8 20   8 20  10
 3 1800  4  ( 3 × 20) + (1800 × 8)  4  60 + 14400  4

Step 4  + + =  + =  +
8 20  10  8 × 20  10  160  10

 14460  4 14460 4 (14460 × 10) + ( 4 × 160) 144600 + 640

=  + = + = =
 160  10 160 10 160 × 10 1600
145240
=
1600
145240 145240 ÷ 40 3631

Step 5 = =
1600 1600 ÷ 40 40
3631 31
Step 6 = 90
40 40
The following examples further illustrate how to add integer and decimal fractions:
Example 6.1-11
12 2 1
.
3 012 3 100 3 12 × 10 3 120
/// 3 2 3+ 2 5/ 1
+ = + = + = + = + = = = = 1
5 0.3 5 3 5 100 × 3 5 300
/// 5 5 5 5/ 1
5 1
10
Example 6.1-12
5 4 251
5 0.4
+ 1 + 10 5 × 10 4 × 1
+
50 4
+
( 50 × 20) + (4 × 1) 1,000 + 4 1004
//// 251
= = = = = = =
.
01 2 1 2 1 × 1 10 × 2 1 20 1 × 20 20 20
// 5
5
10 1
1
= 50
5
Example 6.1-13
8 400
8 1 + 28 = 8 × 100 + 28 = 800
/ / / 28 400 28 400 + 28 428
+ 28 = + = + = = = 428
0.02 2 1 1× 2 1 2/ 1 1 1 1 1
1
100
Example 6.1-14
43
3
. =
+ 013
3 13
+
( 3 × 100) + (13 × 10) 300 + 130 430
/// 43
= = = =
10 10 100 10 × 100 1000 1000
//// 100
100
Example 6.1-15
 4  3  1 
5 0.04 3  5 0.04  3 5 
+ + =  + =  + 100  + 1 =  5 + 4 × 10  + 3 × 10 =  5 + 40
/ /  30
+   3 +
3 0.6 01.  3 0.6  01. 3 6  1  3 100 × 6  1 × 1  / / /  1
600
  15 
10  10

 5 1  30  (5 × 15) + (1 × 3)  30  75 + 3 30  78  30 78 30
+
(78 × 1) + (30 × 45)
=  + + =  + =  + =  + = =
 3 15 1  3 × 15  1  45  1  45  1 45 1 45 × 1
476
78 + 1350 1428
//// 476 11
= = = = 31
45 45
// 15 15
15
Example 6.1-16
 1 
4 01.  4 01.  4 
+5 =  + 10  + 5 =  4 + 1 × 100  + 5 =  4 + 100  + 5
+  +5 =  +    
7 0.06  7 0.06  7 6  1  7 10 × 6  1  7 60  1
 100 
47
 ( 4 × 60) + (100 × 7)  5  240 + 700  5  940  5 /// 5
940 47 5
+ =
(47 × 1) + (5 × 21)
=  + =  + =  + = + =
 7 × 60  1  420  1  420  1 /// 1
420 21 1 21 × 1
21
47 + 105 152 5
= = = 7
21 21 21
Example 6.1-17
 5 3
5 3  5 3   3  5 × 10 3 × 10  3  50 30  3
+ +3 =  +  + 3 =  21 + 41  + =  + + =  + +
0.2 0.4  0.2 0.4    1  1× 2 1× 4  1  2 4 1
 10 10 
65
 (50 × 4) + (30 × 2)  3  200 + 60  3 /// 3
260 65 3  (65 × 1) + (3 × 2)  65 + 6 71
=  + =  + = + = + =   = =
 2×4  1  8  1 8/ 1 2 1  2 ×1  2 2
2
1
= 35
2
Example 6.1-18
12 3
012
.  1 3 100  (1 × 8) + (3 × 5)  12 × 10  8 + 15 120
/ / /  23  3 23
+ +  = +  = +   = +  = +
0.2  5 8  2  5 × 8  100 × 2  40  200
/ / /  40  5 40
5
10
47
(3 × 40) + (23 × 5) 120 + 115 235
/// 47 7
= = = = = 1
5 × 40 200 200
/// 40 40
40
Example 6.1-19
 12   1 
.  1
 2 012 2 
100  + 1 =  2 + 12 × 10  + 1 =  2 + 120
/// 1  2 1 1  2 + 1 1
 + + =  +    5 600  + 3 =  5 + 5 + 3 =  5  + 3
 5 0.6  3 5 6  3  5 100 × 6  3  / / / 
 5 
 10 

 3 1 3 1 (3 × 3) + (1 × 5) 9 + 5 14
=  + = + = = =
 5 3 5 3 5× 3 15 15
Example 6.1-20
 3   2 
 3   0.2   5   10 1  3 × 10 5   2 × 100 1 
+ 5 +  + 01
. =  1 +  + +  =  +  + + 

 0.6   0.04   6 1   4 10   1 × 6 1   10 × 4 10 
 10   100 
 5   5 
 30 /// 1
/ / 5   200  5 5  5 1   5 + 5   (5 × 10) + (1 × 1)   10   50 + 1
= 
6
/
+
1
+
  40
/ /
+
10  =  1 + 1  +  1 + 10  =  1  +  1 × 10
 =   +
  1   10 

   
 1   1 
10 51
+
(10 × 10) + (51 × 1) 100 + 51 151 15 1
= = = = =
1 10 1 × 10 10 10 10
Example 6.1-21
5  1 2
5  1 2   
+ + 1 +  1 + 1  = 5 × 10 +  1 × 10 + 2 × 10  = 50 +  10 + 20 
 =    
0.2  01
. 0.4  2  1 4 1× 2  1× 1 1× 4  2  1 4
10  10 10 
50  (10 × 4) + ( 20 × 1) 
+
50  40 + 20 
+
50  60 
+  =
50 60
+
(50 × 4) + (60 × 2)
=  =  = =
2  4 ×1  2  4  2  4 2 4 2×4
40
200 + 120 320
/// 40
= = = = 40
8 8/ 1
1
Section 6.1 Exercises - Add the following integer and decimal fractions:
2 3 0.2 3 15
. 3
1. + 0.01 = 2. + +1 = 3. + + =
5 8 0.06 5 0.2 0.4
1 3 0.8 3 0.2 6 1 3 0.4

4.  +  + = 5. 5.5 + + = 6.  + +  + =
2 4 .
12 5 0.5 8 8 8 0.08
3 0.2 1 1 0.04  4 1 5 1 5
7.  +  +  +  = 8. +  2.2 +  = 9.  +  +  +  =
 4  .
01  .
01 5 .
12  5  4  
3 
0.4 0.2
1 3 0.2
10.  +  +  
+ 2 =
4 2  0.04 

Mastering Fractions 6.2 Subtracting Integer and Decimal Fractions
6.2 Subtracting Integer and Decimal Fractions

a
Integer fractions of the form   where both the numerator ( a ) and the denominator (b) are
  b
 a × 10 − k1 
integers, and decimal fractions of the form   where ( a ) and ( b) are integer numbers and
 b × 10 − k 2 
( k1 ) and ( k2 ) are equal to the number of decimal places are subtracted as in the following cases:
Case I Subtracting Two Integer and Decimal Fractions
Subtract two integer and decimal fractions using the following steps:
a
  1
13
to .
1
( ) a
  10
123
e.g., change 0123
. to .
1000
Step 3 Subtract the integer fractions (see Section 3.2).
The following examples show the steps as to how two integer and decimal fractions are
subtracted:
Example 6.2-1
12. 3
− =
0.03 5
Solution:
12
12. 3 10 − 3 12 × 100 3 1200 3
Step 2a − = 3
= − = −
0.03 5 5 10 × 3 5 30 5
100
1200 3 (1200 × 5) − (3 × 30) 6000 − 90 5910

Step 3 − = = =
30 5 30 × 5 150 150
5910 5910 ÷ 10 591

Step 4 = =
150 150 ÷ 10 15

591 6
Step 5 = 39
15 15
Example 6.2-2
2
0.8 − =
3
Solution:
2 8 2
Step 2b 0.8 − = −
3 10 3
8 2 (8 × 3) − (2 × 10) 24 − 20 4
Step 3 − = = =
10 3 10 × 3 30 30
4 4÷2 2
Step 4 = =
30 30 ÷ 2 15
Example 6.2-3
18
.
24 − =
0.04
Solution:
18
. 24 18
.
Step 1 24 − = −
0.04 1 0.04
18
24 .
18 24 24 18 × 100 24 1800
Step 2a − = − 10 = − = −
1 0.04 1 4 1 10 × 4 1 40
100
24 1800 (24 × 40) − (1800 × 1) 960 − 1800 −840

Step 3 − = = =
1 40 1 × 40 40 40
−840 −840 ÷ 40 −21

Step 4 = = = −21
40 40 ÷ 40 1


Example 6.2-4
0.3 3
− =
0.2 5
Solution:
3
0.3 3 10 − 3 3 × 10 3 30 3
Step 2a − = 2
= − = −
0.2 5 5 10 × 2 5 20 5
10
30 3 (30 × 5) − (3 × 20) 150 − 60 90

Step 3 − = = =
20 5 20 × 5 100 100
90 90 ÷ 10 9
Step 4 = =
100 100 ÷ 10 10
Example 6.2-5
12
− 0.015 =
5
Solution:
12 12 15
Step 2b − 0.015 = −
5 5 1000
12 15 (12 × 1000) − (15 × 5) 12000 − 75 11925

Step 3 − = = =
5 1000 5 × 1000 5000 5000
11925 11925 ÷ 25 477

Step 4 = =
5000 5000 ÷ 25 200
477 77
Step 5 = 2
200 200

Case II Subtracting Three Integer and Decimal Fractions

Subtract three integer and decimal fractions using the following steps:
a
Step 2 Change the integer number ( a ) to an integer fraction of the form   , e.g., change
 1
129
129 to .
1
( ) a
  10
127
. to
e.g., change 127 .
100
The following examples show the steps as to how three integer and decimal fractions are
subtracted:
Example 6.2-6
0.2 3
5− − =
0.3 5
Solution:
0.2 3  0.2  3
Step 1 5− − = 5 − −
0.3 5  0.3  5
 0.2  3  5 0.2  3
Step 2 5 − − =  − −
 0.3  5  1 0.3  5
 2
 5 0.2  3 5  3  5 2 × 10  3  5 20  3
Step 3a  − − =  − 10
3
− =  − − =  − −
 1 0.3  5 1  5  1 10 × 3  5  1 30  5
 10 
 5 20  3  (5 × 30) − ( 20 × 1)  3  150 − 20  3  130  3

Step 4  − − =  − =  − =  −
 1 30  5  1 × 30  5  30  5  30  5
130 3 (130 × 5) − (3 × 30) 650 − 90 560

= − = = =
30 5 30 × 5 150 150

560 560 ÷ 10 56
Step 5 = =
150 150 ÷ 10 15
56 11
Step 6 = 3
15 15
Example 6.2-7
1 0.5
0.2 − − =
3 0.4
Solution:
1 0.5  1  0.5
Step 1 0.2 − − =  0.2 −  −
3 0.4  3 0.4
5
 1  0.5  1  10  1  5 × 10  1  50
Step 3a  0.2 −  − =  0.2 −  −
4
=  0.2 −  − =  0.2 −  −
 3 0.4  3  3  10 × 4   3 40
10
 1  50  2 1  50
Step 3b  0.2 −  − =  − −
 3 40  10 3 40
 2 1  50  ( 2 × 3) − (1 × 10)  50  6 − 10  50  −4  50
Step 4  − − =  − =  − =  −
 10 3 40  10 × 3  40  10  40  30  40
−4 50 ( −4 × 40) − (50 × 30) −160 − 1500 −1660

= − = = =
30 40 30 × 40 1200 1200
−1660 −1660 ÷ 20 −83

Step 5 = =
1200 1200 ÷ 20 60
−83  23
Step 6 = − 1 
60 60
Example 6.2-8
0.05 3 0.3
− − =
12. 8 0.8
Solution:
0.05 3 0.3  0.05 3 0.3

Step 1 − − =  − −
12. 8 0.8  12. 8  0.8

 5  3
 0.05 3 0.3  3   5 × 10 3 3 × 10
Step 3a  − − =  100 −  − 10 =  − −
 12. 8  0.8  12 8

8  100 × 12 8  10 × 8
 10  10
 50 3 30
=  − −
 1200 8  80
 50 3 30  (50 × 8) − ( 3 × 1200)  30  400 − 3600  30

Step 4  − − =  − =  −
 1200 8  80  1200 × 8  80  9600  80
 400 − 3600  30  −3200  30 −3200 30

=  − =  − = −
 9600  80  9600  80 9600 80
( −3200 × 80) − (30 × 9600) −256000 − 288000 −544000

= = =
9600 × 80 768000 768000
−544000 −544000 ÷ 1000 −544 −544 ÷ 32 17

Step 5 = = = = −
768000 768000 ÷ 1000 768 768 ÷ 32 24
Example 6.2-9
2 0.4
− 0.6 − =
5 1.2
Solution:
2 0.4  2 0.4
Step 1 − 0.6 − =  − 0.6 −
5 1.2  5 1.2
4
2  0.4 2  10  2  4 × 10  2  40
Step 3a  − 0.6 − =  − 0.6 − =  − 0.6 − =  − 0.6 −
5  1.2 5  12  5  10 × 12  5  120
10
2  40  2 6  40
Step 3b  − 0.6 − =  − −
5  120  5 10  120

 2 6  40  ( 2 × 10) − ( 6 × 5)  40  20 − 30  40
Step 4  − − =  − =  −
 5 10  120  5 × 10  120  50  120
 −10  40 −10 40 ( −10 × 120) − (40 × 50) −1200 − 2000

=  − = − = =
 50  120 50 120 50 × 120 6000
−3200
=
6000
−3200 −3200 ÷ 100 −32 −32 ÷ 4 8

Step 5 = = = = −
6000 6000 ÷ 100 60 60 ÷ 4 15
Example 6.2-10
.
4 012 5
− − =
5 0.3 6
Solution:
4 012
. 5  4 .  5
012
Step 1 − − =  − −
5 0.3 6  5 0.3  6
 12 
 4 012
.  5 4  5 4 12 × 10  5  4 120  5
Step 3a =  − 100 − =  − =  −
 − − − −
 5 0.3  6  5 3  6 5 100 × 3 6  5 300  6

 10 
 4 120  5  ( 4 × 300) − (120 × 5)  5  1200 − 600  5  600  5

Step 4  − − =  − =  − =  −
 5 300  6  5 × 300  6  1500  6 1500  6
600 5 (600 × 6) − (5 × 1500) 3600 − 7500 −3900

= − = = =
1500 6 1500 × 6 9000 9000
−3900 −3900 ÷ 100 −39 −39 ÷ 3 13

Step 5 = = = = −
9000 9000 ÷ 100 90 90 ÷ 3 30

The following examples further illustrate how to subtract integer and decimal fractions:
Example 6.2-11
31 31
3 0.31 3 100 3 31 × 10 3 310
/// 3 31 (3 × 10) − (31 × 16) 30 − 496
− = −
1
= − = − = − = =
16 01. 16 16 100 × 1 16 100
/// 16 10 16 × 10 160
10 10
−233
− 466
/// −233  73 
= = = − 2 
160
/// 80 80
80
Example 6.2-12
5 47
5 18 1 18 5 × 10 18 50 (18 × 8) − (50 × 1) 144 − 50 94
// 47 3
18 − = −
8
= − = − = = = = = 11
0.8 1 1 1× 8 1 8 1× 8 8 8/ 4 4
4
10
Example 6.2-13
7
23 23 32 (23 × 100) − (32 × 50) 2300 − 1600 700
/// 7
− 0.32 = − = = = =
50 50 100 50 × 100 5000 5000
//// 50
50
Example 6.2-14
16 160 53
.
16 1 10 1 16 × 100 1 //// 1
1600 160 1 160 − 1 159
/// 53
− = − = − = − = − = = = = 53
0.03 3 3 3 10 × 3 3 30
// 3 3 3 3 3/ 1
3 1
100
Example 6.2-15
 1
.
 5 01  5 
10  − 2 =  5 − 1 × 1  − 2 =  5 − 1  − 2
 −  − 0.002 =  − 4  1,000    
 40 4   40  40 10 × 4  1,000  40 40  1,000
 1
1 1 49
 5 − 1 2  4 2 4/ 2/ 1 1 (1 × 500) − (1 × 10) 500 − 10 490
///
=  − =  − = − = − = = =
 40  1,000  40  1,000 40
/ / 1000
//// 10 500 10 × 500 5,000 5000
////
10 500 500
49
=
500
Example 6.2-16
 3 1  30 1
5  0.3 01.  5  10 10  5  3 × 100 1 × 10  / / / 10
5  300 // 5  30 1 
− −  = − −  = − −  = − −  = − − 
6  0.01 0.4  6  1 4 6  10 × 1 10 × 4  6  10
// 40
// 6  1 4
 100 10   1 4

5  ( 30 × 4) − (1 × 1)  5  120 − 1 5  119  5 119 (5 × 4) − (119 × 6) 20 − 714

= −  = −  = −  = − = =
6  1× 4  6  4  6  4  6 4 6× 4 24
−347
−694
/// −347  11 
= = = − 28 
24
// 12 12
12
Example 6.2-17
3 15
8 12 0.3  8 12  0.3  8 − 12  10  −4  3 × 100 4 300
/// 4 15
− − =  − − =   − 14 =   − = − − = − −
9 9 014
.  9 9  014
.  9   9  10 × 14 9 140
/// 9 7
7
100
( −4 × 7) − (15 × 9) −28 − 135 −163  37 

= = = = − 2 
9×7 63 63 63
Example 6.2-18
 2  1  7 
 14 0.2   01
.  14    7 2  3 1 
10  −  3 − 10  =  14
// 2 ×1   3 1×1 
 −  − 3 −  =  − 4  1 1  −  − −  =  −  − − 
 2 4   1  2  2/ 10 × 4   1 10 × 1  1 40   1 10 
 1 
1  1
139
 (7 × 40) − ( 2 × 1)   (3 × 10) − (1 × 1)   280 − 2   30 − 1  278   29  / / / 29
278
=   −  =   −  =   −  = −
 1 × 40   1 × 10   40   10   40   10  / / 10
40
20
81
139 29 (139 × 10) − ( 29 × 20) 1,390 − 580 810
/// 81 1
= − = = = = = 4
20 10 20 × 10 200 200
/// 20 20
20
Example 6.2-19
6  3
10  = 6 × 10 −  2 − 3 × 1  = 60 −  2 − 3  = 60 −  ( 2 × 20) − ( 3 × 5) 
6  2 0.3 2 
− −  = 1 − −
. 5 2 
01 1 5 2 1 × 1  5 10 × 2  1  5 20  1  5 × 20 
10  1 
 1 
60  40 − 15 60  25
//  60  1  60 1 (60 × 4) − (1 × 1) 240 − 1 239 59 3
= −  = −  = −  = − = = = =
1  100  1  100
/// 1  4 1 4 1× 4 4 4 4
 4 
Example 6.2-20
 2 1 
 5 1   0.2 01
.   5 − 1  10 10   4  2 ×1 1 × 100  4  2 100 
 −  − −  =   − −  =   − −  = − − 
 3 3  3 0.05  3   3 5   3   10 × 3 10 × 5  3  30 50 
 1 100 

4  ( 2 × 50) − (100 × 30)  4  100 − 3000  4  −2900  4  2900  4 2900

= −  = −  = −  = +  = +
3  30 × 50  3  1500  3  1500  3  1500  3 1500
49
(4 × 1500) + (2900 × 3) 6000 + 8700 14700
///// 49 4
= = = = = 3
3 × 1500 4500 4500
//// 15 15
15
Example 6.2-21
 4   2 
 1 3   0.4   1 3   10 1   (1 × 4) − ( 3 × 2)   4 × 10 1   4 − 6   40// 1 
 − −
  − 01
.  =  −  −  −  =  −
  −  =   − −
 2 4   0.2   2 4   2 10   2×4   10 × 2 10   8   20 / / 10 
 10   1 
 −1 
 −2/   2 1   −1  ( 2 × 10) − (1 × 1)  −1  20 − 1 −1  19  −1 19
=   − −  =   −  = −  = −  = −
 8/   1 10   4  1 × 10  4  10  4  10  4 10
 4
−43
( −1 × 10) − (4 × 19) −10 − 76 −86
// −43  3
= = = = = − 2 
4 × 10 40 40
// 20 20
20
Section 6.2 Exercises - Subtract the following integer and decimal fractions:
.
3 012 0.3 4  5 1

1. − = 2. − −3 = . =
3.  −  − 125
8 0.3 0.5 6 6 6
5 0.01 3 3 1 5 1
4.  − − = 5. − − 0.2 6. 
−  − 0.01 =
2 0.4  5 4 3 6  10 
2 0.4 3 2 0.2  01
. 01
.
7. 8.5 − − = 8. 12.5 −  −  = 9. − −  =
10 0.5 7 3 0.04  2 4
8 4 0.4 2 
10.  −  −  −  =
3 3  012
. 3

Mastering Fractions 6.3 Multiplying Integer and Decimal Fractions
6.3 Multiplying Integer and Decimal Fractions

Two or more integer and decimal fractions of the forms:
a
1.   where the numerator ( a ) and the denominator (b) are integers, and
 b
 a × 10 − k1 
2.   where ( a ) and ( b) are integer numbers and ( k1 ) and ( k 2 ) are equal to the number
 b × 10 − k 2 
of decimal places
are multiplied as in the following cases:
Case I Multiplying Two Integer and Decimal Fractions
Multiply two integer and decimal fractions using the following steps:
a
  1
119
119 to .
1
( ) a
b. Change the decimal number a × 10 − k to an integer fraction of the form  k  ,
 10 
238
e.g., change 238
. to .
10
The following examples show the steps as to how two integer and decimal fractions are
multiplied:
Example 6.3-1
12 015.
× =
5 0.6
Solution:
15
12 015. 12 100 12 15 × 10 12 150
Step 2a × = ×
6
= × = ×
5 0.6 5 5 100 × 6 5 600
10
12 150 12 × 150 1800

Step 3 × = =
5 600 5 × 600 3000

1800 1800 ÷ 100 18 18 ÷ 2 9

Step 4 = = = =
3000 3000 ÷ 100 30 30 ÷ 2 15
Example 6.3-2
0.5
2× =
0.3
Solution:
0.5 2 0.5
Step 1 2× = ×
0.3 1 0.3
5
2 0.5 2 10 2 5 × 10 2 50
Step 2a × = × = × = ×
1 0.3 1 3 1 10 × 3 1 30
10
2 50 2 × 50 100
Step 3 × = =
1 30 1 × 30 30
100 100 ÷ 10 10
Step 4 = =
30 30 ÷ 10 3
10 1
Step 5 = 3
3 3
Example 6.3-3
5
× 125
. =
16
Solution:
5 5 125
Step 2b × 125
. = ×
16 16 100
5 125 5 × 125 625

Step 3 × = =
16 100 16 × 100 1600

625 625 ÷ 25 25
Step 4 = =
1600 1600 ÷ 25 64
Example 6.3-4
0.24 3
× =
15
. 8
Solution:
24
0.24 3 100 × 3 24 × 10 3 240 3
Step 2a × = 15
= × = ×
15
. 8 8 100 × 15 8 1500 8
10
240 3 240 × 3 720

Step 3 × = =
1500 8 1500 × 8 12000
720 720 ÷ 120 6 6÷2 3

Step 4 = = = =
12000 12000 ÷ 120 100 100 ÷ 2 50
Example 6.3-5
0.003
× 15 =
.
135
Solution:
0.003 0.003 15
Step 1 × 15 = ×
.
135 135
. 1
3
0.003 15 1000 × 15 3 × 10 15 30 15
Step 2a × = 135
= × = ×
135
. 1 1 1000 × 135 1 135000 1
10
30 15 30 × 15 450
Step 3 × = =
135000 1 135000 × 1 135000

450 450 ÷ 450 1

Step 4 = =
135000 135000 ÷ 450 300
Case II Multiplying Three Integer and Decimal Fractions

Multiply three integer and decimal fractions using the following steps:
a
Step 1 Change the integer number ( a ) an to integer fraction of the form   , e.g., change 26
  1
26
to .
1
( ) a
  10
25
100
The following examples show the steps as to how three integer and decimal fractions are
multiplied:
Example 6.3-6
2 0.5
× 0.5 × =
5 0.8
Solution:
5
2 0.5 2 2 5 × 10 2 50
Step 2a × 0.5 × = × 0.5 × 10 = × 0.5 × = × 0.5 ×
5 0.8 5 8 5 10 × 8 5 80
10
2 50 2 5 50
Step 2b × 0.5 × = × ×
5 80 5 10 80
2 5 50 2 × 5 × 50 500
Step 3 × × = =
5 10 80 5 × 10 × 80 4000
500 500 ÷ 500 1

Step 4 = =
4000 4000 ÷ 500 8

Example 6.3-7
0.2 4
5× × =
0.08 6
Solution:
0.2 4 5 0.2 4
Step 1 5× × = × ×
0.08 6 1 0.08 6
2
5 0.2 4 5 10 4 5 2 × 100 4 5 200 4
Step 2a × × = ×
8
× = × × = × ×
1 0.08 6 1 6 1 10 × 8 6 1 80 6
100
5 200 4 5 × 200 × 4 4000

Step 3 × × = =
1 80 6 1 × 80 × 6 480
4000 4000 ÷ 80 50 50 ÷ 2 25
Step 4 = = = =
480 480 ÷ 80 6 6÷ 2 3
25 1
Step 5 = 8
3 3
Example 6.3-8
5 4.8 3
× × =
121 0.06 7
Solution:
48
5 4.8 3 5 3 5 48 × 100 3 5 4800 3
Step 2a × × = × 10 × = × × = × ×
121 0.06 7 121 6 7 121 10 × 6 7 121 60 7
100
5 4800 3 5 × 4800 × 3 72000

Step 3 × × = =
121 60 7 121 × 60 × 7 50820
72000 72000 ÷ 20 3600 3600 ÷ 3 1200

Step 4 = = = =
50820 50820 ÷ 20 2541 2541 ÷ 3 847

1200 353
Step 5 = 1
847 847
Example 6.3-9
0.2 4
12.45 × × =
0.3 5
Solution:
2
0.2 4 4 2 × 10 4 20 4
Step 2a 12.45 × × = 12.45 × 10 × = 12.45 × × = 12.45 × ×
0.3 5 3 5 10 × 3 5 30 5
10
20 4 1245 20 4
Step 2b 12.45 × × = × ×
30 5 100 30 5
1245 20 4 1245 × 20 × 4 99600

Step 3 × × = =
100 30 5 100 × 30 × 5 15000
99600 99600 ÷ 100 996 996 ÷ 2 498

Step 4 = = = =
15000 15000 ÷ 100 150 150 ÷ 2 75
498 48
Step 5 = 6
75 75
Example 6.3-10
0.2
3× × 0.09 =
0.6
Solution:
0.2 3 0.2
Step 1 3× × 0.09 = × × 0.09
0.6 1 0.6
2
3 0.2 3 10 3 2 × 10 3 20
Step 2a × × 0.09 = ×
6
× 0.09 = × × 0.09 = × × 0.09
1 0.6 1 1 10 × 6 1 60
10
3 20 3 20 9
Step 2b × × 0.09 = × ×
1 60 1 60 100
3 20 9 3 × 20 × 9 540
Step 3 × × = =
1 60 100 1 × 60 × 100 6000

540 540 ÷ 20 27 27 ÷ 3 9
Step 4 = = = =
6000 6000 ÷ 20 300 300 ÷ 3 100
The following examples further illustrate how to multiply integer and decimal fractions:
Example 6.3-11
55 11 3
6 0.55 6 100 6 55 × 10 6 550 6 × 550
/// 6/ × 11 3 × 11 33
× = × = × = × = = = =
13 0.5 13 5 13 100 × 5 13 500 13 × 500
/// 13 × 10// 13 × 5 65
10 5
10
Example 6.3-12
246 2 123 1
0.246 1000 12 246 × 1 12 246 12 246 × 12
// / / /× 2
246 123 × 2/ 123 × 1
× 12 = × = × = × = = = =
6 6 1 1000 × 6 1 6000 1 6000
/ / / /×1 / / / / ×1
1000 500
/ / / ×1 250 × 1
1000 500 250
1
123
=
250
Example 6.3-13
8 2 10
0.8 10 35 8 × 100 35 8/ × 100
/ / / × 35 2 × 10 × 35 700
× 35 = × = × = = = = 700
0.04 4 1 10 × 4 1 10
/ / × 4/ × 1 1× 1× 1 1
1 1
100
Example 6.3-14
16 25 4 5 1
2 016
. 125 2 100 125 2 16 × 10 125 2 160 125
/ / /× 2 × 160
/// / /× 2/ × 4
25
12.5 × × = × × = × × = × × = =
5 0.6 10 5 6 10 5 100 × 6 10 5 600 10
/ / × 5 × 600
/// 2/ × 5/× 15
2 15 1 1
10
1
5/× 1 × 4 1× 1× 4 4 1
= = = = 1
1 × 1 × 15
// 1× 1× 3 3 3
3
Example 6.3-15
 3  1  3
 2 0.3 2  15 2 3 × 10  15 2 30  15 / /  15
 2 × 30 //
10
. =  × ×
 ×  × 015 =  × × =  × × =  ×
. 
 13 12  13 12  100  13 10 × 12  100  13 120  100 / / /  100
 13 × 120 ///
  4  20
10 
 1 
 2/ × 1  3  1× 1  3  1 3 1 3 1× 3 3
=   × =  × =  × = × = =
 13 × 4/  20  13 × 2  20  26  20 26 20 26 × 20 520
 2
Example 6.3-16

1 1 1 5
3 5 01. 3 5 10 3 5 1 × 100 3 5 100 3/× 5/× 100
/// 1× 1× 5 5 1
× × = × × = × × = × × = = = = 2
5 6 0.02 5 6 2 5 6 10 × 2 5 6 20 5/× 6/ × 20
// 1× 2 × 1 2 2
1 2 1
100
Example 6.3-17
 8   1 16   4
5  2 0.8  5  2 10  5  2 8 × 100  5  2 800  5  2/ × 800
/// 5  1 × 16
//
× ×  = × ×  = × ×  = × ×  = × = ×
7  8 0.05 7 8 5  7  8 10 × 5  7  8 50  / / 
7  8/ × 50 7  4/ × 1 
 4 1   1 
 100 
5  1× 4 5  4 5 4 5× 4 20 6
= ×  = ×  = × = = = 2
7  1× 1 7  1 7 1 7 ×1 7 7
Example 6.3-18
 4  1 
 3   4 15 0.4   4 3   4 15 10   4/ × 3   4 15 4 × 10 
 0.4 × ×
  × ×  =  ×  ×  × ×  =   × × × 
 4   5 3 01.   10 4   5 3 1  10 × 4/   5 3 10 × 1 
  1 
10 
 5 4  1  8
 1 × 3   4 × 15
/ /× 40
// 3  4 × 5/× 4  3  4 × 1× 4 3  16  3 16 3 × 16
// 3× 8
=   ×  = ×  = ×  = ×  = × = =
 10 × 1  5 × 3/× 10
//  10  5/× 1 × 1  10  1 × 1 × 1  10  1  10 1 10
/ / ×1 5×1
 1 1  1  5
24 4
= = 4
5 5
Example 6.3-19
4 5 5 1 1
5 4 3 0.5 5 1 3 10 5 4 × 10 3 5×1 5 40 3 5 5 × 46
/ / × 3/× 5/
× × × = × × × = × × × = × × × =
. 15 1
8 01 8 1 15 1 8 1 × 1 15 10 × 1 8 1 15 10 / /× 10
8/ × 1 × 15 //
1 5 2
10 1
1
5 × 5/× 1 × 1 5 × 1× 1× 1 5 1
= = = = 2
1×1× 5 2/× 1× 1× 1× 2 2 2
1
Example 6.3-20
 1
3 1 3 2  4  3 2 1 × 10  4  3 2 10  4
1
 × 0.2 ×  × 0.004 =  × ×  × =  × × × =  × × ×
8 0.3  8 10 3  1000  8 10 1 × 3  1000  8 10 3  1000
 10 
1 1 1  1
 3/× 2/ × 10
// 4  1 × 1 × 1 4  1 4 1 4 1 × 4/ 1× 1 1
=   × =  × =  × = × = = =
/ / × 3/  1000
 8/ × 10  4 × 1 × 1 1000  4  1000 4 1000 4/ × 1000 1 × 1000 1000
 4 1 1 1

Example 6.3-21
 2
3   15 0.2   3 1   15 10   3 × 1   15 2 × 10   3   15 20 
 × 01
.  × ×  =  ×  × ×  =   × ×  =   × × 
5   4 0.3   5 10   4 3  5 × 10   4 10 × 3   50   4 30 
 10 
1 5 1
3  15
/ /× 20
// 3  1× 5 3  5 3 5 3 × 5/ 3×1 3
= ×  = ×  = ×  = × = = =
50  4/ × 30
//  50  1 × 2  50  2  50 2 50
/ /× 2 10 × 2 20
1 2  10
Section 6.3 Exercises - Multiply the following integer and decimal fractions:
3 0.05 0.22 1  2  10
1. × = 2. 5 × × = 3.  × 0.4 × =
5 01. 0.001 100 8 2
2  0.5 1  5 3 5 1 
4. × ×  = 5. × 0.8 × = 6.  × 0 ×  0.3 ×  =
0.04  0.01 4  8 0.05  3   
0.03
7  1 0.3 5 1 10 4 0.3 10
7. × ×  = 8.  ×  ×  0.03 ×  = 9. × × × 0.4 =
3  0.7 5  1 3  0.2  3 2 01 .
3 8 1 
10.  × 0.2 ×  2 × ×  =
 8   6  0.04

Mastering Fractions 6.4 Dividing Integer and Decimal Fractions
6.4 Dividing Integer and Decimal Fractions

Two or more integer and decimal fractions of the forms:
a
 b
 a × 10 − k1 
 b × 10 − k 2 
of decimal places
are divided as in the following cases:
Case I Dividing Two Integer and Decimal Fractions
Divide two integer and decimal fractions using the following steps:
a
  1
238
238 to .
1
( ) a
 10 
2213
e.g., change 2213
. to .
100
The following examples show the steps as to how two integer and decimal fractions are divided:
Example 6.4-1
2
0.5 ÷ =
3
Solution:
2 5 2
Step 2b 0.5 ÷ = ÷
3 10 3
5 2 5 3 5× 3 15
Step 3 ÷ = × = =
10 3 10 2 10 × 2 20
15 15 ÷ 5 3
Step 4 = =
20 10 ÷ 5 4

Example 6.4-2
0.3 5
÷ =
0.5 6
Solution:
3
0.3 5 10 ÷ 5 3 × 10 5 30 5
Step 2a ÷ = 5
= ÷ = ÷
0.5 6 6 10 × 5 6 50 6
10
30 5 30 6 30 × 6 180
Step 3 ÷ = × = =
50 6 50 5 50 × 5 250
180 180 ÷ 10 18
Step 4 = =
250 250 ÷ 10 25
Example 6.4-3
5 0.06
÷ =
24 1.4
Solution:
6
5 0.06 5 100 5 6 × 10 5 60
Step 2a ÷ = ÷
14
= ÷ = ÷
24 1.4 24 24 100 × 14 24 1400
10
5 60 5 1400 5 × 1400 7000

Step 3 ÷ = × = =
24 1400 24 60 24 × 60 1440
7000 7000 ÷ 40 175

Step 4 = =
1440 1440 ÷ 40 36

175 31
Step 5 = 4
36 36
Example 6.4-4
1.2
132 ÷ =
0.006
Solution:
1.2 132 1.2

Step 1 132 ÷ = ÷
0.006 1 0.006
12
132 1.2 132 132 12 × 1000 132 12000
Step 2a ÷ = ÷ 10 = ÷ = ÷
1 0.006 1 6 1 10 × 6 1 60
1000
132 12000 132 60 132 × 60 7920

Step 3 ÷ = × = =
1 60 1 12000 1 × 12000 12000
7920 7920 ÷ 80 99 99 ÷ 3 33
Step 4 = = = =
12000 12000 ÷ 80 150 150 ÷ 3 50
Example 6.4-5
2.4
÷ 16 =
0.05
Solution:
2.4 2.4 16
Step 1 ÷ 16 = ÷
0.05 0.05 1
24
2.4 16 16 24 × 100 16 2400 16
Step 2a ÷ = 10
5
÷ = ÷ = ÷
0.05 1 1 10 × 5 1 50 1
100
2400 16 2400 1 2400 × 1 2400

Step 3 ÷ = × = =
50 1 50 16 50 × 16 800
2400 2400 ÷ 800 3

Step 4 = = = 3
800 800 ÷ 800 1

Case II Dividing Three Integer and Decimal Fractions

Divide three integer and decimal fractions using the following steps:
a
  1
22
22 to .
1
( ) a
  10
265
10
The following examples show the steps as to how three integer and decimal fractions are divided:
Example 6.4-6
 3  0.6
 0.5 ÷  ÷ =
 8  0.5
Solution:
6
 3  0.6  3   3  6 × 10  3  60
Step 2a  0.5 ÷  ÷ =  0.5 ÷  ÷ 10 =  0.5 ÷  ÷ =  0.5 ÷  ÷
 8  0.5  8 5  8  10 × 5  8  50
10
 3  60  5 3  60
Step 2b  0.5 ÷  ÷ =  ÷ ÷
 8  50  10 8  50
 5 3  60  5 8  60  5 × 8  60  40  60 40 60
Step 3  ÷ ÷ =  × ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷
 10 8  50  10 3  50 10 × 3  50  30  50 30 50
40 50 40 × 50 2000
= × = =
30 60 30 × 60 1800
2000 2000 ÷ 200 10

Step 4 = =
1800 1800 ÷ 200 9

10 1
Step 5 = 1
9 9
Example 6.4-7
4  12.4 0.6 
÷ ÷  =
5  0.5 0.04 
Solution:
 124 6 
4  12.4 0.6  4  10  4  124 × 10 6 × 100 
Step 2a ÷ ÷  = ÷ ÷ 10  = ÷  ÷ 
5  0.5 0.04  5  5 4  5  10 × 5 10 × 4 
 10 100 
4  1240 600 
= ÷ ÷ 
5  50 40 
4  1240 600  4  1240 40  4  1240 × 40  4  49600 

Step 3 ÷ ÷  = ÷ ×  = ÷  = ÷ 
5  50 40  5  50 600  5  50 × 600  5  30000 
4 49600 4 30000 4 × 30000 120000

= ÷ = × = =
5 30000 5 49600 5 × 49600 248000
120000 120000 ÷ 1000 120 120 ÷ 8 15

Step 4 = = = =
248000 248000 ÷ 1000 248 248 ÷ 8 31
Example 6.4-8
 0.6  3
 ÷ 0.3 ÷ =
 0.07  8
Solution:
 6 
 0.6  3   3  6 × 100  3  600  3
Step 2a ÷ 0.3 ÷ =  10 ÷ 0.3 ÷ =  ÷ 0.3 ÷ =  ÷ 0.3 ÷

 0.07  8  7  8  10 × 7  8  70  8
 100 

 600  3  600 3  3
Step 2b  ÷ 0.3 ÷ =  ÷ ÷
 70  8  70 10  8
 600 3  3  600 10  3  600 × 10  3  6000  3 6000 3

Step 3  ÷ ÷ =  × ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷
 70 10  8  70 3 8  70 × 3  8  210  8 210 8
6000 8 6000 × 8 48000

= × = =
210 3 210 × 3 630
48000 48000 ÷ 10 4800 4800 ÷ 3 1600

Step 4 = = = =
630 630 ÷ 10 63 63 ÷ 3 21
1600 4
Step 5 = 76
21 21
Example 6.4-9
 0.9 5 
 ÷  ÷6 =
 0.5 3 
Solution:
 0.9 5   0.9 5  6
Step 1  ÷  ÷6 =  ÷ ÷
 0.5 3   0.5 3  1
 9 
 0.9 5  6  5 6  9 × 10 5  6  90 5  6
Step 2a ÷ ÷ =  10 ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷

 0.5 3  1  5 3  1  10 × 5 3  1  50 3  1
 10 
 90 5  6  90 3  6  90 × 3  6  270  6 270 6
Step 3  ÷ ÷ =  × ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷
 50 3  1  50 5  1  50 × 5  1  250  1 250 1
270 1 270 × 1 270

= × = =
250 6 250 × 6 1500
270 270 ÷ 30 9
Step 4 = =
1500 1500 ÷ 30 50
Example 6.4-10
0.8  6 
÷  ÷ 36 =
012
. 8 

Solution:
0.8  6  0.8  6 36 
Step 1 ÷  ÷ 36 = ÷ ÷ 
012
. 8  012
. 8 1 
8
0.8  6 36   6 36  8 × 100  6 36  800  6 36 
Step 2a ÷  ÷  = 10 ÷  ÷  = ÷ ÷  = ÷ ÷ 
.
012 8 1  12  8 1  10 × 12  8 1  120  8 1 
100
800  6 36  800  6 1  800  6 × 1  800  6  800 6

Step 3 ÷ ÷  = ÷ ×  = ÷  = ÷  = ÷
120  8 1  120  8 36  120  8 × 36  120  288  120 288
800 288 800 × 288 230400

= × = =
120 6 120 × 6 720
230400 230400 ÷ 720 320

Step 4 = = = 320
720 720 ÷ 720 1
The following examples further illustrate how to divide integer and decimal fractions:
Example 6.4-11
12 1 125 25
.
3 012 3 100 3 12 × 10 3 120 3 500 3/× 500
/// 1 × 125 125
/// 25 9
÷ = ÷ 5 = ÷ = ÷ = × = = = = = 1
8 0.5 8 8 100 × 5 8 500 8 120 8/ × 120
/// 2 × 40 80
// 16 16
2 40 16
10
Example 6.4-12
25
2 2 125 2 125
/// 2 25 2 2 2×2 4
÷ 12.5 = ÷ = ÷ = ÷ = × = =
5 5 10 5 10
// 5 2 5 25 5 × 25 125
2
Example 6.4-13
5 2 95
0.05 38 100 38 5 × 1000 38 5000
//// 38 2 38 5 38 × 5 190
///
38 ÷ = ÷
125
= ÷ = ÷ = ÷ = × = =
0125
. 1 1 100 × 125 1 12500
///// 1 5 1 2 1× 2 2/
5 1
1000
95
= = 95
1

Example 6.4-14
20 4 100 1
20 0.04 1 ÷ 100 20 × 10 4 ×1 200 4 200
/// 4/ 100 1 100 125
÷ = 6 5
= ÷ = ÷ = ÷ = ÷ = ×
0.6 5 1× 6 100 × 5 6 500 6/ 500
/// 3 125 3 1
3 125
10 1
100 × 125 12500 2

= = = 4166
3×1 3 3
Example 6.4-15
3 1003 75
0.3 10 8024 3 × 1 8024
//// 3 1003 3 125 3 × 125 375
/// 75
÷ 8.024 = ÷ = ÷ = ÷ = × = = =
2 2 1000 10 × 2 1000
//// 20 125 20 1003 20 × 1003 20060
///// 4012
125 4012
1
Example 6.4-16
 41 
5  0.41 5 6 
100  = 5 ÷  6 ÷ 41 × 10  = 5 ÷  6 ÷ 410  = 5 ÷  6 × 300 
÷ 6 ÷  = ÷ ÷      
8  0.3  8 1 3  8  1 100 × 3 8  1 300  8  1 410 
 10 
 180  41
5  6 × 300  5  1800
//// 5  180  5 180 5 41 5 × 41 205
/// 41
= ÷  = ÷  = ÷  = ÷ = × = = =
8  1 × 410  8  410
///  8  41  8 41 8 180 8 × 180 1440
//// 288
 41  288
Example 6.4-17
 1 1 5
 3 6  3 5 2  3/× 5/  10//  1 × 1 5  1 5 1 5 1× 5 5 1
 ÷  ÷ 0.2 =  ×  ÷ =   × 2/ =  1 × 2  × 1 =  2  × 1 = 2 × 1 = 2 × 1 = 2 = 2 2
 5 5  5 6  10  5/× 6/ 
 1 2 1
Example 6.4-18
 1  5
5   1 5 8  4 1   5 10   4 1 × 10  / /   4 10 
 5 × 10
 ÷ 0.8 ÷  4 ÷  =  ÷  ÷  ÷  =  ×  ÷  ÷  =   ÷ ÷ 
8   .
01  8 10   1 1   8 8   1 1× 1   8/ × 8   1 1 
  4 
10 
125
 5 × 5  4 1   25   4 × 1  25  4  25 4 25 10 25 × 10 250
/// 125
=  ÷
  ×  =    ÷  = ÷   = ÷ = × = = =
 4 × 8   1 10   32   1 × 10  32  10  32 10 32 4 32 × 4 128
/// 64
64
61
= 1
64
Example 6.4-19
 1   1
 2 1   01.   2 1   10 1  2 5   1 × 100 1   2 × 5/   100 1 
 ÷  ÷ .  =  ÷  ÷
÷ 01 ÷  =  ×  ÷ ÷  =   ÷ ÷ 
 5 5   0.02   5 5  2 10   5 1   10 × 2 10   5/× 1   20 10 
 100  1 

 5 
 2 × 1  100 10  / / / × 10 
 2   100 2 5 × 10  2  50  2 50 2 1
=  ÷
  ×  =   ÷ = ÷   = ÷  = ÷ = ×
 1 × 1   20 1  1   20/ / × 1  1 1×1  1  1 1 1 1 50
 1 
1
2/ × 1 1× 1 1
= = =
1 × 50
// 1 × 25 25
25
Example 6.4-20
2 3 8 2 3 8 2 4 8  2 × 4 8  8 8 8 8 9
0.8 ÷  ÷  = ÷ ÷  = ÷ ×  = ÷  = ÷  = ÷ = ×
3 4 10  3 4 10  3 3 10  3 × 3  10  9  10 9 10 8
1
8/ × 9 1× 9 9
= = =
10 × 8/ 10 × 1 10
1
Example 6.4-21
 1   1
 1   5 1 2   5 1  2 1 × 100   5 2   2 100   5 × 2/ 
1
2÷  ÷ ÷  =  ÷  ÷ ÷  =  ÷  ÷ ×  =  ÷ ÷
 0.01  4 2  1 1   4 2 1 1 × 1   4 1 1 1   4/ × 1 
 2 
100 
1
2 1   5 × 1  2 × 1   5  2  5 2 5 2 2 2×2 4/
=  ×  ÷  =   ÷  = 
 1 × 100   2 
÷ = ÷ = × = =
1 100   2 × 1  100  2 100 2 100 5 100 × 5 500
///
125
1
=
125
Section 6.4 Exercises - Divide the following integer and decimal fractions:
5 0.4 5  1 
1. ÷ = 2. 0.2 ÷ = 3.  ÷ 1 ÷ 0.6 =
.
4 12 8 01
. 
9 3 0.2 1 1 4 2
4.  ÷  ÷ = 5.  ÷  ÷5 = 6.  ÷ 0.3 ÷ =
8 8 0.3  0.04 2 6  9
0.8 5 2 1 1 1
7.  ÷ 0.02 ÷ = 8.  0.04 ÷  ÷ = 9. 0.2 ÷  ÷  =
 2.4  10  
10 5 8 4
1 4 01
. 
10.  ÷  ÷  0.2 ÷  =
 5 5  0.04 

Mastering Fractions 6.5 Solving Mixed Operations Using Integer and Decimal Fractions
6.5 Solving Mixed Operations Using Integer and Decimal Fractions

Integer and decimal fractions of the forms:
a
 b
 a × 10 − k1 
 b × 10 − k 2 
of decimal places
are added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided by using the following steps:
a
 1
200
200 to .
1
( ) a
b. Change the decimal number(s) a × 10 − k to integer fraction(s) of the form  k  ,
  10
261
e.g., change 261
. to .
10
The following examples show mathematical operations on integer and decimal fractions using
the above steps:
Example 6.5-1
 2  0.3
 0.5 ×  + =
 3  0.8
Solution:
3
 2  0.3  2  10  2  3 × 10  2  30
Step 2a  0.5 × + =  0.5 ×  + 8 =  0.5 × + =  0.5 × +
 3  0.8  3   3  10 × 8  3  80
10
 2  30  5 2  30
Step 2b  0.5 × + =  × +
 3  80  10 3  80
 5 2  30  5 × 2  30  10  30 10 30 (10 × 80) + (30 × 30)

Step 3  × + =  + =  + = + =
 10 3  80  10 × 3 80  30  80 30 80 30 × 80

800 + 900 1700

= =
2400 2400
1700 1700 ÷ 100 17

Step 4 = =
2400 2400 ÷ 100 24
Example 6.5-2
 2
 7 +  × 0.8 =
 5
Solution:
 2  7 2
Step 1  7 +  × 0.8 =  +  × 0.8
 5  1 5
7 2  7  2 8
Step 2b  +  × 0.8 =  + ×
1 5  1 5  10
 7 2 8  ( 7 × 5) + ( 2 × 1)  8  35 + 2  8  37  8 37 8
Step 3  + × =  × =  × =  × = ×
 1 5  10  1× 5  10  5  10  5  10 5 10
37 × 8 296
= =
5 × 10 50
296 296 ÷ 2 148

Step 4 = =
50 50 ÷ 2 25
148 23
Step 5 = 5
25 25
Example 6.5-3
 0.2  2
5 − + =
 0.7  3
Solution:
 0.2  2  5 0.2  2
Step 1 5 − + =  − +
 0.7  3  1 0.7  3

 2
 5 0.2  2  5  2  5 2 × 10  2  5 20  2
Step 2a 10
 − + =  − + =  − + =  − +
 1 0.7  3 1 7  3  1 10 × 7  3  1 70  3
 10 
 5 20  2  (5 × 70) − ( 20 × 1)  2  350 − 20  2  330  2

Step 3  − + =  + =  + =  +
 1 70  3  1 × 70  3  70  3  70  3
330 2 (330 × 3) + (2 × 70) 990 + 140 1130

= + = = =
70 3 70 × 3 210 210
1130 1130 ÷ 10 113

Step 4 = =
210 210 ÷ 10 21
113 8
Step 5 = 5
21 21
Example 6.5-4
2   0.2 
 × 0.8 +  ÷ 6 =
3   0.5 
Solution:
2   0.2  2   0.2 6 
Step 1  × 0.8 +  ÷ 6 =  × 0.8 +  ÷ 
3   0.5  3   0.5 1 
 2 
2   0.2 6 2   10 6  2   2 × 10 6
Step 2a  × 0.8 +  ÷  =  × 0.8 + 
5
÷  =  × 0.8 +  ÷ 
3   0.5 1   3   1  3   10 × 5 1
 10 
 2   20 6 
=  × 0.8 +  ÷ 
 3   50 1 
2   20 6  2 8   20 6
Step 2b  × 0.8 +  ÷  =  ×  + ÷ 
3   50 1  3 10   50 1
 2 8   20 6   2 × 8   20 1   16   20 × 1   16   20 
Step 3  ×  + ÷  =   + ×  =   +  =   + 
 3 10   50 1   3 × 10   50 6   30   50 × 6   30   300 
16 20 (16 × 300) + (20 × 30) 4800 + 600 5400

= + = = =
30 300 30 × 300 9000 9000

5400 5400 ÷ 900 6 6÷2 3

Step 4 = = = =
9000 9000 ÷ 900 10 10 ÷ 2 5
Example 6.5-5
 5  0.2 2 
 0.06 +  ÷ 5 × ×  =
 6  0.3 5 
Solution:
 5  0.2 2   5   5 0.2 2 
Step 1  0.06 +  ÷ 5 × ×  =  0.06 +  ÷ × × 
 6   0.3 5   6   1 0.3 5 
 2 
 5   5 0.2 2   5   5 10 2 
Step 2a  0.06 +  ÷  × ×  =  0.06 +  ÷ × × 
 6   1 0.3 5   6  1 3 5
 10 
 5 5 2 × 10 2  5 5 20 2
=  0.06 +  ÷  × ×  =  0.06 +  ÷  × × 
 6   1 10 × 3 5   6   1 30 5 
 5   5 20 2   6 5   5 20 2 
Step 2b  0.06 +  ÷  × ×  =  +  ÷ × × 
 6   1 30 5   100 6   1 30 5 
 6 5   5 20 2   ( 6 × 6) + (5 × 100)   5 × 20 × 2 
Step 3  +  ÷ × ×  =   ÷ 
 100 6   1 30 5   100 × 6   1 × 30 × 5 
 36 + 500   200   536   200  536 200 536 150 536 × 150
=   ÷  =   ÷  = ÷ = × =
 600   150   600   150  600 150 600 200 600 × 200
80400
=
120000
80400 80400 ÷ 400 201 201 ÷ 3 67

Step 4 = = = =
120000 120000 ÷ 400 300 300 ÷ 3 100
Example 6.5-6
 2   0.3 
 0.5 +  − + 6 =
 3   0.5 

Solution:
 2   0.3   2   0.3 6 
Step 1  0.5 +  −  + 6 =  0.5 +  −  + 
 3   0.5    
3 
0.5 1
 3 
 2   0.3 6   2   10 6   2   3 × 10 6 
Step 2a  0.5 +  −  +  =  0.5 +  −  +  =  0.5 +  −  + 
 3   0.5 1   3  5 1   3   10 × 5  1
 10 
 2  30 6
=  0.5 +  −  + 
 3   50 1 
 2   30 6   5 2   30 6 
Step 2b  0.5 +  −  +  =  +  − + 
 3   50 1   10 3   50 1 
 5 2   30 6   (5 × 3) + ( 2 × 10)   ( 30 × 1) + ( 6 × 50) 
Step 3  +  − +  =   − 
 10 3   50 1   10 × 3   50 × 1 
 15 + 20   30 + 300   35   330  35 330 (35 × 50) − (330 × 30)

=   −  =   −  = − =
 30   50   30   50  30 50 30 × 50
1750 − 9900 −8150

= =
1500 1500
−8150 −8150 ÷ 50 −163

Step 4 = =
1500 1500 ÷ 50 30
−163  13

Step 5 = − 5 
30 30
Example 6.5-7
 3  0.5 
 5 −  ×  10.5 +  =
 5  0.2 
Solution:
 3  0.5   5  3  0.5
Step 1  5 −  ×  10.5 +  =  −  × 10.5 + 
 5  0.2   1 5  0.2 
 5
5 3  0.5   5 3    5 3  5 × 10 
Step 2a  −  ×  10.5 +  =  −  × 10.5 + 10
2
 =  −  ×  10.5 + 
1 5  0.2   1 5  1 5  10 × 2 
 10 

 5
  3  50
=  −  × 10.5 + 
 1 5  20 
 5 3  50   5  3  105 50
Step 2b  −  ×  10.5 +  =  −  × + 
 1 5  20   1 5   10 20 
 5 3  105 50   (5 × 5) − ( 3 × 1)   (105 × 20) + (50 × 10) 

Step 3  −  × +  =   × 
 1 5   10 20   1× 5   10 × 20 
 25 − 3  2100 + 500   22   2600  22 2600 22 × 2600

=   ×  =   ×  = × =
 5   200   5   200  5 200 5 × 200
57200
=
1000
57200 57200 ÷ 100 572 572 ÷ 2 286

Step 4 = = = =
1000 1000 ÷ 100 10 10 ÷ 2 5
286 1
Step 5 = 57
5 5
Example 6.5-8
 0.2   4
 0.5 ×  ÷ 3 ×  =
 0.3   5
Solution:
 0.2   4  0.2   3 4 
Step 1  0.5 ×  ÷ 3 ×  =  0.5 ×  ÷ × 
 0.3   5  0.3   1 5 
 2
 0.2   3 4     3 4  2 × 10   3 4
Step 2a = 10
 0.5 ×  ÷  ×  =  0.5 ×
 0.5 ×  ÷ ×   ÷ × 
 0.3   1 5   3   1 5  10 × 3   1 5
 10 
 20   3 4 
=  0.5 ×  ÷ × 
 30   1 5 
 20   3 4   5 20   3 4 
Step 2b  0.5 ×  ÷  ×  =  ×  ÷  × 
 30   1 5   10 30   1 5 
 5 20   3 4   5 × 20   3 × 4   100   12  100 12
Step 3  ×  ÷ ×  =   ÷  =   ÷  = ÷
 10 30   1 5   10 × 30   1 × 5   300   5  300 5

100 5 100 × 5 500

= × = =
300 12 300 × 12 3600
500 500 ÷ 100 5

Step 4 = =
3600 3600 ÷ 100 36
Example 6.5-9
 0.2   2 01. 
3 × × 0.09 ÷  +  =
 0.6   3 0.06 
Solution:
 0.2   2 01.   3 0.2   2 01. 

Step 1 3 × × 0.09 ÷  +  =  × × 0.09 ÷  + 
 0.6   3 0.06   1 0.6   3 0.06 
 2   1 
 3 0.2   2 01.  3  2 
Step 2a × 0.09 ÷  + =  × 10 × 0.09 ÷  + 10 
 × 
 1 0.6   3 0.06  1 6  3 6 
 10   100 
 3 2 × 10   2 1 × 100   3 20   2 100 
=  × × 0.09 ÷  +  =  × × 0.09 ÷  + 
 1 10 × 6   3 10 × 6   1 60   3 60 
 3 20   2 100   3 20 9   2 100 
Step 2b  × × 0.09 ÷  +  =  × ×  ÷ + 
 1 60   3 60   1 60 100   3 60 
 3 20 9   2 100   3 × 20 × 9   ( 2 × 60) + (100 × 3) 

Step 3  × ×  ÷ +  =   ÷ 
 1 60 100   3 60   1 × 60 × 100   3 × 60 
 540   120 + 300   540   420  540 420 540 180

=   ÷  =   ÷  = ÷ = ×
 6000   180   6000   180  6000 180 6000 420
540 × 180 97200

= =
6000 × 420 2520000
97200 97200 ÷ 100 972 972 ÷ 4 243

Step 4 = = = =
2520000 2520000 ÷ 100 25200 25200 ÷ 4 6300

Example 6.5-10
 0.6   3
 ÷ 0.3 +  8 ÷  =
 0.07   8
Solution:
 0.6   3  0.6   8 3
Step 1  ÷ 0.3 +  8 ÷  =  ÷ 0.3 +  ÷ 
 0.07   8  0.07   1 8
 6 
 0.6   8 3    8 3  6 × 100   8 3
Step 2a ÷ 0.3 +  ÷  10
=  7 ÷ 0.3 +  ÷  =  ÷ 0.3 +  ÷ 

 0.07   1 8    1 8   10 × 7   1 8
 100 
 600  8 3
=  ÷ 0.3 +  ÷ 
 70  1 8
 600   8 3  600 3   8 3
Step 2b  ÷ 0.3 +  ÷  =  ÷  + ÷ 
 70   1 8  70 10   1 8
 600 3   8 3  600 10   8 8  600 × 10   8 × 8

Step 3  ÷  + ÷  =  ×  + ×  =   + 
 70 10   1 8  70 3  1 3  70 × 3   1 × 3 
 6000   64  6000 64 (6000 × 3) + (64 × 210) 18000 + 13440

=   +  = + = =
 210   3  210 3 210 × 3 630
31440
=
630
31440 31440 ÷ 10 3144 3144 ÷ 3 1048

Step 4 = = = =
630 630 ÷ 10 63 63 ÷ 3 21
1048 19
Step 5 = 49
21 21
The following examples further illustrate how to add, subtract, multiply, and divide integer and
decimal fractions:
Example 6.5-11
 3 1  1 
 3 0.3 3  25  3 3 × 10  25
/ /  3 30
/ / 1  3 1 1
 ×  ÷ 0.25 =  × 10  ÷ = =
12  100  ×  ÷  × ÷ =  × ÷
. 
 8 12 8  8 10 × 12  100///  8 120
/ / /  4  8 4 4
 10  4  4 

1
 3 × 1 1  3 1 3 1 3 4 3 × 4/ 3×1 3
=  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = × = = =
 8 × 4 4  32  4 32 4 32 1 32
/ /×1 8 ×1 8
8
Example 6.5-12
 2  3  1 
6  4 0.2  6 4 
10  6  4 2 × 10  // 
6/  4 20 3  4 1
+ −  = + −
14 
= + −  = + −  = + − 
8  5 14
.  8 5 8  5 10 × 14  8/  5 140
/ // 4  5 7
 10  4  7 
3  ( 4 × 7) − (1 × 5)  3  28 − 5 3  23 3 23 (3 × 35) + (23 × 4) 105 + 92

= +  = +  = +  = + = =
4  5× 7  4  35  4  35  4 35 4 × 35 140
197 57
= = 1
140 140
Example 6.5-13
 6 2
 0.6 2  1   1  6 ×1 2 × 10  1  6 20  1  6 1 1
 ÷  − =  10 ÷ 1  − =  ÷ − =  ÷ − =  × −
 14 01.  3  14 1  3  10 × 14 1 × 1  3  140 1  3  140 20  3
 1 10 
3
 6×1  1  6  1 6/ 1 3 1 (3 × 3) − (1 × 1400) 9 − 1400
=  − =  − = − = − = =
 140 × 20  3  2800  3 //// 3
2800 1400 3 1400 × 3 4200
1400
1391
= −
4200
Example 6.5-14
 24   30 
 2.4 2  28  10 2  28  24 × 100 2  28  2400
/ / / / 2 28  30 2 
28 ×  +  = × +  = × +  = × +  = × + 
 0.08 3  1  8 3 1  10 × 8 3 1  80// 3 1  1 3
 100   1 
28  ( 30 × 3) + ( 2 × 1)  28  90 + 2  28  92  28 92 2576 2
= ×  = ×  = ×  = × = = 858
1  1× 3  1  3  1  3 1 3 3 3
Example 6.5-15
 5 
 5  1 
1 4 1  5 × 10 4  1  50 4  1
 + 0.4 × =  1 + × =  + × =  + ×
 01
.  504  10  504  1 × 1 10  504  1 10  504
 10 

1
 (50 × 10) + (4 × 1)  1  500 + 4  1  504  1 504 1 504
/ / /×1 1× 1
=  × =  × =  × = × = =
 1 × 10  504  10  504  10  504 10 504 10 × 504
/// 10 × 1
1
1
=
10
Example 6.5-16
 2  59 
3 
 0.2   118 1 
×  =  −
/ //
10  ÷  118 × 1 =  3 − 2 × 1  ÷  118  3 2   59 
3 −

 ÷ 4   2 × 10   1 10 × 4   20  =  −  ÷  
4   2 10  1 //  1 40 10
 1  10 
2 1
 ( 3 × 40) − ( 2 × 1)  59  120 − 2  59  118  59 118 59 118 10 118
/ / / × 10
//
=  ÷ =  ÷

=   ÷ = ÷ = × =
 1 × 40  10 40 10 40 10 40 10 40 59 40
/ / × 59
//
4 1
1
2/ × 1 1×1 1
= = =
4/ × 1 2 ×1 2
2
Example 6.5-17
 1  3  5 1  5 3  5×1   5× 3   5   15  5 15
 0.5 ×  ÷  0.05 ×  =  ×  ÷  ×  =   ÷  =   ÷  = ÷
 5  5  10 5   100 5   10 × 5   100 × 5   50   500  50 500
1 10
5 500 5/× 500
/// 1 × 10 10 1
= × = = = = 3
50 15 / / × 15
50 // 1× 3 3 3
1 3
Example 6.5-18
 3   15  7
 0.3 1   4 31  1   4 + 31  3 × 100 1   35  300
/ / / 1  35
//
 ×  ÷ +  =  10 ×  ÷   =  ×  ÷  =  20 × ÷
 0.02 6   5 5   2 6  5   10 × 2 6   5   / / 6  5/
 100   1  1
5
 15 1  7  15 × 1 7  15 7 15 7 15 1 15 × 1 15
// 5
=  × ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = × = = =
 1 6 1  1× 6  1  6 1 6 1 6 7 6×7 42
// 14
14
Example 6.5-19
 2 
100  +  2 + 3  =  3 − 2 × 10  +  ( 2 × 4) + ( 3 × 1) 
 3 0.02   3 3 
 −  + 2 +  =  − 6   1 4
 8 0.6   4 8  8 100 × 6   1× 4 
 10 
 1 
/ /   8 + 3
 3 20  3 1   11  ( 3 × 30) − (1 × 8)  11  90 − 8  11  82  11
=  −  +  =  −  +  =  + =  + =  +
///  4 
 8 600  8 30   4   8 × 30  4  240  4  240  4
 30 

41 371
82
/ / 11 41 11 (41 × 4) + (11 × 120) 164 + 1320 1484
//// 371 11
= + = + = = = = = 3
240
/// 4 120 4 120 × 4 480 480
/// 120 120
120 120
Example 6.5-20
 5   2
 5   7 1  1  7 1   5 × 10 1  7 − 1  50 1  6/   50 1  2 
+ 1 −  −  =  1 +  − −  = +  − = =  +  − 
    +  − 
 0.2   3 3  2 1  3 3  1 × 2 1  3   2 1  3/   2 1  1 
 10   1
24
 ( 50 × 1) + (1 × 2)  2  50 + 2  2  52  2 52 2 ( 52 × 1) − ( 2 × 2) 52 − 4 48
//
=  − =  −

=   − = − = = =
 2 ×1  1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2×1 2 2/
1
24
= = 24
1
Example 6.5-21
 3   1 2 
 3 5 1  1  
1 5 1  2 1 4   3 × 10 5 1   2/ × 1 × 4/ 
 × × ÷
  0.2 × × 0.4 = 5
 × ×  ÷  × ×  =  × ×  ÷
 0.5 10 3  2   10 3  10 2 10   1 × 5 10 3  10/ / × 2/ × 10 
 10   5 1 
 10 1   1  1 
 30 5 1   1 × 1 × 2   30
/ / × 5/× 1   1 × 1 × 2/   10
/ / × 1 × 1  1 × 1 × 1 
=  × ×  ÷  =   ÷ =  ÷ 
 5 10 3  5 × 1 × 10  / / 
 5/× 10 × 3/   5 × 1 × 10 / / × 1  5 × 1 × 5 
 1 × 10
1 1  5  1 
 1 × 1 × 1  1   1 1 1 1 1 25 1 × 25 25
=   ÷  =   ÷
 
= ÷ = × = = = 25
 1× 1× 1   25  1 25 1 25 1 1 1× 1 1
Section 6.5 Exercises - Use the following integer and decimal fractions to perform the indicated
operations:
1 3 0.7 0.2 1 1 1
1.  +  ÷ = 2.  + 2 × = 3.  × 0.5 + =
 4  2 2  14
.  4 5  10
3 2 .
01 5 1 2.8 3 0.05
4.  +  × = 5.  −  ÷ = 6.  × 4 ÷ =
5 3 .
15 3 3 .
012 8  01
.
0.3 1 1 3 01
. 1 2 0.5 1 
7.  × × 2 ÷ = 8.  ×  + 400 = 9.  +  ×  ×  =
 2.4 3  4 5 4.4  4 3  0.02 5
 5 0.2 4 3
10.  ×  ÷  + =
 3 12
.  9 2

Chapter 7 - Integer and Mixed Fractions
The objective of this chapter is to improve the student’s ability in solving integer and mixed
(Section 7.2), multiply (Section 7.3), and divide (Section 7.4) two or more integer and mixed
7.1 Adding Integer and Mixed Fractions

a
Integer fractions of the form   where both the numerator ( a ) and the denominator ( b) are
 b
a a
integers, and mixed fractions of the form  k  where ( k ) is a whole number and   is an
  b   b
integer fraction are added as in the following cases:
Case I Adding Two or More Integer and Mixed Fractions With Common
Denominators
Integer and mixed fractions with two or more common denominators are added using the steps
Case I-A Add two integer and mixed fractions with common denominators using the
following steps:
Step 1 Change the mixed fraction to an integer fraction (see Section 2.5).
Step 2 Add the integer fractions (see Section 3.1, Case I-A).
The following examples show the steps as to how two integer and mixed fractions with common
Example 7.1-1
2 4
25 + =
5 5
Solution:
2 4 ( 25 × 5) + 2 + 4 125 + 2 4 127 4
Step 1 25 + = = + = +
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
127 4 127 + 4 131

Step 2 + = =
5 5 5 5

Mastering Fractions 7.1 Adding Integer and Mixed Fractions
131 1
Step 4 = 26
5 5
Example 7.1-2
8 4
9 + =
30 30
Solution:
8 4 ( 9 × 30) + 8 + 4 270 + 8 4 278 4

Step 1 9 + = = + = +
30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
278 4 278 + 4 282

Step 2 + = =
30 30 30 30
282 282 ÷ 2 141 141 ÷ 3 47

Step 3 = = = =
30 30 ÷ 2 15 15 ÷ 3 5
47 2
Step 4 = 9
5 5
Example 7.1-3
5 9
+3 =
26 26
Solution:
5 9 5 ( 3 × 26) + 9 5 78 + 9 5 87
Step 1 +3 = + = + = +
26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26
5 87 5 + 87 92
Step 2 + = =
26 26 26 26
92 92 ÷ 2 46
Step 3 = =
26 26 ÷ 2 13
46 7
Step 4 = 3
13 13
Example 7.1-4
5 8
2 + =
13 13

Solution:
5 8 ( 2 × 13) + 5 + 8 26 + 5 8 31 8
Step 1 2 + = = + = +
13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13
31 8 31 + 8 39
Step 2 + = =
13 13 13 13
39 39 ÷ 13 3
Step 3 = = = 3
13 13 ÷ 13 1
Example 7.1-5
5 6
33 + =
7 7
Solution:
5 6 ( 33 × 7) + 5 + 6 231 + 5 6 236 6
Step 1 33 + = = + = +
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
236 6 236 + 6 242

Step 2 + = =
7 7 7 7
242 4
Step 4 = 34
7 7
Case I-B Add three integer and mixed fractions with common denominators using the
following steps:
Step 1 Change the mixed fraction(s) to integer fraction(s) (see Section 2.5).
Step 2 Add the integer fractions (see Section 3.1, Case I-B).
The following examples show the steps as to how three integer and mixed fractions with
common denominators are added:
Example 7.1-6
2 3 4
24 +6 + =
5 5 5

Solution:
2 3 4 ( 24 × 5) + 2 + ( 6 × 5) + 3 + 4 120 + 2 30 + 3 4
Step 1 24 +6 + = = + +
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
122 33 4
= + +
5 5 5
122 33 4 122 + 33 + 4 159

Step 2 + + = =
5 5 5 5 5
159 4
Step 4 = 31
5 5
Example 7.1-7
10 6 5
2 + + =
23 23 23
Solution:
10 6 5 ( 2 × 23) + 10 + 6 5 46 + 10 6 5 56 6 5
Step 1 2 + + = + = + + = + +
23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23
56 6 5 56 + 6 + 5 67
Step 2 + + = =
23 23 23 23 23
67 21
Step 4 = 2
23 23
Example 7.1-8
2 3 1
4 + +6 =
4 4 4
Solution:
2 3 1 ( 4 × 4) + 2 + 3 + ( 6 × 4) + 1 16 + 2 3 24 + 1
Step 1 4 + +6 = = + +
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
18 3 25
= + +
4 4 4

18 3 25 18 + 3 + 25 46
Step 2 + + = =
4 4 4 4 4
46 46 ÷ 2 23
Step 3 = =
4 4÷2 2
23 1
Step 4 = 11
2 2
Example 7.1-9
2 3 5
6 +5 + =
7 7 7
Solution:
2 3 5 ( 6 × 7) + 2 + ( 5 × 7) + 3 + 5 42 + 2 35 + 3 5
Step 1 6 +5 + = = + +
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
44 38 5
= + +
7 7 7
44 38 5 44 + 38 + 5 87
Step 2 + + = =
7 7 7 7 7
87 3
Step 4 = 12
7 7
Example 7.1-10
5 8 5
+ +6 =
12 12 12
Solution:
5 8 5 5 8 ( 6 × 12) + 5 5 8 72 + 5 5 8 77
Step 1 + +6 = + + = + + = + +
12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
5 8 77 5 + 8 + 77 90
Step 2 + + = =
12 12 12 12 12
90 90 ÷ 2 45 45 ÷ 3 15
Step 3 = = = =
12 12 ÷ 2 6 6÷3 2
15 1
Step 4 = 7
2 2

Case II Adding Two or More Integer and Mixed Fractions Without a Common
Denominator
Two or more integer and mixed fractions without a common denominator are added using the
Case II-A Add two integer and mixed fractions without a common denominator using the
following steps:
a
Step 1 Change the integer number ( a ) to an integer fraction of the form   , e.g., change 21
  1
21
to .
1
The following examples show the steps as to how two integer and mixed fractions without a
common denominator are added:
Example 7.1-11
3 4
22 + =
8 5
Solution:
3 4 ( 22 × 8) + 3 + 4 176 + 3 4 179 4
Step 2 22 + = = + = +
8 5 8 5 8 5 8 5
179 4 (179 × 5) + ( 4 × 8) 895 + 32 927

Step 3 + = = =
8 5 8×5 40 40
927 7
Step 5 = 23
40 40
Example 7.1-12
6
12 + 4 =
9
Solution:
6 12 6
Step 1 12 + 4 = +4
9 1 9

12 6 12 ( 4 × 9) + 6 12 36 + 6 12 42
Step 2 +4 = + = + = +
1 9 1 9 1 9 1 9
12 42 (12 × 9) + ( 42 × 1) 108 + 42 150

Step 3 + = = =
1 9 1× 9 9 9
150 150 ÷ 3 50
Step 4 = =
9 9÷3 3
50 2
Step 5 = 16
3 3
Example 7.1-13
3 2
+4 =
5 3
Solution:
3 2 3 ( 4 × 3) + 2 3 12 + 2 3 14
Step 2 +4 = + = + = +
5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3
3 14 ( 3 × 3) + (14 × 5) 9 + 70 79
Step 3 + = = =
5 3 5× 3 15 15
79 4
Step 5 = 5
15 15
Example 7.1-14
2 6
10 + =
4 8
Solution:
2 6 (10 × 4) + 2 + 6 40 + 2 6 42 6
Step 2 10 + = = + = +
4 8 4 8 4 8 4 8
42 6 ( 42 × 8) + ( 6 × 4) 336 + 24 360
Step 3 + = = =
4 8 4×8 32 32

360 360 ÷ 8 45
Step 4 = =
32 32 ÷ 8 4
45 1
Step 5 = 11
4 4
Example 7.1-15
3
2 + 34 =
5
Solution:
3 3 34
Step 1 2 + 34 = 2 +
5 5 1
3 34 ( 2 × 5) + 3 + 34 10 + 3 34 13 34
Step 2 2 + = = + = +
5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1
13 34 (13 × 1) + ( 34 × 5) 13 + 170 183

Step 3 + = = =
5 1 5×1 5 5
183 3
Step 5 = 36
5 5
Case II-B Add three integer and mixed fractions without a common denominator using the
following steps:
a
 1
245
245 to .
1
The following examples show the steps as to how three integer and mixed fractions without a
common denominator are added:
Example 7.1-16
1 6
3+ 2 + =
3 8

Solution:
1 6  1 6
Step 1 3 + 2 + = 3 + 2  +
3 8  3 8
 1 6 3 1 6
Step 2 3 + 2  + =  +2  +
 3 8  1 3 8
3 1 6 3 ( 2 × 3) + 1 + 6  3 6 + 1 6  3  7 6
Step 3  +2  + =  + =  + + =  + +
1 3 8 1 3  8  1 3  8  1 3 8
 3 7 6  ( 3 × 3) + ( 7 × 1)  6  9 + 7 6 16
  6 16 6
Step 4  + + =  + =  + =  + = +
 1 3 8  1× 3  8  3  8  3 8 3 8
(16 × 8) + ( 6 × 3) 128 + 18 146

= = =
3×8 24 24
146 146 ÷ 2 73
Step 5 = =
24 24 ÷ 2 12
73 1
Step 6 = 6
12 12
Example 7.1-17
2 6 2
3 + +1 =
5 1 3
Solution:
2 6 2   2 6 2
Step 1 3 + +1 = 3 +  + 1
5 1 3   5 1 3
 2 6 2  ( 3 × 5) + 2 6  (1 × 3) + 2  15 + 2 6  3 + 2
Step 3 3 +  + 1 =  + + =  + +
 5 1 3  5 1 3  5 1 3
 17 6  5
=  + +
 5 1 3
 17 6  5  (17 × 1) + ( 6 × 5)  5  17 + 30  5  47  5 47 5
Step 4  + + =  + =  + =  + = +
 5 1 3  5×1  3  5  3  5 3 5 3

( 47 × 3) + (5 × 5) 141 + 25 166
= = =
5× 3 15 15
166 1
Step 6 = 11
15 15
Example 7.1-18
3 4
4 +1 + 9 =
5 7
Solution:
3 4  3 4
Step 1 4 +1 + 9 = 4 +1  + 9
5 7  5 7
 3 4  3 4 9
Step 2 4 +1  + 9 = 4 + 1  +
 5 7   5 7 1
 3 4 9  ( 4 × 5) + 3 (1 × 7 ) + 4  + 9  20 + 3 7 + 4  9
Step 3 4 + 1  + =  +  =  + +
 5 7 1  5 7  1  5 7  1
 23 11 9
=  + +
 5 7 1
 23 11 9  ( 23 × 7) + (11 × 5)  9  161 + 55 9  216  9

Step 4  + + =  + =  + =  +
 5 7 1  5× 7  1  35  1  35  1
216 9 ( 216 × 1) + ( 9 × 35) 216 + 315 531

= + = = =
35 1 35 × 1 35 35
531 6
Step 6 = 15
35 35
Example 7.1-19
1 5 2
6 + + =
5 8 3
Solution:
1 5 2   1 5 2
Step 1 6 + + = 6 +  +
5 8 3  5 8 3

 1 5 2  ( 6 × 5) + 1 5 2  30 + 1 5  2  31 5  2
Step 3 6 +  + =  + + =  + + =  + +
 5 8 3  5 8 3  5 8 3  5 8 3
 31 5  2  ( 31 × 8) + ( 5 × 5)  2  248 + 25 2  273 2

Step 4  + + =  + =  + =  +
 5 8 3  5×8  3  40  3  40  3
273 2 ( 273 × 3) + ( 2 × 40) 819 + 80 899

= + = = =
40 3 40 × 3 120 120
899 59
Step 6 = 7
120 120
Example 7.1-20
2 6
4 + 24 + =
5 7
Solution:
2 6  2 6
Step 1 4 + 24 + =  4 + 24 +
5 7  5  7
 2  6  2 24  6
Step 2  4 + 24 + =  4 +  +
 5  7  5 1 7
 2 24  6  ( 4 × 5) + 2 24  6  20 + 2 24  6  22 24  6
Step 3 4 +  + =  + + =  + + =  + +
 5 1 7  5 1 7  5 1 7  5 1 7
 22 24  6  ( 22 × 1) + ( 5 × 24)  6  22 + 120  6  142  6

Step 4  + + =  + =  + =  +
 5 1 7  5×1  7  5  7  5  7
142 6 (142 × 7) + ( 6 × 5) 994 + 30 1024

= + = = =
5 7 5× 7 35 35
1024 9
Step 6 = 29
35 35

The following examples further illustrate how to add integer and mixed fractions:
Example 7.1-21
6
3 2 3 (5 × 5) + 2 3 25 + 2 3 27 3 + 27 30
// 6
+5 = + = + = + = = = = 6
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5/ 1
1
Example 7.1-22
15
6 24 ( 3 × 8) + 6 24 24 + 6 24 30
// 24 15 ( 24 × 4) + (15 × 1) 96 + 15
24 + 3 = + = + = + = + = =
8 1 8 1 8 1 8/ 1 4 1× 4 4
4
111 3
= = 27
4 4
Example 7.1-23
4 3 (10 × 5) + 4 + 3 50 + 4 3 54 3 (54 × 8) + ( 3 × 5) 432 + 15 447

10 + = = + = + = = =
5 8 5 8 5 8 5 8 5× 8 40 40
7
= 11
40
Example 7.1-24
2 1 1 2 (5 × 3) + 1 ( 2 × 3) + 1 2 15 + 1 6 + 1 2 16 7 2 + 16 + 7 25
+5 +2 = + + = + + = + + = =
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
1
= 8
3
Example 7.1-25
3 2 3 2  3 ( 5 × 3) + 2  9  3 15 + 2  9  3 17  9
+5 +9 =  +5  +9 =  + + =  + + =  + +
8 3 8 3  8 3  1  8 3  1 8 3 1
 ( 3 × 3) + (17 × 8)  9  9 + 136 9  145 9 145 9 (145 × 1) + ( 9 × 24)

=  + =  + =  + = + =
 8× 3  1  24  1  24  1 24 1 24 × 1
145 + 216 361 1

= = = 15
24 24 24
Example 7.1-26
2  4 5 2  ( 3 × 5) + 4 5  2  15 + 4 5  2  19 5  2  (19 × 6) + ( 5 × 5) 
+ 3 +  = + +  = + +  = + +  = + 
3  5 6 3  5 6 3  5 6 3  5 6 3  5× 6 

53
2  114 + 25  2  139  2 139 ( 2 × 30) + (139 × 3) 60 + 417 477
/// 53 3
= +  = +  = + = = = = = 5
3  30  3  30  3 30 3 × 30 90 90
// 10 10
10
Example 7.1-27
 2  4  ( 3 × 3) + 2 14  4  9 + 2 14  4  11 14  4
 3 + 14 + =  + + =  + + =  + +
 3  5  3 1 5  3 1 5  3 1 5
 (11 × 1) + (14 × 3)  4  11 + 42  4  53 4 53 4 (53 × 5) + (4 × 3) 265 + 12

=  + =  + =  + = + = =
 3× 1  5  3  5  3 5 3 5 3× 5 15
277 7
= = 18
15 15
Example 7.1-28
 1 1  1 2  (4 × 3) + 1 (1 × 2) + 1  (3 × 1) + (2 × 5)   12 + 1 2 + 1  3 + 10 
4 +1  +  +  =  +  +  =  +  + 
 3 2  5 3  3 2   5×3   3 2   15 
 13 3   13   (13 × 2) + ( 3 × 3)  13  26 + 9  13  35  13 35 13
=  +  +  =  + =  + =  + = +
 3 2   15   3 × 2  15  6  15  6  15 6 15
67
(35 × 15) + (13 × 6) 525 + 78 603
/// 67 7
= = = = = 6
6 × 15 90 90
// 10 10
10
Example 7.1-29
4 1  1 3  4 (1 × 5) + 1  (1 × 3) + 1 3   4 5 + 1  3 + 1 3 
 + 1  + 1 +  =  +  + +  =  +  + + 
5 5  3 4  5 5   3 4 5 5   3 4
2
 4 6  4 3  4 + 6   (4 × 4) + (3 × 3)   10   16 + 9  10  25  10
/ / 25
=  +  + +  =   +  =   +  = +  = +
 5 5  3 4  5   3× 4   5   12  5  12  5/ 12
1
2 25 (2 × 12) + (25 × 1) 24 + 25 49 4 1
= + = = = =
1 12 1 × 12 12 12 12
Example 7.1-30
 2 1 4   1 1  (1 × 3) + 2 (2 × 3) + 1 + 4  +  (3 × 2) + 1 + 1 
1 + 2  +  +  3 +  =  +    
 3 3 5 2 3  3 3  5   2 3

 3 + 2 6 + 1 4   6 + 1 1   5 7  4   7 1   5 + 7  4   ( 7 × 3) + (1 × 2) 
=  +  + + +  =  +  +  +  +  =   + + 
 3 3  5   2 3   3 3  5   2 3   3  5   2×3 
 4  
 12
// 4   21 + 2   4  4 23 4 4 23  ( 4 × 5) + ( 4 × 1)  23  20 + 4  23
=   + +  =   +  + =  + + =  + =  +
 3/  5  6   1  5  6 1 5 6  1× 5  6  5  6
 1 
  24 23 24 23 (24 × 6) + (23 × 5) 144 + 115 259 19

=  + = + = = = = 8
5 6 5 6 5× 6 30 30 30
Example 7.1-31
 1 0 1 3   2 1  (2 × 4) + 1 0 (1 × 3) + 1 3   2 (1 × 4) + 1
 2 + + 1  +  +  + 1  =  + + + + + 
 4 5 3 2 3 4  4 5 3  2   3 4 
 8 + 1 3 + 1 3   2 4 + 1    9  4  3 2 5
=  +0+  + + +  =  +  +  +  + 
  4 3  2  3 4   4 3  2   3 4 
 (9 × 3) + (4 × 4)  3   (2 × 4) + (5 × 3)   27 + 16  3   8 + 15   43 3   23
=  + +  =  + +  =   +  +  
 4×3  2   3× 4   12  2   12   12  2   12 
61
 43 3  23  (43 × 2) + (3 × 12)  23  86 + 36  23 / / / 23
122 61 23 61 + 23
=  12 + + =  + =  + = + = + =
 2  12  12 × 2  12  24  12
 / / 12
24 12 12 12
12
7
84
// 7
= = = 7
12
// 1
1
Section 7.1 Exercises - Add the following integer and mixed fractions:
2 1 1 1 5 1 1
1. +2 = 2. 1 + 2 + = 3. 1 + 2 + 4 =
3 3 3 5 6 5 3
3  1 1 1 3 1 1 4
4. + 1 + 2  = 5.  2 +  + 12 = 6.  3 + 2  + =
4  4 3  6 8  5 2 5
3 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 4
7. 1 +  + +  = 8. 3 +  2 + 5 = 9.  + 2  + =
5 3 3 3 4  2  3 3 6
 4 1 1
10.  + 2  + 1  + 22 =
 5 3 3

Mastering Fractions 7.2 Subtracting Integer and Mixed Fractions
7.2 Subtracting Integer and Mixed Fractions

a
Integer fractions of the form   where both the numerator ( a ) and the denominator ( b) are
  b
a a
  b   b
integer fraction are subtracted as in the following cases:
Case I Subtracting Two or More Integer and Mixed Fractions With Common
Denominators
Integer and mixed fractions with two or more common denominators are subtracted using the
Case I-A Subtract two integer and mixed fractions with common denominators using the
following steps:
Step 2 Subtract the integer fractions (see Section 3.2, Case I-A).
The following examples show the steps as to how two integer and mixed fractions with common
Example 7.2-1
3 2
15 − =
5 5
Solution:
3 2 (15 × 5) + 3 − 2 75 + 3 2 78 2
Step 1 15 − = = − = −
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
78 2 78 − 2 76
Step 2 − = =
5 5 5 5
76 1
Step 4 = 15
5 5
Example 7.2-2
9 4
−5 =
10 10

Solution:
9 4 9 ( 5 × 10) + 4 9 50 + 4 9 54
Step 1 −5 = − = − = −
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
9 54 9 − 54 −45
Step 2 − = =
10 10 10 10
−45 −45 ÷ 5 −9
Step 3 = =
10 10 ÷ 5 2
−9   1
Step 4 = − 4 
2 2
Example 7.2-3
5 7
2 − =
12 12
Solution:
5 7 ( 2 × 12) + 5 − 7 24 + 5 7 29 7
Step 1 2 − = = − = −
12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
29 7 29 − 7 22
Step 2 − = =
12 12 12 12
22 22 ÷ 2 11
Step 3 = =
12 12 ÷ 2 6
11 5
Step 4 = 1
6 6
Example 7.2-4
1 9
3 − =
13 13
Solution:
1 9 ( 3 × 13) + 1 − 9 39 + 1 9 40 9
Step 1 3 − = = − = −
13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13
40 9 40 − 9 31
Step 2 − = =
13 13 13 13

31 5
Step 4 = 2
13 13
Example 7.2-5
2 1
−2 =
3 3
Solution:
2 1 2 ( 2 × 3) + 1 2 6+1 2 7
Step 1 −2 = − = − = −
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
2 7 2−7 5
Step 2 − = = −
3 3 3 3
5  2
Step 4 − = − 1 
3 3
Case I-B Subtract three integer and mixed fractions with common denominators using the
following steps:
Step 2 Subtract the integer fractions (see Section 3.2, Case I-B).
The following examples show the steps as to how three integer and mixed fractions with
common denominators are subtracted:
Example 7.2-6
3 1 2
20 −6 − =
4 4 4
Solution:
3 1 2 (20 × 4) + 3 − (6 × 4) + 1 − 2 80 + 3 24 + 1 2
Step 1 20 −6 − = = − −
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
83 25 2
= − −
4 4 4
83 25 2 83 − 25 − 2 56
Step 2 − − = =
4 4 4 4 4

56 56 ÷ 4 14
Step 3 = = = 14
4 4÷4 1
Example 7.2-7
10 5 9
2 − − =
13 13 13
Solution:
10 5 9 (2 × 13) + 10 − 5 9 26 + 10 5 9
Step 1 2 − − = − = − −
13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13
36 5 9
= − −
13 13 13
36 5 9 36 − 5 − 9 22
Step 2 − − = =
13 13 13 13 13
22 9
Step 4 = 1
13 13
Example 7.2-8
1 2 3
4 − −6 =
5 5 5
Solution:
1 2 3 (4 × 5) + 1 − 2 − (6 × 5) + 3 20 + 1 2 30 + 3
Step 1 4 − −6 = = − −
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
21 2 33
= − −
5 5 5
21 2 33 21 − 2 − 33 −14
Step 2 − − = =
5 5 5 5 5
−14   4
Step 4 = − 2 
5 5

Example 7.2-9
2 3 1
6 −5 − =
7 7 7
Solution:
2 3 1 ( 6 × 7) + 2 − ( 5 × 7) + 3 − 1 42 + 2 35 + 3 1
Step 1 6 −5 − = = − −
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
44 38 1
= − −
7 7 7
44 38 1 44 − 38 − 1 5
Step 2 − − = =
7 7 7 7 7
Example 7.2-10
5 6 3
− −6 =
8 8 8
Solution:
5 6 3 5 6 ( 6 × 8) + 3 5 6 48 + 3 5 6 51
Step 1 − −6 = − − = − − = − −
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
5 6 51 5 − 6 − 51 −52
Step 2 − − = =
8 8 8 8 8
−52 −52 ÷ 4 −13

Step 3 = =
8 8÷4 2
−13  1
Step 4 = − 6 
2 2
Case II Subtracting Two or More Integer and Mixed Fractions Without a Common
Denominator
Two or more integer and mixed fractions without a common denominator are subtracted using
the steps given as in each case below:

Case II-A Subtract two integer and mixed fractions without a common denominator using the
following steps:
a
  1
225
225 to .
1
The following examples show the steps as to how two integer and mixed fractions without a
common denominator are subtracted:
Example 7.2-11
3 2
10 − =
8 5
Solution:
3 2 (10 × 8) + 3 − 2 80 + 3 2 83 2
Step 2 10 − = = − = −
8 5 8 5 8 5 8 5
83 2 (83 × 5) − ( 2 × 8) 415 − 16 399

Step 3 − = = =
8 5 8×5 40 40
399 39
Step 5 = 9
40 40
Example 7.2-12
5
26 − 4 =
9
Solution:
5 26 5
Step 1 26 − 4 = −4
9 1 9
26 5 26 ( 4 × 9) + 5 26 36 + 5 26 41
Step 2 −4 = − = − = −
1 9 1 9 1 9 1 9

26 41 ( 26 × 9) − ( 41 × 1) 234 − 41 193
Step 3 − = = =
1 9 1× 9 9 9
193 4
Step 5 = 21
9 9
Example 7.2-13
3 1
−2 =
5 3
Solution:
3 1 3 ( 2 × 3) + 1 3 6+1 3 7
Step 2 −2 = − = − = −
5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3
3 7 ( 3 × 3) − ( 7 × 5) 9 − 35 −26
Step 3 − = = =
5 3 5× 3 15 15
−26   11
Step 5 = − 1 
15 15
Example 7.2-14
1 5
6 − =
4 8
Solution:
1 5 ( 6 × 4) + 1 − 5 24 + 1 5 25 5
Step 2 6 − = = − = −
4 8 4 8 4 8 4 8
25 5 ( 25 × 8) − (5 × 4) 200 − 20 180
Step 3 − = = =
4 8 4×8 32 32
180 180 ÷ 4 45
Step 4 = =
32 32 ÷ 4 8
45 5
Step 5 = 5
8 8

Example 7.2-15
3
4 − 13 =
7
Solution:
3 3 13
Step 1 4 − 13 = 4 −
7 7 1
3 13 ( 4 × 7) + 3 − 13 28 + 3 13 31 13
Step 2 4 − = = − = −
7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1
31 13 ( 31 × 1) − (13 × 7) 31 − 91 60
Step 3 − = = = −
7 1 7×1 7 7
60  4
Step 5 − = − 8 
7 7
Case II-B Subtract three integer and mixed fractions without a common denominator using
the following steps:
a
  1
26
to .
1
The following examples show the steps as to how three integer and mixed fractions without a
common denominator are subtracted:
Example 7.2-16
1 6
14 − 2 − =
5 8
Solution:
1 6  1 6
Step 1 14 − 2 − = 14 − 2  −
5 8  5 8

 1 6  14 1 6
Step 2 14 − 2  − =  − 2  −
 5 8  1 5 8
 14 1 6  14 (2 × 5) + 1 − 6  14 10 + 1 6  14 11 6
Step 3  −2  − =  − =  − − =  − −
 1 5 8  1 5  8  1 5  8  1 5 8
 14 11 6  (14 × 5) − (11 × 1)  6  70 − 11 6  59  6

Step 4  − − =  − =  − =  −
 1 5 8  1× 5  8  5  8  5 8
59 6 (59 × 8) − (6 × 5) 472 − 30 442

= − = = =
5 8 5× 8 40 40
442 442 ÷ 2 221

Step 5 = =
40 40 ÷ 2 20
221 1
Step 6 = 11
20 20
Example 7.2-17
2 1 2
4 − −1 =
5 3 4
Solution:
2 1 2  2 1 2
Step 1 4 − − 1 = 4 −  − 1
5 3 4  5 3 4
 2 1 2  ( 4 × 5) + 2 1  (1 × 4) + 2  20 + 2 1  4 + 2
Step 3 4 −  − 1 =  − − =  − −
 5 3 4  5 3 4  5 3 4
 22 1  6
=  − −
 5 3 4
 22 1  6  ( 22 × 3) − (1 × 5)  6  66 − 5 6  61 6 61 6
Step 4  − − =  − =  − =  − = −
 5 3 4  5× 3  4  15  4  15  4 15 4
(61 × 4) − (6 × 15) 244 − 90 154

= = =
15 × 4 60 60
154 154 ÷ 2 77
Step 5 = =
60 60 ÷ 2 30

77 17
Step 6 = 2
30 30
Example 7.2-18
3 2
2 − 1 − 12 =
5 3
Solution:
3 2  3 2
Step 1 2 − 1 − 12 =  2 − 1  − 12
5 3  5  3
 3 2  3 2  12
Step 2  2 − 1  − 12 =  2 − 1  −
 5 3  5 3 1
 3 2  12  ( 2 × 5) + 3 (1 × 3) + 2  − 12  10 + 3 3 + 2  12
Step 3 2 − 1  − =  −  =  − −
 5 3 1  5 3  1  5 3  1
 13 5  12
=  − −
 5 3 1
 13 5  12  (13 × 3) − (5 × 5)  12  39 − 25 12  14  12
Step 4  − − =  − =  − =  −
 5 3 1  5× 3  1  15  1  15  1
14 12 (14 × 1) − (12 × 15) 14 − 180 −166

= − = = =
15 1 15 × 1 15 15
−166  1
Step 6 = − 11 
15 15 
Example 7.2-19
1 2 4
4 − − =
2 8 10
Solution:
1 2 4  1 2 4
Step 1 4 − − = 4 −  −
2 8 10  2 8  10

 1 2 4  ( 4 × 2) + 1 2 4  8 + 1 2 4  9 2 4
Step 3 4 −  − =  − − =  − − =  − −
 2 8  10  2 8  10  2 8  10  2 8 10
 9 2 4  ( 9 × 8) − ( 2 × 2)  4  72 − 4  4  68  4
Step 4  − − =  − =  − =  −
 2 8  10  2×8  10  16  10  16  10
68 4 (68 × 10) − (4 × 16) 680 − 64 616

= − = = =
16 10 16 × 10 160 160
616 616 ÷ 8 77
Step 5 = =
160 160 ÷ 8 20
77 17
Step 6 = 3
20 20
Example 7.2-20
3 1
5− 2 − =
5 3
Solution:
3 1  3 1
Step 1 5 − 2 − = 5 − 2  −
5 3  5 3
 3 1 5 3 1
Step 2 5 − 2  − =  − 2  −
 5 3 1 5 3
5 3 1  5 ( 2 × 5) + 3 1  5 10 + 3 1  5 13 1
Step 3  −2  − =  − − =  − − =  − −
1 5 3 1 5  3 1 5  3 1 5  3
 5 13 1  (5 × 5) − (13 × 1)  1  25 − 13 1  12  1 12 1

Step 4  − − =  − =  − =  − = −
1 5  3  1× 5  3  5  3  5 3 5 3
(12 × 3) − (1 × 5) 36 − 5 31
= = =
5× 3 15 15
31 1
Step 6 = 2
15 15

The following examples further illustrate how to subtract integer and mixed fractions:
Example 7.2-21
−9
3 1 3 (5 × 4) + 1 3 20 + 1 3 21 3 − 21 −/18/ −9  1
−5 = − = − = − = = = = − 4 
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4/ 2 2
2
Example 7.2-22
3 12 ( 2 × 8) + 3 12 16 + 3 12 19 (12 × 8) − (19 × 1) 96 − 19 77 5
12 − 2 = − = − = − = = = = 9
8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1× 8 8 8 8
Example 7.2-23
146
2 4 (10 × 5) + 2 − 4 50 + 2 4 52 4 ( 52 × 6) − ( 4 × 5) 312 − 20 292
/// 146
10 − = = − = − = = = =
5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5× 6 30 30
// 15
15
11
= 9
15
Example 7.2-24
2 1 3 2 (5 × 4) + 1 ( 2 × 4) + 3 2 20 + 1 8 + 3 2 21 11 2 − 21 − 11
−5 −2 = − − = − − = − − =
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
−15
−/30/ −15   1
= = = − 7 
4/ 2 2
2
Example 7.2-25
3 2 3 2  3 ( 4 × 3) + 2  5  3 12 + 2  5  3 14  5
−4 −5 =  −4  −5 =  − − =  − − =  − −
5 3 5 3 5 3  1 5 3  1 5 3  1
 ( 3 × 3) − (14 × 5)  5  9 − 70  5  −61 5 −61 5 ( −61 × 1) − (5 × 15) −61 − 75

=  − =  − =  − = − = =
 5× 3  1  15  1  15  1 15 1 15 × 1 15
−136   1
= = − 9 
15 15
Example 7.2-26
 2  2  ( 3 × 3) + 2 14  2  9 + 2 14  2  11 14  2
 3 − 14 − =  − − =  − − =  − −
 3  3  3 1 3  3 1 3  3 1 3

−11
 (11 × 1) − (14 × 3)  2  11 − 42  2  −31 2 −31 2 −31 − 2 −/33/ −11
=  − =  − =  − = − = = =
 3×1  3  3  3  3  3 3 3 3 3/ 1
1
= −11
Example 7.2-27
 2 1 3  (4 × 5) + 2 (1 × 5) + 1 3  20 + 2 5 + 1 3  22 6  3  22 − 6  3
4 −1  − =  − − =  − − =  − − =  −
 5 5 4  5 5  4  5 5  4  5 5  4  5  4
 16 3 16 3 (16 × 4) − ( 3 × 5) 64 − 15 49 9
=  − = − = = = = 2
 5 4 5 4 5× 4 20 20 20
Example 7.2-28
 14 1   1 1  14 − 1  (1 × 2) + 1 1   13  2 + 1 1  13  3 1
 −  − 1 −  =   − −  =   − −  =   − − 
 8 8  2 4  8   2 4  8  2 4  8 2 4
13  ( 3 × 4) − (1 × 2)  13  12 − 2  13  10  13 10 13 − 10 3
= −  = −  = −  = − = =
8  2×4  8  8  8  8 8 8 8 8
Example 7.2-29
 1 1  2 1   ( 2 × 6) + 1 (1 × 3) + 1 −  ( 2 × 6) − (1 × 3)   12 + 1 3 + 1  12 − 3
2 −1  −  −  =  − =  −  − 
 6 3  3 6   6 3   3× 6   6 3   18 
 1
 13 4   9/   (13 × 3) − ( 4 × 6)   1   39 − 24  1  15  1 15 1
=  −  −  =   −  =  − =  − = −
 6 3   18
//  6×3   2  18  2  18  2 18 2
 2
1
(15 × 2) − (1 × 18) 30 − 18 12
// 1
= = = =
18 × 2 36 36
// 3
3
Example 7.2-30
 5 1  1  1  ( 5 × 4) − (1 × 2)  1  (1 × 4) + 1  20 − 2  1  4 + 1  18  1  5
 2 − 4  − 3  − 1 4 =   − − =   − − =   −  −
   2×4  3  4  8  3 4  8  3  4
 23 
18 1  5  (18 × 3) − (1 × 8)  5  54 − 8  5  46
// 5  23  5 23 5
=  − − =  − =   − =  − =  − = −
 8 3 4  8×3  4  24  4 24
// 4  12  4 12 4
 12 
 

2
(23 × 4) − (5 × 12) 92 − 60 32
// 2
= = = =
12 × 4 48 48
// 3
3
Example 7.2-31
 2 1 3  5 1  (6 × 3) + 2 (1 × 4) + 1 − 3  −  5 − (1 × 2) + 1
 6 − 1  −  −  − 1  =  − 
 3 4 2  2 2  2 4  2   2 2 
 18 + 2 4 + 1 3   5 2 + 1  20 5  3   5 3   ( 20 × 4) − ( 5 × 3)  3   5 − 3 
=  −  − − −  =  −  − − −  =   − − 
 2 4  2  2 2    3 4 2   2 2 3× 4  2   2 
 
 1
 80 − 15  3   2/   65  3 1  (65 × 2) − (3 × 12)  1 130 − 36  1  94  1
=  12  − 2  −  2/  =  − − =  − =  − =  −
     12 2  1  12 × 2  1  24  1  24  1
 1
35
94 1 ( 94 × 1) − (1 × 24) 94 − 24 70
// 35 11
= − = = = = = 2
24 1 24 × 1 24 24
// 12 12
12
Section 7.2 Exercises - Subtract the following integer and mixed fractions:
2 1 1 2 5 2 5 1
1. 5 − = 2. 7 − − 1 = 3. − 3 −1 =
3 6 2 3 8 6 6 6
2 1 1 3 2 3 1
4. 6 − 1 − 5 = 5.  4 −  − 12 = 6. 1 − − =
3 2  3 5 3 5 4
1 3 1 2 1 3 5 1
7. 7 −  −  = 8.  − 1  − = 9.  3 − 8 − 1 =

3 4 4 5 2 4  6  6
2 1 3 1
10.  4 −  −  −  =
 3 6 4 3

Mastering Fractions 7.3 Multiplying Integer and Mixed Fractions
7.3 Multiplying Integer and Mixed Fractions

a
Integer fractions of the form   where both the numerator (a ) and the denominator ( b) are
 b
a a
 b   b
integer fraction are multiplied as in the following cases:
Case I Multiply two integer and mixed fractions with or without a common denominator
using the following steps:
a
Step 1 Change the integer number (a ) to an integer fraction of the form   , e.g., change
 1
257
257 to .
1
The following examples show the steps as to how two integer and mixed fractions with or
without a common denominator are multiplied:
Example 7.3-1
1 7
2 × =
5 8
Solution:
1 7 (2 × 5) + 1 × 7 10 + 1 × 7 11 × 7
Step 2 2 × = = =
5 8 5 8 5 8 5 8
11 7 11 × 7 77
Step 3 × = =
5 8 5×8 40
77 37
Step 5 = 1
40 40
Example 7.3-2
1 4
×2 =
8 6

Solution:
1 4 1 ( 2 × 6) + 4 1 12 + 4 1 16
Step 2 ×2 = × = × = ×
8 6 8 6 8 6 8 6
1 16 1 × 16 16
Step 3 × = =
8 6 8×6 48
16 16 ÷ 16 1
Step 4 = =
48 48 ÷ 16 3
Example 7.3-3
2
24 × 3 =
3
Solution:
2 24 2
Step 1 24 × 3 = ×3
3 1 3
24 2 24 ( 3 × 3) + 2 24 9 + 2 24 11
Step 2 ×3 = × = × = ×
1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3
24 11 24 × 11 264
Step 3 × = =
1 3 1× 3 3
264 264 ÷ 3 88
Step 4 = = = 88
3 3÷ 3 1
Example 7.3-4
1 6
24 × =
8 8
Solution:
1 6 ( 24 × 8) + 1 × 6 192 + 1 6 193 6
Step 2 24 × = = × = ×
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

193 6 193 × 6 1158

Step 3 × = =
8 8 8×8 64
1158 1158 ÷ 2 579

Step 4 = =
64 64 ÷ 2 32
579 3
Step 5 = 18
32 32
Example 7.3-5
3
10 × 28 =
8
Solution:
3 3 28
Step 1 10 × 28 = 10 ×
8 8 1
3 28 (10 × 8) + 3 × 28 80 + 3 28 83 28
Step 2 10 × = = × = ×
8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1
83 28 83 × 28 2324
Step 3 × = =
8 1 8×1 8
2324 2324 ÷ 4 581

Step 4 = =
8 8÷4 2
581 1
Step 5 = 290
2 2
Case II Multiply three integer and mixed fractions with or without a common denominator
a
Step 1 Change the integer number ( a ) to an integer fraction of the form   , e.g., change 55
  1
55
to .
1

The following examples show the steps as to how three integer and mixed fractions with or
without a common denominator are multiplied:
Example 7.3-6
4 5
3× 2 × =
5 8
Solution:
4 5 3 4 5
Step 1 3× 2 × = ×2 ×
5 8 1 5 8
3 4 5 3 ( 2 × 5) + 4 5 3 10 + 4 5 3 14 5
Step 2 ×2 × = × × = × × = × ×
1 5 8 1 5 8 1 5 8 1 5 8
3 14 5 3 × 14 × 5 210
Step 3 × × = =
1 5 8 1× 5× 8 40
210 210 ÷ 10 21
Step 4 = =
40 40 ÷ 10 4
21 1
Step 5 = 5
4 4
Example 7.3-7
9 1
×3 ×4 =
8 5
Solution:
9 1 9 1 4
Step 1 ×3 ×4 = ×3 ×
8 5 8 5 1
9 1 4 9 ( 3 × 5) + 1 4 9 15 + 1 4 9 16 4
Step 2 ×3 × = × × = × × = × ×
8 5 1 8 5 1 8 5 1 8 5 1
9 16 4 9 × 16 × 4 576
Step 3 × × = =
8 5 1 8×5×1 40
576 576 ÷ 8 72
Step 4 = =
40 40 ÷ 8 5
72 2
Step 5 = 14
5 5
Example 7.3-8
1 2 3
3 × ×2 =
8 5 5

Solution:
1 2 3 (3 × 8) + 1 × 2 × (2 × 5) + 3 24 + 1 2 10 + 3 25 2 13
Step 2 3 × ×2 = = × × = × ×
8 5 5 8 5 5 8 5 5 8 5 5
25 2 13 25 × 2 × 13 650
Step 3 × × = =
8 5 5 8×5×5 200
650 650 ÷ 50 13
Step 4 = =
200 200 ÷ 50 4
13 1
Step 5 = 3
4 4
Example 7.3-9
3 4 3
2 × × =
5 5 2
Solution:
3 4 3 (2 × 5) + 3 × 4 × 3 10 + 3 4 3 13 4 3
Step 2 2 × × = = × × = × ×
5 5 2 5 5 2 5 5 2 5 5 2
13 4 3 13 × 4 × 3 156
Step 3 × × = =
5 5 2 5×5× 2 50
156 156 ÷ 2 78
Step 4 = =
50 50 ÷ 2 25
78 3
Step 5 = 3
25 25
Example 7.3-10
2 4
10 × 24 × 2 =
3 5
Solution:
2 4 2 24 4
Step 1 10 × 24 × 2 = 10 × ×2
3 5 3 1 5

2 24 4 (10 × 3) + 2 × 24 × ( 2 × 5) + 4 30 + 2 24 10 + 4
Step 2 10 × ×2 = = × ×
3 1 5 3 1 5 3 1 5
32 24 14
= × ×
3 1 5
32 24 14 32 × 24 × 14 10752
Step 3 × × = =
3 1 5 3×1× 5 15
10752 10752 ÷ 3 3584

Step 4 = =
15 15 ÷ 3 5
3584 4
Step 5 = 716
5 5
The following examples further illustrate how to multiply integer and mixed fractions:
Example 7.3-11
1 1
1 2 (1 × 4) + 1 × 2 4 +1 2 5 2 5/× 2/ 1×1 1
1 × = = × = × = = =
4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4/ × 5/ 2 ×1 2
2 1
Example 7.3-12
4 26 ( 3 × 5) + 4 26 15 + 4 26 19 26 × 19 494 4
26 × 3 = × = × = × = = = 98
5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1× 5 5 5
Example 7.3-13
3 7
3 6 (5 × 4) + 3 × 6 × 49 20 + 3 6 49 23 6 49 23 × 6/ × 49
// 23 × 3 × 7
5 × × 49 = = × × = × × = =
4 7 4 7 1 4 7 1 4 7 1 /4× 7/ × 1 2 ×1×1
2 1
483 1
= = 241
2 2
Example 7.3-14
1 1
1 1 2 (1 × 4) + 1 (2 × 3) + 1 2 4 +1 6 +1 2 5 7 2 5 × 7/ × 2/ 5 ×1×1 5
1 ×2 × = × × = × × = × × = = =
4 3 7 4 3 7 4 3 7 4 3 7 4/ × 3 × 7/ 2 × 3×1 6
2 1
Example 7.3-15
8 4 1 (3 × 9) + 8 × (2 × 9) + 4 × 1 27 + 8 18 + 4 1 35 22 1 35 × 22 × 1
3 ×2 × = = × × = × × =
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9×9×9

770 41
= = 1
729 729
Example 7.3-16
 2 4 2  (5 × 8) + 2 (2 × 3) + 4  × 2  40 + 2 6 + 4  2  42 10 2
5 × 2  × =  ×  =  × × =  × ×
 8 3  20  8 3  20  8 3  20  8 3  20
 14 5  1  7  7
 42 / /  2/
/ / × 10 / / × 5 1
 14  7 × 5 1  35 1 35 1 35
/ /× 1 7 ×1 7
=  × =  × =  × =  × = × = = =
 8/ × 3/  20 //  4/ × 1  10  2 × 1  10  2  10 2 10 2 × 10
// 2×2 4
 4 1  10  2  2
3
= 1
4
Example 7.3-17
 2 3 5  (1 × 7) + 2 3  5  7 + 2 3 5  9 3 5  9 × 3 5  27 
5 × 1 ×  = × ×  = × ×  = × ×  = ×  = × 
 7 7 1  7 7 1  7 7 1  7 7 1  7 × 7 1  49 
5 27 5 × 27 135 37
= × = = = 2
1 49 1 × 49 49 49
Example 7.3-18
 3 1  8 1  3 (1 × 5) + 1  8 (1 × 3) + 1  3 5 + 1  8 3 + 1 
 ×1  ×  ×1  =  ×  × ×  =  ×  × × 
8 5   6 3  8 5  6 3  8 5  6 3 
 3  2 1 4
 3 6  8 4  3 × 6/   8 × 4/   3 × 3  8 × 2  9   16  9 16 9/ × 16
//
=  ×  × ×  =  8/ × 5  ×  6/ × 3  =   ×  =   ×  = × =
 8 5  6 3      4 × 5  3 × 3   20   9  20 9 20
/ / × 9/
4  3  5 1
1× 4 4
= =
5 ×1 5
Example 7.3-19
9  2 2 1 9  (1 × 3) + 2 2  1 9  3+ 2 2 1 9 5 2 1
× 1 ×  × = × ×  × = × ×  × = × × ×
6  3 7  9 6  3 7 9 6  3 7  9 6 3 7 9
1 5
9  5 × 2 1 9  10  1 9 10 1 9/ × 10
/ /×1 1× 5 ×1 5
= × × = ×  × = × × = = =
6  3 × 7 9 6  21 9 6 21 9 6/ × 21 × 9/ 3 × 21 × 1 63
3 1
Example 7.3-20
7 1  3 1 7 2 (1 × 3) + 1  3 (1 × 5) + 1 7 2 3 + 1  3 5 + 1
 × 2 ×1  × ×1  =  × ×  × ×  =  × ×  × × 
8 3  7 5 8 1 3  7 5  8 1 3  7 5 

 1  1 
 7 2 4   3 6  7 × 2 × 4/   3 × 6   7 × 2 × 1  18   7 × 2/ × 1 18
=  × ×  × ×  =   ×  =   ×  =  ×
 8 1 3  7 5  8/ × 1 × 3   7 × 5  2 × 1 × 3   35  2/ × 1 × 3  35
 2  1 
1 6
 7 × 1 × 1 18  7  18 7 18 7/ × 18
// 1× 6 6 1
=  × =  × = × = = = = 1
 1 × 1 × 3  35  3  35 3 35 3/× 35
// 1× 5 5 5
1 5
Example 7.3-21
 1 4 1  3 1  (1 × 4) + 1 4  (2 × 3) + 1   3 (1 × 4) + 1
1 ×  × 2  ×  ×1  =  × × × × 
 4 5  3  7 4  4 5 3   7 4 
 1 1  
 4 + 1 4  6 + 1   3 4 + 1  5 4 7   3 5  5/× 4/  7  3× 5
=  × × × ×  =  ×  × × ×  =  × × 
 4 5 3  7 4   4 5 3  7 4 4/ × 5/  3  7 × 4
 1 1  
 1 × 1 7   15   1 7  15  1 7 15 1 × 7  15 7 15 7 15
=   ×  ×   =   ×  ×   =  ×  × =  × =  × = ×
 1 × 1 3   28   1 3   28 1 3  28  1 × 3  28  3  28 3 28
1 5
7/ × 15
// 1× 5 5 1
= = = = 1
3/× 28// 1× 4 4 4
1 4
Section 7.3 Exercises - Multiply the following integer and mixed fractions:
2 1 1 1 3  1 1 3
1. ×1 = 2. 2 × 5 × = 3. 1 × 2  × =
8 4 5 3 11 3 3 8
5 1 3 4 1 2 1 1 1 2
4.  × 1  ×  ×  = 5. 15 ×  5 ×  = 6. 1 × 2  × 1 ×  =
8 3 8 5  2 11  4 3  5 7
3 1 2 1 1 3 4 1 2 1 5
7.  5 × ×  ×  × 2  = 8. 2 ×  × 1  = 9. 1 × × × =
 5 4 3 2 3 8 7 5 3 6 4
1 2 5 1 
10. 3 ×  × × 1 × 0  =
3 3 2  5 

Mastering Fractions 7.4 Dividing Integer and Mixed Fractions
7.4 Dividing Integer and Mixed Fractions

a
Integer fractions of the form   where both the numerator ( a ) and the denominator ( b) are
  b
a a
integers, and mixed fractions of the form  k  where ( k ) is a whole number and   is an
  b   b
integer fraction are divided as in the following cases:
Case I Divide two integer and mixed fractions with or without a common denominator
a
  1
300
300 to .
1
The following examples show the steps as to how two integer and mixed fractions with or
without a common denominator are divided:
Example 7.4-1
3 2
÷1 =
8 5
Solution:
3 2 3 (1 × 5) + 2 3 5+ 2 3 7
Step 2 ÷1 = ÷ = ÷ = ÷
8 5 8 5 8 5 8 5
3 7 3 5 3×5 15
Step 3 ÷ = × = =
8 5 8 7 8×7 56
Example 7.4-2
3
16 ÷ 2 =
4

Solution:
3 16 3
Step 1 16 ÷ 2 = ÷2
4 1 4
16 3 16 ( 2 × 4) + 3 16 8 + 3 16 11
Step 2 ÷2 = ÷ = ÷ = ÷
1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4
16 11 16 4 16 × 4 64
Step 3 ÷ = × = =
1 4 1 11 1 × 11 11
64 9
Step 5 = 5
11 11
Example 7.4-3
2 3
24 ÷ =
5 5
Solution:
2 3 (24 × 5) + 2 ÷ 3 120 + 2 3 122 3

Step 2 24 ÷ = = ÷ = ÷
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
122 3 122 5 122 × 5 610

Step 3 ÷ = × = =
5 5 5 3 5× 3 15
610 610 ÷ 5 122

Step 4 = =
15 15 ÷ 5 3
122 2
Step 5 = 40
3 3
Example 7.4-4
4
12 ÷ 36 =
5
Solution:
4 4 36
Step 1 12 ÷ 36 = 12 ÷
5 5 1

4 36 (12 × 5) + 4 ÷ 36 60 + 4 36 64 36
Step 2 12 ÷ = = ÷ = ÷
5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1
64 36 64 1 64 × 1 64
Step 3 ÷ = × = =
5 1 5 36 5 × 36 180
64 64 ÷ 4 16
Step 4 = =
180 180 ÷ 4 45
Example 7.4-5
2 12
6 ÷ =
3 20
Solution:
2 12 ( 6 × 3) + 2 ÷ 12 18 + 2 12 20 12
Step 2 6 ÷ = = ÷ = ÷
3 20 3 20 3 20 3 20
20 12 20 20 20 × 20 400
Step 3 ÷ = × = =
3 20 3 12 3 × 12 36
400 400 ÷ 4 100

Step 4 = =
36 36 ÷ 4 9
100 1
Step 5 = 11
9 9
Case II Divide three integer and mixed fractions with or without a common denominator
a
  1
20
to .
1

The following examples show the steps as to how three integer and mixed fractions with or
without a common denominator are divided:
Example 7.4-6
 3  3
 2 ÷ 5 ÷ =
 8  5
Solution:
 3  3   3 5 3
Step 1  2 ÷ 5 ÷ = 2 ÷  ÷
 8  5   8 1 5
 3 5 3  ( 2 × 8) + 3 5 3  16 + 3 5  3  19 5  3
Step 2 2 ÷  ÷ =  ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷
 8 1 5  8 1 5  8 1 5  8 1 5
 19 5  3  19 1  3  19 × 1 3  19  3 19 3 19 5
Step 3  ÷ ÷ =  × ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = ×
 8 1 5  8 5 5  8×5  5  40  5 40 5 40 3
19 × 5 95
= =
40 × 3 120
95 95 ÷ 5 19
Step 4 = =
120 120 ÷ 5 24
Example 7.4-7
 2 3
5 ÷ 3 ÷ 2  =
 3 4
Solution:
 2 3 5  2 3
Step 1 5 ÷ 3 ÷ 2  = ÷ 3 ÷ 2 
 3 4 1  3 4
5  2 3 5  ( 3 × 3) + 2 ( 2 × 4) + 3  5  9 + 2 8 + 3
Step 2 ÷ 3 ÷ 2  = ÷ ÷  = ÷ ÷ 
1  3 4 1  3 4  1  3 4 
5  11 11
= ÷ ÷ 
1  3 4
5  11 11 5  11 4  5  11 × 4  5  44  5 44 5 33
Step 3 ÷ ÷  = ÷ ×  = ÷  = ÷  = ÷ = ×
1  3 4 1  3 11 1  3 × 11  1  33  1 33 1 44

5 × 33 165
= =
1 × 44 44
165 165 ÷ 11 15
Step 4 = =
44 44 ÷ 11 4
15 3
Step 5 = 3
4 4
Example 7.4-8
 3 1 2
2 ÷ ÷ =
 5 6 3
Solution:
 3 1 2  ( 2 × 5) + 3 1  2  10 + 3 1 2  13 1 2
Step 2 2 ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷
 5 6  3  5 6 3  5 6  3 5 6 3
 13 1  2  13 6  2  13 × 6  2  78  2 78 2 78 3
Step 3  ÷ ÷ =  × ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = ×
 5 6 3  5 1 3  5×1  3  5 3 5 3 5 2
78 × 3 234
= =
5× 2 10
234 234 ÷ 2 117

Step 4 = =
10 10 ÷ 2 5
117 2
Step 5 = 23
5 5
Example 7.4-9
4  3
÷  14 ÷ 2  =
5  4
Solution:
4  3 4  14 3
Step 1 ÷  14 ÷ 2  = ÷ ÷2 
5  4 5  1 4
4  14 3 4  14 ( 2 × 4) + 3 4  14 8 + 3 4  14 11
Step 2 ÷ ÷2  = ÷ ÷  = ÷ ÷  = ÷ ÷ 
5  1 4 5  1 4  5  1 4  5  1 4

4  14 11 4  14 4  4  14 × 4  4  56 4 56
Step 3 ÷ ÷  = ÷ ×  = ÷  = ÷  = ÷
5  1 4 5  1 11 5  1 × 11  5  11 5 11
4 11 4 × 11 44
= × = =
5 56 5 × 56 280
44 44 ÷ 4 11
Step 4 = =
280 280 ÷ 4 70
Example 7.4-10
 1 3
5 ÷ ÷6 =
 3 4
Solution:
 1 3  1 3 6
Step 1 5 ÷  ÷ 6 = 5 ÷ ÷
 3 4  3 4 1
 1 3 6  (5 × 3) + 1 3 6  15 + 1 3 6  16 3 6
Step 2 5 ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷
 3 4 1  3 4 1  3 4 1  3 4 1
 16 3 6  16 4 6  16 × 4  6  64  6 64 6 64 1
Step 3  ÷ ÷ =  × ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = ×
 3 4 1  3 3 1  3× 3  1  9 1 9 1 9 6
64 × 1 64
= =
9×6 54
64 64 ÷ 2 32
Step 4 = =
54 54 ÷ 2 27
32 5
Step 5 = 1
27 27
The following examples further illustrate how to divide integer and mixed fractions:
Example 7.4-11
2
2 3 (1 × 5) + 2 ÷ 3 5+ 2 3 7 3 7 10 7 × 10
// 7×2 14 2
1 ÷ = = ÷ = ÷ = × = = = = 4
5 10 5 10 5 10 5 10 5 3 5/× 3 1× 3 3 3
1

Example 7.4-12
2 18 ( 3 × 5) + 2 18 15 + 2 18 17 18 5 18 × 5 90 5
18 ÷ 3 = ÷ = ÷ = ÷ = × = = = 5
5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 17 1 × 17 17 17
Example 7.4-13
1
3 6 3 (12 × 8) + 6 3 96 + 6 3 102 3 8 3× 8 24
// 1
÷ 12 = ÷ = ÷ = ÷ = × = = =
4 8 4 8 4 8 4 8 4 102 4 × 102 408
/// 17
17
Example 7.4-14
 1 2  (1 × 4 ) + 1 ( 2 × 3) + 2  ÷ 5  4 + 1 6 + 2 5  5  8 5 5 3 5
1 ÷ 2  ÷ 5 =  ÷  =  ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷ =  × ÷
 4 3  4 3  1  4 3  1  4 3 1 4 8 1
3
 5 × 3 5  15  5 15 5 15 1 15
/ /× 1 3×1 3
=  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = × = = =
 4 × 8 1  32  1 32 1 32 5 32 × 5/ 32 × 1 32
1
Example 7.4-15
 1 
5 3  ( 2 × 6) + 5 ÷  3 ÷ 24  12 + 5  3 1  17  3/ × 1  17  1 × 1 
2 ÷  ÷ 24 =   = ÷ ×  = ÷  = ÷ 
6 4  6 4 1 6  4 24  6  4 × 24
// 6  4 × 8
 8
16
17  1  17 1 17 32 17 × 32// 17 × 16 272 2
= ÷  = ÷ = × = = = = 90
6  32  6 32 6 1 6/ × 1 3×1 3 3
3
Example 7.4-16
 2 3 6 (1 × 3) + 2  ÷ ( 2 × 5) + 3  6 3 + 2  10 + 3  6  5 13
6 ÷ 1  ÷ 2 =  ÷  =  ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷
 3  5 1 3  5  1 3  5  1 3 5
1
 6 3 13  6 × 3 13  18  13 18 13 18 5 18 × 5/ 18 × 1 18
=  × ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = × = = =
 1 5 5  1 × 5 5  5 5 5 5 5 13 5/× 13 1 × 13 13
1
5
= 1
13
Example 7.4-17
 5 1 1  5 (1 × 3) + 1 (1 × 4) + 1  5 3 + 1 4 + 1 5 4 5 5 3 5
 ÷1  ÷1 =  ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷ =  × ÷
3 3  4 3 3  4  3 3  4 3 3  4  3 4 4

 1 1 1
 5 × 3/  5  5 × 1 5  5 5 5 5 5 4 5/× 4/ 1× 1 1
=  3/× 4  ÷ 4 =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = × = = = = 1
   1 × 4 4  4 4 4 4 4 5 4/ × 5/ 1× 1 1
1  1 1
Example 7.4-18
1 
 1   3 6  ( 5 × 3) + 1 16   3 5   15 + 1 1   3/× 5   16 1   1 × 5 
 5 ÷ 16 ÷  ÷  =  ÷  ÷ ×  =  ×  ÷  =  ×  ÷ 
 3   8 5  3 1   8 6  3 16   8 × 6/   3 16   8 × 2 
 2
 1 
/ / × 1  5 
 16  1 × 1 5  1 5 1 5 1 16 1 × 16 16 1
=   ÷  =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = × = = = 1
/ /   16 
 3 × 16  3 × 1 16  3  16 3 16 3 5 3×5 15 15
 1
Example 7.4-19
5 1 1  5 (1 × 4) + 1 ( 2 × 7) + 1  5 4 + 1 14 + 1  5 5  15
 ÷1  ÷ 2 =  ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷
8 4 7 8 4  7 8 4  7  8 4 7
 1 1
 5 4  15  5/× 4/  15  1 × 1  15  1 15 1 15 1 7 1× 7 7
=  × ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = × = =
 8 5 7  8/ × 5/  7  2 × 1 7  2 7 2 7 2 15 2 × 15 30
 2 1
Example 7.4-20
 1 1 4  ( 3 × 8) + 1 ( 1 × 4 ) + 1 ÷ 4  24 + 1 4 + 1 4  25 5 4
3 ÷ 1  ÷ =  ÷  =  ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷
 8 4 5  8 4  5  8 4  5  8 4 5
 5 1
 25 4 4 / /× 4/  4
 25  5 × 1 4  5 4 5 4 5 5 5×5 25 1
=  × ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = × = = = 3
 8 5 5  8/ × 5/  5  2 × 1 5  2 5 2 5 2 4 2×4 8 8
 2 1
Example 7.4-21
 4 5  1  4  5 (1 × 3) + 1 ÷ 8  4  5 3 + 1
 8  4 4 4 8
 ÷  ÷ 1  ÷ 8 =  ÷  ÷  =  ÷  ÷  ÷ =  ×  ÷  ÷
 3 4 3  3 4  3  1  3 4  3  1  3 5 3 1
 4 1
 4 × 4  4  8  16  4  8  16 4  8  16 3  8 16
/ / × 3/  8  4 × 1 8
=   ÷ ÷ =   ÷  ÷ =  15 ÷ 3  ÷ 1 =  ×  ÷ =  
÷ =  ÷
 3 × 5 3 1  15 3 1    15 4  1 15
/ /× 4/
 5 1 
1  5 × 1 1
1
 4 8 4 8 4 1 4/ × 1 1× 1 1
=  ÷ = ÷ = × = = =
 5 1 5 1 5 8 5 × 8/ 5× 2 10
2

Section 7.4 Exercises - Divide the following integer and mixed fractions:
1 5 3 6 4
1. 2 ÷ = 2. 2 ÷ 6 = 3. ÷2 =
3 6 5 10 5
1 3 1  1 3 3 4 3
4. 5 ÷  ÷  = 5. ÷ 1 ÷  = 6.  ÷  ÷ 2 =
3 5 8  4 5 7 7 4
5  1 4 1 5 1 3 2
7. ÷ 1 ÷  = 8.  3 ÷  ÷ 12 = 9. 1 ÷  ÷ =
6  5 5  8 6  4 45 5
5 3 1
10. 1 ÷ 5 ÷  2 ÷  =
 8   4 2

Mastering Fractions 7.5 Solving Mixed Operations Using Integer and Mixed Fractions
7.5 Solving Mixed Operations Using Integer and Mixed Fractions

Integer and mixed fractions of the forms:
a
1.   where both the numerator ( a ) and the denominator ( b) are integers, and
 
b
a a
2.  k  where ( k ) is a whole number and   is an integer fraction
 b   b
a
  1
7
to .
1
The following examples show mathematical operations on integer and mixed fractions using the
above steps:
Example 7.5-1
 3 4 2
2 ×  + =
 6 5 3
Solution:
 3 4 2  ( 2 × 6) + 3 4 2  12 + 3 4 2  15 4 2
Step 2 2 × + =  × + =  × + =  × +
 6 5 3  6 5 3  6 5 3 6 5 3
 15 4 2  15 × 4  2  60  2 60 2 (60 × 3) + (2 × 30)
Step 3  × + =  + =  + = + =
6 5 3  6×5  3  30  3 30 3 30 × 3
180 + 60 240
= =
90 90
240 240 ÷ 30 8
Step 4 = =
90 90 ÷ 30 3
8 2
Step 5 = 2
3 3

Example 7.5-2
 3 3
5 −  ÷ 2 =
 4 5
Solution:
 3 3  5 3 3
Step 1 5 −  ÷ 2 =  −  ÷ 2
 4 5  1 4 5
5 3 3 5 3  ( 2 × 5) + 3 5
 3 10 + 3 5 3  13
Step 2  −  ÷2 =  − ÷ =  − ÷ =  − ÷
1 4  5 1 4 5  1 4 5 1 4 5
 5 3  13  (5 × 4) − ( 3 × 1)  13  20 − 3 13  17  13
Step 3  − ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷
 1 4 5  1× 4  5  4  5  4 5
17 13 17 5 17 × 5 85
= ÷ = × = =
4 5 4 13 4 × 13 52
85 33
Step 5 = 1
52 52
Example 7.5-3
 3 2  2 2
 ×  ÷  +1  =
 8 5  3 3
Solution:
 3 2  2 2  3 2   2 (1 × 3) + 2   3 2  2 3 + 2
Step 2  ×  ÷  +1  =  ×  ÷  +  =  ×  ÷ + 
 8 5  3 3  8 5  3 3   8 5  3 3 
 3  2 2 5
=  ×  ÷ + 
 8 5   3 3
 3 2   2 5  3 × 2   2 + 5  6   7 6 7 6 3
Step 3  ×  ÷ +  =   ÷  =   ÷  = ÷ = ×
 8 5   3 3  8 × 5  3  40   3  40 3 40 7
6×3 18
= =
40 × 7 280
18 18 ÷ 2 9
Step 4 = =
280 280 ÷ 2 140

Example 7.5-4
 1 1  2 
 3 − 2  ×  + 5 =
 5 3  3 
Solution:
 1 1  2   1 1   2 5
Step 1  3 − 2  ×  + 5 =  3 − 2  ×  + 
 5 3  3   5 3  3 1
 1 1   2 5  ( 3 × 5) + 1 ( 2 × 3) + 1  2 5
Step 2 3 − 2  ×  +  =  −  × + 
 5 3   3 1   5 3   3 1
 15 + 1 6 + 1  2 5  16 7   2 5
=  −  × +  =  −  × + 
 5 3   3 1  5 3   3 1
 16 7   2 5  (16 × 3) − ( 7 × 5)   ( 2 × 1) + (5 × 3) 
Step 3  −  × +  =   × 
 5 3   3 1  5× 3   3×1 
 48 − 35  2 + 15  13  17  13 17 13 × 17 221

=   ×  =   ×  = × = =
 15   3   15   3  15 3 15 × 3 45
221 41
Step 5 = 4
45 45
Example 7.5-5
2 1  1 2 
 ÷ 1  ÷ 2 ×  =
3 5  3 5 
Solution:
2 1  1 2  2 (1 × 5) + 1  ( 2 × 3) + 1 2 
Step 2  ÷ 1  ÷ 2 ×  =  ÷  ÷ × 
3 5  3 5  3 5   3 5
 2 5 + 1  6 + 1 2   2 6  7 2 
=  ÷  ÷ ×  =  ÷  ÷ × 
 3 5   3 5  3 5  3 5
2 6  7 2 2 5  7 × 2   2 × 5  14   10   14 
Step 3  ÷  ÷ ×  =  ×  ÷  =   ÷  =   ÷ 
3 5  3 5  3 6   3×5   3× 6   15   18   15 

10 14 10 15 10 × 15 150
= ÷ = × = =
18 15 18 14 18 × 14 252
150 150 ÷ 2 75 75 ÷ 3 25
Step 4 = = = =
252 252 ÷ 2 126 126 ÷ 3 42
Example 7.5-6
5 3  4
 ÷ 2  − 3 ÷  =
6 4  5
Solution:
5 3  4 5 3  3 4 
Step 1  ÷ 2  − 3 ÷  =  ÷2  − ÷ 
6 4  5 6 4  1 5
5 3  3 4  5 ( 2 × 4) + 3  −  3 ÷ 4   5 8 + 3  3 4 
Step 2  ÷2  − ÷  =  ÷    =  ÷  − ÷ 
6 4  1 5 6 4  1 5  6 4   1 5
 5 11  3 4 
=  ÷  − ÷ 
 6 4   1 5
 5 11  3 4  5 4  3 5  5 × 4   3 × 5  20   15
Step 3  ÷  − ÷  =  ×  − ×  =   −  =   − 
6 4  1 5  6 11  1 4  6 × 11  1 × 4   66   4 
20 15 (20 × 4) − (15 × 66) 80 − 990 −910

= − = = =
66 4 66 × 4 264 264
−910 −910 ÷ 2 −455

Step 4 = =
264 264 ÷ 2 132
−455  59
Step 5 = − 3 
132 132
Example 7.5-7
2 3 4
5÷ ×2 ×  =
3 4 5
Solution:
2 3 4 5 2 3 4
Step 1 5÷ ×2 ×  = ÷ ×2 × 
3 4 5 1 3 4 5

5 2 3 4 5  2 ( 2 × 4) + 3 4 5  2 8 + 3 4
Step 2 ÷ ×2 ×  = ÷ × ×  = ÷ × × 
1 3 4 5 1 3 4 5 1 3 4 5
5  2 11 4 
= ÷ × × 
1  3 4 5
5  2 11 4  5  2 × 11 × 4  5  88  5 88 5 60 5 × 60
Step 3 ÷ × ×  = ÷  = ÷  = ÷ = × =
1  3 4 5 1  3× 4 ×5  1  60  1 60 1 88 1 × 88
300
=
88
300 300 ÷ 4 75
Step 4 = =
88 88 ÷ 4 22
75 9
Step 5 = 3
22 22
Example 7.5-8
 2  5 2 4
5 −  ÷ +1 + 3  =
 3  6 6 6
Solution:
 2  5 2 4  5  2  5 2 4
Step 1 5 −  ÷  + 1 + 3  =  −  ÷ +1 + 3 
 3  6 6 6  1 3  6 6 6
5 2  5 2 4  5 2 5 (1 × 6) + 2 + ( 3 × 6) + 4 
Step 2  −  ÷ +1 + 3  =  −  ÷ + 
1 3   6 6 6  1 3  6 6 6 
 5
  2 5 6+2 18 + 4   5   2  5 8 22
=  −  ÷ + +  =  −  ÷ + + 
 1 3  6 6 6   1 3  6 6 6
 5 2   5 8 22   ( 5 × 3) − ( 2 × 1)   5 + 8 + 22   15 − 2   35
Step 3  −  ÷ + +  =   ÷  =   ÷ 
 1 3  6 6 6  1× 3   6   3   6
2
 13 35 13 35 13 6 13 × 6/ 13 × 2 26
=  ÷ = ÷ = × = = =
 3 6 3 6 3 35 3/× 35 1 × 35 35
1

Example 7.5-9
 1  3 5  2
 3 + 2  +  +  ÷ =
 5 8 8  3
Solution:
 1  3 5   2  3 1 3 5  2
Step 1  3 + 2  +  +   ÷ =  + 2  +  +   ÷
 5 8 8  3  1 5  8 8   3
 3 1  3 5  2  3 (2 × 5) + 1 +  3 + 5   ÷ 2
Step 2  + 2  +  +  ÷ =  +   
 1 5 8 8  3  1 5  8 8   3
  3 10 + 1  3 5  2   3 11  3 5  2
=  +  + +  ÷ =  +  + +  ÷
  1 5  8 8  3   1 5  8 8  3
 3 11  3 5   2  ( 3 × 5) + (11 × 1)   3 + 5  2
Step 3  +  +  +   ÷ =   +  ÷
 1 5 8 8  3  1× 5   8   3
 15 + 11  8   2  26
    8   2 26 8 2
=   +   ÷ =   +    ÷ =  +  ÷
  5   8  3 
 5   
8  3  5 8 3
 ( 26 × 8) + (8 × 5)  2  208 + 40  2  248
 2 248 2 248 3
=  ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = ×
 5×8  3  40  3  40  3 40 3 40 2
248 × 3 744
= =
40 × 2 80
744 744 ÷ 8 93
Step 4 = =
80 80 ÷ 8 10
93 3
Step 5 = 9
10 10
Example 7.5-10
 3 2  3
8 −  − 1   + =
 5 5  4
Solution:
 3 2  3 8 3 2  3
Step 1 8 −  − 1   + =  −  − 1  +
 5 5  4 1  5 5  4

8  3 2  3 8 3 (1 × 5) + 2   + 3 8 3 5 + 2  3
Step 2  −  − 1   + =  − −  =  − −  +
1 5 5  4  1 5 5   4 1  5 5  4
8 3 7  3
=  −  −  +
1  5 5  4
8  3 7  3 8  3 − 7  3 8  −4   3 8  4  3
Step 3  − −  + =  −  + =  −   + =  +   +
1  5 5  4 1  5   4 1  5   4 1  5  4
8 4 3  (8 × 5) + ( 4 × 1)  3   40 + 4
  3 44 3 44 3
=  + + =  + =  + =  + = +
1 5  4  1× 5  4  5  4 5 4 5 4
( 44 × 4) + (3 × 5) 176 + 15 191
= = =
5× 4 20 20
191 11
Step 5 = 9
20 20
The following examples further illustrate how to add, subtract, multiply, and divide integer and
mixed fractions:
Example 7.5-11
3  2 1 3  ( 3 × 3) + 2 ( 2 × 4) + 1 3  9 + 2 8 + 1 3  11 9 
× 3 ÷ 2  = × ÷  = × ÷  = × ÷ 
4  3 4 4  3 4  4  3 4  4  3 4
1 11
3  11 4 3  11 × 4  3  44  3 44 3/× 44
// 1 × 11 11 2
= × ×  = ×  = ×  = × = = = = 1
4 3 9 4  3× 9  4  27  4 27 4/ × 27
// 1× 9 9 9
1 9
Example 7.5-12
 1 2  ( 2 × 3) + 1 2 5  6 + 1 2 5  7 2 5  7 + 2 5  9 5
2 +  − 5 =  + − =  + − =  + − =  − =  −
 3 3  3 3 1  3 3 1  3 3 1  3  1  3 1
3
9/ 5 3 5 3−5 −2
= − = − = = = −2
3/ 1 1 1 1 1
1
Example 7.5-13
 7   1 2  ( 2 × 8) + 7 6   ( 2 × 4) + 1 2  16 + 7 6   8 + 1 2 
 2 × 6 +  2 −  =  ×  + −  =  ×  + − 
 8   4 4  8 1  4 4  8 1  4 4

 3
 23 6  9 2   23 × 6/   9 − 2   23 × 3  7   69  7 69 7 69 + 7
=  ×  + −  =   +  =   +  =  + = + =
 8 1  4 4   8/ × 1   4   4 × 1   4  4 4 4 4 4
 4 
19
76
// 19
= = = 19
4/ 1
1
Example 7.5-14
 1 1  4 1  (3 × 4) + 1 1   4 (1 × 2) + 1  12 + 1 1   4 2 + 1
3 ÷  ×  ×1  =  ÷  × ×  =  ÷  × × 
 4 4   13 2   4 4   13 2   4 4   13 2 
 2   1
 13 1   4 3   13 4   4/ × 3   13 × 4/   2 × 3   13 × 1  6   13  6 
=  ÷  × ×  =  ×  × =   ×  =   ×  =   × 
 4 4   13 2   4 1   13 × 2/   4/ × 1   13 × 1  1 × 1   13  1   13
 1  1 
1
13 6 13
/ /× 6 1× 6 6
= × = = = = 6
1 13 1 × 13
// 1×1 1
1
Example 7.5-15
2 1 1 2 2 (2 × 3) + 1 + 1  − 2  2 6 + 1 1 2 2
 7 1 2
 +2 +  − =  +  =  + + − =  + + −
3 3 3 5 3 3 3 5  3 3 3 5 
3 3 3 5
 2 + 7 + 1 2  10 2 10 2 (10 × 5) − (2 × 3) 50 − 6 44 14
=  − =  − = − = = = = 2
 3  5  3 5 3 5 3×5 15 15 15
Example 7.5-16
 1 3 1  ( 2 × 3) + 1 3 (1 × 7) + 1 12  6 + 1 3 7 + 1 12
 2 × × 1  ÷ 12 =  × × ÷ =  × × ÷
 3 6 7  3 6 7  1  3 6 7  1
 1 1 4
 7 3 8  12  7/ × 3/× 8/  12  1 × 1 × 4  12  4 12 4 12 4 1
=  × × ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = ×
 3 6 7 1  3/× 6/ × 7/  1  1 × 3 × 1 1  3 1 3 1 3 12
 1 3 1
1
4/ × 1 1×1 1
= = =
3 × 12
// 3× 3 9
3
Example 7.5-17
1 
 12 1   3 1  (12 × 2) − ( 3 × 1)   5 3 1   24 − 3  5/× 3 × 1 
 −  × 5 × ×  =   × × ×  =   × 
 3 2  5 4  3× 2   1 5 4  6   1 × 5/× 4 
 1 

1
 21  1 × 3 × 1 21  3  21 3 21 × 3/ 21 × 1 21 5
=   ×  = ×  = × = = = = 2
 6   1 × 1 × 4 6  4 6 4 6/ × 4 2×4 8 8
2
Example 7.5-18
 1 1 3 2  ( 2 × 5) + 1 (5 × 3) + 1 × 3 2  10 + 1 15 + 1 3  2
2 × 5 ×  + =  × + =  × × +
 5 3 11 3  5 3 11 3  5 3 11 3
1 1
 11 16 3  2 / /× 16 × 3/  2
 11  1 × 16 × 1 2  16 2 16 2
=  × × + =  + =  + =  + = +
5 3 11 3 //  3
 5 × 3/× 11  5×1×1  3  5 3 5 3
 1 1 
(16 × 3) + ( 2 × 5) 48 + 10 58 13
= = = = 3
5× 3 15 15 15
Example 7.5-19
2 7 3 2 2  7 3 (1 × 3) + 2  2  7 3 3 + 2 2  7 3 5
+  × ×1  = + × ×  = + × ×  = + × × 
3 8 4 3 3 8 4 3  3 8 4 3  3  8 4 3
 1 
2  7 × 3/× 5  2  7 × 1 × 5 2  35  2 35 (2 × 32) + (35 × 3) 64 + 105 169
= +  = +  = +  = + = = =
3  8 × 4 × 3/  3  8 × 4 × 1 3  32  3 32 3 × 32 96 96
 1
73
= 1
96
Example 7.5-20
7 4 1 1 7 4 (1 × 3) + 1 ( 2 × 3) + 1  7 4 3 + 1 6 + 1  7 4 4 7
 × ×1  ÷ 2 =  × × ÷ =  × × ÷ =  × × ÷
8 2 3  3 8 2 3  3  8 2 3  3  8 2 3 3
 1 2  1 1 1
 7 × 4/ × 4/  7  7 × 1 × 2/  7  7 × 1 × 1 7  7 7 7 7 7 3 7/ × 3/
=  ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = × =
 8/ × 2/ × 3  3  2/ × 1 × 3  3  1 × 1 × 3 3  3 3 3 3 3 7 3/× 7/
2 1  1  1 1
1×1 1
= = = 1
1×1 1
Example 7.5-21
2 2  7 1 2 (1 × 5) + 2  ×  7 ÷ 1   2 5 + 2  7 1  2  7
 7 1
 +1  × ÷  =  +    =  +  × ÷  =  +  × ÷ 
3 5  8 4 3 5  8 4  3 5   8 4  3 5  8 4

 1
 ( 2 × 5) + ( 7 × 3)   7 4   10 + 21  7 × 4/   31  7 × 1 31  7 31 7
=   × ×  =   ×  =   ×  = ×  = ×
 3×5   8 1  15   8/ × 1   15   2 × 1 15  2  15 2
2 
31 × 7 217 7
= = = 7
15 × 2 30 30
Section 7.5 Exercises - Perform the indicated operations using integer and mixed fractions:
2 1 3 8  1 4 1 1
1.  × 4  + 2 = 2. × 2 ÷1  = 3. 12 +  3 − 1  =
3 5 4 7  3 5  2  4
4 2 4 1 1 2 2 5 3 1
4. 5 ÷  × 3  = 5.  + 5  −  2 −  = 6.  ×  ÷  × 2  =
9 5 5 6  3 3 3 4 4 3
4 1 3 1 1 5 3 2 1 3
7.  + 1  × = 8.  2 × 1 ×  ÷ = 9.  +  ×  2 × 4 =
5 2 8  3 5 4 8 3 3  8 
2 1 6 5
10.  4 −  ÷  ×  =
 3  6  25 3

Chapter 8 - Decimal and Mixed Fractions
The objective of this chapter is to improve the student’s ability in solving decimal and mixed
(Section 8.2), multiply (Section 8.3), and divide (Section 8.4) two or more decimal and mixed
8.1 Adding Decimal and Mixed Fractions

 a × 10 − k1 
Decimal fractions of the form   where ( a ) and (b) are integer numbers and ( k1 ) and
 b × 10 − k 2 
 a
( k2 ) are equal to the number of decimal places, and mixed fractions of the form k

 where ( k )
b
a
is made up of a whole number and   is an integer fraction are added as in the following cases:
  b
Case I Adding Two Decimal and Mixed Fractions

Add two decimal and mixed fractions using the following steps:
( ) a
  10
135
e.g., change 135
. to .
10
The following examples show the steps as to how two decimal and mixed fractions are added:
Example 8.1-1
3 0.5
2 + =
5 0.3
Solution:
3 0.5 (2 × 5) + 3 + 0.5 10 + 3 + 0.5 13 + 0.5

Step 1 2 + = = =
5 0.3 5 0.3 5 0.3 5 0.3

Mastering Fractions 8.1 Adding Decimal and Mixed Fractions
5
13 0.5 13 10 13 5 × 10 13 50
Step 2a + = +
3
= + = +
5 0.3 5 5 10 × 3 5 30
10
13 50 (13 × 30) + (50 × 5) 390 + 250 640

Step 3 + = = =
5 30 5 × 30 150 150
640 640 ÷ 10 64
Step 4 = =
150 150 ÷ 10 15
64 4
Step 5 = 4
15 15
Example 8.1-2
12
. 2
+3 =
0.04 5
Solution:
.
12 2 12
. (3 × 5) + 2 12
. 15 + 2 12
. 17
Step 1 +3 = + = + = +
0.04 5 0.04 5 0.04 5 0.04 5
12
.
12 17 17 12 × 100 17 1200 17
Step 2a + = 10
4
+ = + = +
0.04 5 5 10 × 4 5 40 5
100
1200 17 (1200 × 5) + (17 × 40) 6000 + 680 6680

Step 3 + = = =
40 5 40 × 5 200 200
6680 6680 ÷ 40 167

Step 4 = =
200 200 ÷ 40 5
167 2
Step 5 = 33
5 5
Example 8.1-3
2
6 .
+ 124 =
3

Solution:
2 (6 × 3) + 2 + 124 18 + 2 20
Step 1 6 .
+ 124 = . = .
+ 124 = .
+ 124
3 3 3 3
20 20 124
Step 2b .
+ 124 = +
3 3 100
20 124 (20 × 100) + (124 × 3) 2000 + 372 2372

Step 3 + = = =
3 100 3 × 100 300 300
2372 2372 ÷ 4 593

Step 4 = =
300 300 ÷ 4 75
593 68
Step 5 = 7
75 75
Example 8.1-4
1 14.
12 + =
8 0.03
Solution:
1 14. (12 × 8) + 1 + 14. 96 + 1 14 . 97 14

.
Step 1 12 + = = + = +
8 0.03 8 0.03 8 0.03 8 0.03
14
.
97 14 97 10 97 14 × 100 97 1400
Step 2a + = +
3
= + = +
8 0.03 8 8 10 × 3 8 30
100
97 1400 (97 × 30) + (1400 × 8) 2910 + 11200 14110

Step 3 + = = =
8 30 8 × 30 240 240
14110 14110 ÷ 10 1411

Step 4 = =
240 240 ÷ 10 24
1411 19
Step 5 = 58
24 24

Example 8.1-5
5
8.25 + 6 =
7
Solution:
5 (6 × 7) + 5 8.25 + 42 + 5 8.25 + 47
Step 1 8.25 + 6 = 8.25 + = =
7 7 7 7
47 825 47
Step 2b 8.25 + = +
7 100 7
825 47 (825 × 7) + (47 × 100) 5775 + 4700 10475

Step 3 + = = =
100 7 100 × 7 700 700
10475 10475 ÷ 25 419

Step 4 = =
700 700 ÷ 25 28
419 27
Step 5 = 14
28 28
Case II Adding Three Decimal and Mixed Fractions

Add three decimal and mixed fractions using the following steps:
( ) a
 10 
5
1000

The following examples show the steps as to how three decimal and mixed fractions are added:
Example 8.1-6
1 1
0.6 + 3 + 4 =
8 5
Solution:
1 1  1 1
Step 1 0.6 + 3 + 4 =  0.6 + 3  + 4
8 5  8 5
 1 1  (3 × 8) + 1 + (4 × 5) + 1  0.6 + 24 + 1 + 20 + 1
Step 2  0.6 + 3  + 4 =  0.6 + =  
 8 5  8  5  8  5
 25 21
=  0.6 + +
 8 5
 25 21  6 25 21
Step 3b  0.6 +  + =  + +
 8  5  10 8  5
 6 25 21  ( 6 × 8) + ( 25 × 10)  21  48 + 250  21  298  21

Step 4  + + =  + =  + =  +
 10 8  5  10 × 8  5  80  5  80  5
298 21 (298 × 5) + (21 × 80) 1490 + 1680 3170

= + = = =
80 5 80 × 5 400 400
3170 3170 ÷ 10 317

Step 5 = =
400 400 ÷ 10 40
317 37
Step 6 = 7
40 40
Example 8.1-7
0.3 3
+ 2 + 0.2 =
0.8 5
Solution:
0.3 3  0.3 3
Step 1 + 2 + 0.2 =  + 2  + 0.2
0.8 5  0.8 5
 0.3 3  0.3 ( 2 × 5) + 3  0.3 10 + 3

Step 2  + 2  + 0.2 =  +  + 0.2 =  +  + 0.2
 0.8 5  0.8 5   0.8 5 

 0.3 13
=  +  + 0.2
 0.8 5 
 3 
 0.3 13  13  3 × 10 13  30 13
Step 3a +  + 0.2 =  10 +  + 0.2 =  +  + 0.2 =  +  + 0.2

 0.8 5   8 5   10 × 8 5   80 5 
 10 
 30 13  30 13 2
Step 3b  +  + 0.2 =  +  +
 80 5   80 5  10
 30 13 2  ( 30 × 5) + (13 × 80)  2  150 + 1040  2  1190  2

Step 4  + + =  + =  + =  +
 80 5  10  80 × 5  10  400  10  400  10
1190 2 (1190 × 10) + (2 × 400) 11900 + 800 12700

= + = = =
400 10 400 × 10 4000 4000
12700 12700 ÷ 100 127

Step 5 = =
4000 4000 ÷ 100 40
127 7
Step 6 = 3
40 40
Example 8.1-8
3 6 0.3
2 +1 + =
5 5 0.2
Solution:
3 6 0.3  3 6  0.3
Step 1 2 +1 + = 2 +1  +
5 5 0.2  5 5  0.2
 3 6  0.3  ( 2 × 5) + 3 (1 × 5) + 6  0.3  10 + 3 5 + 6  0.3

Step 2 2 +1  + =  + + =  + +
 5 5  0.2  5 5  0.2  5 5  0.2
 13 11 0.3
=  + +
 5 5  0.2
3
 13 11 0.3  13 11 10  13 11 3 × 10  13 11 30
Step 3a  + + =  + + 2 =  + + =  + +
 5 5  0.2  5 5  5 5  10 × 2  5 5  20
10

 13 11 30  13 + 11 30  24  30 24 30 (24 × 20) + (30 × 5)

Step 4  + + =  + =  + = + =
5 5  20  5  20  5  20 5 20 5 × 20
480 + 150 630

= =
100 100
630 630 ÷ 10 63
Step 5 = =
100 100 ÷ 10 10
63 3
Step 6 = 6
10 10
Example 8.1-9
4 0.06 01.
1 + + =
5 14. 0.5
Solution:
4 0.06 01.  4 0.06  01.

Step 1 1 + + = 1 + +
5 14. 0.5  5 14.  0.5
 4 0.06  01
.  (1 × 5) + 4 0.06  01
.  5 + 4 0.06  01
.
Step 2 1 + + =  + + =  + +
 5 14.  0.5  5 14
.  0.5  5 .  0.5
14
 9 .
0.06  01
=  + +
 5 .  0.5
14
 6  1
 9 0.06  01
. 9 
Step 3a  + + =  + 100  + 10 =  9 + 6 × 10  + 1 × 10 =  9 + 60  + 10
 5 14.  0.5 5 14  5  5 100 × 14  10 × 5  5 1400  50
 10  10
9 60  10  ( 9 × 1400) + ( 60 × 5)  10  12600 + 300  10

Step 4  + + =  + =  +
 5 1400  50  5 × 1400  50  7000  50
 12900  10 12900 10 (12900 × 50) + (10 × 7000) 645000 + 70000

=  + = + = =
 7000  50 7000 50 7000 × 50 350000
715000
=
350000
715000 715000 ÷ 1000 715 715 ÷ 5 143

Step 5 = = = =
350000 350000 ÷ 1000 350 350 ÷ 5 70

143 3
Step 6 = 2
70 70
Example 8.1-10
.
14 6
12.8 + +4 =
0.3 11
Solution:
.
14 6  14
.  6
Step 1 12.8 + +4 = 12.8 +  + 4
0.3 11  0.3 11
 14
.  6  .  ( 4 × 11) + 6
14  14
.  44 + 6
Step 2  12.8 +  + 4 = 12.8 +  + = 12.8 +  +
 0.3 11  0.3 11  0.3 11
 14
.  50
= 12.8 + +
 0.3 11
 14 
14
.  50  
Step 3a

 12.8 +  + = 12.8 + 10  + 50 =  12.8 + 14 × 10  + 50 =  12.8 + 140  + 50
 0.3 11  3  11  10 × 3  11  30  11
 10 
 140  50  128 140  50

Step 3b  12.8 + + =  + +
 30  11  10 30  11
 128 140  50  (128 × 30) + (140 × 10)  50  3840 + 1400  50

Step 4  + + =  + =  +
 10 30  11  10 × 30  11  300  11
 5240  50 5240 50 (5240 × 11) + (50 × 300) 57640 + 15000

=  + = + = =
 300  11 300 11 300 × 11 3300
72640
=
3300
72640 72640 ÷ 20 3632

Step 5 = =
3300 3300 ÷ 20 165
3632 2
Step 6 = 22
165 165

The following examples further illustrate how to add decimal and mixed fractions:
Example 8.1-11
12 3
1 012
. ( 2 × 5) + 1 100 10 + 1 12 × 10 11 120
/// 11 3 (11 × 10) + (3 × 5)
2 + = +
4
= + = + = + =
5 0.4 5 5 100 × 4 5 400
/// 5 10 5 × 10
10 10
5
110 + 15 125
/// 5 1
= = = = 2
50 50
// 2 2
2
Example 8.1-12
62
3 / / / (6 × 8) + 3
124 62 48 + 3 62 51 ( 62 × 8) + (51 × 5) 496 + 255 751
12.4 + 6 = + = + = + = = =
8 10
// 8 5 8 5 8 5× 8 40 40
5
31
= 18
40
Example 8.1-13
 5  1  1 
0.5 3 
+ 1 + 0.2 =  10 (1 × 5) + 3  2  5 × 10 5 + 3 2/  50
/ / 8 1  1 8 1
15
+ + =  + + =  + + =  + +
.
15 5  5  10  10 × 15 5  10
//  150
/ / / 5 5  3 5 5
 10  5  3 
 (1 × 5) + ( 8 × 3)  1  5 + 24  1  29  1 29 1 ( 29 × 5) + (1 × 15) 145 + 15
=  + =  + =  + = + = =
 3×5  5  15  5  15  5 15 5 15 × 5 75
32
160
/// 32 2
= = = 2
75
// 15 15
15
Example 8.1-14
8
 2 4  0.08  (5 × 5) + 2 (2 × 5) + 4  100  25 + 2 10 + 4  8 × 10
5 + 2  + =  + +
5
=  + +
 5 5 0.5  5 5   5 5  100 × 5
10
4
 27 14  80
//  27 + 14  4  41 4 41 4 ( 41 × 25) + ( 4 × 5) 1025 + 20
=  + + =  + =  + = + = =
 5 5  500
///  5  25  5  25 5 25 5 × 25 125
25
209
1045
//// 209 9
= = = 8
125
/// 25 25
25

Example 8.1-15
 12   4 20 
2  1.2  (6 × 5) + 2 +  8 
+ 10  =
30 + 2  8 12 × 100  32  8/ ///
1200
/
6 +  0.8 +  = 6
+ +  = + + 
5  0.06  5  10  5  10 10 × 6  5  10
/ / 60
// 
 100   5 1 
32  4 20  32  ( 4 × 1) + ( 20 × 5)  32  4 + 100  32  104  32 104 32 + 104

= + +  = +  = +  = +  = + =
5 5 1  5  5×1  5  5  5  5  5 5 5
136 1
= = 27
5 5
Example 8.1-16
 5 
 0.05 4 4 
100 ( 3 × 5) + 4  (2 × 7) + 4  5 × 10 15 + 4  14 + 4
 +3  +2 =  8 + + =  + +
 0.8 5 7  5  7  100 × 8 5  7
 10 
 1 
/ / 19  18
 50  1 19  18  (1 × 5) + (19 × 16)  18  5 + 304  18  309  18
=  + + =  + + =  + =  + =  +
/// 5 7
 800  16 5  7  16 × 5  7  80  7  80  7
 16 
309 18 (309 × 7) + (18 × 80) 2163 + 1440 3603 6 243

= + = = = =
80 7 80 × 7 560 560 560
Example 8.1-17
 12 
 012
. 2  2  
100 ( 6 × 3) + 2   (1 × 3) + 2 6 
 + 6  +  1 + 0.06 = 
8
+  + + 
 0.8 3  3   3   3 100 
 10 
 3   3 
 12 × 10 18 + 2   3 + 2 6   120
/ / / 20   5 6/   3 20   5 3 
=  +  + +  =  +  + +  =  +  + + 
 100 × 8 3   3 100   800
/// 3   3 100
///  20 3   3 50 
 20   50 
 ( 3 × 3) + ( 20 × 20)   ( 5 × 50) + ( 3 × 3)   9 + 400   250 + 9   409   259  409 259

=   +  =   +  =   +  = +
 20 × 3   3 × 50   60   150   60   150  60 150
2563
( 409 × 150) + ( 259 × 60) 61350 + 15540 76890
///// 2563 163
= = = = = 8
60 × 150 9000 9000
//// 300 300
300
Example 8.1-18
12
012
.  1 3
+ 3 + 2  = 100 +  (3 × 5) + 1 + (2 × 8) + 3 =
12 × 10  15 + 1 16 + 3 
+ + 
0.2  5 8 2  5 8  100 × 2  5 8 
10

3
120
/ / /  16 19  3  (16 × 8) + (19 × 5)  3  128 + 95  3  223  3 223
= + +  = +  = +  = +  = +
///  5 8
200 5  5×8  5  40  5  40  5 40
5
247
(3 × 40) + (223 × 5) 120 + 1115 1235
/// / 247 7
= = = = = 6
5 × 40 200 200
/ / / 40 40
40
Example 8.1-19
 126   21 
12.6 4 3 
10 ( 3 × 5) + 4  (1 × 8) + 3  126 × 10 15 + 4  8 + 3 / / / / 19  11
 1260
+ 3 +1 =  6 + + =  + + =  + +
0.6 5 8  5  8  10 × 6 5  8  60// 5 8
 10   1 
 21 19  11  ( 21 × 5) + (19 × 1)  11  105 + 19  11  124  11 124 11

=  + + =  + =  + =  + = +
 1 5 8  1× 5  8  5  8  5  8 5 8
(124 × 8) + (11 × 5) 992 + 55 1047 7

= = = = 26
5×8 40 40 40
Example 8.1-20
5 25
0.5  4 3 10  (3 × 5) + 4 (2 × 8) + 3 5 × 100  15 + 4 16 + 3 500
/ / /  19 19 
+ 3 + 2  = + +  = + +  = + + 
0.02  5 8 2  5 8  10 × 2  5 8  //  5
20 8
100 1
25  (19 × 8) + (19 × 5)  25  152 + 95 25  247  25 247 (25 × 40) + (247 × 1)

= +  = +  = +  = + =
1  5×8  1  40  1  40  1 40 1 × 40
1000 + 247 1247 7

= = = 31
40 40 40
Example 8.1-21
 2   2 
 0.02   0.2 6 
100 5   10 (3 × 8) + 6   2 × 10 5   2 × 100 24 + 6 
 + 0.5 +  +3  =  +  + +  =  +  + + 
 0.6   0.04 8  6 10   4 8   100 × 6 10   10 × 4 8 
 10   100 
 1 1  5 15 
 20
// 5/   200 / /
/ / / 30  1 1   5 15  (1 × 2) + (1 × 30)   (5 × 4) + (15 × 1) 
=  +  + +  =  +  + +  =   + 
 600
/ / / 10
/ /   40
// 8/   30 2   1 4   30 × 2   1× 4 
 30 2  1 4
8
 2 + 30   20 + 15  32   35 32
/ / 35 8 35 (8 × 4) + (35 × 15) 32 + 525 557
=   +  =   +  = + = + = = =
 60   4   60   4  60
// 4 15 4 15 × 4 60 60
15

17
= 9
60
Section 8.1 Exercises - Add the following decimal and mixed fractions:
2 0.01 2 0.03 4
1. 3 + = 2. 012
. +6 = 3. +3 =
5 0.5 10 0.5 5
1 3 0.8 5 0.02 0.2 6 1 0.4

4.  3 + 2  + = 5. 3 + + = 6.  3 + 5  + =
 2 4 12
. 8 .
014 0.5  8 8 0.08
3 0.2 0.04  5 4 2 0.2

7.  5 +  + 0.24 = 8. + 4 + 2  = 9. 3 +  
+ 0.4 =
 4  01
. 12
.  6 5 7  0.04 
1 4 012
. 0.5 
10.  3 + 2  +  +  =
 4 5  0.4 0.2 

Mastering Fractions 8.2 Subtracting Decimal and Mixed Fractions
8.2 Subtracting Decimal and Mixed Fractions

 a × 10 − k1 
Decimal fractions of the form   where ( a ) and ( b) are integer numbers and ( k1 ) and
 b × 10 − k 2 
 a
( k2 ) are equal to the number of decimal places, and mixed fractions of the form k

 where ( k )
b
a
is made up of a whole number and   is an integer fraction are subtracted as in the following
 b
cases:
Case I Subtracting Two Decimal and Mixed Fractions
Subtract two decimal and mixed fractions using the following steps:
( ) a
  10
238
100
The following examples show the steps as to how two decimal and mixed fractions are
subtracted:
Example 8.2-1
4 0.3
2 − =
7 0.2
Solution:
4 0.3 (2 × 7) + 4 − 0.3 14 + 4 − 0.3 18 − 0.3

Step 1 2 − = = =
7 0.2 7 0.2 7 0.2 7 0.2
3
18 0.3 18 10 18 3 × 10 18 30
Step 2a − = −
2
= − = −
7 0.2 7 7 10 × 2 7 20
10
18 30 (18 × 20) − (30 × 7) 360 − 210 150

Step 3 − = = =
7 20 7 × 20 140 140
150 150 ÷ 10 15
Step 4 = =
140 140 ÷ 10 14

15 1
Step 5 = 1
14 14
Example 8.2-2
4
0.35 − 2 =
5
Solution:
4 (2 × 5) + 4 0.35 − 10 + 4 0.35 − 14
Step 1 0.35 − 2 = 0.35 − = =
5 5 5 5
14 35 14
Step 2b 0.35 − = −
5 100 5
35 14 (35 × 5) − (14 × 100) 175 − 1400 −1225

Step 3 − = = =
100 5 100 × 5 500 500
−1225 −1225 ÷ 25 −49

Step 4 = =
500 500 ÷ 25 20
−49  9
Step 5 = − 2 
20 20
Example 8.2-3
012
. 5
−3 =
0.6 12
Solution:
.
012 5 012
. (3 × 12) + 5 012
. 36 + 5 012
. 41
Step 1 −3 = − = − = −
0.6 12 0.6 12 0.6 12 0.6 12
12
012
. 41 41 12 × 10 41 120 41
Step 2a − = 100
6
− = − = −
0.6 12 12 100 × 6 12 600 12
10
120 41 (120 × 12) − (41 × 600) 1440 − 24600 −23160

Step 3 − = = =
600 12 600 × 12 7200 7200
−23160 −23160 ÷ 40 −579 −579 ÷ 3 −193

Step 4 = = = =
7200 7200 ÷ 40 180 180 ÷ 3 60

−193  13 
Step 5 = − 3 
60 60
Example 8.2-4
7
6 − 0.05 =
10
Solution:
7 (6 × 10) + 7 − 0.05 60 + 7 − 0.05 67 − 0.05

Step 1 6 − 0.05 = = =
10 10 10 10
67 67 5
Step 2b − 0.05 = −
10 10 100
67 5 (67 × 100) − (5 × 10) 6700 − 50 6650

Step 3 − = = =
10 100 10 × 100 1000 1000
6650 6650 ÷ 50 133

Step 4 = =
1000 1000 ÷ 50 20
133 13
Step 5 = 6
20 20
Example 8.2-5
5 12.8
3 − =
8 0.02
Solution:
5 12.8 (3 × 8) + 5 − 12.8 24 + 5 − 12.8 29 12.8

Step 1 3 − = = = −
8 0.02 8 0.02 8 0.02 8 0.02
128
29 12.8 29 10 29 128 × 100 29 12800
Step 2a − = −
2
= − = −
8 0.02 8 8 10 × 2 8 20
100
29 12800 (29 × 20) − (12800 × 8) 580 − 102400 −101820

Step 3 − = = =
8 20 8 × 20 160 160
−101820 −101820 ÷ 20 −5091

Step 4 = =
160 160 ÷ 20 8

−5091  3
Step 5 = − 636 
8 8
Case II Subtracting Three Decimal and Mixed Fractions

Subtract three decimal and mixed fractions using the following steps:
( ) a
  10
28
1000
The following examples show the steps as to how three decimal and mixed fractions are
subtracted:
Example 8.2-6
0.01 3 0.4
−2 − =
0.8 4 0.6
Solution:
0.01 3 0.4  0.01 3  0.4

Step 1 −2 − =  −2  −
0.8 4 0.6  0.8 4  0.6
 0.01 3  0.4  0.01 ( 2 × 4) + 3 − 0.4  0.01 8 + 3  0.4

Step 2  −2  − =  − =  − −
 0.8 4  0.6  0.8 4  0.6  0.8 4  0.6
 0.01 11 0.4

=  − −
 0.8 4  0.6
 1  4
 0.01 11 0.4  11 10  1 × 10 11 4 × 10
Step 3a − − =  100 − − =  − −

 0.8 4  0.6  8 4

6  100 × 8 4  10 × 6
 10  10
 10 11 40
=  − −
 800 4  60

 10 11 40  (10 × 4) − (11 × 800)  40  40 − 8800  40

Step 4  − − =  − =  −
 800 4  60  800 × 4  60  3200  60
 −8760  40 −8760 40 ( −8760 × 60) − ( 40 × 3200)

=  − = − =
 3200  60 3200 60 3200 × 60
−525600 − 128000 −653600

= =
192000 192000
−653600 −653600 ÷ 100 −6536 −6536 ÷ 8 −817

Step 5 = = = =
192000 192000 ÷ 100 1920 1920 ÷ 8 240
−817  97 
Step 6 = − 3 
240 240 
Example 8.2-7
4 0.2
3 − 0.5 − =
5 0.3
Solution:
4 0.2  4  0.2
Step 1 3 − 0.5 − =  3 − 0.5 −
5 0.3  5  0.3
 4  0.2  ( 3 × 5) + 4  0.2  15 + 4  0.2

Step 2  3 − 0.5 − =  − 0.5 − =  − 0.5 −
 5  0.3  5  0.3  5  0.3
 19  0.2
=  − 0.5 −
 5  0.3
2
 19  0.2  19  10  19  2 × 10  19  20
Step 3a  − 0.5 − =  − 0.5 − 3 =  − 0.5 − =  − 0.5 −
 5  0.3  5   5  10 × 3  5  30
10
 19  20  19 5  20
Step 3b  − 0.5 − =  − −
 5  30  5 10  30
 19 5  20  (19 × 10) − (5 × 5)  20  190 − 25 20  165 20

Step 4  − − =  − =  − =  −
 5 10  30  5 × 10  30  50  30  50  30
165 20 4950 − 1000 3950

= − = =
50 30 1500 1500

3950 3950 ÷ 50 79
Step 5 = =
1500 1500 ÷ 50 30
79 19
Step 6 = 2
30 30
Example 8.2-8
0.3 2 2
−1 − 3 =
0.08 5 5
Solution:
0.3 2 2  0.3 2 2
Step 1 −1 − 3 =  −1  − 3
0.08 5 5  0.08 5  5
 0.3 2 2  0.3 (1 × 5) + 2  ( 3 × 5) + 2  0.3 5 + 2  15 + 2

Step 2  −1  − 3 =  − − =  − −
 0.08 5 5  0.08 5  5  0.08 5  5
 0.3 7  17
=  − −
 0.08 5  5
 3 
 0.3 7  17 
10 7  17  3 × 100 7  17  300 7  17
Step 3a  − − =  8 − − =  − − =  − −
 0.08 5  5  5  5  10 × 8 5  5  80 5  5
 100 
 300 7  17  ( 300 × 5) − ( 7 × 80)  17  1500 − 560  17  940  17

Step 4  − − =  − =  − =  −
 80 5  5  80 × 5  5  400  5  400  5
940 17 (940 × 5) − (17 × 400) 4700 − 6800 −2100

= − = = =
400 5 400 × 5 2000 2000
−2100 −2100 ÷ 100 −21

Step 5 = =
2000 2000 ÷ 100 20
−21  1
Step 6 = − 1 
20 20
Example 8.2-9
1 0.3
0.04 − 4 − =
3 0.2

Solution:
1 0.3  1  0.3
Step 1 0.04 − 4 − =  0.04 − 4  −
3 0.2  3 0.2
 1  0.3  (4 × 3) + 1 − 0.3  0.04 − 12 + 1 − 0.3

Step 2  0.04 − 4  − =  0.04 − =  
 3  0.2  3  0.2  3  0.2
 13 0.3
=  0.04 − −
 3  0.2
3
 13 0.3  13 10  13 3 × 10  13 30
Step 3a  0.04 −  − =  0.04 −  − 2 =  0.04 −  − =  0.04 −  −
 3  0.2  3  3  10 × 2  3  20
10
 13 30  4 13 30
Step 3b  0.04 −  − =  − −
 3  20  100 3  20
 4 13 30  ( 4 × 3) − (13 × 100)  30  12 − 1300  30  −1288  30

Step 4  − − =  − =  − =  −
 100 3  20  100 × 3  20  300  20  300  20
−1288 30 ( −1288 × 20) − ( 30 × 300) −25760 − 9000 −34760

= − = = =
300 20 300 × 20 6000 6000
−34760 −34760 ÷ 40 −869

Step 5 = =
6000 6000 ÷ 40 150
−869  119 
Step 6 = − 5 
150 150 
Example 8.2-10
1 0.3 0.5
4 − − =
8 0.2 0.4
Solution:
1 0.3 0.5  1 0.3  0.5

Step 1 4 − − = 4 −  −
8 0.2 0.4  8 0.2  0.4
 1 0.3  0.5  ( 4 × 8) + 1 0.3  0.5  32 + 1 0.3  0.5

Step 2 4 − − =  − − =  − −
 8 0.2  0.4  8 0.2  0.4  8 0.2  0.4

 33 0.3  0.5
=  − −
 8 0.2  0.4
 3 5
 33 0.3  0.5  33 
Step 3a =  − 10  − 10 =  33 − 3 × 10  − 5 × 10 =  33 − 30  − 50
 − −    
 8 0.2  0.4  8 2 4  8 10 × 2  10 × 4  8 20  40
 10  10
 33 30  50  ( 33 × 20) − ( 30 × 8)  50  660 − 240  50  420  50

Step 4  − − =  − =  − =  −
 8 20  40  8 × 20  40  160  40  160  40
420 50 (420 × 40) − (50 × 160) 16800 − 8000 8800

= − = = =
160 40 160 × 40 6400 6400
8800 8800 ÷ 800 11

Step 5 = =
6400 6400 ÷ 800 8
11 3
Step 6 = 1
8 8
The following examples further illustrate how to subtract decimal and mixed fractions:
Example 8.2-11
24 3
1 0.24 ( 3 × 4) + 1 100 12 + 1 24 × 10 13 240
/// 13 3 (13 × 10) − (3 × 4)
3 − = −
8
= − = − = − =
4 0.8 4 4 100 × 8 4 800
/// 4 10 4 × 10
10 10
59
130 − 12 118
/// 59 19
= = = = 2
40 40
// 20 20
20
Example 8.2-12
62
3
2 − 12.4 =
( 2 × 8) + 3 124
/// 16 + 3 62 19 62 (19 × 5) − (62 × 8) 95 − 496 −401
− = − = − = = =
8 8 10
// 8 5 8 5 8×5 40 40
5
 1 
= − 10 
40
Example 8.2-13
142 3550
14.2 3
−2 = 10 − (2 × 8) + 3 =
142 × 1000 16 + 3
− =
142000
/ / / / / / 19
− =
3550 19
−
0.028 8 28 8 10 × 28 8 280
/// 8 7 8
1000 7

(3550 × 8) − (19 × 7) 28400 − 133 28267 43

= = = = 504
7×8 56 56 56
Example 8.2-14
 5  1  1 
0.5 2 
− 3 − 0.5 =  10 −
( 3 × 5) + 2  5  5 × 10 15 + 2  5/ / / 17  1
 50  1 17  1
25
− =  −  − =  − − =  − −
2.5 5  5  10  10 × 25 5  10
/ /  250
/ / / 5  2 5 5  2
 10  2  5 
 1 − 17  1  −16  1 −16 1 ( −16 × 2) − (1 × 5) −32 − 5 −37  7

=  − =  − = − = = = = − 3 
 5  2  5  2 5 2 5× 2 10 10 10
Example 8.2-15
6  5 1
 2 2  0.06  (1 × 3) + 2 ( 2 × 4) + 2  100  3 + 2 8 + 2 6 × 10  5 10
// 60
//
1 − 2  − =  − − =  − − =  − −
 3 4  12.  3 4  12  3 4  100 × 12  3 4/  1200
////
10  2 20
 5  5 1  (5 × 2) − (5 × 3)  1  10 − 15 1  −5 1 −5 1
=  − − =  − =  − =  − = −
 3 2  20  3× 2  20  6  20  6  20 6 20
−53
( −5 × 20) − (1 × 6) −100 − 6 −106
/// −53
= = = =
6 × 20 120 120
/// 60
60
Example 8.2-16
 2 24   5 2 
1  0.2 0.24  (12 × 3) + 1  10 100  36 + 1  2 × 100 24 × 10  37  200 ///
/ / / 240
12 −  −  = − −  = − −  = − − 
3  012
. 0.6  3  12 6  3  10 × 12 100 × 6  3  120
/ / / 600
/ //
 100 10   3 5 
37  5 2  37  (5 × 5) − ( 2 × 3)  37  25 − 6  37  19  37 19
= − −  = −  = −  = −  = −
3  3 5 3  3×5  3  15  3  15  3 15
(37 × 15) − (19 × 3) 555 − 57 498 3

= = = = 11
3 × 15 45 45 45
Example 8.2-17
 15  7  50 
 15. 1 
− 2  − 0.035 =  100 ( 2 × 4) + 1 35
//  15 × 1000 8 + 1 7  15000
/ / / / / 9 7
 3
− − =  − − =  − −
 0.03 4  4  1000
/ / / /  100 × 3 4  200  300
/ / / 4  200
 1000  200  1 
 50 9  7  (50 × 4) − ( 9 × 1)  7  200 − 9  7  191 7 191 7

=  − − =  − =  − =  − = −
 1 4  200  1× 4  200  4  200  4  200 4 200

9543
(191 × 200) − (7 × 4) 38200 − 28 38172
///// 9543 143
= = = = = 47
4 × 200 800 800
/// 200 200
200
Example 8.2-18
14 7
014
.  2 3 100  (8 × 5) + 2 ( 3 × 5) + 3 14 × 10  40 + 2 15 + 3 140
/ / /  42 18 
− 8 − 3  = + −  = − −  = − − 
0.2  5 5 2  5 5  100 × 2  5 5  ///  5
200 5
10 10
−41
7  42 − 18  7  24  7 24 ( 7 × 5) − ( 24 × 10) 35 − 240 −205
/// −41
= −  = −  = − = = = =
10  5  10  5  10 5 10 × 5 50 50
// 10
10
 1
= − 4 
10
Example 8.2-19
 126  9  210 
12.6 4 
. =  10 ( 3 × 5) + 4  18
//  126 × 100 15 + 4  9 / / / / / 19  9
 12600
− 3 − 18 − − =  − − =  − −
0.06 5  6 5  10
//  10 × 6 5  5  60 // 5 5
 100  5  1 
 210 19  9  ( 210 × 5) − (19 × 1)  9  1050 − 19  9  1031 9 1031 9

=  − − =  − =  − =  − = −
 1 5  5  1× 5  5  5  5  5  5 5 5
1031 − 9 1022 2
= = = 204
5 5 5
Example 8.2-20
13
13
.  1 5
− 6 − 2  = 10 −  ( 6 × 8) + 1 − ( 2 × 6) + 5 =
13 × 1000  48 + 1 12 + 5
− − 
0.013  8 6 13  8 6  10 × 13  8 6 
1000
100
13000
/ / / / /  49 17  100  49 17  100  ( 49 × 6) − (17 × 8)  100  294 − 136 
= − −  = − −  = −  = − 
130
///  8 6 1  8 6 1  8×6  1  48 
1
79
100  158  100 158
/// 100 79 (100 × 24) − (79 × 1) 2400 − 79 2321 96 17
= −  = − = − = = = =
1  48  1 48
// 1 24 1 × 24 24 24 24
24
Example 8.2-21
 4 
 (1 × 3) + 2
10  −  128 − ( 2 × 5) + 3 =  3 + 2 − 4 × 10  −  128 − 10 + 3
 2 0.4   3 
1 − . −2  = 
 −  128 −
 3 12
.   5  3 12   100 5   3 10 × 12   100 5 
 10 

 1   32 
 5 40/ /   128
/ / / 13  5 1   32 13  5 − 1  ( 32 × 5) − (13 × 25)   4   160 − 325
=  − −
  −  =  −  − −  =   −  =   − 
 3 120
/ / /   100
/// 5  3 3  25 5   3   25 × 5   3   125 
 3   25 
33
4  −165 4  165 4 165
/// 4 33 (4 × 25) + (33 × 3) 100 + 99 199 2 49
= −  = +  = + = + = = = =
3  125  3  125 3 125
/// 3 25 3 × 25 75 75 75
25
Section 8.2 Exercises - Subtract the following decimal and mixed fractions:
1 0.02 0.03 2 4
1. 2 − = 2. −4 = 3. 12.2 − 3 =
6 0.5 .
15 3 5
1 3 18
. 3 12
. 0.2 2 3 0.4
4.  3 − 1  − = 5. 2 − − = 6.  5 − 1  − =
 2 4 0.9 8 0.06 0.5  8 8 0.08
3  0.8 0.24  3 4 1 0.8

7. 15 − 012
. − = 8. − 2 − 3  = 9. 3 −  
.  =
− 12
 4 .
12 .
12  5 9 8  0.04 
3 .
012 0.5 
10. 15.8 − 2  −  −  =
   5 
0.3 .
015

Mastering Fractions 8.3 Multiplying Decimal and Mixed Fractions
8.3 Multiplying Decimal and Mixed Fractions

Two or more decimal and mixed fractions of the forms:
 a × 10 − k1 
 b × 10 − k 2 
of decimal places, and
a a
2.  k  where ( k ) is made up of a whole number and   is an integer fraction
  b   b
Case I Multiplying Two Decimal and Mixed Fractions
Multiply two decimal and mixed fractions using the following steps:
( ) a
  10
125
e.g., change 125
. to .
100
The following examples show the steps as to how two decimal and mixed fractions are
multiplied:
Example 8.3-1
012
. 5
×2 =
0.5 13
Solution:
012
. 5 0.12 ( 2 × 13) + 5 0.12 26 + 5 0.12 31
Step 1 ×2 = × = × = ×
0.5 13 0.5 13 0.5 13 0.5 13
12
0.12 31 100 × 31 12 × 10 31 120 31
Step 2a × = 5
= × = ×
0.5 13 13 100 × 5 13 500 13
10
120 31 120 × 31 3720

Step 3 × = =
500 13 500 × 13 6500
3720 3720 ÷ 40 186

Step 4 = =
6500 6500 ÷ 40 325

Example 8.3-2
4
3 × 0.8 =
3
Solution:
4 ( 3 × 3) + 4 × 0.8 9 + 4 × 0.8 13 × 0.8

Step 1 3 × 0.8 = = =
3 3 3 3
13 13 8
Step 2b × 0.8 = ×
3 3 10
13 8 13 × 8 104
Step 3 × = =
3 10 3 × 10 30
104 104 ÷ 2 52
Step 4 = =
30 30 ÷ 2 15
52 7
Step 5 = 3
15 15
Example 8.3-3
12.8 3
×4 =
0.35 7
Solution:
12.8 3 12.8 ( 4 × 7) + 3 12.8 28 + 3 12.8 31

Step 1 ×4 = × = × = ×
0.35 7 0.35 7 0.35 7 0.35 7
128
12.8 31 10 × 31 128 × 100 31 12800 31
Step 2a × = 35
= × = ×
0.35 7 7 10 × 35 7 350 7
100
12800 31 12800 × 31 396800

Step 3 × = =
350 7 350 × 7 2450
396800 396800 ÷ 25 15872 15872 ÷ 2 7936

Step 4 = = = =
2450 2450 ÷ 25 98 98 ÷ 2 49

7936 47
Step 5 = 161
49 49
Example 8.3-4
5
0.236 × 2 =
8
Solution:
5 ( 2 × 8) + 5 16 + 5 21
Step 1 0.236 × 2 = 0.236 × = 0.236 × = 0.236 ×
8 8 8 8
21 236 21
Step 2b 0.236 × = ×
8 1000 8
236 21 236 × 21 4956

Step 3 × = =
1000 8 1000 × 8 8000
4956 4956 ÷ 4 1239

Step 4 = =
8000 8000 ÷ 4 2000
Example 8.3-5
7 5.06
1 × =
9 2.8
Solution:
7 5.06 (1 × 9) + 7 × 5.06 9 + 7 5.06 16 5.06

Step 1 1 × = = × = ×
9 2.8 9 2.8 9 2.8 9 2.8
506
16 5.06 16 100 16 506 × 10 16 5060
Step 2a × = ×
28
= × = ×
9 2.8 9 9 100 × 28 9 2800
10
16 5060 16 × 5060 80960

Step 3 × = =
9 2800 9 × 2800 25200
80960 80960 ÷ 80 1012

Step 4 = =
25200 25200 ÷ 80 315

1012 67
Step 5 = 3
315 315
Case II Multiplying Three Decimal and Mixed Fractions

Multiply three decimal and mixed fractions using the following steps:
a
b. Change the decimal number ( a × 10 − k ) to an integer fraction of the form  k  ,
 10 
5
100
The following examples show the steps as to how three decimal and mixed fractions are
multiplied:
Example 8.3-6
1 0.7
4 × × 0.9 =
5 0.03
Solution:
1 0.7 ( 4 × 5) + 1 × 0.7 20 + 1 0.7 21 0.7

Step 1 4 × × 0.9 = × 0.9 = × × 0.9 = × × 0.9
5 0.03 5 0.03 5 0.03 5 0.03
7
21 0.7 21 10 21 7 × 100 21 700
Step 2a × × 0.9 = ×
3
× 0.9 = × × 0.9 = × × 0.9
5 0.03 5 5 10 × 3 5 30
100
21 700 21 700 9
Step 2b × × 0.9 = × ×
5 30 5 30 10
21 700 9 21 × 700 × 9 132300

Step 3 × × = =
5 30 10 5 × 30 × 10 1500
132300 132300 ÷ 300 441

Step 4 = =
1500 1500 ÷ 300 5
441 1
Step 5 = 88
5 5

Example 8.3-7
4 3 0.2
2 ×1 × =
5 2 0.3
Solution:
4 3 0.2 (2 × 5) + 4 × (1 × 2) + 3 × 0.2 10 + 4 2 + 3 0.2

Step 1 2 ×1 × = = × ×
5 2 0.3 5 2 0.3 5 2 0.3
14 5 0.2
= × ×
5 2 0.3
2
14 5 0.2 14 5 10 14 5 2 × 10 14 5 20
Step 2a × × = × ×
3
= × × = × ×
5 2 0.3 5 2 5 2 10 × 3 5 2 30
10
14 5 20 14 × 5 × 20 1400
Step 3 × × = =
5 2 30 5 × 2 × 30 300
1400 1400 ÷ 100 14

Step 4 = =
300 300 ÷ 100 3
14 2
Step 5 = 4
3 3
Example 8.3-8
4 2
2 × 1 × 0.3 =
6 3
Solution:
4 2 ( 2 × 6) + 4 × (1 × 3) + 2 × 0.3 12 + 4 3 + 2
Step 1 2 × 1 × 0.3 = = × × 0.3
6 3 6 3 6 3
16 5
= × × 0.3
6 3
16 5 16 5 3
Step 2b × × 0.3 = × ×
6 3 6 3 10
16 5 3 16 × 5 × 3 240
Step 3 × × = =
6 3 10 6 × 3 × 10 180

240 240 ÷ 60 4
Step 4 = =
180 180 ÷ 60 3
4 1
Step 5 = 1
3 3
Example 8.3-9
1 0.2 0.6
5 × × =
.
6 0.3 011
Solution:
1 0.2 0.6 (5 × 6) + 1 × 0.2 × 0.6 30 + 1 0.2 0.6 31 0.2 0.6

Step 1 5 × × = = × × = × ×
6 0.3 011
. 6 0.3 011
. 6 0.3 011
. 6 0.3 011
.
2 6
31 0.2 0.6 31 10 31 2 × 10 6 × 100 31 20 600
Step 2a × × = × × 10 = × × = × ×
6 0.3 011
. 6 3 11 6 10 × 3 10 × 11 6 30 110
10 100
31 20 600 31 × 20 × 600 372000

Step 3 × × = =
6 30 110 6 × 30 × 110 19800
372000 372000 ÷ 600 620

Step 4 = =
19800 19800 ÷ 600 33
620 26
Step 5 = 18
33 33
Example 8.3-10
2.4 0.08 3
× ×5 =
0.5 16. 8
Solution:
2.4 0.08 3 2.4 0.08 ( 5 × 8) + 3 2.4 0.08 40 + 3

Step 1 × ×5 = × × = × ×
0.5 16. 8 0.5 16. 8 0.5 16. 8
2.4 0.08 43
= × ×
0.5 16. 8
24 8
2.4 0.08 43 10 × 100 × 43 24 × 10 8 × 10 43 240 80 43
Step 2a × × = 5 16
= × × = × ×
0.5 16. 8 8 10 × 5 100 × 16 8 50 1600 8
10 10

240 80 43 240 × 80 × 43 825600

Step 3 × × = =
50 1600 8 50 × 1600 × 8 640000
825600 825600 ÷ 100 8256 8256 ÷ 64 129

Step 4 = = = =
640000 640000 ÷ 100 6400 6400 ÷ 64 100
129 29
Step 5 = 1
100 100
The following examples further illustrate how to multiply decimal and mixed fractions:
Example 8.3-11
125 9 5
.
3 125 (2 × 12) + 3 × 100 24 + 3 125 × 10 / / 1250
27 //// 9 5 9×5 45 5
2 × = 5
= × = × = × = = = 5
12 0.5 12 12 100 × 5 / / 500
12 /// 4 2 4×2 8 8
10 4 2
Example 8.3-12
125 5 1
.
0125 4
×3 = 1000 ( 3 × 5) + 4 125 × 10 15 + 4 1250
/ / / / 19 5 19 5/× 19 1 × 19
12
× = × = × = × = =
12. 5 5 1000 × 12 5 12000
///// 5 48 5 48 × 5/ 48 × 1
10 48 1
19
=
48
Example 8.3-13
3 1
5 15 ( 4 × 6) + 5 15
/ / 24 + 5 3 29 3/× 29 1 × 29 29 1
15
. ×4 = × = × = × = = = = 7
6 10 6 10
// 6 2 6 2 × 6/ 2×2 4 4
2 2
Example 8.3-14
24 25 2
5 0.24 125 ( 4 × 8) + 5 100 125
/ / / 32 + 5 24 × 10 25 37 240
/// 25 37 2
12.5 × 4 × = × ×
6
= × × = × × = × ×
8 0.6 10 8 10
// 8 100 × 6 2 8 600
/// 2 8 5
10 2 5
5 1
25
/ /× 37 × 2/ 5 × 37 × 1 185 1
= = = = 23
2/ × 8 × 5/ 1× 8 × 1 8 8
1 1
Example 8.3-15
3  14 
 1 8  ( 3 × 7) + 1 ( 4 × 12) + 8  15  21 + 1 48 + 8  15//  22 56
// 3
 3 × 4  × 015
. =  × × =  × × =  × ×
 7 12   7 12  100  7 12  100 ///  7 12
/ /  20
20  3

 2 11 1
 22 14  3 / / 3
 22 × 14  22 × 2  3  44  3 44 3 / / × 3/
44 11 × 1
=  × × =  × =  × =  × = × = =
 7 3  20  7
/ × 3  20  1 × 3  20  3  20 3 20 3
/× 20
/ / 1× 5
 1  1 5
11 1
= = 2
5 5
Example 8.3-16
5 25 25
3 2 0.5 ( 2 × 5) + 3 ( 6 × 8) + 2 10 10 + 3 48 + 2 5 × 100 13 50
/ / 500
///
2 ×6 × = × ×
2
= × × = × ×
5 8 0.02 5 8 5 8 10 × 2 5 8/ 20
//
100 4 1
5
13 25 25 13 × 25 × 25
// 13 × 25 × 5 1625 1
= × × = = = = 406
5 4 1 5/× 4 × 1 1× 4 × 1 4 4
1
Example 8.3-17
 18   45 
5  1 18.  ( 4 × 6) + 5  ( 7 × 8) + 1 
10  = 24 + 5 ×  56 + 1 × 18 × 100  = 29 ×  57 × 1800
/ ///
4 × 7 ×  = × ×
4   
6  8 0.04  6  8 6  8 10 × 4  6  8 40
// 
 100   1 
29  57 45 29  57 × 45 29  2565 29 2565 29 × 2565 74385 33

= × ×  = ×  = ×  = × = = = 1549
6  8 1 6  8×1  6  8  6 8 6×8 48 48
Example 8.3-18
 3  2 
 ( 3 × 7) + 4
10  ×  10 × ( 2 × 5) + 3
 4 0.3  0.2 3   
3 ×  ×  ×2  =  ×
.   0.01
 7 14 5  7 14   1 5 
 10   100 
 3   20 
 21 + 4 3 × 10   2 × 100 10 + 3  25 30
/ /   200
/ / / 13  25 3   20 13
=  ×  × ×  =  ×  × ×  =  ×  × × 
 7 10 × 14   10 × 1 5   7 140
/ / /   10// 5  7 14   1 5
 14   1 
 4  1950
/ / × 13
 25 × 3   20  25 × 3   4 × 13  75   52  75 52 75 × 52 3900
//// 1950
=   ×  =   ×  =   ×  = × = = =
 7 × 14   1 × 5/   7 × 14   1 × 1   98   1  98 1 98 × 1 98
// 49
 1  49
39
= 39
49
Example 8.3-19
126 5
.
1 126 0.5 2
×4 =
( 3 × 8) + 1 100 10 (4 × 9) + 2 24 + 1 × 126 × 10 × 5 × 100 × 36 + 2
3 × × ×
1
×
15
× =
8 01 . .
015 9 8 9 8 100 × 1 10 × 15 9
10 100

63 10 21 2 19 7 1
25 1260
/ / / / 500
/ / / 38 25 63 10 38 25 × 63
/ /× 10
/ / × 38
// 25 × 21
/ /× 2/ × 19 25 × 7 × 1 × 19
= × × × = × × × = = =
8 100
/ / / 150
/// 9 8 5 3 9 8/ × 5/× 3/× 9 4/ × 1 × 1 × 9/ 2 × 1× 1× 3
5 3 4 1 1 2 3
3325 1
= = 554
6 6
Example 8.3-20
 4   2 
 3   0.4 5  ( 2 × 5) + 3 8   10 (1 × 12) + 5  10 + 3 8/   4 × 10 12 + 5
 2 × 0.08 ×  ×1  =  ×  × ×  =  ×  × × 
 5   0.5 12   5 100   5 12   5 / / /   10 × 5
100 12 
 10   25 
 4  1 
/ / 17 
 13 2   40  13 2   4 17   13 × 2   4/ × 17   26   1 × 17 
=  ×  × ×  =  ×  × ×  =   ×  =   × 
 5 25  50
/ / 12   5 25  5 12   5 × 25   5 × 12
//  125  5 × 3 
 5   3 
26  17  26 17 26 × 17 442
= ×  = × = =
125  15  125 15 125 × 15 1875
Example 8.3-21
 51 
 3 4 1  ( 2 × 8) + 3 102 ( 3 × 5) + 4  ( 2 × 38) + 1  16 + 3 102
/ / / 15 + 4  76 + 1
 2 × 10.2 × 3  × 2 =  × × × =  × × ×
 8 5  38  8 10 5  38  8 10
// 5  38
 5 
969
 19 51 19  77  19 × 51 × 19  77  18411 77 18411 77 18411
/ / / / /× 77 969 × 77
=  × × × =  × =  × = × = =
 8 5 5  38  8×5×5  38  200  38 200 38 200 × 38 // 200 × 2
2
74613 213
= = 186
400 400
Section 8.3 Exercises - Multiply the following decimal and mixed fractions:
1 0.04 0.22 4 1
1. 2 × = 2. ×2 = 3. 3 × 0.4 =
5 0.8 0.001 5 8
3 0.6 1 5 12. 3 0.8 

4. 2 ×  ×3  = 5. 3 × × 14.8 = 6. 0.002 ×  2 ×  =

7 0.01 5 8 0.05  5 0.04 
1 6 0.3  .  
5 18 10  2 0.3 9
7. 2 ×  5 ×  = 8.  3 × . ×3  =
 ×  012 9. 5 × ×4 =

3 15 015.   7  
2.48  12 3 12.8 13
.   2
3 01 4
10.  2 ×  × 1 × 1  =
 8 0.01  3 5

Mastering Fractions 8.4 Dividing Decimal and Mixed Fractions
8.4 Dividing Decimal and Mixed Fractions

Two or more decimal and mixed fractions of the forms:
 a × 10 − k1 
 b × 10 − k 2 
a a
2.  k  where ( k ) is made up of a whole number and   is an integer fraction
  b   b
Case I Dividing Two Decimal and Mixed Fractions
Divide two decimal and mixed fractions using the following steps:
( ) a
  10
285
10
The following examples show the steps as to how two decimal and mixed fractions are divided:
Example 8.4-1
1 0.6
4 ÷ =
3 0.5
Solution:
1 0.6 ( 4 × 3) + 1 ÷ 0.6 12 + 1 ÷ 0.6 13 ÷ 0.6

Step 1 4 ÷ = = =
3 0.5 3 0.5 3 0.5 3 0.5
6
13 0.6 13 10 13 6 × 10 13 60
Step 2a ÷ = ÷
5
= ÷ = ÷
3 0.5 3 3 10 × 5 3 50
10
13 60 13 50 13 × 50 650
Step 3 ÷ = × = =
3 50 3 60 3 × 60 180
650 650 ÷ 10 65
Step 4 = =
180 180 ÷ 10 18

65 11
Step 5 = 3
18 18
Example 8.4-2
4
0.015 ÷ 3 =
5
Solution:
4 (3 × 5) + 4 0.015 ÷ 15 + 4 0.015 ÷ 19
Step 1 0.015 ÷ 3 = 0.015 ÷ = =
5 5 5 5
19 15 19
Step 2b 0.015 ÷ = ÷
5 1000 5
15 19 15 5 15 × 5 75
Step 3 ÷ = × = =
1000 5 1000 19 1000 × 19 19000
75 75 ÷ 25 3
Step 4 = =
19000 19000 ÷ 25 760
Example 8.4-3
2 12.
12 ÷ =
5 0.08
Solution:
2 12. (12 × 5) + 2 ÷ 12. 60 + 2 12 . 62 12.

Step 1 12 ÷ = = ÷ = ÷
5 0.08 5 0.08 5 0.08 5 0.08
12
62 12. 62 10 62 12 × 100 62 1200
Step 2a ÷ = ÷
8
= ÷ = ÷
5 0.08 5 5 10 × 8 5 80
100
62 1200 62 80 62 × 80 4960
Step 3 ÷ = × = =
5 80 5 1200 5 × 1200 6000
4960 4960 ÷ 80 62
Step 4 = =
6000 6000 ÷ 80 75

Example 8.4-4
1
18 ÷ 24.05 =
3
Solution:
1 (18 × 3) + 1 ÷ 24.05 54 + 1 ÷ 24.05 55 ÷ 24.05

Step 1 18 ÷ 24.05 = = =
3 3 3 3
55 55 2405
Step 2b ÷ 24.05 = ÷
3 3 100
55 2405 55 100 55 × 100 5500

Step 3 ÷ = × = =
3 100 3 2405 3 × 2405 7215
5500 5500 ÷ 5 1100

Step 4 = =
7215 7215 ÷ 5 1443
Example 8.4-5
2 108
.
5 ÷ =
3 0.4
Solution:
2 108
. (5 × 3) + 2 ÷ 108
. 15 + 2 108
. .
17 108
Step 1 5 ÷ = = ÷ = ÷
3 0.4 3 0.4 3 0.4 3 0.4
108
17 108
. 17 100 17 108 × 10 17 1080
Step 2a ÷ = ÷
4
= ÷ = ÷
3 0.4 3 3 100 × 4 3 400
10
17 1080 17 400 17 × 400 6800

Step 3 ÷ = × = =
3 400 3 1080 3 × 1080 3240
6800 6800 ÷ 40 170

Step 4 = =
3240 3240 ÷ 40 81

170 8
Step 5 = 2
81 81
Case II Dividing Three Decimal and Mixed Fractions

Divide three decimal and mixed fractions using the following steps:
( ) a
 10 
1238
100
The following examples show the steps as to how three decimal and mixed fractions are divided:
Example 8.4-6
 1  1
 3 ÷ 0.6 ÷ 4 =
 5  8
Solution:
 1  1  ( 3 × 5) + 1  ( 4 × 8) + 1  15 + 1  32 + 1
Step 1  3 ÷ 0.6 ÷ 4 =  ÷ 0.6 ÷ =  ÷ 0.6 ÷
 5  8  5  8  5  8
 16  33
=  ÷ 0.6 ÷
 5  8
 16  33  16 6  33
Step 2b  ÷ 0.6 ÷ =  ÷ ÷
 5  8  5 10  8
 16 6  33  16 10  33  16 × 10  33  16 × 10  33
Step 3  ÷ ÷ =  × ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷
 5 10  8  5 6 8  5× 6  8  5× 6  8
160 33 160 8 160 × 8 1280

= ÷ = × = =
30 8 30 33 30 × 33 990
1280 1280 ÷ 10 128

Step 4 = =
990 990 ÷ 10 99

128 29
Step 5 = 1
99 99
Example 8.4-7
 0.6  3
 ÷ 0.5 ÷ 1 =
 0.4  4
Solution:
 0.6  3  0.6  (1 × 4 ) + 3  0.6  4+3  0.6  7

Step 1  ÷ 0.5 ÷ 1 =  ÷ 0.5 ÷ =  ÷ 0.5 ÷ =  ÷ 0.5 ÷
 0.4  4  0.4  4  0.4  4  0.4  4
 6 
 0.6  7   7  6 × 10  7  60  7
Step 2a  ÷ 0.5 ÷ =  10 ÷ 0.5 ÷ =  ÷ 0.5 ÷ =  ÷ 0.5 ÷
 0.4  4  4  4  10 × 4  4  40  4
 10 
 60  7  60 5  7
Step 2b  ÷ 0.5 ÷ =  ÷  ÷
 40  4  40 10  4
 60 5  7  60 10  7  60 × 10  7  600  7 600 7
Step 3  ÷ ÷ =  × ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷
 40 10  4  40 5  4  40 × 5  4  200  4 200 4
600 4 600 × 4 2400

= × = =
200 7 200 × 7 1400
2400 2400 ÷ 200 12

Step 4 = =
1400 1400 ÷ 200 7
12 5
Step 5 = 1
7 7
Example 8.4-8
0.2  1 
÷  3 ÷ 0.2 =
0.05  5 
Solution:
0.2  1  0.2  ( 3 × 5) + 1  0.2  15 + 1 

Step 1 ÷  3 ÷ 0.2 = ÷ ÷ 0.2 = ÷ ÷ 0.2
0.05  5  0.05  5  0.05  5 
0.2  16 
= ÷  ÷ 0.2
0.05  5 

2
0.2  16   16  2 × 100  16  200  16 
Step 2a ÷  ÷ 0.2 = 10 ÷  ÷ 0.2 = ÷  ÷ 0.2 = ÷  ÷ 0.2
0.05  5  5  5  10 × 5  5  50  5 
100
200  16  200  16 2 
Step 2b ÷  ÷ 0.2 = ÷ ÷ 
50  5  50  5 10 
200  16 2  200  16 10  200  16 × 10  200  160 

Step 3 ÷ ÷  = ÷ ×  = ÷  = ÷ 
50  5 10  50  5 2 50  5 × 2  50  10 
200 160 200 10 200 × 10 2000

= ÷ = × = =
50 10 50 160 50 × 160 8000
2000 2000 ÷ 2000 1

Step 4 = =
8000 8000 ÷ 2000 4
Example 8.4-9
 2  0.3
 0.6 ÷ 1  ÷ =
 3  0.01
Solution:
 2  0.3  (1 × 3) + 2  0.3  3 + 2  0.3

Step 1  0.6 ÷ 1  ÷ =  0.6 ÷ ÷ =  0.6 ÷ ÷
 3  0.01  3  0.01  3  0.01
 5 0.3
=  0.6 ÷  ÷
  3 0.01
3
 5  0.3  5  10  5  3 × 100  5  300
Step 2a  0.6 ÷  ÷ =  0.6 ÷  ÷ =  0.6 ÷  ÷ =  0.6 ÷  ÷
 3 0.01  3 1  3 10 × 1  3 10
100
 5  300  6 5  300
Step 2b  0.6 ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷
 3  10  10 3 10
 6 5  300  6 3 300  6 × 3  300  18  300 18 300

Step 3  ÷ ÷ =  × ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷
 10 3 10  10 5  10  10 × 5 10  50  10 50 10
18 10 18 × 10 180
= × = =
50 300 50 × 300 15000

180 180 ÷ 20 9 9÷3 3

Step 4 = = = =
15000 15000 ÷ 20 750 750 ÷ 3 250
Example 8.4-10
2  0.01 
4 ÷ ÷ 0.3 =
5  12.4 
Solution:
2  0.01  (4 × 5) + 2 ÷  0.01 ÷ 0.3 20 + 2 ÷  0.01 ÷ 0.3

Step 1 4 ÷ ÷ 0.3 =   =  
5  12.4  5  12.4  5  12.4 
22  0.01 
= ÷ ÷ 0.3
5  12.4 
 1 
22  0.01  22  100  22  1 × 10 
Step 2a ÷ ÷ 0.3 = ÷ ÷ 0.3 = ÷ ÷ 0.3
5  12.4  5  124  5  100 × 124 
 10 
22  10 
= ÷ ÷ 0.3
5  12400 
22  10  22  10 3
Step 2b ÷ ÷ 0.3 = ÷ ÷ 
5  12400  5  12400 10 
22  10 3 22  10 10  22  10 × 10  22  100 
Step 3 ÷ ÷  = ÷ ×  = ÷  = ÷ 
5  12400 10  5  12400 3  5  12400 × 3 5  37200 
22 100 22 37200 22 × 37200 818400

= ÷ = × = =
5 37200 5 100 5 × 100 500
818400 818400 ÷ 100 8184

Step 4 = =
500 500 ÷ 100 5
8184 4
Step 5 = 1636
5 5

The following examples further illustrate how to divide decimal and mixed fractions:
Example 8.4-11
5 1 3
3 0.05 ( 2 × 8) + 3 100 16 + 3 5 × 10 19 50
// 19 1 19 6 19 × 6/ 19 × 3
2 ÷ = ÷
3
= ÷ = ÷ = ÷ = × = =
8 0.3 8 8 100 × 3 8 300
/// 8 6 8 1 8/ × 1 4 ×1
10 6 4
57 1
= = 14
4 4
Example 8.4-12
123
2
1 ÷ 24.6 =
(1 × 3) + 2 246 3 + 2 246
/// 5 123 5 5 5×5 25
÷ = ÷ = ÷ = × = =
3 3 10 3 10
// 3 5 3 123 3 × 123 369
5
Example 8.4-13
1 3
1 25 (5 × 6) + 1 25
/ / 30 + 1 1 31 1 6 1 × 6/ 1× 3 3
0.25 ÷ 5 = ÷ = ÷ = ÷ = × = = =
6 100 6 100
/// 6 4 6 4 31 4/ × 31 2 × 31 62
4 2
Example 8.4-14
1 1 1
0.01 2
÷ 12 = 100 (12 × 5) + 2 1 × 10 60 + 2 10
/ / 62 1 62 1 5 1 × 5/
6
÷ = ÷ = ÷ = ÷ = × =
0.6 5 5 100 × 6 5 600
/// 5 60 5 60 62 60
/ / × 62
10 60 12
1× 1 1
= =
12 × 62 744
Example 8.4-15
3  2  5  1 
0.3  0.2 2
÷3  = 10

10 ( 3 × 7) + 2 
 =
3 × 100  2 × 10 21 + 2  300 / / 23
/ / /  20
÷ ÷
12  12
÷ ÷ ÷  = ÷ ÷ 
012
.  12
. 7 7  10 × 12  10 × 12 7  120
/ / /  120
/// 7 
100  10  2  6 
69
5  1 23 5 1 7  5  1× 7  5  7  5 7 5 138 5 × 138
///
= ÷ ÷  = ÷ ×  = ÷  = ÷  = ÷ = × =
2 6 7  2  6 23 2  6 × 23 2  138  2 138 2 7 2/ × 7
1
5 × 69 345 2
= = = 49
1× 7 7 7
Example 8.4-16
 3 
5  1
3 ÷  0.6 ÷ 2  =
( 3 × 8) + 5  6 ( 2 × 3) + 1 24 + 5  6/ 6 + 1 29  3 7 
÷ ÷  = ÷ ÷  = ÷ ÷ 
8  3  8  10 3  8  10
// 3  8  5 3
 5 

29  3 3  29  3 × 3  29  9  29 9 29 35 29 × 35 1015 7
= ÷ ×  = ÷  = ÷  = ÷ = × = = = 14
8  5 7 8  5× 7 8  35 8 35 8 9 8×9 72 72
Example 8.4-17
4
 3 6  0.4  ( 2 × 5) + 3 ( 3 × 5) + 6  10  10 + 3 15 + 6  4 × 10  13 21 40
2 ÷ 3  ÷ =  ÷ ÷
125
=  ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷
 5 5  12.5  5 5   5 5  10 × 125  5 5  1250
10
4  1
 13 5  40
//  13 × 5/  4  13 × 1 4  13  4 13 4 13 125
=  × ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = ×
 5 21 1250
////  5/× 21  125  1 × 21 125  21 125 21 125 21 4
125 1 
13 × 125 1625 29
= = = 19
21 × 4 84 84
Example 8.4-18
6
 2 3 24  ( 3 × 3) + 2 (5 × 4) + 3 24
/ /  9 + 2 20 + 3 6  11 23
0.24 ÷  3 ÷ 5  = ÷ ÷  = ÷ ÷  = ÷ ÷ 
 3 4 100  3 4  ///  3
100 4  25  3 4 
25
3
6  11 4  6  11 × 4  6  44  6 44 6 69 6/ × 69 3 × 69 207
= ÷ ×  = ÷  = ÷  = ÷ = × = = =
25  3 23 25  3 × 23 25  69  25 69 25 44 25 × 44// 25 × 22 550
22
Example 8.4-19
 5   10 
 ( 3 × 7) + 6
10  ÷ ( 6 × 4) + 3 =  21 + 6 ÷ 5 × 100  ÷ 24 + 3 =  27 ÷ 500
 6 0.5  3  / / /  27
3 ÷  ÷6 =  ÷  ÷
 7 0.35 4 7 35  4  7 10 × 35 4
  7 350/ // 4
 100   7 
 1
 27 10  27  27 7  27  27 × 7/  27  27 × 1 27  27  27 27 27
=  ÷ ÷ =  × ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷
 7 7 4  7 10  4  7/ × 10  4  1 × 10  4  10  4 10 4
1 
1 2
27 4 27
/ / × 4/ 1× 2 2
= × = = =
10 27 10
/ / × 27
// 5×1 5
5 1
Example 8.4-20
 2   4
 4   1 0.02   ( 3 × 5) + 4 8   ( 2 × 3) + 1 
100  =  15 + 4 ÷ 8/  ÷  6 + 1 ÷ 2 × 10 
 3 ÷ 0.8 ÷  2 ÷  =  ÷  ÷ ÷  
 5   3 01 .  5 10   3 1  / /  3 100 × 1
  5 10
 10   5
 1   1
 19 4   7 20
//   19 4   7 1  19 5   7 5  19 × 5/   7 × 5
=  ÷  ÷ ÷  =  ÷  ÷ ÷  =  ×  ÷ ×  =   ÷ 
 5 5   3 100
/ //  5 5   3 5  5 4   3 1  5/× 4   3 × 1 
 5   1 

 19 × 1  35  19  35 19 35 19 3 19 × 3 57
=   ÷  =   ÷ = ÷ = × = =
 1× 4   3   4 3 4 3 4 35 4 × 35 140
Example 8.4-21
 1   1
 2 1   01.   (1 × 8) + 2 ( 3 × 8) + 1  10 5  8 + 2 24 + 1  1 × 100 5/ 
1 ÷ 3  ÷  ÷ 0.5 =  ÷  ÷ ÷  =  ÷  ÷ ÷ 
 8 8   0.02   8 8   2 10   8 8   10 × 2 10 / /
 100   2
 5   5   1 2
 10
/ / 25  100
/ / / 1  5 25  5 1   5 8   5 2  5/× 8/   5 × 2 
=  ÷ ÷
  ÷  =  ÷  ÷ ÷  =  ×  ÷ ×  =   ÷ 
 8/ 8   20
/ / 2  4 8   1 2  4 25  1 1  / /   1× 1 
 4/ × 25
4   1  1 5 
1
 1 × 2   10   2  10 2 10 2 1 2/ × 1 1× 1 1
=   ÷  =   ÷ = ÷ = × = = =
 1× 5  1   5 1 5 1 5 10 5 × 10
// 5×5 25
5
Section 8.4 Exercises - Divide the following decimal and mixed fractions:
3 0.4 3  0.05 5
1. 1 ÷ = 2. 0.4 ÷ 2 = 3.  ÷ 2  ÷ 0.6 =
4 .
12 8 .
01 8
3 6 0.2 .
01 1 2 5 2
4. 1 ÷ 2  ÷ = 5.  ÷3  ÷5 = 6.  2 ÷ 0.3 ÷ 1 =
 8 8 0.3  0.04 2 3  6  9
0.8 4 1 1 1 1
7.  ÷ 0.04 ÷ 2 = 8.  0.04 ÷ 3  ÷ 3 = 9. 0.2 ÷  3 ÷ 2  =
 2.4  5  10  5  8 4
1 4 . 
012
10.  3 ÷ 4  ÷  0.02 ÷  =
 5 5  0.4 

Mastering Fractions 8.5 Solving Mixed Operations Using Decimal and Mixed Fractions
8.5 Solving Mixed Operations Using Decimal and Mixed Fractions

Decimal and mixed fractions of the forms:
 a × 10 − k1 
 b × 10 − k 2 
a a
2.  k  where ( k ) is made up of a whole number and   is an integer fraction
  b   b
b. Change the decimal number (a × 10 − k ) to integer fraction of the form  k  ,
a
  10
6
100
The following examples show mathematical operations on decimal and mixed fractions using the
above steps:
Example 8.5-1
 1 2
 0.2 ÷ 2  + 1 =
 5  3
Solution:
 1 2  (2 × 5) + 1 + (1 × 3) + 2  0.2 ÷ 10 + 1 + 3 + 2
Step 1  0.2 ÷ 2  + 1 =  0.2 ÷ =  
 5 3  5  3  5  3
 11 5
=  0.2 ÷ +
 5 3
 11 5  2 11 5
Step 2b  0.2 ÷  + =  ÷ +
 5 3  10 5  3
 2 11 5 2 5 5  2×5  5  10  5 10 5
Step 3  ÷ + =  × + =  + =  + = +
 10 5  3  10 11 3  10 × 11 3  110  3 110 3

(10 × 3) + (5 × 110) 30 + 550 580

= = =
110 × 3 330 330
580 580 ÷ 10 58
Step 4 = =
330 330 ÷ 10 33
58 25
Step 5 = 1
33 33
Example 8.5-2
 0.3  1
 0.6 −  ×3 =
 0.02  6
Solution:
 0.3  1  0.3  ( 3 × 6) + 1  0.3  18 + 1

Step 1  0.6 −  × 3 =  0.6 − × =  0.6 − ×
 0.02  6  0.02  6  0.02  6
 0.3  19
=  0.6 − ×
 0.02  6
 3 
0.3  19  
Step 2a

= 10  × 19 
=  0.6 −
3 × 100  19 
=  0.6 −
300  19
 0.6 − ×  0.6 − × ×
 0.02  6  2  6  10 × 2  6  20  6
 100 
 300  19  6 300  19
Step 2b  0.6 − × =  − ×
 20  6  10 20  6
 6 300  19  ( 6 × 20) − ( 300 × 10)  19  120 − 3000  19

Step 3  − × =  × =  ×
 10 20  6  10 × 20  6  200  6
 −2880  19 −2880 19 −2880 × 19 −54720

=  × = × = =
 200  6 200 6 200 × 6 1200
−54720 −54720 ÷ 40 −1368 −1368 ÷ 6 −228

Step 4 = = = =
1200 1200 ÷ 40 30 30 ÷ 6 5
−228  3
Step 5 = − 45 
5 5
Example 8.5-3
 0.2  3
. +  −2 =
 14
 0.5  5

Solution:
 0.2  3  0.2  ( 2 × 5) + 3  0.2  10 + 3  0.2  13

Step 1 . +  − 2 =  14
 14 . + − = 14
. + − = 14
. + −
 0.5  5  0.5  5  0.5  5  0.5  5
 2
0.2  13  
Step 2a

. + −
 14 =  14
. + 10  − 13 
= 14
. +
2 × 10  13
−

= 14
. +
20  13
−
 0.5  5  5 5  10 × 5  5  50  5
 10 
 20  13  14 20  13
Step 2b . + −
 14 =  + −
 50  5  10 50  5
 14 20  13  (14 × 50) + ( 20 × 10)  13  700 + 200  13  900  13

Step 3  + − =  − =  − =  −
 10 50  5  10 × 50  5  500  5  500  5
900 13 (900 × 5) − (13 × 500) 4500 − 6500 −2000

= − = = =
500 5 500 × 5 2500 2500
−2000 −2000 ÷ 500 4

Step 4 = = −
2500 2500 ÷ 500 5
Example 8.5-4
 0.3 3 3
 × 2  +1 =
 012
. 6 5
Solution:
 0.3 3 3  0.3 ( 2 × 6) + 3 (1 × 5) + 3  0.3 12 + 3 5 + 3

Step 1  × 2  +1 =  × + =  × +
 012
. 6 5  012
. 6  5  012
. 6  5
 0.3 15 8
=  × +
 012
. 6 5
 3 
 0.3 15 8  15 8  3 × 100 15 8  300 15 8
Step 2a  × + =  10 × + =  × + =  × +
 012
. 6 5  12 6 5  10 × 12 6  5  120 6  5
 100 

 300 15 8  300 × 15 8  4500  8 4500 8

Step 3  × + =  + =  + = +
 120 6  5  120 × 6  5  720  5 720 5
(4500 × 5) + (8 × 720) 22500 + 5760 28260

= = =
720 × 5 3600 3600
28260 28260 ÷ 60 471 471 ÷ 3 157

Step 4 = = = =
3600 3600 ÷ 60 60 60 ÷ 3 20
157 17
Step 5 = 7
20 20
Example 8.5-5
 0.2   3 
 0.5 ÷  −  2 × 0.8 =
 0.3   5 
Solution:
 0.2   3   0.2   ( 2 × 5) + 3 
Step 1  0.5 ÷  −  2 × 0.8 =  0.5 ÷  − × 0.8
 0.3   5   0.3   5 
 0.2   10 + 3   0.2   13 
=  0.5 ÷  − × 0.8 =  0.5 ÷  −  × 0.8
 0.3   5   0.3   5 
 2
0.2   13  
Step 2a
  10  −  13 × 0.8 =  0.5 ÷ 2 × 10  −  13 × 0.8
 0.5 ÷  −  × 0.8 =  0.5 ÷      
 0.3   5   3 5   10 × 3   5 
 10 
 20   13 
=  0.5 ÷  −  × 0.8
 30   5 
 20   13   5 20   13 8 
Step 2b  0.5 ÷  −  × 0.8 =  ÷  −  × 
 30   5   10 30   5 10 
 5 20   13 8   5 30   13 × 8   5 × 30   104 
Step 3  ÷  − ×  =  ×  −  =   − 
 10 30   5 10   10 20   5 × 10   10 × 20   50 
 150   104  150 104 (150 × 50) − (104 × 200) 7500 − 20800
=   −  = − = =
 200   50  200 50 200 × 50 10000
−13300
=
10000

−13300 −13300 ÷ 100 −133

Step 4 = =
10000 10000 ÷ 100 100
−133  33 
Step 5 = − 1 
100 100
Example 8.5-6
.
2  012 5
3 × +2  =
5  0.4 8
Solution:
.
2  012 5 (3 × 5) + 2 ×  012
. (2 × 8) + 5 15 + 2 ×  012
. 16 + 5
Step 1 3 × +2  =  +  =  + 
5  0.4 8  5  0.4 8  5  0.4 8 
.
17  012 21
= × + 
5  0.4 8
 12 
.
17  012 21 17  100 21 17  12 × 10 21 17  120 21
Step 2a × +  = ×
4
+  = × +  = × + 
5  0.4 8  5  8 5  100 × 4 8  5  400 8 
 10 
17  120 21 17  (120 × 8) + ( 21 × 400)  17  960 + 8400 

Step 3 × +  = ×  = × 
5  400 8  5  400 × 8  5  3200 
17  9360  17 9360 17 × 9360 159120

= ×  = × = =
5  3200  5 3200 5 × 3200 16000
159120 159120 ÷ 80 1989

Step 4 = =
16000 160000 ÷ 80 200
1989 189
Step 5 = 9
200 200
Example 8.5-7
 14. 1
 − 3  ÷ 0.45 =
 0.02 20 
Solution:
 14. 1  14. (3 × 20) + 1 ÷ 0.45  14

. 60 + 1
Step 1  − 3  ÷ 0.45 =  −  =  −  ÷ 0.45
 0.02 20   0.02 20  0.02 20 

 14
. 61
=  −  ÷ 0.45
 0.02 20 
 14 
 14. 61  61  14 × 100 61
Step 2a  −  ÷ 0.45 =  10 −  ÷ 0.45 =  −  ÷ 0.45
 0.02 20   2 20   10 × 2 20 
 100 
 1400 61
=  −  ÷ 0.45
 20 20 
 1400 61  1400 61 45

Step 2b  −  ÷ 0.45 =  − ÷
 20 20   20 20  100
 1400 61 45  1400 − 61 45  1339  45 1339 45

Step 3  − ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷
 20 20  100  20  100  20  100 20 100
1339 100 1339 × 100 133900

= × = =
20 45 20 × 45 900
133900 133900 ÷ 100 1339

Step 4 = =
900 900 ÷ 100 9
1339 7
Step 5 = 148
9 9
Example 8.5-8
 4   0.6 
 0.3 + 2  −  + 0.8 =
 5   0.4 
Solution:
 4   0.6   (2 × 5) + 4  −  0.6 + 0.8

Step 1  0.3 + 2  −  + 0.8 =  0.3 +   
 5   0.4   5   0.4 
 10 + 4   0.6   14   0.6 
=  0.3 +  − + 0.8 =  0.3 +  −  + 0.8
 5   0.4   5   0.4 
 6 
 14   0.6   14   10   14   6 × 10 
Step 2a  0.3 +  −  + 0.8 =  0.3 +  −  4 + 0.8 =  0.3 +  − + 0.8
 5   0.4   5    5   10 × 4 
 10 
 14   60 
=  0.3 +  −  + 0.8
 5   40 

 14   60   3 14   60 8 
Step 2b  0.3 +  −  + 0.8 =  +  −  + 
 5   40   10 5   40 10 
 3 14   60 8   ( 3 × 5) + (14 × 10)   ( 60 × 10) + (8 × 40) 

Step 3  +  − +  =   − 
 10 5   40 10   10 × 5   40 × 10 
 15 + 140   600 + 320   155  920  155 920

=   −  =   −  = −
 50   400   50   400  50 400
(155 × 400) − (920 × 50) 62000 − 46000 16000

= = =
50 × 400 20000 20000
16000 16000 ÷ 4000 4

Step 4 = =
20000 20000 ÷ 4000 5
Example 8.5-9
 4 3  0.2 
 2 × 1  ÷  0.5 ×  =
 5 2  0.3 
Solution:
 4 3  0.2   ( 2 × 5) + 4 (1 × 2) + 3 ÷  0.5 × 0.2 

Step 1  2 × 1  ÷  0.5 ×  =  ×   
 5 2   0.3   5 2   0.3 
 10 + 4 2 + 3  0.2   14 5   0.2 
=  ×  ÷  0.5 ×  =  ×  ÷  0.5 × 
 5 2   0.3   5 2  0.3 
 2
 14 5   0.2   14 5   
10  =  14 × 5  ÷  0.5 × 2 × 10 
Step 2a  ×  ÷  0.5 ×  =  ×  ÷  0.5 ×
3
 5 2  0.3   5 2   5 2  10 × 3 
 10 
 14 5   20 
=  ×  ÷  0.5 × 
 5 2   30 
 14 5   20   14 5   5 20 
Step 2b  ×  ÷  0.5 ×  =  ×  ÷  × 
 5 2  30   5 2   10 30 
 14 5   5 20   14 × 5  5 × 20   70   100  70 100
Step 3  ×  ÷ ×  =   ÷  =   ÷  = ÷
 5 2   10 30   5 × 2   10 × 30   10   300  10 300

70 300 70 × 300 21000

= × = =
10 100 10 × 100 1000
21000 21000 ÷ 1000 21

Step 4 = = = 21
1000 1000 ÷ 1000 1
Example 8.5-10
 2   0.2 1
 0.6 × 1  ÷  +3  =
 3   0.01 5
Solution:
 2   0.2 1  (1 × 3) + 2  ÷  0.2 + (3 × 5) + 1

Step 1  0.6 × 1  ÷  +3  =  0.6 ×
 3   0.01 5  3   0.01 5 
 3 + 2   0.2 15 + 1  5  0.2 16 
=  0.6 ×  ÷ +  =  0.6 ×  ÷  + 
 3   0.01 5   3  0.01 5 
 2 
 5   0.2 16   5   10 16   5   2 × 100 16 
Step 2a  0.6 ×  ÷  +  =  0.6 ×  ÷  +  =  0.6 ×  ÷  + 
 3  0.01 5   3  1 5  3  10 × 1 5
 100 
 5   200 16 
=  0.6 ×  ÷  + 
  
3 
10 5
 5   200 16   6 5   200 16 
Step 2b  0.6 ×  ÷  +  =  ×  ÷ + 
 3   10 5   10 3  10 5
 6 5   200 16   6 × 5   ( 200 × 5) + (16 × 10)   30   1000 + 160 

Step 3  ×  ÷ +  =   ÷  =   ÷ 
 10 3  10 5  10 × 3  10 × 5   30   50 
30  1160  30 1160 30 50 30 × 50 1500

= ÷  = ÷ = × = =
30  50  30 50 30 1160 30 × 1160 34800
1500 1500 ÷ 100 15 15 ÷ 3 5

Step 4 = = = =
34800 34800 ÷ 100 348 348 ÷ 3 116

The following examples further illustrate how to add, subtract, multiply, and divide decimal and
mixed fractions:
Example 8.5-11
 3  9  1 
 3 0.03  ( 2 × 5) + 3   13 //  9
30
2 ×  ÷ 0.45 =  × 100  ÷ 45 =  10 + 3 × 3 × 10  ÷ 45
//
=  ×
12  100   ÷
 5 12.   5  5 100 × 12  100
///  5 1200
/ / / /  20
 10  20  40 
1
 13 1  9  13 × 1  9  13  9 13 9 13 20 13 × 20
// 13 × 1 13
=  × ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = × = = =
 5 40  20  5 × 40  20  200  20 200 20 200 9 200
/ / /× 9 10 × 9 90
10
Example 8.5-12
 4   2 
3  4 0.4  ( 2 × 8) + 3  (1 × 5) + 4 10  16 + 3  5 + 4 4 × 10  19  9 40
// 
2 + 1 −  = + −  = + −  = + − 
8  5 14.  8  5 14  8  5 10 × 14  8  5 140
/ //
 10   7 
19  9 2  19  ( 9 × 7) − ( 2 × 5)  19  63 − 10  19  53  19 53
= + −  = +  = +  = +  = +
8  5 7 8  5× 7  8  35  8  35 8 35
(19 × 35) + (53 × 8) 665 + 424 1089 249

= = = = 3
8 × 35 280 280 280
Example 8.5-13
 8 2  40 2
 0 .8 0.2  1   ( 4 × 3) + 1  8 × 100 2 × 10  12 + 1  800 / /  13
/ / / 20
 ÷  −4 =  10 10
÷ − =  ÷ − =  ÷ −
 014
. 01.  3  14 1 3  10 × 14 10 × 1  3  140
/ / / 10
// 3
 100 10   7 1
 40 2  13  40 1  13  40 × 1 13  40  13 40 13 (40 × 3) − (13 × 14)

=  ÷ − =  × − =  − =  − = − =
 7 1 3  7 2 3  7×2 3  14  3 14 3 14 × 3
−31
120 − 182 −62
// −31  10 
= = = = − 1 
42 42
// 21 21
21
Example 8.5-14
 24   30 
8  2.4 2
+3  =
( 6 × 9) + 8  10 ( 3 × 3) + 2 
 =
54 + 8  24 × 100 9 + 2  / / / / 11
62  2400
6 × × + × +  = × + 
9  0.08 3 9  8 3  9  10 × 8 3  9  80// 3
 100   1 
62  30 11 62  ( 30 × 3) + (11 × 1)  62  90 + 11 62  101 62 101 62 × 101

= × +  = ×  = ×  = ×  = × =
9  1 3 9  1× 3  9  3  9  3  9 3 9×3
6262 25
= = 231
27 27

Example 8.5-15
1  2 1
 5  0.01  ( 2 × 12) + 5 4  100  24 + 5 4/  1 × 10  29 2  10
//
 2 + 0.4 × =  + ×
6
=  + × =  + ×
 12  0.6  12 10   12 10
/ /  100 × 6  12 5  600
///
10  5 60
 29 2  1  ( 29 × 5) + ( 2 × 12)  1  145 + 24  1  169  1 169 1 169 × 1

=  + × =  × =  × =  × = × =
 12 5  60  12 × 5  60  60  60  60  60 60 60 60 × 60
169
=
3600
Example 8.5-16
 2 
 4 0.2   2 1  ( 2 × 5) + 4   ( 3 × 3) + 2 ( 4 × 10) + 1
2 −  ÷ 3 × 4  =  − 10  ÷  × 
 5 014
.   3 10   5 14   3 10 
 100 
 10 
 10 + 4 2 × 100   9 + 2 40 + 1 / / /   11 41
 14 200  14 10   11 41
=  −  ÷ ×  =  −  ÷ ×  =  −  ÷ × 
 5 10 × 14   3 10  / / /   3 10 
 5 140  5 7   3 10 
 7 
 (14 × 7) − (10 × 5)   11 × 41  98 − 50   451  48  451 48 451 48 30

=   ÷  =   ÷  =  ÷ = ÷ = ×
 5× 7   3 × 10   35   30   35  30 35 30 35 451
6
48 × 30
// 48 × 6 288
= = =
35
/ /× 451 7 × 451 3157
7
Example 8.5-17
 5   1 
 0.5 1  3 
10 ( 3 × 5) + 1  5 ( 4 × 5) + 3  5 × 100 15 + 1  5/ 20 + 3
 × 3  ÷  0.5 × 4  =  ×  ÷ ×  =  ×  ÷ × 
 0.25 5  5  25 5   10 5   10 × 25 5   10 // 5 
 100  2 
 2 
 500 16   1 23  500
/ / / 16   1 23  2 16   1 × 23  2 × 16   23
=  ×  ÷ ×  =  ×  ÷ ×  =  ×  ÷  =   ÷ 
 250 5   2 5   250 5 
/ / /  2 5   1 5   2×5   1 × 5   10 
 1 
2
 32  23 32 23 32 10 32 × 10
// 32 × 2 64 18
=  ÷ = ÷ = × = = = = 2
 5  10 5 10 5 23 5/× 23 1 × 23 23 23
1
Example 8.5-18
 3 
 0.3 1  4 2 
10 ( 2 × 6) + 1  ( 2 × 5) + 4 ( 4 × 5) + 2 
 × 2  ÷ 2 + 4  =  ×  ÷ + 
 012
. 6  5 5  12 6   5 5 
 100 

 5 
 3 × 100 12 + 1  10 + 4 20 + 2  / / / 13  14 22 
 300  5 13  14 + 22 
=  × ÷
  +  =  ×  ÷ +  =  ×  ÷ 
 10 × 12 6   5 5   120
/ / / 6   5 5  2 6   5 
 2 
 5 × 13  36   65 36 65 36 65 5 65 × 5 325

=   ÷  =   ÷ = ÷ = × = =
 2×6  5   12  5 12 5 12 36 12 × 36 432
Example 8.5-19
 2 
 ( 2 × 8) + 3
100  +  ( 3 × 12) + 8 + ( 2 × 4) + 3
 3 0.02   8 3 
2 −  + 3 + 2  =  −
 8 0.6   12 4  8 6   12 4 
 10 
 1   11 
 16 + 3 2 × 10   36 + 8 8 + 3  19 20
/ /   44
/ / 11  19 1   11 11
=  −  + +  =  −  + +  =  −  + + 
 8 100 × 6   12 4   8 600
/ / /   12
// 4  8 30   3 4 
 30   3 
281
 (19 × 30) − (1 × 8)   (11 × 4) + (11 × 3)   570 − 8   44 + 33  562   77  562
/ / / 77
=   +  =   +  =   +  = +
 8 × 30   3× 4   240   12   240   12  240
/ / / 12
120
3153
281 77 ( 281 × 12) + ( 77 × 120) 3372 + 9240 12612
///// 3153 273
= + = = = = = 8
120 12 120 × 12 1440 1440
//// 360 360
360
Example 8.5-20
 15 
.
 15 6  4 1 
 10 +
( 3 × 8) + 6   ( 2 × 5) + 4 ( 2 × 3) + 1
 + 3  − 2 × 2  =  − × 
 0.2 8  5 3  2 8   5 3 
 10 
 15 15 
 15 × 10 24 + 6   10 + 4 6 + 1  150 / /   14 7 
/ / / 30  15 15  14 7 
=  +  − ×  =  +  − ×  =  +  − × 
 10 × 2 8   5 3   20
/ / 8
/   5 3   2 4   5 3
 2 4
45
 (15 × 4) + (15 × 2)   14 × 7   60 + 30   98   90   98  90
/ / 98 45 98
=   −  =   −  =   −  = − = −
 2×4   5× 3   2 × 4   15   8   15  8/ 15 4 15
4
(45 × 15) − (98 × 4) 675 − 392 283 43

= = = = 4
4 × 15 60 60 60
Example 8.5-21
 15   2 
 015
. 4  1 0.2   ( 2 × 10) + 4   2 ( 3 × 2) + 1 
 × 2  ÷  0.2 × 3 ×  =  100 ×  ÷ × × 10 
 0.5 10   2 0.04   5 10   10 2 4 
 10   100 

 3 12   1 5 
 15 × 10 20 + 4   2 6 + 1 2 × 100   150 / /   2/ 7 200
/ / / 24 ///  3 12   1 7 5
=  ×  ÷ × ×  =  ×  ÷ × ×  =  ×  ÷ × × 
 100 × 5 10   10 2 10 × 4   500
/ / / 10
/ /   10
/ / 2 40
/ /   10 5   5 2 1
 10 5  5 1 
 6  1
/ /   1 × 7 × 5/ 
 3 × 12  3 × 6   1 × 7 × 1  18   7  18 7 18 2 18 × 2 36
=   ÷  =   ÷  =   ÷  = ÷ = × = =
 10
/ / × 5   5/× 2 × 1   5×5   1× 2 × 1  25   2  25 2 25 7 25 × 7 175
 5  1 
Section 8.5 Exercises - Use the following decimal and mixed fractions to perform the indicated
operations:
1 3 0.4 0.2 3 1 1 3
1.  2 + 3  ÷ = 2.  + 2  × 3 = 3.  2 × 0.5 + 4 =
 4 5 0.24  14
. 8 4  5  10
3 2 01
. 5 1 4.8 3 6 0.01
4. 1 − 3  × = 5.  4 − 3  ÷ = 6.  2 × 2  ÷ =
 5 3 15
.  3 3 012
.  8 
14 0.6
0.3 1 1 3 01
. 7 1 2 0.5 1
7.  × 4  ÷ 3 = 8.  2 ×  + 4 = 9.  3 + 2  ×  ×4  =
 2.4 3 4  5 . 
14 3  5 5  0.08 3
 1 0.2 4 1
10.  2 ×  ÷ 3  − 1 =
 3 12.  5 2

Chapter 9 - Integer, Decimal, and Mixed
Fractions
The objective of this chapter is to improve the student’s ability in solving integer, decimal, and
mixed fractions. In this chapter the tools learned in the previous chapters are used together by
performing math operations when integer, decimal, and mixed fractions are combined. The steps
used to perform the fractional operations with examples illustrating how to add (Section 9.1),
subtract (Section 9.2), multiply (Section 9.3), and divide (Section 9.4) three or more integer,
decimal, and mixed fractions are given. Section 9.5 mixes the mathematical operations using the
three types of fractions. To further enhance the student’s ability, each section is concluded by
solving additional examples which do not follow the exact order as is given by the steps for each
case. It is the author’s hope that by the time the student has finished this chapter he or she has
"mastered" how to solve all types of fractional operations covered in this book.
9.1 Adding Integer, Decimal, and Mixed Fractions

Fractions of the following forms:
a
1.   where ( a ) and (b) are integers,
  b
 a × 10 − k1 
2.   where ( a ) and (b) are integer numbers and ( k1 ) and ( k 2 ) are equal to the number
 b × 10 − k 2 
a a
3.  k  where ( k ) is made up of a whole number and   is an integer fraction for a number
 b  b
less than one
are added as in the following cases:
Case I Adding Integer, Decimal, and Mixed Fractions With Three Terms Only
Add three integer, decimal, and mixed fractions using the following steps:
a
  1
6
to .
1
( ) a
  10
25
100

Mastering Fractions 9.1 Adding Integer, Decimal, and Mixed Fractions
The following examples show the steps as to how integer, decimal and mixed fractions with three
terms only are added:
Example 9.1-1
4 3 0.5
+1 + =
5 .
8 12
Solution:
4 3 0.5 4 3  0.5
Step 1 +1 + =  +1  +
5 .
8 12  5  8 .
12
4 3  0.5 4 (1 × 8) + 3 0.5  4 8 + 3  0.5  4 11 0.5

Step 3  +1  + =  + + =  + + =  + +
5 8  12
. 5 8  12
. 5 8  12 .  5 8  12
.
5
 4 11 0.5  4 11 10  4 11 5 × 10  4 11 50
Step 4a  + + =  + + =  + + =  + +
 5 8  12
.  5 8  12  5 8  10 × 12  5 8  120
10
 4 11 50  ( 4 × 8) + (11 × 5)  50  32 + 55  50  87  50
Step 5  + + =  + =  + =  +
 5 8  120  5 × 8  120  40  120  40  120
87 50 (87 × 120) + (50 × 40) 10440 + 2000 12440

= + = = =
40 120 40 × 120 4800 4800
12440 12440 ÷ 40 311

Step 6 = =
4800 4800 ÷ 40 120
311 71
Step 7 = 2
120 120
Example 9.1-2
4 0.05
12 + 3 + =
7 4.5
Solution:
4 0.05  4  0.05
Step 1 12 + 3 + = 12 + 3  +
7 4.5  7  4.5

 4  0.05  12 4  0.05
Step 2  12 + 3  + =  +3  +
 7  4.5  1 7  4.5
 12 4  0.05  12 ( 3 × 7) + 4  0.05  12 21 + 4  0.05

Step 3  +3  + =  + + =  + +
 1 7  4.5  1 7  4.5  1 7  4.5
 12 25 0.05
=  + +
 1 7  4.5
5
 12 25 0.05  12 25 100  12 25 5 × 10  12 25 50
Step 4a  + + =  +  + 45 =  +  + =  + +
 1 7  4.5  1 7  1 7  100 × 45  1 7  4500
10
 12 25 50  (12 × 7) + ( 25 × 1)  50  84 + 25 50

Step 5  + + =  + =  +
 1 7  4500  1× 7  4500  7  4500
 109  50 109 50 (109 × 4500) + (50 × 7) 490500 + 350

=  + = + = =
 7  4500 7 4500 7 × 4500 31500
490850
=
31500
490850 490850 ÷ 50 9817

Step 6 = =
31500 31500 ÷ 50 630
9817 367
Step 7 = 15
630 630
Example 9.1-3
3 2
. =
+ 4 + 18
8 5
Solution:
3 2 3 2
Step 1 . =  + 4  + 18
+ 4 + 18 .
8 5  8 5
3 2  3 ( 4 × 5) + 2   3 20 + 2   3 22 
Step 3 . =  +
 + 4  + 18 . =  +
 + 18 . =  +  + 18
 + 18 .
8 5 8 5  8 5  8 5 

 3 22   3 22  18
Step 4b . =  + +
 +  + 18
8 5   8 5  10
 3 22  18  ( 3 × 5) + ( 22 × 8)  18  15 + 176  18  191 18
Step 5  + + =  + =  + =  +
 8 5  10  8×5  10  40  10  40  10
191 18 (191 × 10) + (18 × 40) 1910 + 720 2630

= + = = =
40 10 40 × 10 400 400
2630 2630 ÷ 10 263

Step 6 = =
400 400 ÷ 10 40
263 23
Step 7 = 6
40 40
Example 9.1-4
2 4 015
.
5 + + =
9 9 35.
Solution:
2 4 015
. .
 2 4  015
Step 1 5 + + = 5 +  +
9 9 35.  9 9  .
35
.
 2 4  015  (5 × 9) + 2 4  015
. .
 45 + 2 4  015 .
 47 4  015
Step 3 5 +  + =  + + =  + + =  + +
 9 9  35.  9 9  35.  9 9  35.  9 9  35 .
15
 47 4  015
.  47 4  100  47 4  15 × 10  47 4  150
Step 4a  + + =  +  + 35 =  + + =  + +
 9 9  35 .  9 9  9 9  100 × 35  9 9  3500
10
 47 4  150  47 + 4  150  51 150 51 150

Step 5  + + =  + =  + = +
 9 9  3500  9  3500  9  3500 9 3500

(51 × 3500) + (150 × 9) 178500 + 1350 179850

= = =
9 × 3500 31500 31500
179850 179850 ÷ 50 3597

Step 6 = =
31500 31500 ÷ 50 630
3597 447
Step 7 = 5
630 630
Example 9.1-5
5 3
0.28 + +3 =
6 5
Solution:
5 3  5 3
Step 1 0.28 + +3 =  0.28 +  + 3
6 5   6 5
 5 3  5  ( 3 × 5) + 3  5  15 + 3  5  18
Step 3  0.28 +  + 3 =  0.28 +  + =  0.28 +  + =  0.28 + +
 6 5  6 5  6 5  6 5
 5  18  28 5  18
Step 4b  0.28 + + =  + +
 6 5  100 6  5
 28 5  18  ( 28 × 6) + ( 5 × 100)  18  168 + 500  18  668  18

Step 5  + + =  + =  + =  +
 100 6  5  100 × 6  5  600  5  600  5
668 18 ( 668 × 5) + (18 × 600) 3340 + 10800 14140

= + = = =
600 5 600 × 5 3000 3000
14140 14140 ÷ 20 707

Step 6 = =
3000 3000 ÷ 20 150
707 107
Step 7 = 4
150 150

Case II Adding Integer, Decimal, and Mixed Fractions With More Than Three Terms
Add integer, decimal, and mixed fractions having more than three terms by using the following
steps:
Step 1 Use parentheses to group the numbers in pairs, e.g., group the first and second
numbers, third and fourth numbers, fifth and sixth numbers, etc. together.
a
Step 2 Change the integer number(s) ( a ) to integer fraction(s) of the form   , e.g., change
  1
125
125 to .
1
( ) a
b. Change the decimal number(s) a × 10 − k to integer fraction(s) of the form  k  ,
  10
235
1000
The following examples show the steps as to how integer, decimal and mixed fractions with
more than three terms are added:
Example 9.1-6
6 2
. =
+ 4 + 5 + 015
8 3
Solution:
6 2 6   2 
Step 1 . =  + 4 +  5 + 015
+ 4 + 5 + 015 . 
8 3  8   3 
6   2   6   4  2
Step 2  + 4 +  5 + 015
.  =  +  +  5 + 015
. 
8   3   8 1  3 
 6 4  2   6
 4  ( 5 × 3) + 2 
Step 3  +  +  5 + 015
.  =  +  + + 015
. 
 8 1  3   8 1  3 
 6
  4 15 + 2   6
  4 17
=  +  + + 015
.  =  +  +  + 015
. 
 8 1  3   8 1  3 

 6 4   17   6 4   17 15 
Step 4b .  =  +  + +
 +  +  + 015 
 8 1  3   8 1   3 100 
 6 4   17 15   ( 6 × 1) + ( 4 × 8)   (17 × 100) + (15 × 3) 

Step 5  +  + +  =   + 
 8 1   3 100   8×1   3 × 100 
 6 + 32   1700 + 45  38   1745 38 1745 ( 38 × 300) + (1745 × 8)

=   +  =   +  = + =
 8   300   8   300  8 300 8 × 300
11400 + 13960 25360

= =
2400 2400
25360 25360 ÷ 80 317

Step 6 = =
2400 2400 ÷ 80 30
317 17
Step 7 = 10
30 30
Example 9.1-7
3 1 0.25
+ 0.2 + 1 + =
4 5 0.3
Solution:
3 1 0.25  3
  1 0.25
Step 1 + 0.2 + 1 + =  + 0.2 + 1 + 
4 5 0.3   
4 5 0.3 
3   1 0.25 3   (1 × 5) + 1 0.25 3   5 + 1 0.25

Step 3  + 0.2 +  1 +  =  + 0.2 +  +  =  + 0.2 +  + 
4   5 0.3  4   5 0.3  4   5 0.3 
 3   6 0.25
=  + 0.2 +  + 
 4   5 0.3 
 25 
3   6 0.25 3  6 
100   3   6 25 × 10 
Step 4a  + 0.2 +  +  =  + 0.2 +  + 3 
=  + 0.2 +  + 
4   5 0.3  4  5  4   5 100 × 3
 10 
 3   6 250 
=  + 0.2 +  + 
 4   5 300 

3   6 250   3 2   6 250 
Step 4b  + 0.2 +  +  =  +  + + 
4   5 300   4 10   5 300 
 3 2   6 250   ( 3 × 10) + ( 2 × 4)   ( 6 × 300) + ( 250 × 5) 

Step 5  +  + +  =   + 
 4 10   5 300   4 × 10   5 × 300 
 30 + 8   1800 + 1250   38   3050  38 3050

=   +  =   +  = +
 40   1500   40   1500  40 1500
(38 × 1500) + (3050 × 40) 57000 + 122000 179000

= = =
40 × 1500 60000 60000
179000 179000 ÷ 1000 179

Step 6 = =
60000 60000 ÷ 1000 60
179 59
Step 7 = 2
60 60
Example 9.1-8
1 01. 3
2 + +4+ =
4 0.02 4
Solution:
1 01. 3  1 01.   3
Step 1 2 + + 4 + = 2 +  + 4 + 
4 0.02 4  4 0.02   4
 1 01.   3  1 01.   4 3
Step 2 2 +  + 4 +  = 2 +  + + 
 4 0.02   4  4 0.02   1 4 
 1 01.   4 3  ( 2 × 4) + 1 01 .   4 3  8 + 1 01 .   4 3
Step 3 2 +  + +  =  +  + +  =  +  + + 
 4 0.02   1 4   4 0.02   1 4   4 0.02   1 4 
 9 .   4 3
01
=  +  + + 
 4 0.02   1 4 
 1 
 9 01.   4 3 9 
Step 4a  +  + +  =  + 10  +  4 + 3  =  9 + 1 × 100  +  4 + 3 
 4 0.02   1 4  4 2   1 4  4 10 × 2   1 4 
 100 
 9 100   4 3 
=  +  + + 
 4 20   1 4 

 9 100   4 3   ( 9 × 20) + (100 × 4)   ( 4 × 4) + ( 3 × 1) 

Step 5  +  + +  =   + 
 4 20   1 4   4 × 20   1× 4 
 180 + 400   16 + 3  580   19  580 19  ( 580 × 4) + (19 × 80) 

=   +  =   +  = + =  
 80   4   80   4  80 4  80 × 4 
2320 + 1520 3840

= =
320 320
3840 3840 ÷ 320 12

Step 6 = = = 12
320 320 ÷ 320 1
Example 9.1-9
4 2 012
. 2
2 +3 + . + =
+ 015
5 5 01 . 3
Solution:
4 2 012
. 2  4 .
2   012  2
Step 1 2 +3 + . + = 2 + 3  + 
+ 015 . +
+ 015
5 5 01 . 3  5 5   01.  3
 4 .
2   012  2  ( 2 × 5) + 4 ( 3 × 5) + 2   012
.  2
Step 3 2 + 3  +  . + = 
+ 015 +  + + 015
. +
 5 5   01 .  3  5 5   01 .  3
 10 + 4 15 + 2   012
.  2 .
 14 17   012  2
=  +  + .  + =  +  +
+ 015 . +
+ 015
 5 5   01.  3  5 5   01.  3
 12 
 14 17   012
.  2  14 17   100  2
Step 4a  +  + .  + =  +  +
+ 015 + 015
. +
 5 5   01 .  3  5 5  1  3
 10 
 14 17   12 × 10  2  14 17   120  2
=  +  + .  + =  +  +
+ 015 . +
+ 015
 5 5   100 × 1  3  5 5   100  3
 14 17   120  2  14 17   120 15  2
Step 4b  +  + .  + =  +  +
+ 015 + +
 5 5   100  3  5 5   100 100  3

 14 17   120 15  2  14 + 17   120 + 15 2  31  135  2

Step 5  +  + + + =   +  + =   + +
 5 5   100 100  3  5   100  3  5   100  3
31 135 2  31 135  2  ( 31 × 100) + (135 × 5)  2

= + + =  + + =  +
5 100 3  5 100  3  5 × 100  3
 3100 + 675 2  3775 2 3775 2 (3775 × 3) + (2 × 500)

=  + =  + = + =
 500  3  500  3 500 3 500 × 3
11325 + 1000 12325

= =
1500 1500
12325 12325 ÷ 25 493

Step 6 = =
1500 1500 ÷ 25 60
493 13
Step 7 = 8
60 60
Example 9.1-10
2 2 1 1 0.2
1 + 0.8 + + + 2 + =
3 5 5 4 18
.
Solution:
2 2 1 1 0.2  2   2 1  1 0.2 
Step 1 1 + 0.8 + + + 2 + = 1 + 0.8 +  +  +  2 + 
3 5 5 4 18
.  3   5 5  4 18 . 
 2   2 1  1 0.2   (1 × 3) + 2   2 1  ( 2 × 4) + 1 0.2 
Step 3  1 + 0.8 +  +  +  2 +  =  + 0.8 +  +  +  + 
 3   5 5  4 18 .   3   5 5  4 18
. 
 3+ 2   2 1  8 + 1 0.2  5   2 1   9 0.2 
=  + 0.8 +  +  +  +  =  + 0.8 +  +  +  + 
 3   5 5  4 . 
18 3   5 5   4 18. 
 2
5   2 1  9 0.2  5   2 1  9 
10 
Step 4a  + 0.8 +  +  +  +  =  + 0.8 +  +  +  + 18 
3   5 5  4 18 .  3   5 5  4
 10 
 5   2
  1 9 2 × 10
   5   2 1 9 20
=  + 0.8 +  +  +  +  =  + 0.8 +  +  +  + 
3   5 5  4 10 × 18  3   5 5  4 180 

5   2 1  9 20   5 8   2 1  9 20 
Step 4b  + 0.8 +  +  +  +  =  +  + +  + + 
3   5 5  4 180   3 10   5 5  4 180 
 5 8   2 1  9 20   (5 × 10) + (8 × 3)   2 + 1  ( 9 × 180) + ( 20 × 4) 
Step 5  +  + +  + +  =   +  + 
 3 10   5 5  4 180   3 × 10   5   4 × 180 
 50 + 24   3  1620 + 80   74  3  1700  74 3 1700

=   +  +  =   + +  = + +
 30   5   720   30  5  720  30 5 720
 74 3 1700  ( 74 × 5) + ( 3 × 30)  1700  370 + 90  1700

=  + + =  + =  +
 30 5  720  30 × 5  720  150  720
 460  1700 460 1700 (460 × 720) + (1700 × 150) 331200 + 255000
=  + = + = =
 150  720 150 720 150 × 720 108000
586200
=
108000
586200 586200 ÷ 100 5862 5862 ÷ 2 2931

Step 6 = = = =
108000 108000 ÷ 100 1080 1080 ÷ 2 540
2931 231
Step 7 = 5
540 540
The following examples further illustrate how to add integer, decimal, and mixed fractions:
Example 9.1-11
1 2
3 1 01.  3 (1 × 5) + 1 10  3 6  1 × 100  3 + 6  100
///  9 2 9 2
+1 + =  + +
5
=  + + =  + =  + = +
5 5 0.05 5 5   5 5  10 × 5  5  50 //  5 1 5 1
100 1
(9 × 1) + (2 × 5) 9 + 10 19 4
= = = = 3
5×1 5 5 5
Example 9.1-12
2
3 3  ( 2 × 4) + 3 3  8  8 + 3 3 8/  11 3 2  (11 × 8) + ( 3 × 4)  2
2 + + 0.08 =  + + =  + + =  + + =  +
4 8  4 8  100  4 
8 100
///  4 8  25  4×8  25
25
25
 88 + 12  2  100  2 100
/// 2 25 2 (25 × 25) + (2 × 8) 625 + 16 641
=  + =  + = + = + = = =
 32  25  32  25 32
/ / 25 8 25 8 × 25 200 200
8
41
= 3
200

Example 9.1-13
3 1 3 (2 × 5) + 1 + 18 3
 10 + 1 18  3 11 18  ( 3 × 5) + (11 × 4)  18
+ 2 + 18 =  +  =  + + =  + + =  +
4 5 4 5  1 
4 5  1 4 5 1  4×5  1
 15 + 44  18  59  18 59 18 (59 × 1) + (18 × 20) 59 + 360 419 20 19

=  + =  + = + = = = =
 20  1  20  1 20 1 20 × 1 20 20 20
Example 9.1-14
1
 1 1 1  (1 × 3) + 1 1  4
 1 1 × 10
  4 1 10  ( 4 × 2) + (1 × 3)  10
1 +  + =  + + 1 =  + + =  + + =  +
 3 2  01
.  3 2 1  3 2 1 × 1  3 2 1  3× 2  1
10
 8 + 3  10 11
  10 11 10 (11 × 1) + (10 × 6) 11 + 60 71 5
=  + =  + = + = = = = 11
 6  1  6 1 6 1 6 ×1 6 6 6
Example 9.1-15
 12   3 
6 .
3 012  6 ( 2 × 5) + 3  100 24   6/ 10 + 3  12 × 10 24 
+2 + + 24 =  +  + +  =  +  + + 
14 5 0.8  14 5   8 1  14
// 5   100 × 8 1 
 10   7 
 3 
 3 13  120
/ / / 24   ( 3 × 5) + (13 × 7)   3 24   15 + 91  ( 3 × 1) + ( 24 × 20) 
=  +  + +  =   + +  =   + 
 7 5   800
/// 1   7×5   20 1   35   20 × 1 
 20 
761
 106   3 + 480  106  483 106 483 (106 × 20) + ( 483 × 35) 2120 + 16905 19025
/////
=   +  = +  = + = = =
 35   20  35  20  35 20 35 × 20 700 700
///
28
761 5
= = 27
28 28
Example 9.1-16
 1 
 1 1  3  (1 × 4) + 1 ( 2 × 4) + 1  2 3   5 9   2/ 3
 1 + 2 +
  0.2 +  =  + +
  +  =  + +
  + 
 4 4  5  4 4   10 5  4 4   10
/ / 5
 5 
7
 5 + 9   1 3  14   1 + 3 14
/ /  4 7 4 (7 × 5) + (4 × 2) 35 + 8 43
=   + +  =   +  = +  = + = = =
 4   5 5  4  5  4/  5  2 5 2×5 10 10
2
3
= 4
10

Example 9.1-17
 6 
4 3 0.06 3  ( 2 × 5) + 4 (1 × 5) + 3  100 25 3
2 +1 + + 25 + =  +  + + +
5 5 0.4 5  5 5   4 1 5
 10 
 3 
 10 + 4 5 + 3  6 × 10 25 3 / / 25 3
 14 8   60  14 + 8   3 25 3
=  +  + +  + =  +  + + + =   + +  +
 5 5   100 × 4 1  5  5 5   400
/// 1  5  5   20 1  5
 20 
 22   ( 3 × 1) + ( 25 × 20)  3 22  3 + 500  3 22  503 3 22 503 3

=   + + = + + = + + = + +
 5  20  5 5  20  5 5  20  5 5 20 5
591
 22 503 3  ( 22 × 20) + (503 × 5)  3  440 + 2515 3  2955 3 2955
//// 3
=  + + =  + =  + =  + = +
 5 20  5  5 × 20  5  100  5  100  5 100
/// 5
20
603
591 3 ( 591 × 5) + ( 3 × 20) 2955 + 60 3015
//// 603 3
= + = = = = = 30
20 5 20 × 5 100 /100
// 20 20
20
Example 9.1-18
 18 
 4   1 18 .   2 1  12 4   ( 2 × 5) + 1 10  +  ( 3 × 3) + 2 + 1 

 12 +  +  2 +  + 3 +  =  +  + +
2 
 7   5 0.2   3 3  1 7  5 3 3
 10 
 9 
 12 4   10 + 1 18 × 10   9 + 2 1   (12 × 7) + ( 4 × 1)   11 180
/ / /   11 1 
=  +  + +  + +  =   + +  + + 
 1 7  5 10 × 2   3 3  1× 7   5 20/ /   3 3
 1 
4
 84 + 4   11 9   11 + 1  88   (11 × 1) + ( 9 × 5)   12  88  11 + 45 12
//
=   + +  +  =   +  +  = + +
 7   5 1  3   7  5×1   3 7  5  3/
1
88  56  4 88 56 4  88 56  4  (88 × 5) + (56 × 7)  4  440 + 392  4

= +  + = + + =  + + =  + =  +
7  5 1 7 5 1  7 5 1  7×5  1  35  1
 832  4 832 4 (832 × 1) + (4 × 35) 832 + 140 972 27 27

=  + = + = = = =
 35  1 35 1 35 × 1 35 35 35
Example 9.1-19
 1 
 01.   1 2   2 1 
10 5  (1 × 5) + 1 2   ( 2 × 5) + (1 × 3) 
 + 5 +  1 +  +  +  =  +  + +  + 
 0.02   5 5   3 5   2 1  5 5  3×5 
 100 

 5 
 1 × 100 5  5 + 1 2   10 + 3 / / / 5  6 2   13
 100  5 + 5  6 + 2  13
=  + +
  + +
   =  +  + +  +  =   + +
 10 × 2 1  5 5   15   20
/ / 1   5 5   15   1   5  15
 1 
10
    8 13  10 8 13 10 8 13  (10 × 5) + (8 × 1)  13  50 + 8  13
=   +  + = + + =  + + =  + =  +
 1   5  15 1 5 15  1 5  15  1× 5  15  5  15
187
 58  13 58 13 ( 58 × 15) + (13 × 5) 870 + 65 935
/// 187 7
=  + = + = = = = = 12
 5  15 5 15 15 × 5 75 75
// 15 15
15
Example 9.1-20
 2 
 1 2  1   1 1  ( 2 × 3) + 1  1   1 (1 × 4) + 1
=  1  + + +
 2 3 + 0.3 + 6  +  4 + 1 4  +
3  6  4

   3 4 

 10  
 6 + 1 2 × 10  1   1 4 + 1  7 20  1   1 5   7 + 20  1   1 + 5
=  +  + + +  =  +  +  +  +  =   + + 
 3 1 × 3  6   4 4   3 3  6   4 4   3  6   4 
9  3
 27  1   6   27
/ / 1  6/ 9 1 3  ( 9 × 6) + (1 × 1)  3  54 + 1  3  55  3
=  3  + 6  +  4  =  3/ + 6  + 4/ =  + + =  + =  + =  +
  1  2 1 6 2  1× 6  2  6  2 6 2
 
32
55 3 ( 55 × 2) + ( 3 × 6) 110 + 18 128
/// 32 2
= + = = = = = 10
6 2 6×2 12 12
// 3 3
3
Example 9.1-21
 2 
  2 4    3 5  0.2   4  (1 × 3) + 2 4    3 + 5 10 
0.4 + 1 3 +  +  + + =  + +   +  + 
 5    4 4  0.04   10  3 5    4  4 
 100 
2  2 5 
 4/  5 4    8  2 × 100   2  (5 × 5) + ( 4 × 3)    8 200   2  25 + 12    8/ 200
///
= + +  +   + =  +  +  + =  +  +  +
/ /  3 5    4  10 × 4 
 10
 5  3×5    4 40   5  15    4/ 40 // 
5  1 
  1
2  37    2 5 2 37   2 + 5   ( 2 × 15) + ( 37 × 5)   7   30 + 185  7
=  +   +  +  =  +  +   =  +  =  +
 5  15    1 1   5 15   1   5 × 15  1  75  1
43
 215  7 215
/// 7 43 7 (43 × 1) + (7 × 15) 43 + 105 148 9 13
=  75  + 1 = + = + = = = =
  75
// 1 15 1 15 × 1 15 15 15
15

Section 9.1 Exercises - Add the following integer, decimal, and mixed fractions:
2 3 1 3 .
012 3 0.3
1. 1 + + 0.5 = 2. 2 + + = 3. 1 + +6 =
5 5 3 4 01. 5 0.8
3 3 01. 2 3 1 3 1
4. 4 + + +4 = 5. + + 1 + 2.8 = 6.  + 2 + 1 + 0.5 =
5 8 12
. 8 8 5 4   5 
3 1 6 3 1 3 2 3 1 4 2 01
.
7. + 1 + 2.4 + = 8. 2 + + + 0.4 + 3 = 9.  + 2  +  3 + 1  + =
5 2 10 4 5 8 3 7 7  5 5 0.01
3  3.2 2   0.3 
10. + +3  + + 2 =
5  16
. 3   2.6 

Mastering Fractions 9.2 Subtracting Integer, Decimal, and Mixed Fractions
9.2 Subtracting Integer, Decimal, and Mixed Fractions

a
 b
 a × 10 − k1 
 b × 10 − k 2 
a a
  b   b
less than one
are subtracted as in the following cases:
Case I Subtracting Integer, Decimal, and Mixed Fractions With Three Terms Only
Subtract three integer, decimal, and mixed fractions using the following steps:
a
  1
5
to .
1
( ) a
  10
8
100
terms only are subtracted:
Example 9.2-1
4 3 0.3
−2 − =
5 8 2.4
Solution:
4 3 0.3 4 3 0.3
Step 1 −2 − =  −2  −
5 8 2.4 5 8 2.4

4 3 0.3  4 ( 2 × 8) + 3 0.3  4 16 + 3 0.3  4 19  0.3

Step 3  −2  − =  − − =  − − =  − −
5 8  2.4  5 8  2.4  5 8  2.4  5 8  2.4
3
 4 19  0.3  4 19  10  4 19  3 × 10  4 19  30
Step 4a  − − =  −  − 24 =  − − =  − −
 5 8  2.4 5 8   5 8  10 × 24  5 8  240
10
 4 19  30  ( 4 × 8) − (19 × 5)  30  32 − 95 30  −63 30

Step 5  − − =  − =  − =  −
 5 8  240  5×8  240  40  240  40  240
−63 30 ( −63 × 240) − (30 × 40) −15120 − 1200 −16320

= − = = =
40 240 40 × 240 9600 9600
−16320 −16320 ÷ 320 −51

Step 6 = =
9600 9600 ÷ 320 30
−51  21 
Step 7 = − 1 
30  30 
Example 9.2-2
1 2
12 − − 0.5 =
5 3
Solution:
1 2  1 2
Step 1 12 − − 0.5 =  12 −  − 0.5
5 3  5 3
 1 2  (12 × 5) + 1 2   (12 × 5) + 1 2 
Step 3  12 −  − 0.5 =  −  − 0.5 =  −  − 0.5
 5 3  5 3  5 3
 60 + 1 2   61 2 
=  −  − 0.5 =  −  − 0.5
 5 3  5 3
 61 2   61 2 5
Step 4b  −  − 0.5 =  − −
 5 3  5 3  10

 61 2  5  ( 61 × 3) − ( 2 × 5)  5  183 − 10  5  173 5
Step 5  − − =  − =  − =  −
 5 3  10  5 × 3  10  15  10  15  10
173 5 (173 × 10) − (5 × 15) 1730 − 75 1655

= − = = =
15 10 15 × 10 150 150
1655 1655 ÷ 5 331

Step 6 = =
150 150 ÷ 5 30
331 1
Step 7 = 11
30 30
Example 9.2-3
2 0.6
12 − 1 − =
3 0.02
Solution:
2 0.6  2  0.6
Step 1 12 − 1 − = 12 − 1  −
3 0.02  3  0.02
 2  0.6  12 2  0.6
Step 2  12 − 1  − =  −1  −
 3  0.02  1 3  0.02
 12 2  0.6  12 (1 × 3) + 2  0.6  12 3 + 2  0.6

Step 3  −1  − =  − − =  − −
 1 3  0.02  1 3  0.02  1 3  0.02
 12 5 0.6
=  − −
 1 3 0.02
6
 12 5 0.6  12 5 10  12 5 6 × 100  12 5 600
Step 4a  − − =  − − 2 =  − − =  − −
 1 3 0.02  1 3  1 3 10 × 2  1 3 20
100
 12 5  600  (12 × 3) − (5 × 1)  600  36 − 5 600  31 600

Step 5  − − =  − =  − =  −
 1 3 20  1× 3  20  3  20  3  20
31 600 (31 × 20) − (600 × 3) 620 − 1800 −1180

= − = = =
3 20 3 × 20 60 60
−1180 −1180 ÷ 20 −59

Step 6 = =
60 60 ÷ 20 3

−59  2
Step 7 = − 19 
3 3
Example 9.2-4
3 2.5 2
− −3 =
5 0.03 5
Solution:
3 2.5 2  3 2.5  2
Step 1 − −3 =  −  −3
5 0.03 5  5 0.03 5
 3 2.5  2  3 2.5  ( 3 × 5) + 2  3 2.5  15 + 2  3 2.5  17

Step 3  −  −3 =  − − =  − − =  − −
 5 0.03 5  5 0.03 5  5 0.03 5  5 0.03 5
 25 
 3 2.5  17 3 
Step 4a  − − =  − 10  − 17 =  3 − 25 × 100  − 17 =  3 − 2500  − 17
 5 0.03 5 5 3  5  5 10 × 3  5 5 30  5
 100 
 3 2500  17  ( 3 × 30) − ( 2500 × 5)  17  90 − 12500  17

Step 5  − − =  − =  −
5 30  5  5 × 30  5  150  5
 −12410  17 −12410 17 ( −12410 × 5) − (17 × 150) −62050 − 2550

=  − = − = =
 150  5 150 5 150 × 5 750
−64600
=
750
−64600 −64600 ÷ 50 −1292

Step 6 = =
750 750 ÷ 50 15
−1292  2
Step 7 = − 86 
15 15

Example 9.2-5
0.22 5
− 24 − 2 =
0.06 8
Solution:
0.22 5  0.22  5
Step 1 − 24 − 2 =  − 24 − 2
0.06 8  0.06  8
 0.22  5  0.22 24  5
Step 2  − 24 − 2 =  −  −2
 0.06  8  0.06 1  8
 0.22 24  5  0.22 24  ( 2 × 8) + 5  0.22 24  16 + 5

Step 3  −  −2 =  − − =  − −
 0.06 1  8  0.06 1  8  0.06 1  8
 0.22 24  21
=  − −
 0.06 1  8
 22 
 0.22 24  21  24  21  22 × 100 24  21  2200 24  21
Step 4a  − − =  100
6
− − =  − − =  − −
 0.06 1  8  1  8  100 × 6 1  8  600 1 8
 100 
 2200 24  21  ( 2200 × 1) − ( 24 × 600)  21  2200 − 14400  21

Step 5  − − =  − =  −
 600 1 8  600 × 1  8  600  8
 −12200  21 −12200 21 ( −12200 × 8) − (21 × 600) −97600 − 12600

=  − = − = =
 600  8 600 8 600 × 8 4800
−110200
=
4800
−110200 −110200 ÷ 200 −551

Step 6 = =
4800 4800 ÷ 200 24
−551  23 
Step 7 = − 22 
24 24

Case II Subtracting Integer, Decimal, and Mixed Fractions With More Than Three
Terms
Subtract integer, decimal, and mixed fractions having more than three terms by using the
following steps:
Step 1 Use parentheses to group the numbers in pairs, e.g., group the first and second
numbers, third and fourth numbers, fifth and sixth numbers, etc. together.
a
Step 2 Change the integer number(s) ( a ) to an integer fraction(s) of the form   , e.g.,
  1
38
change 38 to .
1
( ) a
  10
205
100
The following examples show the steps as to how integer, decimal and mixed fractions having
more than three terms are subtracted:
Example 9.2-6
2 2 0.2
8− −1 − =
3 8 3.2
Solution:
2 2 0.2  2  2 0.2 
Step 1 8− −1 − =  8 −  +  −1 − 
3 8 3.2  3   8 3.2 
 2   2 0.2   8  2  2 0.2
Step 2  8 −  +  −1 −  =  −  +  −1 − 
 3   8 3.2   1 3   8 3.2 
 8 2   2 0.2   8 2   (1 × 8) + 2 0.2   8 2   8 + 2 0.2 

Step 3  −  +  −1 −  =  −  + − −  =  −  + − − 
 1 3   8 3.2   1 3  8 3.2   1 3  8 3.2 
 8 2
  10
 0.2
=  −  + − − 
 1 3   8 3.2 

 2 
 8 2   10 0.2   8 2   10 
10  =  8 − 2  +  − 10 − 2 × 10 
Step 4a  −  + − −  =  −  + − − 32 
 1 3   8 3.2   1 3  8  1 3   8 10 × 32 
 10 
 8 2  10 20
=  −  + − − 
 1 3   8 320 
 8 2   10 20   (8 × 3) − ( 2 × 1)   ( −10 × 320) − ( 20 × 8) 
Step 5  −  + − −  =   + 
 1 3   8 320   1× 3   8 × 320 
 24 − 2   −3200 − 160   22   −3360  22 −3360 22 3360

=   +  =   +  = + = −
 3   2560   3   2560  3 2560 3 2560
(22 × 2560) − (3360 × 3) 56320 − 10080 46240

= = =
3 × 2560 7680 7680
46240 46240 ÷ 160 289

Step 6 = =
7680 7680 ÷ 160 48
289 1
Step 7 = 6
48 48
Example 9.2-7
2 1 015
.
6 − − . =
− 012
3 3 0.5
Solution:
.
2 1 015  2 1   015
. 
Step 1 6 − − . = 6 −  + −
− 012 − 012
. 
3 3 0.5  3 3  0.5 
 2 1   015
.   ( 6 × 3) + 2 1   015
. 
Step 3 6 −  + − − 012
.  =  −  + − − 012
. 
 3 3  0.5   3 3  0.5 
 18 + 2 1   015
.   20 1   015
. 
=  −  + − − 012
.  =  −  + − − 012
. 
 3 3  0.5   3 3  0.5 

 15 
.
 20 1   015   20 1   100 − 012

Step 4a  −  + − .  =  −  + −
− 012
5
. 
 3 3  0.5   3 3  
 10 
 20 1   15 × 10   20 1   150 
=  −  + − .  =  −  + −
− 012 − 012
. 
 3 3  100 × 5   3 3  500 
 20 1   150   20 1   150 12 
Step 4b  −  + − .  =  −  + −
− 012 − 
 3 3  500   3 3  500 100 
 20 1   150 12   20 − 1  −(150 × 100) − (12 × 500) 

Step 5  −  + − −  =   + 
 3 3  500 100   3   500 × 100 
 19   −15000 − 6000  19  −21000  19 −21000 19 21000

=   +  = +  = + = −
 3   50000  3  50000  3 50000 3 50000
(19 × 50000) − (21000 × 3) 950000 − 63000 887000

= = =
3 × 50000 150000 150000
887000 887000 ÷ 1000 887

Step 6 = =
150000 150000 ÷ 1000 150
887 137
Step 7 = 5
150 150
Example 9.2-8
3 5 2 12.
2 − −1 − =
8 6 5 0.28
Solution:
3 5 2 12.  3   5  2 12
.
Step 1 2 − −1 − =  2 −  +  −1 − 
8 6 5 0.28  8 6   5 0.28 
 3 5   2 12 .   ( 2 × 8) + 3 5   (1 × 5) + 2 12 . 
Step 3  2 −  +  −1 −  =  −  + − − 
 8 6   5 0.28   8 6  5 0.28 
 16 + 3 5   5 + 2 12 .   19 5   7 12. 
=  −  + − −  =  −  + − − 
 8 6   5 0.28   8 6   5 0.28 

 12 
 19 5   7 12
.   19 5   7 
Step 4a  −  + − −  =  −  + − − 10  =  19 − 5  +  − 7 − 12 × 100 
 8 6   5 0.28   8 6  5 28   8 6   5 10 × 28 
 100 
 19 5   7 1200 
=  −  + − − 
 8 6   5 280 
 19 5   7 1200   (19 × 6) − (5 × 8)   ( −7 × 280) − (1200 × 5) 

Step 5  −  + − −  =   + 
 8 6   5 280   8×6   5 × 280 
 114 − 40   −1960 − 6000   74   −7960  74 −7960 74 7960

=   +  =   +  = + = −
 48   1400   48   1400  48 1400 48 1400
(74 × 1400) − (7960 × 48) 103600 − 382080 −278480

= = =
48 × 1400 67200 67200
−278480 −278480 ÷ 80 −3481

Step 6 = =
67200 67200 ÷ 80 840
−3481  121 
Step 7 = − 4 
840 840 
Example 9.2-9
6 1 2 2
. =
− 2 − 3 − − 014
7 3 5 5
Solution:
6 1 2 2 6 1  2 2 
Step 1 . =  − 2  +  −3 −  − 014
− 2 − 3 − − 014 .
7 3 5 5 7 3  5 5 
6 1  2 2  6 (2 × 3) + 1 +  − (3 × 5) + 2 − 2  − 014
Step 3  − 2  +  −3 −  − 014
. =  −    .
7 3  5 5  7 3   5 5
 6 6 + 1  15 + 2 2   6  7  17 2
=  −  + − −  − 014
. =  −  +  − −  − 014
.
 7 3   5 5  7 3  5 5 

 6 7   17 2   6 7   17 2  14
Step 4b .
 −  +  − −  − 014 =  −  + − −  −
 7 3  5 5   7 3   5 5  100
 6 7   17 2  14  ( 6 × 3) − ( 7 × 7)   −17 − 2  14
Step 5  −  + − −  − =   + −
 7 3   5 5  100  7×3   5  100
 18 − 49   −19  14  −31 −19 14 −31 −19 14

=   + − =  + − = + −
 21   5  100  21  5 100 21 5 100
−31 19 14  −31 19  14  ( −31 × 5) − (19 × 21)  14

= − − =  − − =  −
21 5 100  21 5  100  21 × 5  100
 −155 − 399  14  −554  14 −554 14 ( −554 × 100) − (14 × 105)

=  − =  − = − =
 105  100  105  100 105 100 105 × 100
−55400 − 1470 −56870

= =
10500 10500
−56870 −56870 ÷ 10 −5687

Step 6 = =
10500 10500 ÷ 10 1050
−5687  437 
Step 7 = − 5 
1050 1050 
Example 9.2-10
3 3 2.2 4
28 − −1 − − 0.8 − =
10 5 0.4 5
Solution:
3 3 2.2 4  3   3 2.2   4
Step 1 28 − −1 − − 0.8 − =  28 −  +  −1 −  +  −0.8 − 
10 5 0.4 5  10   5 0.4   5
 3   3 2.2   4  28 3   3 2.2   4
Step 2  28 −  +  −1 −  +  −0.8 −  =  −  +  −1 −  +  −0.8 − 
 10   5 0.4   5  1 10   5 0.4   5
 28 3   3 2.2   4  28 3   (1 × 5) + 3 2.2   4
Step 3  −  +  −1 −  +  −0.8 −  =  −  +  − −  +  −0.8 − 
 1 10   5 0.4   5  1 10   5 0.4   5
 28 3   5 + 3 2.2   4  28 3   8 2.2   4
=  −  + − −  +  −0.8 −  =  −  +  − −  +  −0.8 − 
 1 10   5 0.4   5   1 10   5 0.4   5

 22 
 28 3   8 2.2   4  28 3   8 
Step 4a  −  + − −  +  −0.8 −  =  −  +  − − 10  +  −0.8 − 4 
 1 10   5 0.4   5  1 10   5 4   5
 10 
 28 3   8 22 × 10   4  28 3   8 220   4
=  −  + − −  +  −0.8 −  =  −  +  − −  +  −0.8 − 
 1 10   5 10 × 4   5  1 10   5 40   5
 28 3   8 220   4  28 3   8 220   8 4 
Step 4b  −  + − −  +  −0.8 −  =  −  +  − −  + − − 
 1 10   5 40   5  1 10   5 40   10 5 
 28 3   8 220   8 4 
Step 5  −  + − −  + − − 
 1 10   5 40   10 5 
 ( 28 × 10) − ( 3 × 1)   −(8 × 40) − ( 220 × 5)   −(8 × 5) − ( 4 × 10) 

=   +  + 
 1 × 10   5 × 40   10 × 5 
 280 − 3  −320 − 1100   −40 − 40   277   −1420   −80 

=   +  +  =   +  + 
 10   200   50   10   200   50 
277 −1420 −80  277 −1420  −80  277 1420  80

= + + =  + + =  − −
10 200 50  10 200  50  10 200  50
 ( 277 × 200) − (1420 × 10)  80  55400 − 14200  80  41200  80

=  − =  − =  −
 10 × 200  50  2000  50  2000  50
41200 80 (41200 × 50) − (80 × 2000) 2060000 − 160000 1900000

= − = = =
2000 50 2000 × 50 100000 100000
1900000 1900000 ÷ 100000 19

Step 6 = = = 19
100000 100000 ÷ 100000 1
The following examples further illustrate how to subtract integer, decimal, and mixed fractions:
Example 9.2-11
 18 
018
. 3 2 
100 3  ( 3 × 5) + 2  18 × 10 3  15 + 2  180 3  17
− −3 =  − − =  − − =  − −
14. 4 5  14 4  5  100 × 14 4  5  1400 4  5
 10 

 9 
/ / / 3  17
 180  9 3  17  ( 9 × 4) − ( 3 × 70)  17  36 − 210  17  −174  17
=  − − =  − − =  − =  − =  −
 1400
/ / / / 4 5  70 4  5  70 × 4  5  280  5  280  5
 70 
−87 −563
−174
/ / / 17 −87 17 ( −87 × 5) − (17 × 140) −435 − 2380 −2815
//// −563  3 
= − = − = = = = = − 4 
280
/// 5 140 5 140 × 5 700 700
/// 140  140 
140 140
Example 9.2-12
31
1 3  ( 4 × 5) + 1 3 124  21 3 124
///  21 − 3 31  18  31
4 − − 0124
. =  − − =  − − =  − =  −
5 5  5 5  1000  5 5  1000
////  5  250  5  250
250
869
18 31 (18 × 250) − ( 31 × 5) 4500 − 155 4345
// // 869 119
= − = = = = = 3
5 250 5 × 250 1250 1250
//// 250 250
250
Example 9.2-13
 1   1 
2  2 0.01 ( 3 × 5) + 2  ( 4 × 3) + 2 
100  = 15 + 2 −  12 + 2 − 1 × 10  = 17 −  14 − 10
// 
3 − 4 −  = − −
2   
5  3 0.2  5  3 5  3 100 × 2  5  3 200 ///
 10   20 
17  14 1  17  (14 × 20) − (1 × 3)  17  280 − 3 17  277  17 277

= − −  = −  = −  = −  = −
5  3 20  5  3 × 20  5  60  5  60  5 60
−73
(17 × 60) − (277 × 5) 1020 − 1385 −/365
// −73  13 
= = = = = − 1 
5 × 60 300 300
/// 60  60 
60
Example 9.2-14
 12 
5 .
3 012  5 (1 × 5) + 3  30
100 − 
  5 5 + 3  12 × 10 30 
−1 − − 30 =  −  + − =  −  + − − 
14 5 0.5  14 5   5 1 14 5   100 × 5 1 
 10 
 6 
 5 8   120
/ / / 30   (5 × 5) − (8 × 14)   6 30   25 − 112   −( 6 × 1) − ( 30 × 25) 
=  −  + − −  =   + − −  =   + 
 14 5   500
/// 1   14 × 5   25 1   70   25 × 1 
 25 
 −87   −6 − 750  −87  −756  −87 −756 −87 756 ( −87 × 25) − (756 × 70)
=   +  = +  = + = − =
 70   25  70  25  70 25 70 25 70 × 25
−11019
−2175 − 52920 −55095
///// −11019  169 
= = = = − 31 
1750 1750
//// 350  350 
350

Example 9.2-15
 1 
 3 1  4  ( 4 × 5) + 3 ( 2 × 4) + 1  2 4   20 + 3 8 + 1  2/ 4 
 4 − 2  −  0.2 −  =  −  − −  =  −  − − 
 5 4  5  5 4   10 5   5 4   10/ / 5
 5 
 23 9   1 4   ( 23 × 4) − ( 9 × 5)   1 − 4   92 − 45  −3  47   3 47 3
=  −  − −  =   −  =   −  =   +  = +
 5 4  5 5  5× 4   5   20   5   20   5  20 5
59
(47 × 5) + (3 × 20) 235 + 60 295
/// 59 19
= = = = = 2
20 × 5 100 100
/// 20 20
20
Example 9.2-16
 1
 1   1 2  ( 7 × 4) + 1 5   (1 × 2) + 1 2  28 + 1 5/   2 + 1 2 
 7 − 0.5 − 1 −  =  −  − −  =  −  − − 
 4   2 3  4 10   2 3  4 //  2
10 3
 2
 29 1   3 2   ( 29 × 2) − (1 × 4)   ( 3 × 3) − ( 2 × 2)   58 − 4   9 − 4   54   5 
=  −  − −  =   −  =   −  =   − 
 4 2   2 3  4×2   2×3   8   6   8   6
27 71
54
// 5 27 5 (27 × 6) − (5 × 4) 162 − 20 142
/// 71 11
= − = − = = = = = 5
8/ 6 4 6 4×6 24 24
// 12 12
4 12
Example 9.2-17
 18 
10 − 22  − ( 4 × 3) + 2 =  2 − 4  +  − 18 × 10 − 22  − 12 + 2
2 4 18
. 2  2 4  
− − − 22 − 4 =  −  + − 4
5 5 0.4 3  5 5  1 3  5   10 × 4 1 3
 10 
 9 
 −2   180 22  14 −2  180
/ / / 22  14 −2  9 22  14
=   + − − − = + − − − = + − −  −
 5   40 1 3 5  40 // 1 3 5  2 1 3
 2 
−2  ( −9 × 1) + ( −22 × 2)  14 −2  −9 − 44  14 −2  −53 14 −2 −53 14

= + − = + − = + − = + −
5  2 ×1  3 5  2  3 5  2  3 5 2 3
−2 53 14  −2 53 14  ( −2 × 2) − (53 × 5)  14  −4 − 265 14  −269  14

= − − =  − − =  − =  − =  −
5 2 3  5 2 3  5× 2  3  10  3  10  3
−269 14 ( −269 × 3) − (14 × 10) −807 − 140 −947 − 31 17 

= − = = = =  
10 3 10 × 3 30 30  30 

Example 9.2-18
 2 
 2 1   0.2  1  (8 × 3) + 2 (1 × 6) + 1  10 1 1
8 − 1  −  .− = 
− 01 −  − − −
 3 6   0.04  2  3 6   4 10  2
 100 
  5 
 24 + 2 6 + 1  2 × 100 1  1 / / / 1  1
 26 7   200
=  −  − −  − =  −  −  −  −
 3 6   10 × 4 10  2  
 3 6  40 / / 10   2

 1
 ( 26 × 6) − ( 7 × 3)   5 1   1  156 − 21  (5 × 10) − (1 × 1)   1  135  50 − 1  1

=   −  −   − =   −   − =   −  −
 3× 6   1 10   2  18   1 × 10   2  18   10   2
 135
  49  1  135 49 1  (135 × 10) − (49 × 18)  1 1350 − 882  1  468  1
=  −   − =  −  − =  − =   − 2 =  180  − 2
 18  10   2  18 10  2  18 × 10  2  180   
117 21
468
/// 1 117 1 (117 × 2) − (1 × 45) 234 − 45 189
/// 21 1
= − = − = = = = = 2
180
/// 2 45 2 45 × 2 90 90
// 10 10
45 10
Example 9.2-19
 1 
 1  3  4 (1 × 4) + 1 4  3  4 4 + 1 4/  3  4 5  1  3
 4 − 1 4  − 0.04 − 8 =  − −  − =  − −  − 8 =  1 − 4  − 25  − 8
   1 4  100  8  1 4  100
/ / /  
 25 

 ( 4 × 4) − (5 × 1)  1  3  16 − 5  1  3  11
  1
 3
 11 1 3
=   − − =   − − =   −  − =  −  −
 1× 4  25  8   4  25  8  4  25  8  4 25  8
 (11 × 25) − (1 × 4)  3  275 − 4  3  271  3 271 3 (271 × 8) − (3 × 100)

=  − =   − =  100  − 8 = 100 − 8 =
 4 × 25  8  100  8   100 × 8
467
2168 − 300 1868
//// 467 67
= = = = 2
800 800
/// 200 200
200
Example 9.2-20
 1 1  3   (8 × 5) + 1 (1 × 4) + 1 − 2  −  3 − 2 
 8 5 − 1 4  − 2 −  4 − 0.02 =  −    
   5 4  1   4 100 
 1 
 40 + 1 4 + 1 2   3 2/    41
  5 2 3 1
=  5 − 4  − 1  −  4 − 100  =  −  −  −  − 
   /// 
 5 4  1  4 50 

 50 
 ( 41 × 4) − (5 × 5)  2   ( 3 × 50) − (1 × 4)   164 − 25 2   150 − 4   139  2   146 

=   − −  =   − −  =   − − 
 5× 4  1   4 × 50   20  1   200   20  1   200 

73
 139 2  146///  (139 × 1) − ( 2 × 20)  73  139 − 40  73  99  73 99 73
=  20 − 1  − 200 =  − =  − =  − = −
  ///  20 × 1  100  20  100  20  100 20 100
100
211
(99 × 100) − (73 × 20) 9900 − 1460 8440
//// 211 11
= = = = = 4
20 × 100 2000 2000
//// 50 50
50
Example 9.2-21
 1 1   2 1   1   ( 5 × 3) + 1 1   ( 2 × 5) + 2 1   (1 × 8) + 1 5  
 5 −  −  2 −  − 1 − 0.5  =  −  −  −  − − 
 3 3  5 3  8   3 3   5 3  8 10  
  1 
 16 1   12 1   9 5/    16 − 1  (12 × 3) − (1 × 5)   9 1  
=  −  −  −  −  −   =   −   −  − 
 3 3  5 3  8 10 / /   3   5× 3   8 2  
 
 2 
5  5
 15  36 − 5  ( 9 × 2) − (1 × 8)   15
/ /  31  18 − 8   5  31  10   5  31 10
//
=   −   −  = −   −  = −  −   = −  − 
 3   5 × 3   8×2   3/  15   16   1  15  16   1 15 16//
1  8 

5  31 5  5  (31 × 8) − (5 × 15)  5  248 − 75  5  173  5 173

= − −  = −  = −  = −  = −
1  15 8  1  15 × 8  1  120  1  120  1 120
(5 × 120) − (173 × 1) 600 − 173 427 67

= = = = 3
1 × 120 120 120 120
Section 9.2 Exercises - Subtract the following integer, decimal, and mixed fractions:
1 3 14
. 5 4 3 2
1. 2 − − = 2. . =
− 2 − 01 3. 1 − 0.2 − =
6 5 0.4 8 5  4  3
2 0.01 3 1 014
.  2 1
4.  4 − 8 − = 5. 1 −  −  = 6. 7 − − 1 − 0.25 =
 3  .
01 5 8 0.2  3 4
2 1 2 1 1 4 1 2 2 
7.  3 −  −  0.9 −  = 8.  − 1  −  −  − 0.6 = 
9. 4 −  − 1   − 0.04 =
 3 3  5 3 4 5 5  5 3 
 2 1  2
10.  5 − 1  − 0.2 − =
 3 4  5

Mastering Fractions 9.3 Multiplying Integer, Decimal, and Mixed Fractions
9.3 Multiplying Integer, Decimal, and Mixed Fractions

a
 b
 a × 10 − k1 
 b × 10 − k 2 
a a
 b  b
less than one
Case I Multiplying Integer, Decimal, and Mixed Fractions With Three Terms Only
Multiply three integer, decimal, and mixed fractions using the following steps:
a
  1
235
235 to .
1
( ) a
  10
239
100
Step 4 Multiply the integer fractions (see Section 3.3).
terms only are multiplied:
Example 9.3-1
4 3 0.8
×1 × =
5 8 121
.
Solution:
4 3 0.8 4 (1 × 8) + 3 0.8 4 8 + 3 0.8 4 11 0.8

Step 2 ×1 × = × × = × × = × ×
5 8 121
. 5 8 121
. 5 8 121
. .
5 8 121

8
4 11 0.8 4 11 10 4 11 8 × 100 4 11 800
Step 3a × × = × × 121 = × × = × ×
5 8 121
. 5 8 5 8 10 × 121 5 8 1210
100
4 11 800 4 × 11 × 800 35200

Step 4 × × = =
5 8 1210 5 × 8 × 1210 48400
35200 35200 ÷ 100 352 352 ÷ 4 88

Step 5 = = = =
48400 48400 ÷ 100 484 484 ÷ 4 121
Example 9.3-2
3 4
× 2 × 12.8 =
5 7
Solution:
3 4 3 ( 2 × 7) + 4 3 14 + 4 3 18
Step 2 × 2 × 12.8 = × × 12.8 = × × 12.8 = × × 12.8
5 7 5 7 5 7 5 7
3 18 3 18 128
Step 3b × × 12.8 = × ×
5 7 5 7 10
3 18 128 3 × 18 × 128 6912

Step 4 × × = =
5 7 10 5 × 7 × 10 350
6912 6912 ÷ 2 3456

Step 5 = =
350 350 ÷ 2 175
3456 131
Step 6 = 19
175 175
Example 9.3-3
5 0.66
4 × × 24 =
8 0.1

Solution:
5 0.66 5 0.66 24
Step 1 4 × × 24 = 4 × ×
8 0.1 8 0.1 1
5 0.66 24 ( 4 × 8) + 5 0.66 24 32 + 5 0.66 24

Step 2 4 × × = × × = × ×
8 0.1 1 8 0.1 1 8 0.1 1
37 0.66 24
= × ×
8 0.1 1
66
37 0.66 24 37 100 24 37 66 × 10 24 37 660 24
Step 3a × × = ×
1
× = × × = × ×
8 0.1 1 8 1 8 100 × 1 1 8 100 1
10
37 660 24 37 × 660 × 24 586080

Step 4 × × = =
8 100 1 8 × 100 × 1 800
586080 586080 ÷ 80 7326 7326 ÷ 2 3663

Step 5 = = = =
800 800 ÷ 80 10 10 ÷ 2 5
3663 3
Step 6 = 732
5 5
Example 9.3-4
3
4 × 1 × 0.5 =
8
Solution:
3 4 3
Step 1 4 × 1 × 0.5 = × 1 × 0.5
8 1 8
4 3 4 (1 × 8) + 3 4 8+3 4 11
Step 2 × 1 × 0.5 = × × 0.5 = × × 0.5 = × × 0.5
1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8
4 11 4 11 5
Step 3b × × 0.5 = × ×
1 8 1 8 10
4 11 5 4 × 11 × 5 220
Step 4 × × = =
1 8 10 1 × 8 × 10 80

220 220 ÷ 20 11
Step 5 = =
80 80 ÷ 20 4
11 3
Step 6 =2
4 4
Example 9.3-5
12 1 0.3
×6 × =
25 5 1.24
Solution:
12 1 0.3 12 ( 6 × 5) + 1 0.3 12 30 + 1 0.3 12 31 0.3

Step 2 ×6 × = × × = × × = × ×
25 5 1.24 25 5 1.24 25 5 1.24 25 5 1.24
3
12 31 0.3 12 31 10 12 31 3 × 100 12 31 300
Step 3a × × = × ×
124
= × × = × ×
25 5 1.24 25 5 25 5 10 × 124 25 5 1240
100
12 31 300 12 × 31 × 300 111600

Step 4 × × = =
25 5 1240 25 × 5 × 1240 155000
111600 111600 ÷ 100 1116 1116 ÷ 2 558

Step 5 = = = =
155000 155000 ÷ 100 1550 1550 ÷ 2 775
Case II Multiplying Integer, Decimal, and Mixed Fractions With More Than Three
Terms
Multiply integer, decimal, and mixed fractions having more than three terms by using the
following steps:
a
  1
29
29 to .
1
( ) a
  10

18
10000
Step 4 Multiply the integer fractions (see Section 3.3).
The following examples show the steps as to how integer, decimal and mixed fractions with
more than three terms are multiplied:
Example 9.3-6
0.5 3 0.08
×1 × ×6 =
0.025 8 0.2
Solution:
0.5 3 0.08 0.5 3 0.08 6

Step 1 ×1 × ×6 = ×1 × ×
0.025 8 0.2 0.025 8 0.2 1
0.5 3 0.08 6 0.5 (1 × 8) + 3 × 0.08 × 6 0.5 8 + 3 0.08 6

Step 2 ×1 × × = × = × × ×
0.025 8 0.2 1 0.025 8 0.2 1 0.025 8 0.2 1
0.5 11 0.08 6
= × × ×
0.025 8 0.2 1
5 8
0.5 11 0.08 6 10 × 11 × 100 × 6 5 × 1000 11 8 × 10 6
Step 3a × × × =
25 2
= × × ×
0.025 8 0.2 1 8 1 10 × 25 8 100 × 2 1
1000 10
5000 11 80 6
= × × ×
250 8 200 1
5000 11 80 6 5000 × 11 × 80 × 6 26400000

Step 4 × × × = =
250 8 200 1 250 × 8 × 200 × 1 400000
26400000 26400000 ÷ 400000 66

Step 5 = = = 66
400000 400000 ÷ 400000 1
Example 9.3-7
3 0.3 5
2 × × 0.6 × =
5 012
. 6

Solution:
3 0.3 5 (2 × 5) + 3 × 0.3 × 0.6 × 5 10 + 3 × 0.3 × 0.6 × 5

Step 2 2 × × 0.6 × = =
5 012
. 6 5 012
. 6 5 012
. 6
13 0.3 5
= × × 0.6 ×
5 012
. 6
3
13 0.3 5 13 10 5 13 3 × 100 5
Step 3a × × 0.6 × = ×
12
× 0.6 × = × × 0.6 ×
5 012
. 6 5 6 5 10 × 12 6
100
13 300 5
= × × 0.6 ×
5 120 6
13 300 5 13 300 6 5
Step 3b × × 0.6 × = × × ×
5 120 6 5 120 10 6
13 300 6 5 13 × 300 × 6 × 5 117000

Step 4 × × × = =
5 120 10 6 5 × 120 × 10 × 6 36000
117000 117000 ÷ 1000 117 117 ÷ 9 13

Step 5 = = = =
36000 36000 ÷ 1000 36 36 ÷ 9 4
13 1
Step 6 = 3
4 4
Example 9.3-8
2 3 0.3 6
1 × × ×2 =
5 8 0.24 8
Solution:
2 3 0.3 6 (1 × 5) + 2 × 3 × 0.3 × (2 × 8) + 6 5 + 2 × 3 × 0.3 × 16 + 6

Step 2 1 × × ×2 = =
5 8 0.24 8 5 8 0.24 8 5 8 0.24 8
7 3 0.3 22
= × × ×
5 8 0.24 8

3
7 3 0.3 22 7 3 10 22 7 3 3 × 100 22 7 3 300 22
Step 3a × × × = × × 24 × = × × × = × × ×
5 8 0.24 8 5 8 8 5 8 10 × 24 8 5 8 240 8
100
7 3 300 22 7 × 3 × 300 × 22 138600

Step 4 × × × = =
5 8 240 8 5 × 8 × 240 × 8 76800
138600 138600 ÷ 100 1386 1386 1386 ÷ 6 231

Step 5 = = = = =
76800 76800 ÷ 100 768 768 768 ÷ 6 128
231 103
Step 6 = 1
128 128
Example 9.3-9
3 1 0.4 3
6×2 ×3 × × =
4 .
8 012 11
Solution:
3 1 0.4 3 6 3 1 0.4 3
Step 1 6×2 ×3 × × = ×2 ×3 × ×
4 8 012
. 11 1 4 8 012
. 11
6 3 1 0.4 3 6 ( 2 × 4) + 3 ( 3 × 8) + 1 0.4 3
Step 2 ×2 ×3 × × = × × × ×
1 4 8 012
. 11 1 4 8 .
012 11
6 8 + 3 24 + 1 0.4 3 6 11 25 0.4 3
= × × × × = × × × ×
1 4 8 012
. 11 1 4 8 012. 11
4
6 11 25 0.4 3 6 11 25 10 3 6 11 25 4 × 100 3
Step 3a × × × × = × × × 12 × = × × × ×
1 4 8 012. 11 1 4 8 11 1 4 8 10 × 12 11
100
6 11 25 400 3
= × × × ×
1 4 8 120 11
6 11 25 400 3 6 × 11 × 25 × 400 × 3 1980000

Step 4 × × × × = =
1 4 8 120 11 1 × 4 × 8 × 120 × 11 42240
1980000 1980000 ÷ 440 4500 4500 ÷ 12 375

Step 5 = = = =
42240 42240 ÷ 440 96 96 ÷ 12 8

375 7
Step 6 = 46
8 8
Example 9.3-10
3 1 10.4 3
8×1 × × × 2 × 0.01 =
.
5 16 012 4
Solution:
3 1 10.4 3 8 3 1 10.4 3
Step 1 8 ×1 × × × 2 × 0.01 = × 1 × × × 2 × 0.01
5 16 012
. 4 1 5 16 012
. 4
8 3 1 10.4 3 8 (1 × 5) + 3 1 10.4 ( 2 × 4) + 3
Step 2 ×1 × × × 2 × 0.01 = × × × × × 0.01
1 5 16 012
. 4 1 5 16 012
. 4
8 5 + 3 1 10.4 8 + 3 8 8 1 10.4 11
= × × × × × 0.01 = × × × × × 0.01
1 5 16 012
. 4 1 5 16 012
. 4
104
8 8 1 10.4 11 8 8 1 11
Step 3a × × × × × 0.01 = × × × 10 × × 0.01
1 5 16 012
. 4 1 5 16 12 4
100
8 8 1 104 × 100 11 8 8 1 10400 11

= × × × × × 0.01 = × × × × × 0.01
1 5 16 10 × 12 4 1 5 16 120 4
8 8 1 10400 11 8 8 1 10400 11 1
Step 3b × × × × × 0.01 = × × × × ×
1 5 16 120 4 1 5 16 120 4 100
8 8 1 10400 11 1 8 × 8 × 1 × 10400 × 11 × 1 7321600

Step 4 × × × × × = =
1 5 16 120 4 100 1 × 5 × 16 × 120 × 4 × 100 3840000
7321600 7321600 ÷ 800 9152 9152 ÷ 64 143

Step 5 = = = =
3840000 3840000 ÷ 800 4800 4800 ÷ 64 75
143 68
Step 6 = 1
75 75
The following examples further illustrate how to multiply integer, decimal, and mixed fractions:
Example 9.3-11
2 4 3 1
2 3 0.2 2 ( 3 × 4) + 3 10 2 12 + 3 2 × 100 2 15 200
/// 2 15 4 2 × 15
/ /× 4/
×3 × = × ×
5
= × × = × × = × × =
5 4 0.05 5 4 5 4 10 × 5 5 4 50
// 5 4 1 5/× 4/ × 1
100 1 1 1
2 × 3×1 6
= = = 6
1× 1× 1 1

Example 9.3-12
101 13 2
5 14
3 × × 2.02 =
( 3 × 7) + 5 14 202 21 + 5 14 202
/// 26 14 101 26
/ / × 14
/ / × 101
× × = × × = × × =
7 25 7 25 100 7 25 100
/// 7 25 50 7/ × 25 × 50
//
50 1 25
13 × 2 × 101 2626 126

= = = 4
1 × 25 × 25 625 625
Example 9.3-13
3 33
3 6 16 ( 2 × 4) + 3 6 16 8 + 3 6/ 16 11 3 16 × 11 × 3 528
/// 33
16 × 2 × = × × = × × = × × = = = = 33
4 8 1 4 8 1 4 8/ 1 4 4 1× 4 × 4 16
// 1
4 1
Example 9.3-14
1 1
 2 1  0.01  (1 × 3) + 2 1  100  3 + 2 1  1 × 10  5 1  10
//  5×1 1
1 ×  × =  × ×
2
=  × × =  × × =  ×
 3 4  0.2  3 4  3 4  100 × 2  3 4  200
///  3 × 4  20
10 20
1
 5 1 5 1 5/× 1 1× 1 1
=  × = × = = =
 12  20 12 20 12 × 20
// 12 × 4 48
4
Example 9.3-15
3 2 1
6 1 0.02 6/ ( 2 × 5) + 1 100 × 24 3 10 + 1 2 × 10 24 / / 24
3 11 20
×2 × × 24 = × × = × × × = × × ×
14 5 0.8 14
// 5 8 1 7 5 100 × 8 1 /// 1
7 5 800
7 10 40
3
3 11 1 24 3 × 11 × 1 × 24
// 3 × 11 × 1 × 3 99
= × × × = = =
7 5 40 1 7 × 5 × 40× 1
/ / 7 × 5 × 5 × 1 175
5
Example 9.3-16
 1 
 3 1  3  (1 × 4) + 3 ( 2 × 3) + 1  2 3   4 + 3 6 + 1  2/ 3 
 1 × 2  ×  0.2 ×  =  ×  × ×  =  ×  × × 
 4 3  4  4 3   10 4   4 3   10/ / 4
 5 
1
 7 7   1 3  7 × 7  1× 3  49   3  49 3 49 × 3/ 49 × 1 49
=  ×  × ×  =   ×  =   ×  = × = = =
 4 3  5 4   4 × 3  5 × 4   12   20  12 20 12
/ / × 20 4 × 20 80
4
Example 9.3-17
 1
 ( 4 × 3) + 1 
 1 1  3  1  ×  3 × 5  13 1 × 10   3 5   13 10   3 × 5 
 4 ×  ×  × 5 =  ×   =  ×  × ×  =  ×  × 
 3 0.5   2   1 5   2 1  3 1 × 5   2 1  3 5   2 × 1

 10 

 2 13 5
 13 × 10
/ /   15   13 × 2   15  26  15 26 15 / / × 15
26 // 13 × 5 65
=  3 × 5/  ×  2  =   ×  =   × = × = = = = 65
   3×1   2   3 2 3 2 3/× 2/ 1×1 1
 1  1 1
Example 9.3-18
5  1 
 1 1 1  ( 2 × 5) + 1 (1 × 3) + 1 1  25  11 4 1  25
// / /× 4 × 1  5
 11
 2 × 1 ×  × 2.5 =  × × × =  × × × =  5 × 3 × 11 ×
 5 3 11  5 3 11 10  5 3 11 10
//  / /  2
2  1
2 1
 1 × 4 × 1 5  4 5 4 5 4/ × 5/ 2 ×1 2
=  × =  × = × = = =
 5 × 3 × 1 2  15 2 15 2 15
/ /× 2/ 3×1 3
3 1
Example 9.3-19
5
4 3 0.05
2 × ×
3
×2 ×8 =
( 2 × 5) + 4 3 100 ( 2 × 5) + 3 8
× × × × =
10 + 4 3
× ×
5 × 10 10 + 3 8
× ×
5 25 0.8 5 5 25 8 5 1 5 25 100 × 8 5 1
10
1 1 273
14 3 50
/ / 13 8 14 3 1 13 8 14 × 3 × 1 × 13 × 8/ 14 × 3 × 1 × 13 × 1 546
///
= × × × × = × × × × = = =
5 25 800
/// 5 1 5 25 16 5 1 5 × 25 × 16
/ /× 5×1 5 × 25 × 2 × 5 × 1 1250
////
16 2 625
273
=
625
Example 9.3-20
 3
 1 5   2 1 0.3  ( 3 × 5) + 1 5 1   2 1 
10 
.  × × ×  = 
 3 × × 01 × ×  × × ×
 5 8 . 
  3 16 12  5 8 10   3 16 12 
 10 
 1 
 15 + 1 5 1   2 1 3 × 10   16 5 1   2 1 // 
30  16 5 1   2 1 1 
=  × ×  × × ×  =  × ×  × × ×  =  × ×  × × × 
 5 8 10   3 16 10 × 12   5 8 10   3 16 120
/ //  5 8 10   3 16 4 
 4 
 2 1   1  1
 16
/ / × 5/× 1   2/ × 1 × 1   2 × 1× 1   1× 1× 1   2  1 2 1 2/ × 1 1× 1
=   ×  =   ×  =   ×  = × = =
 5/× 8/× 10   3 × 16 × 4/   1 × 1 × 10   3 × 16 × 2   10   96  10 96 10
/ / × 96 5 × 96
1 1   2 5
1
=
480
Example 9.3-21
 14 
 4   1 0.014   12 4   ( 2 × 10) + 1 
1000  × 25
 12 ×  ×  2 ×  × 25 =  ×  ×  ×
11  1
 . 
7   10 011  1 7  10
 100 

 7 
 12 4   20 + 1 14 × 100  25  12 4   21 1400
/ / / /  25  12 × 4   21 × 7  25
=  ×  × × × =  ×  × × × =   × ×
 1 7   10 1000 × 11 1  1 7   10 11000
///// 1  1 × 7   10 × 55 1
 55 
3528
 48   147  25 48 147 25 48 × 147 × 25 176400
////// 3528 63
=   ×  × = × × = = = = 45
 7   550  1 7 550 1 7 × 550 × 1 3850
//// 77 77
77
Section 9.3 Exercises - Multiply the following integer, decimal, and mixed fractions:
3 2 3 2 1 3 2
1. × 1 × 0.2 = 2. 1 × × 0.5 = 3. × × 0.04 × 1 =
5 3 8 3 3 4 3
1 3 1 0.2 1 1 4 2 5 0.4 
4.  2 × × 1  × = 5. 0.08 ×  × 2  = 6.  2 × 1  ×  ×  =
 5 11 3 0.01 4 4  5  
3 8 
0.05
20 3 3 0.008 3 5 0.2  2 1 1
7. ×1 × × = 8.  2 × 0.2 ×  ×  = 9.  3 × × 0.9 × =
27 4 6 0.04  5   13 
0.24  3 11  27
0.5 1 1 1
10.  × 2 × 0.8 ×  ×  =
 .
15 10    21 0.4

Mastering Fractions 9.4 Dividing Integer, Decimal, and Mixed Fractions
9.4 Dividing Integer, Decimal, and Mixed Fractions

a
 b
 a × 10 − k1 
 b × 10 − k 2 
a a
 b  b
less than one
Case I Dividing Integer, Decimal, and Mixed Fractions With Three Terms Only
Divide three integer, decimal, and mixed fractions using the following steps:
a
  1
29
to .
1
( ) a
  10
25
100
Step 4 Divide the integer fractions (see Section 3.4).
The following examples show the steps as to how integer, decimal, and mixed fractions with
three terms only are divided:
Example 9.4-1
 4 3 0.9
2 ÷  ÷ =
 5 8  012
.
Solution:
 4 3 0.9  ( 2 × 5) + 4 3 0.9  10 + 4 3 0.9  14 3 0.9

Step 2 2 ÷  ÷ =  ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷
 5 8  012
.  5 8  012
.  5 8  012
.  5 8  012
.

9
 14 3 0.9  14 3 10  14 3 9 × 100  14 3 900
Step 3a  ÷ ÷ =  ÷  ÷ 12 =  ÷  ÷ =  ÷ ÷
 5 8  012
.  5 8   5 8  10 × 12  5 8  120
100
 14 3 900  14 8  900  14 × 8  900  112  900 112 900

Step 4  ÷ ÷ =  × ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷
 5 8  120  5 3 120  5 × 3  120  15  120 15 120
112 120 112 × 120 13440

= × = =
15 900 15 × 900 13500
13440 13440 ÷ 20 672

Step 5 = =
13500 13500 ÷ 20 675
Example 9.4-2
1  0.8 
4 ÷ 3÷  =
5  0.3
Solution:
1  0.8  1  3 0.8 
Step 1 4 ÷ 3÷  = 4 ÷  ÷ 
5  0.3  5  1 0.3
1  3 0.8  (4 × 5) + 1 ÷  3 ÷ 0.8  20 + 1 ÷  3 ÷ 0.8  21 ÷  3 ÷ 0.8 

Step 2 4 ÷ ÷  =   =   =  
5  1 0.3 5  1 0.3 5  1 0.3 5  1 0.3
 8
21  3 0.8  21  3 
10  21  3 8 × 10  21  3 80 
Step 3a ÷ ÷  = ÷ ÷
3
= ÷ ÷  = ÷ ÷ 
5  1 0.3 5 1 5  1 10 × 3 5  1 30 
 10 
21  3 80  21  3 30  21  3 × 30  21  90  21 90
Step 4 ÷ ÷  = ÷ ×  = ÷  = ÷  = ÷
5  1 30  5  1 80  5  1 × 80  5  80  5 80
21 80 21 × 80 1680
= × = =
5 90 5 × 90 450
1680 1680 ÷ 30 56
Step 5 = =
450 450 ÷ 30 15

56 11
Step 6 = 3
15 15
Example 9.4-3
3  5
 ÷ 12.8 ÷ 2 =
5  6
Solution:
3  5 3  ( 2 × 6) + 5 3  12 + 5 3  17
Step 2  ÷ 12.8 ÷ 2 =  ÷ 12.8 ÷ =  ÷ 12.8 ÷ =  ÷ 12.8 ÷
5  6 5  6 5  6 5  6
3  17  3 128  17
Step 3b  ÷ 12.8 ÷ =  ÷ ÷
5  6  5 10  6
 3 128  17  3 10  17  3 × 10  17  30  17 30 17
Step 4  ÷ ÷ =  × ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷
 5 10  6  5 128  6  5 × 128  6  640  6 640 6
30 6 30 × 6 180
= × = =
640 17 640 × 17 10880
180 180 ÷ 20 9
Step 5 = =
10880 10880 ÷ 20 544
Example 9.4-4
0.3  1 
÷  8 ÷ 6 =
.
015  5 
Solution:
0.3  1  0.3  1 6 
Step 1 ÷  8 ÷ 6 = ÷ 8 ÷ 
015
.  5  015
.  5 1
0.3  1 6  0.3  (8 × 5) + 1 6  0.3  40 + 1 6  0.3  41 6 

Step 2 ÷ 8 ÷  = ÷ ÷  = ÷ ÷  = ÷ ÷ 
.
015  5 1  015
.  5 1 015
.  5 1  015
.  5 1

3
0.3  41 6   41 6  3 × 100  41 6  300  41 6 
Step 3a ÷  ÷  = 10 ÷  ÷  = ÷ ÷  = ÷ ÷ 
015
.  5 1  15  5 1  10 × 15  5 1  150  5 1 
100
300  41 6  300  41 1  300  41 × 1 300  41 300 41

Step 4 ÷ ÷  = ÷ ×  = ÷  = ÷  = ÷
150  5 1  150  5 6  150  5 × 6  150  30  150 30
300 30 300 × 30 9000

= × = =
150 41 150 × 41 6150
9000 9000 ÷ 50 180 180 ÷ 3 60

Step 5 = = = =
6150 6150 ÷ 50 123 123 ÷ 3 41
60 19
Step 6 = 1
41 41
Example 9.4-5
2 4
 ÷ 2  ÷ 10.5 =
7 7
Solution:
2 4  2 ( 2 × 7) + 4   2 14 + 4   2 18 
Step 2  ÷ 2  ÷ 10.5 =  ÷  ÷ 10.5 =  ÷  ÷ 10.5 =  ÷  ÷ 10.5
7 7 7 7  7 7  7 7 
 2 18   2 18  105
Step 3b  ÷  ÷ 10.5 =  ÷  ÷
7 7   7 7  10
 2 18  105  2 7  105  2 × 7  105 14 105 14 105

Step 4  ÷ ÷ =  × ÷ =  ÷ =   ÷ = ÷
 7 7  10  7 18  10  7 × 18  10  126  10 126 10
14 10 14 × 10 140
= × = =
126 105 126 × 105 13230
140 140 ÷ 10 14 ÷ 7 2
Step 5 = = =
13230 13230 ÷ 10 1323 ÷ 7 189

Case II Dividing Integer, Decimal, and Mixed Fractions With More Than Three Terms
Divide integer, decimal, and mixed fractions having more than three terms by using the following
steps:
a
  1
486
486 to .
1
( ) a
 10 
39
1000
Step 4 Divide the integer fractions (see Section 3.4).
The following examples show the steps as to how integer, decimal, and mixed fractions with
more than three terms are divided:
Example 9.4-6
 2 4  0.8 
 4 ÷  ÷ 5 ÷  =
 5 5  0.05
Solution:
 2 4  0.8   2 4   5 0.8 
Step 1  4 ÷  ÷ 5 ÷  = 4 ÷  ÷  ÷ 
 5 5  0.05   5 5   1 0.05
 2 4   5 0.8   ( 4 × 5) + 2 4   5 0.8   20 + 2 4   5 0.8 

Step 2 4 ÷  ÷  ÷  =  ÷  ÷ ÷  =  ÷  ÷ ÷ 
 5 5   1 0.05  5 5   1 0.05  5 5   1 0.05
 22 4   5 0.8 
=  ÷  ÷ ÷ 
 5 5   1 0.05
 8 
 22 4   5 0.8   22 4   5 
10  =  22 ÷ 4  ÷  5 ÷ 8 × 100 
Step 3a  ÷  ÷ ÷  =  ÷  ÷ ÷ 5 
 5 5   1 0.05  5 5  1  5 5   1 10 × 5 
 100 
 22 4   5 800 
=  ÷  ÷ ÷ 
 5 5   1 50 

 22 4   5 800   22 5   5 50   22 × 5  5 × 50 
Step 4  ÷  ÷ ÷  =  ×  ÷ ×  =   ÷ 
 5 5   1 50   5 4   1 800   5 × 4   1 × 800 
 110   250  110 250 110 800 110 × 800 88000

=   ÷  = ÷ = × = =
 20   800  20 800 20 250 20 × 250 5000
88000 88000 ÷ 1000 88

Step 5 = =
5000 5000 ÷ 1000 5
88 3
Step 6 = 17
5 5
Example 9.4-7
 2   5 14
. 
 12.8 ÷ 1  ÷  ÷  =
 3   6 0.7 
Solution:
 . 
2   5 14  (1 × 3) + 2  ÷  5 ÷ 14
.   3 + 2   5 14
. 
Step 2  12.8 ÷ 1  ÷  ÷  =  12.8 ÷    =  12.8 ÷  ÷ ÷ 
 3   6 0.7   3   6 0.7   3   6 0.7 
 5 5 14
. 
= 12.8 ÷  ÷  ÷ 
 3  6 0.7 
 14 
5   5 14
.  5  5 
Step 3a

 12.8 ÷  ÷  ÷

 = 12.8 ÷  ÷  ÷ 10  =  12.8 ÷ 5  ÷  5 ÷ 14 × 10 
 3  6 0.7   3  6 7   3  6 10 × 7 
 10 
 5 5 140 
= 12.8 ÷  ÷  ÷ 
 3  6 70 
 5   5 140   128 5   5 140 

Step 3b  12.8 ÷  ÷  ÷  =  ÷  ÷ ÷ 
 3  6 70   10 3  6 70 
 128 5   5 140   128 3  5 70   128 × 3  5 × 70 

Step 4  ÷  ÷ ÷  =  ×  ÷ ×  =   ÷ 
 10 3  6 70   10 5   6 140   10 × 5   6 × 140 
 384   350  384 350 384 840 384 × 840 322560

=   ÷  = ÷ = × = =
 50   840  50 840 50 350 50 × 350 17500
322560 322560 ÷ 20 16128 16128 ÷ 7 2304

Step 5 = = = =
17500 17500 ÷ 20 875 875 ÷ 7 125

2304 54
Step 6 = 18
125 125
Example 9.4-8
  1  1
8 ÷  2 5 ÷ 0.5  ÷ 4 =
 
Solution:
  1  1 8  1  1
Step 1 8 ÷  2 5 ÷ 0.5  ÷ 4 =  ÷  2 ÷ 0.5  ÷
  1  5  4
8  1  1  8  ( 2 × 5) + 1  1  8  10 + 1  1
Step 2  1 ÷  2 5 ÷ 0.5  ÷ 4 =  ÷ ÷ 0.5  ÷ =  ÷  ÷ 0.5  ÷
   1  5   4 1  5  4
8
  11  1
=  ÷  ÷ 0.5  ÷
 1  5  4
 8  11  1 8 11 5  1
Step 3b  1 ÷  5 ÷ 0.5  ÷ 4 =  ÷  ÷  ÷
   1  5 10  4
 8  11 5   1 8
  11 10   1 8 11 × 10   1
Step 4  1 ÷  5 ÷ 10   ÷ 4 =  ÷  ×  ÷ =  ÷   ÷
   1  5 5   4  1  5×5  4
8  110   1 8 110  1 8 25  1  8 × 25  1
=  ÷   ÷ =  ÷ ÷ =  × ÷ =  ÷
 1  25   4  1 25  4  1 110  4  1 × 110  4
 200  1 200 1 200 4 200 × 4 800

=  ÷ = ÷ = × = =
 110  4 110 4 110 1 110 × 1 110
800 800 ÷ 10 80
Step 5 = =
110 110 ÷ 10 11
80 3
Step 6 = 7
11 11
Example 9.4-9
2 0.2   2
 ÷  ÷ 6 ÷1  =
 15 012
.   5

Solution:
2 0.2   2 2 0.2   6 2
Step 1  ÷  ÷ 6 ÷1  =  ÷  ÷  ÷1 
.  
 15 012 5  15 012
.  1 5
2 0.2   6 2 2 0.2   6 (1 × 5) + 2  2 0.2   6 5 + 2 

Step 2  ÷  ÷  ÷1  =  ÷  ÷ ÷  =  ÷  ÷ ÷ 
 15 012
.   1 5   .
15 012  1 5   .  1
15 012 5 
2 0.2   6 7 
=  ÷  ÷ ÷ 
 .   1 5
15 012
 2 
2 0.2   6 7  2 
Step 3a  ÷  ÷ ÷  =  ÷ 10  ÷  6 ÷ 7  =  2 ÷ 2 × 100  ÷  6 ÷ 7 
 15 012
.   1 5  15 12   1 5   15 10 × 12   1 5 
 100 
 2 200   6 7 
=  ÷  ÷ ÷ 
 15 120   1 5 
 2 200   6 7   2 120   6 5   2 × 120   6 × 5

Step 4  ÷  ÷ ÷  =  ×  ÷ ×  =   ÷ 
 15 120   1 5   15 200   1 7   15 × 200   1 × 7 
 240   30  240 30 240 7 240 × 7 1680

=   ÷  = ÷ = × = =
 3000   7  3000 7 3000 30 3000 × 30 90000
1680 1680 ÷ 80 21 21 ÷ 3 7
Step 5 = = = =
90000 90000 ÷ 80 1125 1125 ÷ 3 375
Example 9.4-10
 1   2 0.6  1
 5 ÷ 2  ÷  ÷  ÷1  =
 3  3 0.24  4
Solution:
 1   2 0.6  1 5 1   2 0.6  1
Step 1  5 ÷ 2  ÷  ÷  ÷1  =  ÷ 2  ÷  ÷  ÷1 
 3  3 0.24  4 1 3  3 0.24  4
5 1   2 0.6  1 5 (2 × 3) + 1 ÷  2 ÷ 0.6  (1 × 4) + 1 
Step 2  ÷ 2  ÷  ÷  ÷1  =  ÷   ÷ 
1 3  3 0.24  4 1 3   3 0.24  4 

 5 6 + 1  2 0.6  4 + 1   5
  7  2
 0.6 5
=  ÷ ÷  ÷ ÷ =  ÷  ÷  ÷ ÷
 1 3   3 0.24  4   1 3   3 0.24  4 
 6  
 5 7   2 0.6  5   5 7   2  5
10  ÷ 
Step 3a  ÷  ÷  ÷ ÷ =  ÷  ÷  ÷
 1 3   3 0.24  4   1 3   3 24  4 
 100  
 5 7
   2 6 × 100
  5   5
 7  2 600 5
=  ÷  ÷  ÷ ÷ =  ÷  ÷  ÷ ÷
 1 3   3 10 × 24  4   1 3   3 240  4 
 5 7   2 600  5   5  3  2  240   5  5× 3  2 × 240 5

Step 4  ÷  ÷  ÷ ÷ =  ×  ÷  × ÷  =   ÷  ÷
 1 3   3 240  4   1 7   3 600  4   1 × 7   3 × 600  4 
15
    480
 5 15   480 4  15
 480 × 4 15 1920
=   ÷  ÷ = ÷ ×  = ÷ = ÷
 7   1800  4  7  1800 5  
7  1800 × 5  7  9000 
15 1920 15 9000 15 × 9000 135000

= ÷ = × = =
7 9000 7 1920 7 × 1920 13440
135000 135000 ÷ 40 3375 3375 ÷ 3 1125

Step 5 = = = =
13440 13440 ÷ 40 336 336 ÷ 3 112
1125 5
Step 6 = 10
112 112
The following examples further illustrate how to divide integer, decimal, and mixed fractions:
Example 9.4-11
12  1 3
.
012  1 2 100  ( 2 × 4) + 1 2/  12 × 10  8 + 1 1  120
/ / /  9 1 3  9 4
÷ 2 ÷  = ÷ ÷  = ÷ ÷  = ÷ ÷  = ÷ × 
0.4  4 8  4  4 8/  100 × 4  4 4  400
/ / /  4 4  10  4 1
10  4  10
1 1
3  9 × 4 3  36  3 36 3 4 3 × 4/ 3/× 1 1×1 1
= ÷  = ÷  = ÷ = × = = = =
10  4 × 1  10  4  10 4 10 36 10 × 36
// 10 × 9/ 10 × 3 30
9 3
Example 9.4-12
1
 3 2  (1 × 5) + 3 2  2/ 5+ 3 2 1  8 2  1 8 5 1
1 ÷  ÷ 0.2 =  ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷ =  × ÷
 5 5  5 5  10
//  5 5 5  5 5 5  5 2 5
5

 4 1
 8/ × 5/  1  4 × 1 1  4 1 4 1 4 5 4×5 20
=  ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = × = = = 20
 5/× 2/  5  1×1  5  1  5 1 5 1 1 1×1 1
 1 1
Example 9.4-13
 1
 4  2  ( 2 × 5) + 4 2  2  10 + 4 2/  2  14 1  2  14 5  2
 2 ÷ 0.2 ÷ =  ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷ =  × ÷
 5  5  5 10  5  5 10
// 5  5 5  5  5 1 5
 5
 1 7
 14 × 5/  2  14 × 1 2  14  2 14 2 14 5 14
/ /× 5 7×5 35
=  ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = × = = = = 35
 5/× 1  5  1×1  5  1 5 1 5 1 2 1 × 2/ 1×1 1
 1  1
Example 9.4-14
1
 3 1  ( 2 × 4) + 3 1  4/ 8+ 3 1  1  11 1  1
 2 ÷  ÷ 0.04 =  ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷
 4 16   4 16  100
///  4 16  25  4 16  25
25
 4
 11 16  1  11 × 16
/ / 1  11 × 4  1  44  1 44 1 44 25 44 × 25
=  × ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = × =
4 1  25  4/ × 1  25  1 × 1  25  1  25 1 25 1 1 1× 1
 1 
44 × 5 1100
= = = 1100
1×1 1
Example 9.4-15
 3 1 25  ( 4 × 5) + 3 1  25  20 + 3 1  25  23 1  25  23 10 
25 ÷  4 ÷  = ÷ ÷  = ÷ ÷  = ÷ ÷  = ÷ × 
 5 10  1  5 10  1  5 10  1  5 10  1  5 1
 2
25  23 × 10
// 25  23 × 2  25  46  25 46 25 1 25 × 1 25
= ÷  = ÷  = ÷  = ÷ = × = =
1  5× 1  1  1×1  1  1 1 1 1 46 1 × 46 46
 1 
Example 9.4-16
8 20
 2  0.8  ( 2 × 3) + 2 4   6 + 2 4  8 × 100 8 4  800
/// 8 1  20
 2 ÷ 4 ÷ =  ÷  ÷ 10 =  ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷ =  × ÷
 3  012 .  3 1 12  3 1  10 × 12 3 1  120
/// 3 4 3
100 3
2  1 1
 8/ × 1  20  2 × 1 20  2  20 2 20 2 3 2/ × 3/ 1×1 1
=  ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = × = = =
 3 × 4/  3  3 × 1 3  3 3 3 3 3 20 3/× 20
// 1 × 10 10
 1 1 10

Example 9.4-17
 1 
 2 1  1  ( 3 × 8) + 2 1   2 (1 × 4) + 1  24 + 2 1   2/ 4 + 1
 3 ÷  ÷  0.2 ÷ 1  =  ÷  ÷ ÷  =  ÷  ÷ ÷ 
 8 4  4  8 4   10 4   8 4   10
// 4 
 5 
 1  13 
 26 1   1 5  26 4   1 4  26 × 4/   1 × 4  / / × 1  1 × 4 
 26
=  ÷  ÷ ÷  =  ×  ÷ ×  =   ÷  =  2/ × 1  ÷  5 × 5 
 8 4  5 4  8 1  5 5  8/ × 1   5 × 5  
 2   1 
 13 × 1  4   13  4 13 4 13 25 13 × 25 325 1
=   ÷  =   ÷ = ÷ = × = = = 81
 1 × 1   25   1  25 1 25 1 4 1× 4 4 4
Example 9.4-18
 1   1 7  (1 × 5) + 1 1   ( 2 × 3) + 1 7   5 + 1 1   6 + 1 7
.  ÷ 2 ÷  = 
 1 ÷ 01 ÷  ÷ ÷  =  ÷  ÷ ÷ 
 5   3 8  5 10   3 8  5 10   3 8
 2 1 
 6 1   7 7  6 10   7 8   6 × 10
/ /   7/ × 8   6 × 2   1 × 8  12   8 
=  ÷  ÷ ÷  =  ×  ÷ ×  =   ÷  =   ÷  =   ÷ 
 5 10   3 8   5 1   3 7  5
/× 1   3 × 7
/   1 × 1   3 × 1  1   3
 1   1
3
12 8 12 3 12
/ /× 3 3× 3 9 1
= ÷ = × = = = = 4
1 3 1 8 1 × 8/ 1× 2 2 2
2
Example 9.4-19
 7 
1  2  (3 × 8) + 1 ÷  4 ÷ 2  ÷ 14  24 + 1  4 2  14//  25  4 2  7 
3 ÷  4 ÷  ÷ 014
.  =   = ÷  ÷  ÷ = ÷  ÷ ÷
8  3  8  1 3 100  8 ///
 1 3  100 8  1 3  50 
 50 

6 
25  4 3  7  25  4 × 3 7  25  12  7  25  12
// 7  25  6 7 
= ÷  × ÷ = ÷  ÷ = ÷  ÷ = ÷ ÷ = ÷ ÷
8  1 2  50  8  1 × 2  50  8  2  50  8  2/ 50  8  1 50 
1 
 
1
25  6 50  25  6 × 50  25  300  25 300 25 7 25
/ /× 7 1× 7 7
= ÷ × = ÷ = ÷ = ÷ = × = = =
8  1 7  8  1 × 7  8  7  8 7 8 300 8 × 300
/// 8 × 12 96
12
Example 9.4-20
2
 4 3  0.2  12  4 (1 × 5) + 3  10  12  4 5 + 3  2 × 100
12 ÷  5 ÷ 1 5   ÷ 0.01 =  ÷ ÷  ÷ =  ÷ ÷  ÷
   1  5 5   1  1 5 5   10 × 1
100

20   1 1 
 12  4 8   200 ///  12  4 5   20  12  4/ × 5/   20  12
 1× 1 
 20
=  1 ÷  5 ÷ 5   ÷ 10 =  1 ÷  5 × 8   ÷ 1 =  ÷  ÷ =  ÷  ÷
  //    1  5/× 8/   1 1  1 × 2   1
1  1 2 
 12
  1 
  20  12 1 20 12 2 20 12 × 2  20  24  20 24 20
=  ÷   ÷ =  ÷ ÷ =  × ÷ =  ÷ 1 =  1 ÷ 1 = 1 ÷ 1
 1  2  1  1 2 1  1 1 1  1× 1   
6
24 1 24
/ /×1 6×1 6 1
= × = = = = 1
1 20 1 × 20
// 1× 5 5 5
5
Example 9.4-21
 3 8   1   (1 × 8) + 3 8   5  (1 × 5) + 1 11 
1 ÷  ÷ 0.5 ÷ 1 ÷ 11  =  ÷  ÷ ÷ ÷ 
 8 1   5   8 1   10  5 1  
1 
8+ 3 8  5/  5 + 1 11   11 8  1  6 11   11 1  1  6 1  
=  ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷  =  ÷  ÷  ÷  ÷  =  ×  ÷  ÷  × 
 8 1   10
//  5 1   8 1  2  5 1    8 8  2  5 11 
2 
 11 × 1  1  6 × 1    11   1  6   11  1 6  11  1 55  11  1 × 55 
=   ÷ ÷  =   ÷  ÷   = ÷ ÷ = ÷ ×  = ÷
 8 × 8   2  5 × 11   64   2  55   64  2 55  64  2 6 64  2 × 6 
1 3
11 1 × 55  11  55  11 55 11 12 11
/ /× 12
// 1× 3 3
= ÷ = ÷ = ÷ = × = = =
64  2 × 6  64  12  64 12 64 55 64
/ × 55// 16 × 5 80
16 5
Section 9.4 Exercises - Divide the following integer, decimal, and mixed fractions:
1 01
. 1 1 3 2
1. 1 ÷ 25 ÷ = 2.  2 ÷ 0.5 ÷ = 3.  2 ÷  ÷ 11
. =
 5  0.25  3  3  4 6
2 1 1 1 2 1
4.  ÷ 1  ÷  0.3 ÷  = 5. 0.05 ÷  2 ÷ 7 = 6.  ÷ 0.2 ÷ 1 ÷ 4 =
3 3  6  3  3   3 
4 2 3 5 1 1 2 2 1
7.  2 ÷ 1  ÷  ÷ 01
. = 8.  ÷ 3  ÷ 0.2 = 9.  3 ÷  ÷ 1 ÷  =
 3 3 4  8 8  4 16   3 0.3
 1 1 
10. 12 ÷ 1 ÷  ÷ 0.5  =
 3 5 

Mastering Fractions 9.5 Solving Mixed Operations Using Integer, Decimal, and Mixed Fractions
9.5 Solving Mixed Operations Using Integer, Decimal, and Mixed Fractions
Integer, decimal, and mixed fractions of the following forms:
a
 b
 a × 10 − k1 
 b × 10 − k 2 
a a
 b  b
less than one
are added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided as in the following cases:
Case I Adding, Subtracting, Multiplying, and Dividing Integer, Decimal, and Mixed
Fractions With Three Terms Only
Add, subtract, multiply, and divide three integer, decimal, and mixed fractions using the
following steps:
a
  1
19
to .
1
( ) a
  10
9
10
Step 4 Add, subtract, multiply, and divide the integer fractions (see Sections 3.1 through
3.4).
The following examples show mathematical operations on integer, decimal, and mixed fractions
with three terms only:
Example 9.5-1
4 3 0.68
 ×1  + =
9 8  0.2
Solution:
4 3 0.68  4 (1 × 8) + 3 0.68  4 8 + 3 0.68  4 11 0.68

Step 2  ×1  + =  × + =  × + =  × +
9 8  0.2 9 8  0.2 9 8  0.2  9 8  0.2

68
 4 11 0.68  4 11 100  4 11 68 × 10 4
 11 680
Step 3a  × + =  × + =  × + =  × +
 9 8  0.2 9 8  2  9 8  100 × 2 
9 8  200
10
 4 11 680  4 × 11 680  44  680 44 680

Step 4  × + =  + =  + = +
 9 8  200  9 × 8  200  72  200 72 200
( 44 × 200) + ( 680 × 72) 8800 + 48960 57760

= = =
72 × 200 14400 14400
57760 57760 ÷ 80 722 722 ÷ 2 361

Step 5 = = = =
14400 14400 ÷ 80 180 180 ÷ 2 90
361 1
Step 6 = 4
90 90
Example 9.5-2
2  2
÷  0.28 × 3  =
3  5
Solution:
2  2 2  ( 3 × 5) + 2  2 ÷  0.28 × 15 + 2 
Step 2 ÷  0.28 × 3  = ÷  0.28 × =  
3  5 3  5  3  5 
2  17 
= ÷  0.28 × 
3  5
2  17  2  28 17 
Step 3b ÷  0.28 ×  = ÷ × 
3  5 3  100 5 
2  28 17  2  28 × 17  2  476  2 476 2 500

Step 4 ÷ ×  = ÷  = ÷  = ÷ = ×
3  100 5  3  100 × 5  3  500  3 500 3 476
2 × 500 1000
= =
3 × 476 1428

1000 1000 ÷ 4 250

Step 5 = =
1428 1428 ÷ 4 357
Example 9.5-3
 4
 6 × 3  − 0.7 =
 5
Solution:
 4 6 4
Step 1  6 × 3  − 0.7 =  × 3  − 0.7
 5   1 5
6 4 6 (3 × 5) + 4   6 15 + 4  6
 19 
Step 2  × 3  − 0.7 =  ×  − 0.7 =  ×  − 0.7 =  ×  − 0.7
1 5 1 5   1 5  
1 5
 6 19   6 19  7
Step 3b  ×  − 0.7 =  ×  −
1 5   1 5  10
 6 19  7  6 × 19  7  114  7 114 7 (114 × 10) − ( 7 × 5)

Step 4  × − =  − =  − = − =
 1 5  10  1 × 5  10  5  10 5 10 5 × 10
1140 − 35 1105
= =
50 50
1105 1105 ÷ 5 221

Step 5 = =
50 50 ÷ 5 10
221 1
Step 6 = 22
10 10
Example 9.5-4
5 4 
2 +  − 12.8 =
6 7 
Solution:
5 4  ( 2 × 6) + 5 +  4 − 12.8 12 + 5  4 
Step 2 2 +  − 12.8 =   = +  − 12.8
6 7  6 7  6 7 

17  4 
= +  − 12.8
6 7 
17  4  17  4 128 
Step 3b +  − 12.8 = + − 
6 7  6  7 10 
17  4 128  17  ( 4 × 10) − (128 × 7)  17  40 − 896  17  −856 

Step 4 + −  = +  = +  = + 
6  7 10  6  7 × 10  6  70  6  70 
17 −856 17 856 (17 × 70) − (856 × 6) 1190 − 5136 −3946

= + = − = = =
6 70 6 70 6 × 70 420 420
−3946 −3946 ÷ 2 −1973

Step 5 = =
420 420 ÷ 2 210
−1973  83 
Step 6 = − 9 
210 210 
Example 9.5-5
 8 0.3 5
2 ÷  − =
 10 15
.  6
Solution:
 8 0.3 5  ( 2 × 10) + 8 0.3  5  20 + 8 0.3  5

Step 2 2 ÷  − =  ÷ − =  ÷ −
.  6
 10 15  10 15
.  6  10 .  6
15
 28 0.3  5
=  ÷ −
 .  6
10 15
 3
 28 0.3  5  28  5  28 3 × 10  5  28 30  5
Step 3a  ÷ − =  ÷ 10  − =  ÷ − =  ÷ −
 10 15
.  6  10 15  6  10 10 × 15  6  10 150  6
 10 
 28 30  5  28 150  5  28 × 150  5  4200  5

Step 4  ÷ − =  × − =  − =  −
 10 150  6  10 30  6  10 × 30  6  300  6

4200 5 ( 4200 × 6) − (5 × 300) 25200 − 1500 23700

= − = = =
300 6 300 × 6 1800 1800
23700 23700 ÷ 100 237 237 ÷ 3 79

Step 5 = = = =
1800 1800 ÷ 100 18 18 ÷ 3 6
79 1
Step 6 = 13
6 6
Case II Adding, Subtracting, Multiplying, and Dividing Integer, Decimal, and Mixed
Fractions With More Than Three Terms
Add, subtract, multiply, and divide more than three integer, decimal, and mixed fractions by
a
  1
258
258 to .
1
( ) a
 10 
3
1000
Step 4 Add, subtract, multiply, and divide the integer fractions (see Sections 3.1 through
3.4).
The following examples show mathematical operations on integer, decimal, and mixed fractions
with more than three terms:
Example 9.5-6
 1   1 0.3
5 ÷  ×  2 +  =
 3  80 18. 
Solution:
 1   1 0.3  5 1   1 0.3
Step 1 5 ÷  ×  2 +  =  ÷  ×  2 + 
 3  80 18.   1 3  80 18
. 
 5 1   1 0.3  5 1   ( 2 × 80) + 1 0.3  5 1   160 + 1 0.3

Step 2  ÷  × 2 +  =  ÷  ×  +  =  ÷  × + 
. 
 1 3  80 18  1 3  80 18
.   1 3  80 . 
18
 5 1
  161
 0.3
=  ÷  × + 
 1 3  80 18
. 

 3
 5 1   161 0.3  5 1   161 
10  =  5 ÷ 1  ×  161 + 3 × 10 
Step 3a  ÷  × +  =  ÷  × +
18 
 1 3  80 18 .   1 3  80  1 3  80 10 × 18 
 10 
 5
  1 161
 30
=  ÷  × + 
 1 3  80 180 
 5 1   161 30   5 3  (161 × 180) + ( 30 × 80) 

Step 4  ÷  × +  =  ×  × 
 1 3  80 180   1 1  80 × 180 
 5 × 3  28980 + 2400   15  31380  15 31380 15 × 31380

=   ×  =   ×  = × =
 1× 1  14400   1   14400  1 14400 1 × 14400
470700
=
14400
470700 470700 ÷ 100 4707

Step 5 = =
14400 14400 ÷ 100 144
4707 99
Step 6 = 32
144 144
Example 9.5-7
 2 1  3 
 3 × 2  ÷  − 0.24 =
 5 3   8 
Solution:
 2 1  3   ( 3 × 5) + 2 ( 2 × 3) + 1  3 
Step 2  3 × 2  ÷  − 0.24 =  ×  ÷  − 0.24
 5 3  8   5 3   8 
 15 + 2 6 + 1  3   17 7   3 
=  ×  ÷  − 0.24 =  ×  ÷  − 0.24
 5 3  8   5 3  8 
 17 7   3   17 7   3 24 
Step 3b  ×  ÷  − 0.24 =  ×  ÷ − 
 5 3  8   5 3   8 100 

 17 7   3 24   17 × 7   ( 3 × 100) − ( 24 × 8)   119   300 − 192 

Step 4  ×  ÷ −  =   ÷  =   ÷ 
 5 3   8 100   5× 3   8 × 100   15   800 
119  108  119 108 119 800 119 × 800 95200

= ÷  = ÷ = × = =
15  800  15 800 15 108 15 × 108 1620
95200 95200 ÷ 20 4760

Step 5 = =
1620 1620 ÷ 20 81
4760 62
Step 6 = 58
81 81
Example 9.5-8
 2 1  1
 3 × 3 4  ÷ 0.5 + 5 =
 
Solution:
 2 1  1  2 (3 × 4) + 1 ÷ 0.5 + 1  2 12 + 1  1
Step 2  3 × 3 4  ÷ 0.5 + 5 =  ×  =  ×  ÷ 0.5 +
   3 4   5 
 3 4   5
  2 13  1
=  ×  ÷ 0.5 +
  3 4  5
 2 13  1  2 13 5 1
Step 3b  3 × 4  ÷ 0.5 + 5 =  ×  ÷  +
   3 4  10  5
 2 13 5  1  2 × 13 5  1  26  5  1  26 5 1
Step 4  3 × 4  ÷ 10  + 5 =   ÷ + =   ÷ + =  ÷ +
   3 × 4  10  5   12  10  5  12 10  5
 26 10
 1  26 × 10
  1 260 1 260 1 (260 × 5) + (1 × 60)
=  × + =  + =  + = + =
 12 5  5 
 12 × 5  5  60  5 60 5 60 × 5
1300 + 60 1360
= =
300 300
1360 1360 ÷ 20 68
Step 5 = =
300 50 ÷ 20 15

68 8
Step 6 = 4
15 15
Example 9.5-9
  1 5    3 012 . 
25 ×  2 6 + 6   ÷  2 8 − 0.4  =
 
Solution:
  1 5    3 012 .   25
   1 5  3 012
.
Step 1 25 ×  2 6 + 6   ÷  2 8 − 0.4  =  × 2 +   ÷ 2 − 
  1  
6 6   8 0.4 
 25  1 5    3 012 .   25  ( 2 × 6) + 1 5    ( 2 × 8) + 3 012
. 
Step 2  1 ×  2 6 + 6   ÷  2 8 − 0.4  =  × +  ÷  − 
   1  6 6    8 0.4 
 25
 12 + 1
  5 
 16 + 3
  .
012   25 13 5  19 012
.
=  × +  ÷  −  =  ×  +  ÷  −  =
 1  6 6    8 0.4   1  6 6    8 0.4 
 12 
 25  13 5    19 012 .   25  13 5    19 
Step 3a =  ×  +  ÷  − 100 
 1 ×  6 + 6   ÷  8 − 0.4  4 
   1  6 6   8
 10 
 25
  13 5   19 12 × 10
    25 13 5  19 120
=  ×  +  ÷  −  =  ×  +  ÷  − 
 1  6 6    8 100 × 4   1  6 6    8 400 
 25  13 5    19 120   25  13 + 5   (19 × 400) − (120 × 8) 

Step 4  1 ×  6 + 6   ÷  8 − 400  =  ×  ÷  
   1  6   8 × 400 
 25  18    7600 − 960   25 18   6640   25 × 18  6640

=  ×   ÷   =  × ÷  =  ÷
 1  6    3200   1 6   3200   1 × 6  3200
  450 6640 450 6640 450 3200 450 × 3200 1440000

=  ÷ = ÷ = × = =
 6  3200 6 3200 6 6640 6 × 6640 39840
1440000 1440000 ÷ 160 9000 9000 ÷ 3 3000

Step 5 = = = =
39840 39840 ÷ 160 249 249 ÷ 3 83
3000 12
Step 6 = 36
83 83

Example 9.5-10
 4 3   3 1
 2 5 × 8  ÷ 0.8 +  5 + 5 =
 
Solution:
 4 3   3 1  ( 2 × 5) + 4 3   3 1
Step 2  2 5 × 8  ÷ 0.8 +  5 + 5 =  ×  ÷ 0.8 +  + 
   5 8   5 5
 10 + 4
 3    3
 1    14 3  3 1
=  ×  ÷ 0.8 +  +  =  ×  ÷ 0.8 +  + 
 5 8    5 5   5 8    5 5 
 14 3   3 1   14
  3 8 3 1
Step 3b  5 × 8  ÷ 0.8 +  5 + 5 =  ×  ÷  +  + 
   5 8 10  5 5
  
 14 3 8   3 1  14 × 3 8   3 + 1  42  8   4
Step 4  5 × 8  ÷ 10  +  5 + 5 =   ÷ +  =   ÷  +  
   5 × 8  10   5   40  10   5 
 42 8 4  42 10  4  42 × 10  4  420  4 420 4
=  ÷ + =  × + =   + =  320  + 5 = 320 + 5
 40 10  5  40 8  5  40 × 8  5  
(420 × 5) + (4 × 320) 2100 + 1280 3380

= = =
320 × 5 1600 1600
3380 3380 ÷ 20 169

Step 5 = =
1600 1600 ÷ 20 80
169 9
Step 6 = 2
80 80
The following examples further illustrate how to add, subtract, multiply, and divide integer,
decimal, and mixed fractions:
Example 9.5-11
12 3
 2 1  012
.  ( 3 × 5) + 2 1  100  15 + 2 1  12 × 10  17 1  120
///
3 ×  ÷ =  × ÷
8
=  × ÷ =  × ÷
 5 17  0.8  5 17   5 17  100 × 8  5 17  800
///
10 20

 1  4
/ /×1 3
 17  1 × 1 3  1 3 1 3 1 20 1 × 20
// 1× 4 4 1
=  ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = × = = = = 1
 × 17
5 / /  20  5 × 1 20  5 20 5 20 5 3 5/× 3 1× 3 3 3
 1 1
Example 9.5-12
 3   2 
3  4 0.3  3  ( 3 × 5) + 4 
10  = 3 ÷  15 + 4 + 3 × 100  = 3 ÷  19 + 300
/ / / 3  19 2 
÷ 3 +  = ÷ +
15    = ÷ + 
8  5 015
.  8  5 8  5 10 × 15  8  5 150 /// 8  5 1
 100   1 
3  (19 × 1) + ( 2 × 5)  3  19 + 10  3  29  3 29 3 5 3×5 15
= ÷  = ÷  = ÷  = ÷ = × = =
8  5×1  8  5  8  5 8 5 8 29 8 × 29 232
Example 9.5-13
1
2 3  2 (1 × 5) + 3 25  2 5 + 3 25// 2 8
 1  ( 2 × 5) − (8 × 3)  1
 − 1  ÷ 0.25 =  − ÷ =  − ÷ =  − ÷ =  ÷
3 5 3 5  100 3 5  100
///  3 5 4  3×5  4
4
 10 − 24  1  −14  1 −14 1 −14 4 −14 × 4 −56  11 

=  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = × = = = − 3 
 15  4  15  4 15 4 15 1 15 × 1 15 15
Example 9.5-14
 2  21  1 
2  0.2 3
−  =
( 4 × 10) + 2  10 3
−  =
40 + 2  2 × 10 3
−  =
/ /  20
42 / / 3 21  1 3
4 × ×
24
× × −  = × − 
10  2.4 8  10  8  10  10 × 24 8  10
/ /  240
/ / / 8 5  12 8 
 10  5  12 
−7
21  (1 × 8) − ( 3 × 12)  21  8 − 36  21  −28  21 −28 // 21 −7 21 × −7 −147
= ×  = ×  = ×  = × = × = =
5  12 × 8  5  96  5  96  5 96
// 5 24 5 × 24 120
24
 27 
= − 1 
120 
Example 9.5-15
 1
3 2  1   3 (1 × 3) + 2   5   3 3 + 2   5 1 × 10 
 × 1  ÷  0.5 ×  =  ×  ÷ × 1  =  ×  ÷ × 
5 3  0.2  5 3   10 2  5 3   10 1 × 2 

 10 
 1 5  1 1
 3 5   5/ 10
//  3/× 5/   1 5  1 × 1  1 × 5   1  5  1 5 1 2 1× 2
=  ×  ÷ ×  =   ÷ ×  =   ÷  =   ÷  = ÷ = × =
 5 3  10
/ / 2/   5/× 3/   2 1  1 × 1  2 × 1  1  2  1 2 1 5 1× 5
2 1  1 1
2
=
5

Example 9.5-16
 1  4 
 1 2   0.4   ( 2 × 3) + 1 2/   10 12   6 + 1 1   4 × 10 12 
2 +  ×  × 12 =  +  × ×  =  +  × × 
 3 8   14
.  3 8/ 14 1  3 4   10 × 14 1 
   
 4   10 
 2 
/ / 12 
 7 1   40  ( 7 × 4) + (1 × 3)   2 12   28 + 3  2 × 12   31  24 
=  +  × ×  =   × ×  =   ×  =   × 
 3 4   140
/// 1   3× 4  7 1   12   7 × 1   12   7 
 7 
2
31 24 31 × 24
// 31 × 2 62 6
= × = = = = 8
12 7 12
/ /× 7 1× 7 7 7
1
Example 9.5-17
 12  1 5 
 2   4 25   24 ( 3 × 5) + 2   4 25   24 //
/ / 15 + 2   4/ × 25
 2.4 × 3  +  ×  =  ×  + ×  =  ×  + 
 5   5 36   10 5   5 36   10
// 5   5/× 36 //
 5  1 9 
 12 17   1 × 5   12 × 17   5   204  5 204 5 ( 204 × 9) + ( 5 × 25)

=  ×  +  =   +  =  + = + =
 5 5   1 × 9  5 × 5   9  25  9 25 9 25 × 9
1836 + 125 1961 161

= = = 8
225 225 225
Example 9.5-18
 25 
 1 2   0.25 1  ( 5 × 3) + 1 2   100 (1 × 4) + 1  15 + 1 2   25 × 10 4 + 1
5 −  ÷  +1  =  −  ÷ +  =  −  ÷ + 
 3 3   05. 4  3 3  5 4   3 3   100 × 5 4 

 10 
 1 
 16 2   250
/// 5  16 − 2   1 5   14   (1 × 4) + ( 5 × 2)  14  4 + 10
=  −  ÷ +  =   ÷ +  =   ÷  = ÷ 
 3 3   500
/// 4  3   2 4  3  2×4  3  8 
 2 
1
14  14  14 14 14 8 14
/ /× 8 1× 8 8 2
= ÷  = ÷ = × = = = = 2
3  8 3 8 3 14 3 × 14
// 3×1 3 3
1
Example 9.5-19
 1
 1 2  1  ( 3 × 5) + 1 2  5  1  15 + 1 2  5/  1
 3 +  − 05
. × =  +  − × =  5 +  − ×
 5 3   10  5 3  10  10 3  10
/ /  10

 2
 16 2  1  1  (16 × 3) + ( 2 × 5) 1 1  48 + 10 1 1  58 1 1
=  +  − × =  − × =  − × =  − ×
 5 3  2  10  5× 3 2  10  15 2  10  15 2  10

 ( 58 × 2) − (1 × 15)  1  116 − 15  1 101 1 101 × 1 101

=  × =  × = × = =
 15 × 2  10  30  10 30 10 30 × 10 300
Example 9.5-20
 1 36 
 1 2  0.36   2 1  (1 × 8) + 1 2/  100   2 (1 × 3) + 1
 1 ÷  ×  +  + 1  =  ÷  × 1 + + 
 8 8 01
.  3 3  8 8/   3 3 
 4 10 
 18 
 8 + 1 1  36 × 10   2 3 + 1  9 1  360 / / /   2 4  9 4 18   2 + 4
=  ÷ × + +  =  8 ÷ 4  × 100 + +  =  ×  ×  +  
 8 4  100 × 1   3 3   / / /   3 3   8 1  5   3 
 5 
 1  2  9
 9 × 4/  18   6   9 × 1 18  6/  9  18  2  9 18  2  9 × 18
// 2
=   × +  =   × + =   ×  + = 2 × 5  + 1 =  2/ × 5  + 1
 8/ × 1  5   3   2 × 1 5  3/  2 5 1    
 2   1  1 
 9×9
  2 81 2 81 2 ( 81 × 1) + ( 2 × 5) 81 + 10 91 1
=   + =  + = + = = = = 18
1× 5  1 5 1 5 1 5×1 5 5 5
Example 9.5-21
 1 
 1   1 3   1 1  2   ( 2 × 5) + 1 3   ( 3 × 4) + 1 1 
 2 ÷ 0.5  ×  2 5 + 5   ÷  3 4 +  =  ÷ 15  ×  +  ÷  + 
  2  1   5 5   4 2
 10  
 2 
 2 1 × 10  10 + 1 3    12 + 1 1  / /   11 3    13 1 
 2 10
=  ÷  × +  ÷  +  =  ÷  ×  +   ÷  + 
 1 1× 5   5 5   4 2  1 5/   5 5    4 2 
 1 
 1  
 2 2   11 + 3    (13 × 2) + (1 × 4)   2 1   14    26 + 4   2/ × 1  14   30
=  ÷  ×   ÷   =  ×  ×    ÷   =   × ÷ 
 1 1 5   4×2   1 2 5  8   1 × 2/  5   8 
 1 
15
 1 × 1 14  30  1 14  30//  1  14
 15  1 × 14 15 14 15 14 15
=   × ÷ =   ×  ÷ =  × ÷ =   ÷ =  ÷ = ÷
 1 × 1 5  8  1 5  8/ 1 5  4  1× 5  4 5 4 5 4
4
14 4 14 × 4 56
= × = =
5 15 5 × 15 75

Section 9.5 Exercises - Use the following integer, decimal, and mixed fractions to perform the
indicated operations:
4 1 1 2 0.24 3  2
1.  2 −  ÷ 45 = 2. 1 +  × = 3. 
×  3 − 0.2 =
 5 5  4 3 0.2 8  5 
1  012
. 2  1 2  1 1 2 2  1
4. 3 −  +  = 5. 1 +  ×  ×  = 6.  + 2  ÷ 15 ×  =
8  0.6 3   4 3  0.2 5  3 3  5
 1 1  1  1 . 
15 1  1 1  3
7.  4 −  × 0.02 ÷ = 8.  2 +  ÷ ×4 = 9.  2 −  ÷  0.2 ×  =
 7 4
 14
  5 0.01 5    5 5  5
 1 2 1
10. 2.8 ÷  2 +  +  =
 6 3  18
 

Appendix - Exercise Solutions
Chapter 1 Solutions:
Section 1.1 Solutions:
1.
−95
=
95
= 19
2. ( −20) × ( −8) = +160 = 160
−5 5
3. ( −33) + ( −14) = −33 − 14 = −47 4. ( −18) − ( −5) = ( −18) + (5) = −18 + 5 = −13
5. ( −20) + 8 = −20 + 8 = −12

6.
48
= −
48
= −12
−4 4
7. −15 − 32 = −47 8. 30 + ( −9) = 30 − 9 = 21
9. 55 − ( −6) = 55 + ( 6) = 55 + 6 = 61 10. 8 × ( −35) = −8 × 35 = −280

1. 2 + 3 + 5 + 6 = 16
2. (2 + 5) + (6 + 3) + 9 = ( 7) + (9) + 9 = 7 + 9 + 9 = 25
3. (6 + 3 + 8) + (2 + 3) + 4 = (17) + (5) + 4 = 17 + 5 + 4 = 26
4. [ ] [ ]
8 + (1 + 3 + 4) + (1 + 2) = 8 + (8) + (3) = 8 + [8 + 3] = 8 + [11] = 8 + 11 = 19
5. [(18 + 4) + 9] + [1 + (2 + 3)] = [(22) + 9] + [1 + (5)] = [22 + 9] + [1 + 5] = [31] + [6] = 31 + 6 = 37
6. [ ] [ ]
8 + ( 2 + 3) + ( 6 + 3) + 15 = 8 + (5) + (9) + 15 = 8 + [5 + 9 + 15] = 8 + [ 29] = 8 + 29 = 37
7. (7 + 3 + 8) + [(7 + 2 + 3) + 5] = (18) + [(12) + 5] = 18 + [12 + 5] = 18 + [17] = 18 + 17 = 35
8. [(3 + 9 + 4) + 1 + (1 + 8)] + (8 + 2) = [(16) + 1 + (9)] + (10) = [16 + 1 + 9] + 10 = [26] + 10 = 26 + 10 = 36
9. [(2 + 3 + 6) + (1 + 8)] + [(1 + 3) + 4] = [(11) + (9)] + [(4) + 4] = [11 + 9] + [4 + 4] = [20] + [8] = 20 + 8 = 28
10. [[(3 + 5) + (4 + 3) + 5] + (2 + 3 + 5)] + 6 = [[(8) + (7) + 5] + (10)] + 6 = [[8 + 7 + 5] + 10] + 6 = [[20] + 10] + 6 = [20 + 10] + 6
= [30] + 6 = 30 + 6 = 36

1. (55 − 5) − 3 − 8 = (50) − 11 = 50 − 11 = 39
2. 59 − 38 − 12 − ( 20 − 5) = 21 − 12 − (15) = 9 − 15 = −6
3. (20 − 5) − (11 − 2) = (15) − (9) = 15 − 9 = 6

Mastering Fractions Chapter 1 Solutions
4. [−25 − (4 − 13)] − 5 = [−25 − (−9)] − 5 = [−25 + (9)] − 5 = [−25 + 9] − 5 = [−16] − 5 = −16 − 5 = −21
5. 350 − ( 25 − 38) − 30 = 350 − ( −13) − 30 = 350 + (13) − 30 = 350 + 13 − 30 = 363 − 30 = 333
6. [(−30 − 3) − 8] − (16 − 9) = [(−33) − 8] − (7) = [−33 − 8] − 7 = [−41] − 7 = −41 − 7 = −48
7. [(40 − 4) − (8 − 10)] − 9 = [(36) − (−2)] − 9 = [36 + (2)] − 9 = [36 + 2] − 9 = [38] − 9 = 38 − 9 = 29
8. (35 − 56) − [(20 − 15) − 8] = ( −21) − [(5) − 8] = −21 − [5 − 8] = −21 − [ −3] = −21 + [3] = −21 + 3 = −18
9. [(−175 − 55) − 245] − (5 − 6) = [(−230) − 245] − (−1) = [−230 − 245] + (1) = [−475] + 1 = −475 + 1 = −474
10. (48 − 80) − [(12 − 2) − (15 − 37) ] = ( −32) − [(10) − ( −22) ] = −32 − [10 + ( 22) ] = −32 − [10 + 22] = −32 − [32] = −32 − 32
= −64
1. 5 × 2 × 7 × 4 = 280
2. (3 × 5) × (4 × 2) × 7 = (15) × (8) × 7 = 15 × 8 × 7 = 840
3. (20 × 3 × 4) × (1 × 2 × 6) = ( 240) × (12) = 240 × 12 = 2880
4. [ ] [ ]
8 × (1 × 5 × 6) × ( 7 × 2) = 8 × (30) × (14) = 8 × [30 × 14] = 8 × [ 420] = 8 × 420 = 3360
5. [(2 × 7) × 4] × [6 × (5 × 3)] = [(14) × 4] × [6 × (15)] = [14 × 4] × [6 × 15] = [56] × [90] = 56 × 90 = 5040

6. (6 × 8) × [(2 × 3) × 5] × 10 = ( 48) × [( 6) × 5] × 10 = 48 × [ 6 × 5] × 10 = 48 × [30] × 10 = 48 × 30 × 10 = 14400
7. (2 × 3 × 9) × [(4 × 5) × 0] × 7 = 0
8. [(1 × 6 × 3) × [(7 × 3) × 5]] × 3 = [(18) × [(21) × 5]] × 3 = [18 × [21 × 5]] × 3 = [18 × [105]] × 3 = [18 × 105] × 3 = [1890] × 3
= 1890 × 3 = 5670
9. [(2 × 3) × (6 × 5 × 2)] × [4 × (2 × 4)] = [(6) × (60)] × [4 × (8)] = [6 × 60] × [4 × 8] = [360] × [32] = 360 × 32 = 11520
10. [(2 × 3) × (6 × 7) × 2] × [(4 × 2) × 5] = [(6) × (42) × 2] × [(8) × 5] = [6 × 42 × 2] × [8 × 5] = [504] × [40] = 504 × 40
= 20160
1. (16 ÷ 2) ÷ 4 = (8) ÷ 4 = 8 ÷ 4 = 2
2. (125 ÷ 5) ÷ (15 ÷ 5) = ( 25) ÷ (3) = 25 ÷ 3 = 8.33

3. [25 ÷ (8 ÷ 2)] ÷ 3 = [25 ÷ (4)] ÷ 3 = [25 ÷ 4] ÷ 3 = [6.25] ÷ 3 = 6.25 ÷ 3 = 2.08

4. [(140 ÷ 10) ÷ 2] ÷ 6 = [(14) ÷ 2] ÷ 6 = [14 ÷ 2] ÷ 6 = [7] ÷ 6 = 7 ÷ 6 = 117
.
5. [155 ÷ (15 ÷ 3)] ÷ 9 = [155 ÷ (5)] ÷ 9 = [155 ÷ 5] ÷ 9 = [31] ÷ 9 = 31 ÷ 9 = 3.44
6. [ ] [ ]
250 ÷ ( 48 ÷ 2) ÷ 4 = 250 ÷ ( 24) ÷ 4 = 250 ÷ [ 24 ÷ 4] = 250 ÷ [ 6] = 250 ÷ 6 = 41.67
7. [(28 ÷ 4) ÷ (16 ÷ 3)] ÷ 8 = [(7) ÷ (5.33)] ÷ 8 = [7 ÷ 5.33] ÷ 8 = [131

. ] ÷ 8 = 131
. ÷ 8 = 0.164
8. [ ] [ ]
66 ÷ 48 ÷ (14 ÷ 2) = 66 ÷ 48 ÷ ( 7) = 66 ÷ [ 48 ÷ 7] = 66 ÷ [ 6.86] = 66 ÷ 6.86 = 9.62
9. (180 ÷ 2) ÷ [(88 ÷ 2) ÷ 4] = (90) ÷ [( 44) ÷ 4] = 90 ÷ [ 44 ÷ 4] = 90 ÷ [11] = 90 ÷ 11 = 8.18
10. [(48 ÷ 4) ÷ 2] ÷ (18 ÷ 3) = [(12) ÷ 2] ÷ (6) = [12 ÷ 2] ÷ 6 = [6] ÷ 6 = 6÷6 = 1
1. (28 ÷ 4) × 3 = ( 7) × 3 = 7 × 3 = 21
2. 250 + (15 ÷ 3) = 250 + (5) = 250 + 5 = 255
3. [ ] [ ]
28 ÷ ( 23 + 5) × 8 = 28 ÷ ( 28) × 8 = 28 ÷ [ 28 × 8] = 28 ÷ [ 224] = 28 ÷ 224 = 0.125
4. [(255 − 15) ÷ 20] + 8 = [(240) ÷ 20] + 8 = [240 ÷ 20] + 8 = [12] + 8 = 12 + 8 = 20
5. [230 ÷ (15 × 2)] + 12 = [230 ÷ (30)] + 12 = [230 ÷ 30] + 12 = [7.67] + 12 = 7.67 + 12 = 19.67
6. [ ] [ ]
55 × ( 28 + 2) ÷ 3 = 55 × (30) ÷ 3 = 55 × [30 ÷ 3] = 55 × [10] = 55 × 10 = 550
7. [(55 ÷ 5) + (18 − 4)] × 4 = [(11) + (14)] × 4 = [11 + 14] × 4 = [25] × 4 = 25 × 4 = 100

8. [ ] [ ]
35 − 400 ÷ (16 + 4) = 35 − 400 ÷ ( 20) = 35 − [ 400 ÷ 20] = 35 − [ 20] = 35 − 20 = 15
9. (230 + 5) ÷ [2 × (18 + 2) ] = ( 235) ÷ [ 2 × ( 20) ] = 235 ÷ [ 2 × 20] = 235 ÷ [ 40] = 235 ÷ 40 = 5.875
10. [(38 ÷ 4) + 2] × (15 − 3) = [(9.5) + 2] × (12) = [9.5 + 2] × 12 = [115. ] × 12 = 115

. × 12 = 138

0.5 3
1. is a decimal fraction. 2. − is a proper integer fraction.
0.2 5
2 1
3. 1 is a mixed fraction. 4. is a decimal fraction.
3 0.1
5 10 15 20  3
5.  = = =  is an equivalent fraction. 6. 4 is a mixed fraction.
2 4 6 8 8
1 38
7. is a proper integer fraction. 8. − is an improper integer fraction.
3 13
7  0.3 0.6 0.9 12

. 
9. is an improper integer fraction. 10.  = = =  is an equivalent fraction.
2  2.2 4.4 6.6 8.8 
83 3 13 1 26  1 67 7
1. = 20 2. = 4 3. − = − 5  4. = 6
4 4 3 3 5  5 10 10
9 1 332  106  205 7 235  11 

5. = 4 6. − = − 2  7. = 22 8. − = − 16 
2 2 113  113  9 9 14  14 
207 9 523  18 
9. = 18 10. − = − 5 
11 11 101  101 
60 60 ÷ 30 2 8 8÷2 4
1. = = 2. = =
150 150 ÷ 30 5 18 18 ÷ 2 9
355 355 ÷ 5 71 2 3
3. = = = 23 4. is in its lowest term.
15 15 ÷ 5 3 3 8
27 27 ÷ 3 9 1 33 33 ÷ 3 11 1
5. = = = 4 6. = = = 5
6 6÷3 2 2 6 6÷3 2 2
250 250 ÷ 250 1 4 4÷4 1

7. = = 8. = =
1000 1000 ÷ 250 4 32 32 ÷ 4 8
284 284 ÷ 4 71 71 ÷ 71 1 45 45 ÷ 15 3
9. = = = = 10. = =
568 568 ÷ 4 142 142 ÷ 71 2 75 75 ÷ 15 5


3 6 2 1
0.3 3 × 100 300
/// 6 0.02 2 ×1 2/ 1
1. = 10 = = = = 6 2. = 100 = = =
0.05 5 10 × 5 50
// 1 4 4 100 × 4 400
/// 200
100 1 1 200
5 50 35 7000
0.5 10 5 × 100 500
/// 50 35 1 = 35 × 1000 = 35000
///// 7000
3. = = = = = 50 4. = =
0.01 1 10 × 1 10
// 1 0.005 5 1× 5 5/ 1
1 1000 1
100
= 7000
123 410 6 30
12.3 10 123 × 100 12300
///// 410 6 1 6 × 10 60
// 30
5. = = = = = 410 6. = = = =
0.03 3 10 × 3 30
// 1 12.2 122 1 × 122 122
/// 61
100 1 10 61
8 1 9 18
0.008 8 × 10 80
// 1 0.9 10 9 × 100 900
/// 18
7. = 1000 = = = 8. =
5
= = = = 18
1.2 12 1000 × 12 12000
///// 150 0.05 10 × 5 50
// 1
10 150 100 1
1 5 402 201
1 1 1 × 10 10
// 5 4.02 100 402 × 10 4020
//// 201
9. = = = = = 5 10. = = = =
0.2 2 1× 2 2/ 1 12.8 128 100 × 128 12800
///// 640
10 1 10 640

10 3 (4 × 8) + 3 = 32 + 3 = 35
1. 3
2
=
(3 × 6) + 2 = 18 + 2 = 20
//
=
10 2. 4
8
=
8 8 8
6 6 6 6/ 3
3
3. 5
1
=
(5 × 8) + 1 = 40 + 1 = 41 4. 8
3
=
(8 × 5) + 3 = 40 + 3 = 43
8 8 8 8 5 5 5 5
5. 7
2
=
(7 × 3) + 2 = 21 + 2 = 23 6. 9
3
=
(9 × 16) + 3 = 144 + 3 = 147
3 3 3 3 16 16 16 16
25 4 (10 × 5) + 4 = 50 + 4 = 54
7. 12
2
=
(12 × 4) + 2 = 48 + 2 = 50
//
=
25 8. 10
5
=
5 5 5
4 4 4 4/ 2
2
9. 2
5
=
(2 × 8) + 5 = 16 + 5 = 21 10. 3
2
=
(3 × 15) + 2 = 45 + 2 = 47
8 8 8 8 15 15 15 15
Hamiltom Education Guides 494

2
4 2 4+2 6/ 2
1. + = = =
9 9 9 9/ 3
3
2.
3 2 3 2
+ = + =
(3 × 5) + (2 × 8) = 15 + 16 = 31
8 5 8 5 8×5 40 40
3.
3 2 5  3 2 5  (3 × 4) + ( 2 × 8)  5
+ + =  +  + = 
 12 + 16  5
 + = 
 28  5 28 5 (28 × 6) + (5 × 32)
+ =  + = + =
8 4 6  8 4 6  8×4  6  32  6  32  6 32 6 32 × 6
41
168 + 160 328
/// 41 17
= = = =1
192 192
/// 24 24
24
4 2 3 4+2+3 9 4
4. + + = = =1
5 5 5 5 5 5
0 6 4  5 0   6 4  5   ( 6 × 8) + ( 4 × 1)   5   48 + 4  5  52  5 52
5. 5+ + + =  +  +  +  =  + 0 +   =   +  = +  = +
10 1 8  1 10   1 8  1   1× 8   1   8  1  8  1 8
23
=
(5 × 8) + (52 × 1) =
40 + 52
=
92
//
=
23
= 11
1
1× 8 8 8/ 2 2
2
5
6.
 3 1 1  (3 × 8) + (1 × 16)  1  24 + 16  1  40  1 40
// 1 5 1 (5 × 6) + (1 × 16)
 +  + =   + =  + =  + = + = + =
 16 8  6  16 × 8  6  128  6  128  6 128
/// 6 16 6 16 × 6
16
23
30 + 16 46
// 23
= = =
96 96
// 48
48
21 3
 4 2  2 1 3  ( 4 × 8) + ( 2 × 5)   2 + 1 + 3   32 + 10   6   42  6 42
/ / 6/ 21 3
7.  + +
  + +  = 
  +
   =  +
   =   + = + = +
 5 8  4 4 4  5×8   4   40   4   40  4 / / 4/
40 20 2
20 2
51
=
(21 × 2) + (3 × 20) = 42 + 60 = 102 ///
=
51
= 2
11
20 × 2 40 40
// 20 20
20
8.
2  4 2 1 2  4 + 2 + 1
+ + +  = +
2  7 2 7 (2 × 9) + (7 × 5) = 18 + 35 = 53 = 1 8
 = +  = + =
5  9 9 9  5  9  5  9  5 9 5×9 45 45 45
2 1 4 2  2 1   4 2  12  ( 2 × 2) + (1 × 5)   ( 4 × 3) + ( 2 × 5)  12
9. + + + + 12 =  +  +  +  + =   +   +
5 2 5 3  5 2  5 3 1  5× 2   5×3  1
 4 + 5   12 + 10  12  9   22  12 9 22 12  9 22  12  (9 × 15) + ( 22 × 10)  12
=   + + =   +  + = + + =  + + =  +
 10   15  1  10   15  1 10 15 1  10 15  1  10 × 15  1

71
 135 + 220  12
= 
 355  12
=  =
/ / / 12
355
+ =
71 12
=
(71 × 1) + (12 × 30) = 71 + 360 = 431 = 14 11
+ + +
 150  1  150  1 // 1
/150 30 1 30 × 1 30 30 30
30
5 3 1   1 3 5  (3 × 8) + (1 × 5)    1 + 3   5  24 + 5    4   5  29   4
10.  +  +   +  +  =  +    +   =  +  +   =  +   +
8  5 8   8 8  8  5×8    8  8  40    8   8  40   8
1 27
 5 29  4/  (5 × 40) + ( 29 × 8)  1  200 + 232  1  432  1 432
/// 1 27 1
=  + + =  + =   + =  320  + 2 = 320 + = +
 8 40  8/  8 × 40  2  320  2   /// 2 20 2
2 20
37
=
( 27 × 2) + (1 × 20) = 54 + 20 = 74 //
=
37
=1
17
20 × 2 40 40
// 20 20
20
3 2 3− 2 1
1. − = =
5 5 5 5
2.
2 3
− =
(2 × 4) − (3 × 5) = 8 − 15 = − 7
5 4 5× 4 20 20
1
12 3 6 12 − 3 − 6 3/ 1
3. − − = = =
15 15 15 15 15
// 5
5
−1
5 3 1  5 3 1  (5 × 4) − (3 × 8)  1  20 − 24  1  −4  1 −4/ 1 −1 1
4. − − =  − − =  − =   − =   − = − = −
8 4 3  8 4 3  8×4  3  32  3  32  3 32
// 3 8 3
8
=
( −1 × 3) − (1 × 8) =
−3 − 8
= −
11
8×3 24 24
1
 2 1 2  ( 2 × 6) − (1 × 8)  2  12 − 8  2  4 2 4/ 2 1 2 (1 × 5) − (2 × 12) = 5 − 24
5.  −  − = 
 
−5 =   − =   − = − = − =
 8 6 5  8 × 6   48  5  48  5 48
/ / 5 12 5 12 × 5 60
12
19
= −
60
6.
 1 2
28 −  −  =
28  (1 × 3) − ( 2 × 8) 
 =
28  3 − 16  28  −13  28 −13 28 13 (28 × 24) + (13 × 1)
− −  = −  = − = + =
 8 3 1  8×3  1  24  1  24  1 24 1 24 1 × 24
672 + 13 685 13
= = = 28
24 24 24
13
 4 1  4 1  ( 4 × 8) − (1 × 6)   ( 4 × 2) − (1 × 5)   32 − 6   8 − 5   26   3  26
// 3
7.  − −
  −  =   −   =  −
   =    − = −
 6 8  5 2  6 × 8   5 × 2   48   10   48   10  48
/ / 10
24
29
=
13 3
− =
(13 × 10) − (3 × 24) = 130 − 72 = 58 //
=
29
24 10 24 × 10 240 240
/// 120
120
 1  3 1  20 1   (3 × 2) − (1 × 4)   ( 20 × 6) − (1 × 1)   6 − 4   120 − 1  2   119  2
8.  20 −  −  −  =  −  −  =   −  =   −  =  −
 6  4 2  1 6  4×2   1× 6   8   6   8  6  8

1 235
=
119 2/
− =
119 1
− =
(119 × 4) − (1 × 6) = 476 − 6 = 470
///
=
235
= 19
7
6 8/ 6 4 6×4 24 24
// 12 12
4 12
18  4 2   18  4 − 2   2 18  2   2 18 2  2  (18 × 3) − ( 2 × 5)  2  54 − 10  2

9.  −  −   − 2 =  −   − =  −   − =  −  − =  − =  −
 5 3 3   5 3   1  5  3   1  5 3  1 
 5 × 3 
 1  15  1
 44 
=  − =
2
− =
44 2 (44 × 1) − (2 × 15) =
44 − 30
=
14
 15  1 15 1 15 × 1 15 15
 1  16  1  18 1  16 2  1  (18 × 2) − (1 × 1)   (16 × 1) − ( 2 × 2)   1
10. 18 −  −  − 2  − =  −  −  −   − =   −  −
 2  2  5  1 2   2 1   5  1× 2   2 ×1   5
 36 − 1  16 − 4   1  35   12   1  35 12  1  35 − 12  1  23  1 23 1
=   −   − =   −    − =  −  − =  − 5 =  2 − 5 = 2 − 5
 2   2  5  2   2   5  2 2  5  2   
=
(23 × 5) − (1 × 2) =
115 − 2
=
113
= 11
3
2×5 10 10 10
1
4 3 4/ × 3 1× 3 3
1. × = = =
8 5 8/ × 5 2×5 10
2
125
4 5 4 5 100 4 × 5 × 100 2000
//// 125 2
2. × × 100 = × × = = = = 41
8 6 8 6 1 8 × 6 ×1 48
// 3 3
3
3 2 1
7 9 6 7 × 9/ × 6/ 7 × 3× 2 7 × 3 × 2/ 7 × 3×1 21 1
3. × × = = = = = = 10
3 4 3 3/× 4 × 3/ 1× 4 ×1 1 × 4/ × 1 1× 2 ×1 2 2
1 1 2
2 4 3
1 3 1 34 1 3 1 20 34
/ / × 1 × 3 × 1 × 20
// 2 ×1× 3×1× 4 24
// 3
4. 34 × × × × 20 = × × × × = = = = = 3
5 17 8 1 5 17 8 1 / /× 8 ×1
1 × 5/ × 17 1×1×1× 8 ×1 8/ 1
1 1 1
1 5  3 1
 2   4 25   2 3   4/ × 25 //  2 × 3   1× 5  6   5 6 5 6/ × 5/ 3×1 3
5.  × 3 ×  ×  =  ×  ×  =   ×  =   ×  = × = = =
 55   5 8   55 1   5/ × 8/   55 × 1  1 × 2   55   2  55 2 55
/ / × 2/ 11 × 1 11
 1 2 11 1
 1   25 1  0
6. 1000 ×  ×  ×  × = 0
 5   5 8  100
1 6 1 1
2 36 1 1 2 36 1 10 1 2/ × 36
/ / × 1 × 10
/ /×1 1× 6 ×1×1×1 6/ 1
7. × × × 10 × = × × × × = = = =
6 1 100 6 6 1 100 1 6 6/ × 1 × 100
/ / / × 1 × 6/ 1 × 1 × 10 × 1 × 3 30
// 5
1 10 3 5
 2   1 
 7 9  4 1 1  7 × 9   4/ × 1 × 1   63   2 × 1 × 1  63  2/ × 1 × 1  63  1 × 1 × 1 
8.  × ×
  × ×  =   × =    ×  = × = × 
 8 4   18 14 9   8 × 4   18
/ / × 14 × 9   32   9 × 14 × 9  32  9 × 14
/ / × 9  32  9 × 7 × 9 
 9   7 
1
63  1  63 1 63
/ /× 1 1×1 1
= ×  = × = = =
32  567  32 567 32 × 567
/// 32 × 9 288
9

  5   1 
 2   1 25   2  18 / /  2
2   1 × 25  18 × 2/   1 × 5   2  18 × 1  5   2
9. 18 ×  ×  ×   × =  ×  ×   × =   ×   × =   ×   ×
 8 5 3  9

1 8   5× 3   9
/

1× 8 
/  1× 3 

9  1 × 4   3   9
  1   4  
9  5 1
 18  5 2 18
// 5 2 9 5 2 9 × 5 2  45  2 45 2 45
/ / × 2/ 5 ×1 5
=   ×  × =  ×  × =  ×  × =   × =  6  × 9 = 6 × 9 = 6/ × 9/ = 3 × 1 = 3
 4  3  9 4/ 3 9
 2 2 3 9  2 × 3 9  
 3 1
2
=1
3
 3  1
3 4 6  7 4 7  3 × 4 × 6/   7 × 4/  7  3 × 4 × 3   7 × 1 7  36   7  7
10.  × ×  × ×  × =   × × =   × × =   ×  ×
8 49 5   3 8  2  8
/ × 49 × 5   3 × 8
/  2  4 × 49 × 5   3 × 2  2  980   6  2
4   2
6 147
36 7 7 / /× 7 × 7
36 6×7×7 294
/ // 147
= × × = = = =
980 6 2 980 × 6/ × 2 980 × 1 × 2 1960
//// 980
1 980
2 3
8 4 8 30 8/ × 30
// 2×3 6
1. ÷ = × = = = = 6
10 30 10 4 / / × 4/
10 1×1 1
1 1
1 2  1 1
 3 12  4  3 16  4  3/× 16
/ /  4/  1× 2 1  2 1 2 1 2 2 2×2 4/ 1
2.  ÷ ÷ =  × ÷ =   ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = × = = = = 1
 8 16  8  8 12  8  8/ × 12
/ /  8/  1× 4  2  4  2 4 2 4 1 4 ×1 4/ 1
1 4  2 1
 2 1
 4 1  4 32  8  4 × 32
/ / 8  4 × 2 8  8 8 8 8 8 1 8/× 1 1× 1
3.  ÷  ÷8 =  × ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = × = =
 16 32   16 1  1  16
/ / × 1  1  1 × 1  1  1  1 1 1 1 8 1 × 8
/ 1× 1
 1  1
1
= = 1
1
1 2  6
 9 27  12  9 16  12  9/ × 16
// 12  1 × 2  12  2  12 2 12 3 12
/ /× 3 6×3
4. 12 ÷  ÷  = ÷ ×  = ÷ = ÷   = ÷   = ÷ = × = =
 8 16  1  8 27  / / 
1  8/ × 27 1  1 × 3 1  3 1 3 1 2 1 × 2/ 1×1
1 3  1
18
= = 18
1
 1 1
 2 4  2 5 2  2/ × 5/  2  1×1  2  1 2 1 2 1 1 1×1 1
5.  ÷  ÷2 =  × ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = × = =
 20 5   20 4  1 / / × 4/  1
 20  4 × 2 1  8 1 8 1 8 2 8×2 16
 4 2
1 2   7
 4 8  1 4   4 30   1 35  / /   1 × 35
 4/ × 30 / /  1× 2  1× 7  2  7 2 7
6.  ÷  ÷ ÷  =  ×  ÷ ×  =   ÷  =   ÷  =   ÷  = ÷
 15 30   5 35   15 8   5 4  / / × 8/   5/ × 4 
 15  1× 2  1× 4  2  4 2 4
 1 2  1 
2
2 4 2 × 4/ 2×2 4
= × = = =
2 7 2/ × 7 1× 7 7
1
1 2   1  1 2
 2 4   9 18   2 10   9 4   2/ × 10
/ /   9/ × 4   1× 2  1× 4  2  4 2/ 4/
7.  ÷  ÷ ÷  =  ×  ÷ ×  =  ÷
  =   ÷  =   ÷  = ÷
 5 10   1 4   5 4   1 18   5/ × 4/   1 × 18 / /   1× 2  1× 2  2  2 2/ 2/
 1 2  2 1 1

1 2 1 1 1×1 1
= ÷ = × = =
1 1 1 2 1× 2 2
 2 1 2 
 4 2  8   4 5  8 4  4/ × 5/   8 1   2 × 1  8/ × 1   2   2 × 1 2  2
8.  ÷  ÷  ÷ 4 =  ×  ÷  ÷  =   ÷  ×  =  1 × 1  ÷  5 × 4/  =  1  ÷  5 × 1  = 1 ÷  5 
 5 5  5   5 2  5 1  5/ × 2/   5 4   
 1 1  1
1
2 2 2 5 2/ × 5 1× 5 5
= ÷ = × = = = = 5
1 5 1 2 1 × 2/ 1×1 1
1
 1  3  2 
 6   4 1  6 1  4 3   6 1  4 × 3/   6/ × 1   4/ × 1  3 × 1   2 × 1  3  2 
9.  ÷ 1 ÷  ÷  =  ÷  ÷ ×  =  ×  ÷ =  ÷  2/ × 1 =  5 × 1 ÷  1 × 1  =  5  ÷  1 
 10   6 3   10 1  6 1   10 1  6/ × 1   10
 / / × 1   
2   5  1 
3 2 3 1 3×1 3
= ÷ = × = =
5 1 5 2 5×2 10
 1 2    1  
 9 18  4 1  9 16  4 1  9/ × 16
// 4 1  1 × 2/  4 1  1 × 1 4 1
10.  ÷  ÷  ÷ =  ×  ÷  ÷ =  ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷ =   ÷ ÷ =
 8 16  2  8  8 18  2  8 / /  2  8
8/ × 18 1 × 2/  2  8  1 × 1 2  8
   
 1 2    1 
 1 4
 1 4  1 1 4  1 1 2  1 1 × 2/  ÷ 1 = 1×1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 1 × 8/
  ÷  ÷ =  ÷  ÷ =  ×  ÷ =  1 × 2  ÷ 8 = 2 ÷ 8 = ÷ = × =
 1 2  8  1 2  8  1 4  8 1 × 4/  8     2 8 2 1 2/ × 1
 2  1
1× 4 4
= = = 4
1×1 1
10 5
 5 8 2  5 × 8 2  40  2 40
// 2 10 2 10 3 10
/ /× 3 5×3 15
1.  ×  ÷ =   ÷ =   ÷ = ÷ = ÷ = × = = = = 15
 4 1 3  4 × 1 3  4 3 4/ 3 1 3 1 2 1 × 2/ 1×1 1
1 1
 1  1
3  4  3 12  4 3 1  4  3/× 1  4  1×1  4  1 4 1 4 1 × 4/
2.  ÷ 12 × =  ÷  × =  ×  × =  4 × 12 × =   × =   × = × =
4  15  4 1  15  4 12  15  / /  15  4 × 4  15  16  15 16 15 16
/ / × 15
 4 4
1×1 1
= =
4 × 15 60
1 1
3  2 1 3  ( 2 × 3) − (1 × 4)  3  6 − 4 3  2 3 2 3/× 2 1× 2 2/ 1
3. × −  = ×  = ×  = ×   = × = = = =
5  4 3 5  4×3  5  12  5  12  5 12 5 × 12
// 5× 4 20
// 10
4 10
 3 1
1 4  2  1 15  2 // 2
 1 × 15  1× 3 2  3 2 3 2 3 × 2/ 3×1 3
4.  ÷ × =  × × =   × =  1 × 4  × 5 =  4  × 5 = 4 × 5 = 4/ × 5 = 2 × 5 = 10
 5 15  5 5 4  5  5/ × 4  5
1  2
4   2 1  4 4   ( 2 × 3) − (1 × 8)   ( 4 × 1) + ( 4 × 8)   6 − 8   4 + 32   −2   36  −2
5.  + 4 ÷  −  =  +  ÷   =   ÷   =   ÷  =   ÷
8   8 3  8 1  8×3   8 ×1   24   8   24   8  24
9 −1 54
/ / −/2
36 9 −1 9 12 9 × 12 108
/// 54
= ÷ = ÷ = × = = = = −54
8/ 24
// 2 12 2 −1 2 × −1 −/2 −1
2 12 −1
6 3  4 1  ( 6 × 4) − (3 × 5)   4 − 1  24 − 15   3   9   3 9 3 9×3 27
6.  −  × −  =   ×  =   ×  =   ×  = × = =
5 4   5 5   5× 4   5   20   5   20   5  20 5 20 × 5 100

 2 1 3
 5 8  4 8   5 × 8/   4 15   5 × 2   4 × 15   10   4/ × 15
// 10  1 × 3  10  3 
7.  ×  ÷ ÷  =   ÷  5 × 8  =  1 × 1  ÷  5 × 8  =  1  ÷  5/ × 8/  = 1 ÷  1 × 2  = 1 ÷  2 
 4 1   5 15   4/ × 1   
1   1 2
10 3 10 2 10 × 2 20 2
= ÷ = × = = = 6
1 2 1 3 1× 3 3 3
 2 3 3
 1 12 15   2 1   1 × 12 / /   ( 2 × 5) − (1 × 3) 
/ / × 15  1 × 2 × 3   10 − 3   6  7 6/ 7
8.  × × +
  −  =  6/ × 5/ × 20  +   =  +
   = +
    = +
 6 5 20   3 5     3× 5   1 × 1 × 20   15   20   15  20
/ / 15
1 1  10
23
=
3
+
7
=
( 3 × 15) + ( 7 × 10)
=
45 + 70
=
115
///
=
23
10 15 10 × 15 150 150
/// 30
30
 1
2  2 1 1  2  ( 2 × 2) + (1 × 4)   1  2  4 + 4  1  2  8  1  2 + 8/  ÷ 1
9.  +  +  ÷ =  +    ÷ =  +   ÷ =  +   ÷ =  5 8/  10
 5  4 2   10  5  4×2   10  5  8   10  5  8   10  1 
2
 2 1 1  ( 2 × 1) + (1 × 5)  1 2 + 5 1 7 1 7 1 7 10 7 × 10
// 7×2 14
=  + ÷ =  ÷ =   ÷ 10 =  5  ÷ 10 = 5 ÷ 10 = 5 × 1 = 5/ × 1 = 1 × 1 = 1
 5 1  10  5 × 1  10  5   
1
= 14
 2 3  1  3  2 − 3   12 1  3  −1  (12 × 3) − (1 × 1)   3  −1  36 − 1  3
10.  −  × 12 −   − =   ×  −   − =   ×   − =  ×   −
 5 5   3  2  5   1 3   2  5   1× 3   2  5  3  2
 7
 −1  35   3  −1 35  3
=  ×    − =  ×  − = 
−1 × 35
// 3  −1 × 7  3  −7  3 −7 3 ( −7 × 2) − (3 × 3)
5  3  2  5 3  2 5
/ × 3  − 2 =  1 × 3  − 2 =  3  − 2 = 3 − 2 = 3× 2
   1   
−14 − 9 −23  5
= = = − 3 
6 6  6

8 8
0.5 0.3 0.5 + 0.3 0.8 8 × 10 80
// 8
1. + = = = 10 = = =
15
. 15
. 15
. 15. 15 10 × 15 150
/// 15
10 15
2 4 1 10
2.
0.02 0.4
+ = 100 + 10 =
2 × 10
+
4 × 100
=
20
//
+
400
///
=
1 10
+ =
(1 × 7) + (10 × 90) = 7 + 900 = 907
18. 0.28 18 28 100 × 18 10 × 28 / / / / 280
1800 /// 90 7 90 × 7 630 630
10 100 90 7
277
=1
630
6 8 6 4 22
3.
0.6 0.08
+ = 10 + 100 =
6 × 10 8 × 10
+ =
60
//
+
80
//
= +
6 4
=
( 6 × 15) + ( 4 × 5)
=
90 + 20
=
110
///
=
22
0.5 0.3 5 3 10 × 5 100 × 3 50
/ / 300 /// 5 15 5 × 15 75 75
// 15
10 10 5 15 15
7
=1
15
355 71
.
33 .
015 .
01 33
. + 015
. + 01. 355
. 100 355 × 10 3550
//// 71 1
4. + + = = = = = = = 7
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 5 100 × 5 500
/ / / 10 10
10 10
 22 15  14  11 3  7
.
2.2 015 .
14  2.2 015
.  14.    22 × 10 15 × 10  14 × 10  220 / / /  140
/ / / 150 ///
5. + + =  + =  10 + 100 + 10 =  =  + +
+ + +
0.2 0.5 0.4  0.2 0.5  0.4  2 5  4

 10 × 2 100 × 5  10 × 4  20
// / / /  40
500 //
 10 10  10  1 10  2
= 
 11 3  7  (11 × 10) + (3 × 1)  7
+  + = 
 110 + 3  7
 + = 
 113  7 113 7 (113 × 2) + (7 × 10)
+ =  + = + =
 1 10  2  1 × 10  2  10  2  10  2 10 2 10 × 2
74
226 + 70 296
/// 74 4
= = = = 14
20 20
// 5 5
5
 12 5  15  6 50  5
12
. 0.5 15
.  12
. 0.5  15
.    12 × 10 5 × 100  15 × 10  120 / / /  150
/ / / 500 ///
6. + + =  + =  +10 10 + 10 =  =  + +
+ + +
0.2 0.01 0.3  0.2 0.01 0.3  2 1 

3  10 × 2 10 × 1  10 × 3  20
// 10
/ /  30 //
 10 100  10  1 1  1
6 50  5  6 + 50  5  56  5 56 5 56 + 5 61
=  + + =  + =  + = + = = = 61
1 1  1  1  1  1  1 1 1 1 1
 4 14  9  200 7 
 0.4 14
.  18  10 10
 18  4 × 1000 14 × 10  / /  4000
18 ///
/ / / / 140 9  200 7 
7. 018
. + +  = + +  = + +  = + +  = + + 
 0.002 0.2  100  2 2 100  10 × 2 10 × 2  100
/ / /  20
/ / 20
/ /  50  1 1
 
 1000 10  50  1 1 
=
9  200 + 7  9  207  9 207 (9 × 1) + (207 × 50) = 9 + 10350 = 10359 = 207 9
+  = +  = + =
50  1  50  1  50 1 50 × 1 50 50 50
 2 1   1 1 3
 0.2 01
.    15  2 × 10 1 × 10  15  20 / /  15
/ / 10 //  1 1 3
8. . =  10 10  =  =  + + =  + +
 +  + 015 + + + +
 0.4 0.8  4 8 100  10 × 4 10 × 8  100 40
/ / 80
/ / 100
/ / /  2 8  20
  
 2

 10 10  8  20

5 31
 (1 × 8) + (1 × 2)  3
=   +
 8 + 2 3
= 
 10  3
=  + =
10
//
+
3 5 3
= + =
( 5 × 20) + (3 × 8)
=
100 + 24
=
124
///
+
 2×8  20  16  20  16  20 16
/ / 20 8 20 8 × 20 160 160
///
8 40
31
=
40
 8 0  5 5
 0.08 0   0.05 0.5       8 × 10 0 × 10   5 × 100 5 × 10 
9. 100 1 100 10
 +  + +  =  +  + +  =  +  + + 
 0.2 01 .   015. . 
15  2 1   15
 
15 

 100 × 2 1 × 1   100 × 15 10 × 15 
 10 10   100 10 
 2   1 1 
 80
= 
// 0   500
/// // 
50  2 0  1 1 2   1 + 1  2  2 2 2 (2 × 3) + (2 × 5)
+  + +  =  +  +  +  =  + 0 +   =   +  = + =
 200
/ / / 1   1500
/ / / / 150
/ / /   5 1   3 3   5   3   5   3  5 3 5×3
 5   3 3 
6 + 10 16 1
= = =1
15 15 15
 49   5 15 
 4.9   0.5 015
.   36   10   49 × 100 36   5 × 100 15 × 10 
10.  10 100
+ 3.6 +  +  =  +  + +  =  +  + + 
 0.07   0.05 0.5   7 10   5 5  10 × 7 10   10 × 5 100 × 5 
  
 100   100 10 
 70 18   10 3 
 4900 / /   500
/ / / / 36 ///
/ / / 150  70 18   10 3   ( 70 × 5) + (18 × 1)   (10 × 10) + (3 × 1) 
=  +  + +  =  +  +  +  =   +  
 70/ / 10   50 500 
/ / / / / / /  1 5   1 10   1× 5   1 × 10 
 1 5  1 10 
839
 350 + 18   100 + 3 
=  + =
 368   103 
+ =
368 103
+ =
(368 × 10) + (103 × 5) = 3680 + 515 = 4195
////
=
839
      
 5   10   5   10  5 10 5 × 10 50 50
// 10
10
9
= 83
10
28 70
3.6 0.8 3.6 − 0.8 2.8 10 28 × 100 2800
//// 70
1. − = = = = = = = 70
0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 4 10 × 4 40
// 1
100 1
64 18 160 180
6.4 .
18 10 10 64 × 100 18 × 100 / / / / 1800
6400 //// 160 180 −20
2. − = − = − = − = − = = −20
0.04 0.01 4 1 10 × 4 10 × 1 40
// 10
// 1 1 1
100 100 1 1
36 18 171
3.6 18 . 36 × 100 18 × 10 3600 180 3600 − 180 3420
//// 171
3. − = 10 − 10 = − = − = = = = 171
0.02 0.2 2 2 10 × 2 10 × 2 20 20 20 20
// 1
100 10 1
6 5
2.4 0.3 .
15 2.4 − 0.3 − 15 . 0.6 6 × 100 600
/// 5
4. − − = = = 10 = = = = 5
012
. 012
. 012
. .
012 012
. 12 10 × 12 120
/// 1
100 1
 122 18  49  305 9  7
 12.2 18 .  4.9    122 × 100 18 × 10  49 × 10  12200
/ / / / / 180/ / /  490
///  305 9  7
5. − =  10 − 10 − 10 =  − =  − − = 
 − − − −
 0.04 0.2  0.7  4 2

7  10 × 4 10 × 2  10 × 7  40
// 20
/ /  70 //  1 1 1
 100 10  10  1 1  1

 305 − 9  7  296  7 296 7 296 − 7 289

=  − =  − = − = = = 289
 1  1  1  1 1 1 1 1
 9 4  44  30 20 
 0.9 0.4  88  10 10
 88  9 × 100 4 × 100  / /  900
88 /// ///
400
6. 8.8 +  − −  = 
+ − −  = + − −  = + − − 
 0.03 0.02  10  3 2  10  10 × 3 10 × 2  10
/ /  30// 20
// 
 
 100 100  5  1 1 
=
44  30 20 
−  =
44  −30 − 20  44  −50  44 −50 44 50 (44 × 1) − (50 × 5) = 44 − 250
+ − +  = +  = + = − =
5  1 1  5  1  5  1  5 1 5 1 5 ×1 5
−206  1
= = − 41 
5  5
22  9 15  11  30 3 
2.2  0.9 15.    22 × 10  9 × 100 15 × 10  / / /  900
220 ///
/ / / 150 11  30 3 
7. 10 10 10
− −  = −  −  = − −  = − −  = − − 
0.4  0.03 0.5  4  3 5 10 × 4  10 × 3 10 × 5  40
/ /  30// 50
//  2  1 1
   1
10  100 10  2 1 
=
11  30 − 3  11  27  11 27 (11 × 1) − (27 × 2) = 11 − 54 = −43 = − 21 1 
−  = −  = − =  
2  1  2  1  2 1 2 ×1 2 2  2
 14  1  49 7  1
 98 
8.
 14
.  01 .
=  − 10  − 10 =  98 − 14 × 10  − 1 × 10 =  98 / / /  10
/ / 140 //  49 7  1
=  − −
 9.8 − −   − −
 0.2  0.2  10 2 2  10 10 × 2  10 × 2  10 20  20
/ / / / / /  5 1 2
  5
 10  10 1  2
= 
 ( 49 × 1) − ( 7 × 5)  1  49 − 35  1
 − = 
 14  1 14 1 (14 × 2) − (1 × 5) = 28 − 5 = 23 = 2 3
− =  − = − =
 5×1  2  5  2  5 2 5 2 5×2 10 10 10
 33 11  0  110 11 
33
. 11
. 0  33. .  0
11    33 × 100 11 × 10  0 × 10  3300 /// 0
/ / / / 110
9. − − =  − − =  10 − 10 − 1 =  − =  − −
−
0.03 01. 0.5  0.03 01
.  0.5  3 1  5

 10 × 3 10 × 1  1 × 5  30// 10
//  5
 100 10  10  1 1 
 110 11  110 − 11  99  99

=  −  −0 =   =   = = 99
 1 1  1   1 1
 36 3  12 
 3.6 0.3  12
.     5  36 × 100 3 × 10  12 × 10  5
10.  − − − 0.5 =  10 10  − 10  − =  −
 − − −
 0.04 12
.  0.2   4 12  2  10  10 × 4 10 × 12  10 × 2  10
 100 10  10 
 90 1  6  1
 3600
/ / / / 30/ /  120
/ / /  5/  90 1  6  1  (90 × 4) − (1 × 1)  6  1  360 − 1 6  1
=  − − − =  −  −  − =   −  − =   − −
40
/ / 120
/ / / 20
/ / 10
/ /  1 4  1 2  1 × 4  1 2  4  1  2
     
 1 4  1  2
 359  6  1  359 6  1  (359 × 1) − ( 6 × 4)  1  359 − 24  1  335  1 335 1

=   − − =  − − =  − =  − 2 =  4 − 2 = 4 − 2
 4  1  2  4 1 2  4 ×1  2  4   
333
=
(335 × 2) − (1 × 4) =
670 − 4
=
666
///
=
333
= 83
1
4×2 8 8/ 4 4
4


35 7 70 10
35
. 0.7 35 × 100 7 × 100 3500 700 3500
/ / / / × 700
/// 70 × 10 700
1. × = 10 × 10 = × = × = = = = 700
0.07 0.05 7 5 10 × 7 10 × 5 70 50 70
/ / × 50
// 1× 1 1
100 100 1 1
15 1 30 10 100
.
15 01
. 15 × 100 1 × 100 1500 100 1500
/ / / / × 100
/// 30 × 10 300
/// 100
2. × = 10 × 10 = × = × = = = = = 100
0.05 0.03 5 3 10 × 5 10 × 3 50 30 50
/ / × 30
/ / 1 × 3 3
/ 1
100 100 1 3 1
 18 4 
 18. 0.4    7  18 × 100 4 × 100  7  1800 400  7
3. 10 10
 ×  × 0.07 =  × × =  × × =  × ×
 0.02 0.04   2 4  100

 10 × 2 10 × 4  100  20 40  100
 100 100 
 90 10  9
 1800 ///
/ / / / × 400 7  90 × 10  7  900  7 900 7 / / /× 7
900 9×7 63
=  × =  × =  × = × = = = = 63
 20
/ / × 40
/ /  100  1 × 1  100  1  100 1 100 1 × 100
/ / / 1 × 1 1
 1 1  1
.
15 .
18 0
4. × × = 0
0.05 0.2 18.
11 44 11 11 19
11
. 0.44 38 11 × 10 44 × 10 38 110 440 38 110
/ / / × 440
/ / / × 38
// 11 × 11 × 19
5. × . = 10 × 100 ×
× 38 = × × = × × = =
0.2 0.4 2 4 10 10 × 2 100 × 4 10 20 400 10 20
/ / × 400
/ / / × 10
// 2 × 10 × 5
10 10 2 10 5
2299 99
= = 22
100 100
75 2 12 1 1 10
7.5 0.02 012 . 10 100 100 75 × 10 2 × 10 12 × 100 750 20 1200 750
/ / / × 20
/ / × 1200
////
6. × × = × × = × × = × × =
12. 0.8 0.75 12 8 75 10 × 12 100 × 8 100 × 75 120 800 7500 120
/ / / × 800
/ / / × 7500
////
10 10 100 1 40 10
1
1 × 1 × 10 10
// 1
= = =
1 × 40 × 10 400
/// 40
40
 39 15  8
 39 . .  0.08
15    39 × 100 15 × 100  8 × 100  3900 1500  800
7. × =  10 × 10 × 100 =  = 
 × × × × ×
 0.03 0.05  0.39  3 5  39

 10 × 3 10 × 5  100 × 39  30 50  3900
 100 100  100
 130 30  8 100
 3900 / / / /  800
/ / / / × 1500 ///  130 × 30  8  3900  8 3900 8 3900
/ / / /× 8 100 × 8 800
=  × =  × =  × = × = = = = 800
 30 / /  3900
/ / × 50 ////  1 × 1  39  1  39 1 39 1 × 39// 1×1 1
 1 1  39 1
75 5 29 1500 5
7.5 0.5 145 145 75 × 1000 5 × 100 145 75000 500 / / / / / × 500
/ / / × 75000
145 ///
8. . ×
145 × = × 10 × 10 = × × = × × =
0.001 0.45 100 1 45 100 10 × 1 10 × 45 100 10 450 100 / / × 450
/ / / × 10 ///
1000 100 1 2 9
36250
29 × 1500 × 5 217500
////// 36250 1
= = = = 12083
1× 2 × 9 18
// 3 3
3

 18   4 
 18.   0.4   2   10 12   18 × 100 2   4 × 10 12 
9. × 0.2 ×  .  = 
× 012 10 ×  × ×  =  ×  × ×
 
 0.04   0.9   4 10   9 100 
  
 10 × 4 10   10 × 9 100 
 100   10 
 45 1   4 3  9 4
 1800 2   40 12  / / / / × 2/   40
 1800 // 
/ / × 12  45 × 1  4 × 3   45   12  45
// 12
//
=  ×  × ×  =   ×   =  ×
   =    ×  = ×
 40 10   90 100   40
/ / × 10
/ /   90 / / × 100
///  1 × 5   9 × 25   5   225  5/ 225
///
 1 5   9 25  1 75
12
9 4 9×4 36
// 12
= × = = =
1 75 1 × 75 75
/ / 25
25
  55 1 
  5.5 0.01   84  
10. 8.4 ×  × 10 × 100   × 2 =  84 ×  55 × 10 × 1 × 10   × 2 =  84 ×  550 × 10   × 2
  × 0.2 =  ×       
  0.5 01 .   10  5 1   10
  10  10 × 5 100 × 1  10  10  50 100   10
  10 10  
 42  11 1   1  21 
/ /  550
 84 / /   2/
/ / / × 10  42  11 × 1   1  42  11   1  42 11  1  42
/ / × 11  1  21 × 11  1
=  ×  × =  ×  × =  ×   × =  ×  × =  × =  ×
 10 / / × 100
/ /  50 / / /   10
//  5  1 × 10   5  5  10   5  5 10  5  5 × 10
/ /  5  5×5  5
 5  1 10   5  5 
 231  1 231 1 231 × 1 231 106

=   × = 25 × 5 = 25 × 5 = 125 = 1 125
 25  5

8 4 80 1
0.8 0.04 10 100 8 × 100 4 × 10 800
/// 40
// 80 1 80 5 80 × 5 400
1. ÷ = ÷ = ÷ = ÷ = ÷ = × = = = 400
0.01 0.2 1 2 10 × 1 100 × 2 10
// 200
/// 1 5 1 1 1×1 1
100 10 1 5
3 12 15 15 1 1
0.3 12
. 3 × 100 12 × 100 / / / 1200
300 //// 15 15 15 2 15
/ / × 2/ 1×1 1
2. ÷ = 10 ÷ 10 = ÷ = ÷ = ÷ = × = = =
0.08 016
. 8 16 10 × 8 10 × 16 80
// 160
/// 4 2 4 15 4/ × 15
// 2 ×1 2
100 100 4 2 2 1
4 4 1 1
0.04 100 2 4 × 100 2 400
/ / / 2/ 4 1 4 5 4 × 5/ 4 ×1 4
3. ÷ 0.2 = ÷ = ÷ = ÷ = ÷ = × = = = = 4
0.05 5 10 100 × 5 10 / / / 10
500 // 5 5 5 1 5/ × 1 1×1 1
100 5 5 1
 9 18  4  45 45  20
 0.9 18
.  0.4    9 × 100 18 × 100  4 × 100  900 / / / /  400
/ / / 1800 ///
4. ÷ =  10 ÷ 10 ÷ 10 =  =  ÷ ÷
 ÷ ÷ ÷
 0.08 016
.  0.02  8 16 

2  10 × 8 10 × 16  10 × 2  80
// / / /  20
160 //
 100 100  100  4 4  1
 1 1
 45 45  20  45 4  20 / /× 4/  20
 45  1 × 1 20  1 20 1 20 1 1 1×1
=  ÷ ÷ =  × ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = × =
 4 4 1  4 45  1  4
/ × 45
/ /  1  1 × 1  1  1  1 1 1 1 20 1 × 20
1 1 
1
=
20
 12 4  3  15 2 
 12. 0.04  6  10 100
 6  12 × 100 4 × 10  6/  1200
/ / / / 40//  3  15 2 
5. 0.6 ÷  ÷  = ÷ ÷  = ÷ ÷  = ÷ ÷  = ÷ ÷ 
 0.64 . 
01 10  64 1  10  10 × 64 100 × 1 10
/ /  640
/ / / 100
/// 5  8 5
 
 100 10  5  8 5 

1
3  15 5 3  75  3 75 3 16 3/× 16 1 × 16 16
= ÷ ×  = ÷  = ÷ = × = = =
5 8 2  5  16  5 16 5 75 5 × 75
/ / 5 × 25 125
25
 2 4  8  4 4  80
 0.2 0.4  0.8    2 × 100 4 × 10  8 × 100  200
/// / /  800
40 ///  4 4  80
6. ÷ =  10 ÷ 10 ÷ 10 =  =  ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷
 ÷ ÷ ÷
 0.05 35
.  0.01  5 35  1  10 × 5 10 × 35  10 × 1  50 350  10
/ / / / / / /  1 35  1
 100 10  100  1 35  1
1  7
 4 35  80  4/ × 35  80  1 × 35  80  35  80 35 80 35 1 35
/ /×1 7 ×1 7
=  × ÷ =  ÷ =   ÷ =   ÷ = ÷ = × = = =
1 4  1  1 × 4
/  1  1 × 1  1  1  1 1 1 1 80 1 × 80
/ / 1 × 16 16
 1 16
6  6  60  3 
0.6  0.06   3  6 × 100  3 6 × 10  ///  3
600 // 
60 60  3 3
7. 10 100
÷  0.3 ÷  = ÷ ÷  = ÷ ÷  = ÷ ÷  = ÷ ÷ 
0.01  0.4  1  10 4  10 × 1  10 100 × 4  10  10 400 
/ / / / / 1  10 20 
100  10  1  20 
1 2 
60  3 20  60  3/× 20// 60  1 × 2  60  2  60 2 60 1 30 × 1 30
= ÷ ×  = ÷  = ÷  = ÷  = ÷ = × = = = 30
1  10 3  1  10/ / × 3/  1  1×1 1  1 1 1 1 2 1×1 1
 1 1
5  8  25  4 1 
0.5  0.08   4  5 × 100  8 × 10 4  / / /  80
500 // 4/  25  4 1 
8. ÷ 0.04 = 10 100  =
÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷  = ÷ ÷  = ÷ ÷ 
0.04  01
.  4  1 100  10 × 4  100 × 1 100  40  100 100 
/ / / / / / / / 2  5 25 
  5
100  10  2 25 
 5 5
25  4 25  //
25  4 × 25 25  4 × 5  25  20  25 20 25 1 25
/ /×1 5 ×1 5
= ÷ ×  = ÷  = ÷  = ÷   = ÷ = × = = =
2 5 1  2  5/× 1  2  1×1  2  1 2 1 2 20 2 × 20
// 2×4 8
 1  4
 9 27  1  9 27  10
 0.9 0.27  01 .    9 × 10 27 × 10  1 × 100  90 / / /  100
/ / 270 ///  9 27  10
9. ÷ =  ÷10 100 ÷ 10 =  =  ÷ ÷ =  ÷
 ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷
 0.8 16.  0.09  8 16  9  10 × 8 100 × 16  10 × 9  80 1600  90
/ / / / / / / /  8 160  9
 10 10  100  8 160  9
 1 20  2 3
 9 160  10 / / /  10
 9/ × 160  1 × 20  10  20  10 20 10 20 9 / / × 9/
20 2×3 6
=  ×  ÷ =   ÷ =   ÷ =   ÷ = ÷ = × = = =
 8 27  9  8/ × 27
/ /  9  1 × 3  9  3  9 3 9 3 10 3
/× 10
/ / 1 × 1 1
1 3  1 1
= 6
 1 4  4 
 01
. 0.4  0.04     2  1 × 100 4 × 100  4 × 10  2
10.  10 10 100

÷ ÷
  ÷ 0.2 =  5 ÷ 2  ÷ 1  ÷ =  ÷ ÷ ÷
 0.05 0.02 01
.     10  10 × 5 10 × 2  100 × 1  10
 100 100  10 
 2 20  2  1  1  
 100 / / /  40
/ / / 400 / /  2/  2 20  2  1  2 1  2  1  2/ × 1  2  1  1 × 1  2  1
=  ÷ ÷ ÷ =  ÷  ÷  ÷ =  ×  ÷  ÷ =   ÷  ÷ =   ÷ ÷
 50
/ / 20
/ /  100
/ / /  10
/ /  1 1  5  5  1 20  5  5  1 × 20
/ /  5  5  1 × 10  5  5
 1 1  5  5  10  
 1
 1  2  1  1 2 1  1 5 1  1 × 5/  1  1×1  1 1 1 1 1 1 5
=   ÷  ÷ =  ÷  ÷ =  ×  ÷ =  ÷ =   ÷ 5 = 4 ÷ 5 = 4 ÷ 5 = 4 × 1
 10  5  5 10 5  5 10 2  5  10
/ / × 2  5  2 × 2   
2 

1× 5 5 1
= = =1
4 ×1 4 4
24  2 1  8  1 1 
2.4  0.2 0.01   24 × 10  2 × 10 1 × 10  / / /  20
240 // // 
10 8 1 1 
1. 10 10 100
× +  = × +  = × +  = × +  = × + 
0.3  12
. 0.5  3  12 5  10 × 3  10 × 12 100 × 5  30
/ /  120
/ / / 500
/// 1  6 50 
   6
10  10 10  1 50 
2
8  (1 × 50) + (1 × 6)  8  50 + 6  8  56  8 56 8/ × 56 2 × 56 112 37
= ×  = ×  = ×   = × = = = =1
1  6 × 50  1  300  1  300  1 300 1 × 300
/// 1 × 75 75 75
75
 4 16   1 80  2
 
2.
 0.04 16
÷
. 
× 0.08 =  100 ÷ 10  × 8 =  4 × 10 ÷ 16 × 100  × 8 =  40 ÷
////
/ / 1600
 ×
8/  1 80  2
=  ÷ ×
   
 0.8 0.02   8 2  100

 100 × 8 10 × 2  100  800
/ / / 20
/ /  100
/ / /  20 1  25
 10 100   20 1  25
1
 1 1 2  1×1  2  1  2 1 2 1 × 2/ 1×1 1
=  × × =  × =  × = × = = =
 20 80  25  20 × 80  25  1600  25 1600 25 1600
/ / / / × 25 800 × 25 20000
800
 15 12 0  24
 15
. 12
. 0  2.4    15 × 10 12 × 100 0 × 10  24 × 10
3. + + =  +10 10 + 1  − 10 =  + +
 − −
 0.5 0.03 0.4  01
.  5 3 4  1  10 × 5 10 × 3 1 × 4  10 × 1
 10 100 10  10
 3 40  24
 150
/ / / 1200
//// 0 240
///  3 40  24  3 + 40  24  43  24 43 24 43 − 24 19
=  + + − =  + + 0 − =  − =  − = − = = = 19
 50
// 30
// 4 10
// 1 1  1  1  1  1 1 1 1 1 1
 1 1  1
6  49  3  70 9 
0.6  4.9   36  6 × 10  49 × 100 36  / /  4900
60 / / / / 36//  3  70 9 
4. − 0.36 = 10 10  =
+ + − + −  = + −  = + − 
0.2  0.07  2  7 100  10 × 2  10 × 7 100  / /  70
20 // 100
/// 1  1 25 
 
10  100  1  1 25 
=
3  ( 70 × 25) − (9 × 1)  3  1750 − 9 
 = +
3  1741 3 1741 (3 × 25) + (1741 × 1) = 75 + 1741 = 1816
+  = +  = + =
1  1 × 25  1  25  1  25  1 25 1 × 25 25 25
16
= 72
25
 36 3  60 1 
 3.6 0.3    1  36 × 100 3 × 10  1  3600
/ / / / 30//  1
5. ×  ÷ 0.001 =  10 × 10 ÷ =  × =  × ÷
 ÷
 0.06 12
.   6 12  1000

 10 × 6 10 × 12  1000  60
// 120
/ / /  1000
 100 10   1 4 
 15 
 60 1  1  60
/ / × 1 1  15 × 1 1  15  1 15 1 15 1000 15 × 1000
=  × ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = × =
 1 4  1000  1 × 4/  1000  1 × 1  1000  1  1000 1 1000 1 1 1×1
 1
15000
= = 15000
1

 9 18  14  45 9  7
 0.9 018
.  14.    9 × 100 18 × 10  14 × 10  900 / / /  140
/ / / 180 ///  45 9  7
6. ÷ × =  10 ÷ 100  × 10 = ÷ × =  ÷  × =  ÷ ×
   
 0.08 16
.  0.2  8 16  2

 10 × 8 100 × 16  10 × 2  80
/ / 1600
/ / / /  20
/ /  4 80  1
 100 10  10  4 80  1
 5 20 
 45 80  7  45 // 7
/ / × 80  5 × 20  7  100  7 100 7 100 × 7 700
=  × × =  × =  × =  × = × = = = 700
 4 9  1  4× 9  1
/ /  1×1  1  1  1 1 1 1×1 1
 1 1 
 8 1  4 2
 0.8 01
.  0.4    8 × 100 1 × 100  4 × 10  800 100  40
//  800 − 100  2
7. =  10 10  + 10 =  =  − = 
 − + − − + + +
 0.05 0.05  0.2  5 5  2  10 × 5 10 × 5  10 × 2  50 50  20
//  50  1
 100 100  10 1
14
 700  2 700
/// 2 14 2 14 + 2 16
=  + = + = + = = = 16
 50  1 50
// 1 1 1 1 1
1
16  5 3  4  25 6 
.
016  0.5 0.3    16 × 10  5 × 100 3 × 100  / / /  500
160 ///
/ / / 300 4  25 6 
8. 100 10 10
× ÷  = × ÷  = × ÷  = × ÷  = × ÷ 
0.2  0.06 0.05  2  6 5  100 × 2  10 × 6 10 × 5  / / /  60
200 // 50
//  5  3 1
  3
10  100 100  5 1 
2 5
4  25 1  4  25 × 1 4  25  4 25 4/ × 25
// 2×5 10 1
= × ×  = ×  = ×  = × = = = =1
5  3 6  5  3× 6  5  18  5 18 5× 18
/ / / 1× 9 9 9
1 9
 48 1 75  120 1  150
 4.8 01 .  7.5    48 × 100 1 × 10  75 × 100  4800
/ / / / 10/ /  7500
////
9. × =  10 × 10 ÷ 10 =  =  × ÷
 ÷ × ÷
 0.04 0.4  0.05  4 4

5  10 × 4 10 × 4  10 × 5  40
/ / 40
/ /  50
//
 100 10  100  1 4 1
 30  1
 120 1  150 / / / × 1 150
 120  30 × 1 150  30  150 30 150 30 1 / /×1
30 1× 1
=  × ÷ =  ÷ =   ÷ =   ÷ = ÷ = × = =
 1 4 1  1 × 4/  1  1 × 1  1  1  1 1 1 1 150 1 × 150
/ / / 1 ×5
 1  5
1
=
5
 27 15   64
 2.7  6.4   32 
10. 
15
. 
=  10 + 10  +  − 10 =  27 × 100 + 15 × 100  + 32  − 64 × 100
+  + 32
. −   
 0.09 0.05   0.02  9 5  10  2  10 × 9 10 × 5  10  10 × 2
 100 100   100
 30 30  16  320
 2700 / / / /  32
/ / / / 1500 / /  6400
////  30 30  16  320  30 + 30  16  320  60  16  320
=  +  + − =  +  +  − =   + − =   +  −
 90
/ / 50
/ /  10
/ /  20
/ /  1 1  5  1  1  5  1  1  5  1
 1 1  5  1
 60 16  320  ( 60 × 5) + (16 × 1)  320  300 + 16  320  316  320 316 320

=  + − =  − =  − 1 =  5 − 1 = 5 − 1
1 5 1  1× 5  1  5   
=
(316 × 1) − (320 × 5) =
316 − 1600
=
−1284  4
= − 256 
5 ×1 5 5  5

1.
3 5
1 +2 =
(1 × 4) + 3 + (2 × 3) + 5 = 4 + 3 + 6 + 5 = 7 + 11 = (7 × 3) + (11 × 4) = 21 + 44 = 65 = 5 5
4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4×3 12 12 12
11
2.
3
2 +3 =
1 ( 2 × 8) + 3 ( 3 × 8) + 1
+ =
16 + 3 24 + 1
+ =
19 25
+ =
19 + 25
=
44
//
=
11
= 5
1
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8/ 2 2
2
3.
1  3 1
1 + 1 + 2  =
(1 × 2) + 1 +  (1 × 4) + 3 + (2 × 4) + 1 = 2 + 1 +  4 + 3 + 8 + 1 = 3 +  7 + 9  = 3 +  7 + 9 
       
2  4 4 2  4 4  2  4 4  2  4 4 2  4 
8
3  16  3 16
// 3 8 3+ 8 11 1
= +  = + = + = = = 5
2  4 2 4/ 2 2 2 2 2
2
 3 4 2  ( 2 × 4) + 3 (3 × 5) + 4  (1 × 3) + 2  8 + 3 15 + 4  3 + 2  11 19  5
4.  2 + 3  + 1 =  +  + =  + + =  + +
 4 5 3  4 5  3  4 5  3 4 5 3
= 
 (11 × 5) + (19 × 4)  5  55 + 76  5
 + = 
 131 5 131 5 (131 × 3) + (5 × 20) = 393 + 100
+ =  + = + =
 4 × 5  3  20  3  20  3 20 3 20 × 3 60
493 13
= = 8
60 60
5. 2
2  3 1
+ 1 + 2  =
(2 × 3) + 2 +  (1 × 8) + 3 + (2 × 3) + 1 = 6 + 2 +  8 + 3 + 6 + 1 = 8 +  11 + 7 
     
3  8 3 3  8 3  3  8 3  3  8 3
8  (11 × 3) + ( 7 × 8)  8  33 + 56  8  89  8 89 (8 × 24) + (89 × 3) = 192 + 267

= +  = +   = +  = + =
3  8×3  3  24  3  24  3 24 3 × 24 72
153
459
/// 153 9
= = = 6
72
// 24 24
24
6.
5 7 3
3 + 2 + 4 +1 =
4 (3 × 8) + 5 + (2 × 8) + 7 + (4 × 8) + 3 + (1 × 8) + 4 = 24 + 5 + 16 + 7 + 32 + 3 + 8 + 4
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
29 23 35 12 29 + 23 + 35 + 12 99 3
= + + + = = = 12
8 8 8 8 8 8 8
 3 5  4 2  (1 × 2) + 3 ( 2 × 2) + 5   (1 × 3) + 4 (1 × 3) + 2   2 + 3 4 + 5  3 + 4 3 + 2 
7. 1 + 2  + 1 + 1  =  +  +  +  =  +  + + 
 2 2  3 3  2 2   3 3   2 2   3 3 
7 4
5 9 7 5  5 + 9   7 + 5  14   12  14
/ / 12// 7 4 7+4 11
=  +  + +  =   +  =   +  = + = + = = = 11
2 2 3 3  2   3   2  3 2/ 3/ 1 1 1 1
1 1
 2 5  3 7  (1 × 3) + 2 ( 2 × 4) + 5   (3 × 2) + 3 ( 2 × 2) + 7   3 + 2 8 + 5  6 + 3 4 + 7 
8. 1 + 2  +  3 + 2  =  +  +  +  =  3 + 4  +  2 + 2 
 3 4  2 2  3 4   2 2 
10
 5 13   9 11  (5 × 4) + (13 × 3)   9 + 11  20 + 39   20  59 20
// 59 10
=  +  +  +  =   +   =   +  = + = +
3 4 2 2  3× 4   2   12   2  12 2/ 12 1
1

=
(59 × 1) + (10 × 12) =
59 + 120
=
179
= 14
11
12 × 1 12 12 12
 1 2  1 1  ( 6 × 2) + 1 (3 × 3) + 2   (1 × 5) + 1 (3 × 4) + 1  12 + 1 9 + 2   5 + 1 12 + 1
9.  6 + 3  + 1 + 3  =  +  +  +  =  +  + + 
 2 3  5 4  2 3   5 4   2 3   5 4 
 13 11  6 13   (13 × 3) + (11 × 2)   ( 6 × 4) + (13 × 5)   39 + 22   24 + 65   61  89 

=  +  +  +  =   +   =   +  =   + 
2 3 5 4  2×3   5× 4   6   20   6   20 
877
=
61 89
+ =
( 61 × 20) + (89 × 6)
=
1220 + 534
=
1754
////
=
877
= 14
37
6 20 6 × 20 120 120
/ / / 60 60
60
4  3  2
10. 1 + 2 + 1 + 3   =
4  (1 × 3) + 4 +  (2 × 5) + 3 +  (1 × 5) + 2 + (3 × 2) + 4   3 + 4 10 + 3  5 + 2 6 + 4  
3  5  5 2 
   = 3
+ +
 5
+
2 

3  5  5 2    5
 32 
7 13  7 10   7 13  ( 7 × 2) + (10 × 5)   7 13  14 + 50   7 13  64   7 13 64 //
= +  +  +   = +  +    = 3 +  5 +  10   = 3 +  5 +  10   = 3 +  5 + 10
3  5  5 2  3  5  5× 2       // 
 5 
9
7 13 32 
= + +  = +
7 13 + 32 
=
7  45 
+ =
7 45
+
// 7 9
= + =
(7 × 1) + (9 × 3) = 7 + 27 = 34 = 11 1
3 5 5 3  5  3  5  3 5/ 3 1 3 ×1 3 3 3
1
1.
3 1
4 −3 =
(4 × 7) + 3 − (3 × 7) + 1 = 28 + 3 − 21 + 1 = 31 − 22 = 31 − 22 = 9 = 2
1
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
2.
2 2
3 −4 =
(3 × 5) + 2 − (4 × 3) + 2 = 15 + 2 − 12 + 2 = 17 − 14 = (17 × 3) − (14 × 5) = 51 − 70 = −19 = − 1 4 
 
5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5×3 15 15  15 
 1 3 1  (8 × 4) + 1 ( 2 × 4) + 3  (1 × 3) + 1  32 + 1 8 + 3  3 + 1  33 11 4  33 − 11 4
3.  8 − 2  − 1 =  −  − =  − − =  − − =  −
 4 4 3  4 4  3  4 4  3  4 4 3  4  3
11
 22  4
=  − =
22
// 4
− =
11 4
− =
(11 × 3) − (4 × 2) = 33 − 8 = 25 = 4 1
 4 3 4/ 3 2 3 2×3 6 6 6
2
4. 6
4  3 2
− 2 −1  =
(6 × 5) + 4 −  (2 × 4) + 3 − (1 × 3) + 2  = 30 + 4 −  8 + 3 − 3 + 2  = 34 −  11 − 5 
     
5  4 3 5  4 3  5  4 3  5  4 3
=
34  (11 × 3) − (5 × 4) 
 =
34  33 − 20  34 13 (34 × 12) − (13 × 5) = 408 − 65 = 343 = 5 43
− −  = − =
5  4×3  5  12  5 12 5 × 12 60 60 60
5. 2
3 5
−4 −5 =
1 (2 × 6) + 3 − (4 × 6) + 5 − (5 × 6) + 1 = 12 + 3 − 24 + 5 − 30 + 1 = 15 − 29 − 31 = 15 − 29 − 31
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
−15
−45
// −15  1
= = = − 7 
6/ 2  2
2
2 5 3  2 5 3  ( 4 × 3) + 2 (5 × 6) + 5  ( 2 × 5) + 3  12 + 2 30 + 5  10 + 3
6. 4 − 5 − 2 =  4 − 5  − 2 =  −  − =  − −
3 6 5  3 6 5  3 6  5  3 6  5

 14 35  13
=  − − = 
 (14 × 6) − (35 × 3)  13
 −
 84 − 105  13
= 
 −21 13
=  =
−21 13
− =
( −21 × 5) − (13 × 18)
− −
 3 6 5  3× 6  5  18  5  18  5 18 5 18 × 5
−113
−105 − 234 −/339
// −113  23 
= = = = − 3 
90 90
// 30  30 
30
7.
2  3 2
3 − 4 −1  =
(3 × 5) + 2 −  (4 × 8) + 3 − (1 × 3) + 2  = 15 + 2 −  32 + 3 − 3 + 2  = 17 −  35 − 5 
     
5  8 3 5  8 3  5  8 3  5  8 3
17  (35 × 3) − (5 × 8)  17  105 − 40  17  65  17 65 (17 × 24) − (65 × 5) = 408 − 325 = 83

= −  = −  = −  = − =
5  8×3  5  24  5  24  5 24 5 × 24 120 120
 2 1  4 2  ( 6 × 3) + 2 (1 × 5) + 1  ( 2 × 3) + 4 (5 × 3) + 2   18 + 2 5 + 1  6 + 4 15 + 2 
8.  6 − 1  −  2 − 5  =  −  −  −  =  −  − − 
 3 5  3 3  3 5   3 3   3 5   3 3 
 20 6   10 17   ( 20 × 5) − ( 6 × 3)   10 − 17   100 − 18   −7   82   7  82 7
=  −  −  −  =   −   =   −  =   +  = +
 3 5  3 3  3 × 5   3   15   3   15   3  15 3
117
=
(82 × 3) + (7 × 15) =
246 + 105
=
351
///
=
117
= 7
12
15 × 3 45 45
// 15 15
15
 3 2  1 3  (3 × 4) + 3 ( 4 × 5) + 2   (3 × 8) + 1 ( 2 × 4) + 3   12 + 3 20 + 2   24 + 1 8 + 3 
9.  3 − 4  −  3 − 2  =  −  −  −  =  −  − − 
 4 5  8 4  4 5   8 4   4 5   8 4 
 15 22   25 11  (15 × 5) − ( 22 × 4)   ( 25 × 4) − (11 × 8)   75 − 88   100 − 88   −13   12 

=  −  −  −  =   −   =   −  =   − 
 4 5  8 4  4×5   8×4   20   32   20   32 
−41
=
−13 12
− =
( −13 × 32) − (12 × 20) = −416 − 240 = −656 ///
=
−41  1
= − 1 
20 32 20 × 32 640 640
/// 40  40 
40
 3 5 2 3  (5 × 4) + 3 (3 × 8) + 5  − (1 × 3) + 2  − (2 × 5) + 3  20 + 3 24 + 5  3 + 2  10 + 3
10.  5 − 3  − 1  − 2 =  −   =  − − −
 4 8 3 5 4 8 3 5  4 8  3  5
     
 23 29  5  13  ( 23 × 8) − ( 29 × 4)  5  13  184 − 116  5  13  68  5  13
=  −  − − =   −  − =   − − =   −  −
 4 8  3 5  4×8  3  5  32  3  5  32  3  5
 17 
/ / 5 13
68 17 5  13  (17 × 3) − (5 × 8)  13  51 − 40  13  11  13 11 13
=  −  − =  − − =  − =  − =  − = −
// 3
32 5  8 3 5  8×3  5  24  5  24  5 24 5
 8 
=
(11 × 5) − (13 × 24) =
55 − 312
=
−257  17 
= − 2 
24 × 5 120 120  120 
1.
3
1 ×2 =
1 (1 × 4) + 3 × (2 × 3) + 1 = 4 + 3 × 6 + 1 = 7 × 7 = 7×7
=
49
= 4
1
4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4×3 12 12
2.
1 1 5
2 ×1 × 4 =
( ) × ( ) × ( ) = 6 +1 ×
2 × 3 + 1 1 × 4 + 1 4 × 6 + 5 4 + 1 24 + 5
×
7 5 29
= × × =
7 × 5 × 29
=
1015
3 4 6 3 4 6 3 4 6 3 4 6 3× 4 × 6 72
7
= 14
72

 1
3.
1  2 2
3 × 1 × 1  =
( 3 × 3) + 1  (1 × 5) + 2 (1 × 3) + 2 
=
9 +1  5 + 2 3 + 2 10  7 5  10  7 × 5/ 
×  ×  × ×  = × ×  = ×
3  5 3 3  5 3  3  5 3  3  5 3 3  5/ × 3 
1 
10  7 × 1 10  7  10 7 10 × 7 70 7
= ×  = ×  = × = = = 7
3  1× 3 3  3 3 3 3× 3 9 9
 3 1 1  ( 2 × 4) + 3 (5 × 2) + 1 (3 × 5) + 1  8 + 3 10 + 1 15 + 1  11 11 16  11 × 11 16
4. 2 × 5  × 3 =  × × =  × × =  × × =  ×
 4 2 5  4 2  5  4 2  5  4 2 5  4×2  5
2
 121 16 121 16 121 × 16// 121 × 2 242 2
=   × = × = = = = 48
 8  5 8 5 8/ × 5 1× 5 5 5
1
5. 2
5 2 1 1
× 3 ×1 ×1 =
(2 × 6) + 5 × (3 × 5) + 2 × (1 × 3) + 1 × (1 × 2) + 1 = 12 + 5 × 15 + 2 × 3 + 1 × 2 + 1 = 17 × 17 × 4 × 3
6 5 3 2 6 5 3 2 6 5 3 2 6 5 3 2
2 1 1
17 × 17 × 4/ × 3/ 17 × 17 × 2/ × 1 17 × 17 × 1 × 1 289 4
= = = = = 19
6 × 5 × 3/× 2/ 6/ × 5 × 1 × 1 3 × 5 ×1×1 15 15
1 1 3
1 1  2 0
6. 1 × 2 × 3 ×  = 0
5 3  3 1
 5 1  3 1  (1 × 6) + 5 ( 2 × 3) + 1  ( 2 × 7) + 3 (1 × 7) + 1  6 + 5 6 + 1  14 + 3 7 + 1
7. 1 × 2  ×  2 × 1  =  ×  × ×  =  ×  × × 
 6 3  7 7  6 3   7 7   6 3   7 7 
68
 11 7   17 8   11 × 7   17 × 8   77   136  77 136 77 × 136
/// 77 × 68 5236
=  ×  × ×  =   ×  =   ×  = × = = =
 6 3  7 7  6×3   7×7   18   49  18 49 18
/ / × 49 9 × 49 441
9
385
= 11
441
 1 3  1 2  ( 2 × 2) + 1 (1 × 4) + 3   ( 4 × 2) + 1 ( 2 × 3) + 2   4 + 1 4 + 3  8 + 1 6 + 2 
8. 2 ×1  × 4 × 2  =  ×  × ×  =  ×  × × 
 2 4   2 3   2 4   2 3   2 4   2 3 
 3 4 3
5 7 9 8  5 × 7   9/ × 8/   35   3 × 4  35  12  35 12 35 × 12
// 35 × 3 105
=  ×  × ×  =   × =   ×   = ×   = × = = =
2 4 2 3  2 × 4   2/ × 3/   8   1×1  8  1 8 1 8/ × 1 2 ×1 2
 1 1 2
1
= 52
2
 1 2 3 2  (3 × 2) + 1 (1 × 3) + 2 (3 × 5) + 3  (1 × 3) + 2  6 + 1 3 + 2 15 + 3  3 + 2
9. 3 × 1 × 3  × 1 =  × × × =  × × ×
 2 3 5 3  2 3 5  3  2 3 5  3
 1 6 21 7
7 5 18  5  7 × 5/ × 18
// 5  7 ×1× 6 5  42  5 42 5 42
/ /× 5 21
/ /× 5 7×5 35
=  × × × =   × =   × =   × = × = = = =
2 3 5 3  2 × 3/× 5/  3  2 ×1×1 3  2 3 2 3 2/ × 3 1 × 3/ 1×1 1
 1 1 1 1
= 35
1  3 1
10. 2 ×  3 × 1  × 2  =
2 (2 × 3) + 1 ×  (3 × 5) + 3 × (1 × 2) + 1 × (2 × 3) + 2  6 + 1  15 + 3 2 + 1 6 + 2 
  = ×  × × 
3  5  2 3  3  5 2  3  3  5 2  3 
 9   9 
7  18 3  8  7  18
/ / × 3 8  7  9 × 3  8  7  27  8  7  27 8  7  27/ /× 8
= ×  ×  ×  = ×  × = ×   ×  = ×   ×  = × × = ×
3  5 2  3  3  5 × 2/  3  3  5 × 1  3  3  5  3  3  5 3  3  5 × 3/ 
 1    1 
 

24
7 9 × 8 7  72  7 72 7 × 72
// 7 × 24 168 3
= × = × = × = = = = 33
3  5 × 1  3  5  3 5 3/× 5 1× 5 5 5
1
1.
1 3
2 ÷1 =
(2 × 3) + 1 ÷ (1 × 5) + 3 = 6 + 1 ÷ 5 + 3 = 7 ÷ 8 = 7 × 5 = 7 × 5 = 35 = 1 11
3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 8 3× 8 24 24
2.
2 3
3 ÷1 =
(3 × 5) + 2 ÷ (1 × 8) + 3 = 15 + 2 ÷ 8 + 3 = 17 ÷ 11 = 17 × 8 = 17 × 8 = 136 = 2 26
5 8 5 8 5 8 5 8 5 11 5 × 11 55 55
 1 3 2  (3 × 2) + 1 ( 2 × 5) + 3  (1 × 5) + 2  6 + 1 10 + 3  5 + 2  7 13  7 7 5 7
3. 3 ÷ 2  ÷1 =  ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷ =  × ÷
 2 5 5  2 5  5  2 5  5 2 5 5  2 13  5
5
 7×5  7  35  7 35 7 35 5 / /× 5
35 5×5 25
=  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = × = = =
 2 × 13  5  26  5 26 5 26 7 26 × 7/ 26 × 1 26
1
4.
1  3 3
4 ÷ 2 ÷1  =
(4 × 3) + 1 ÷  (2 × 4) + 3 ÷ (1 × 5) + 3 = 12 + 1 ÷  8 + 3 ÷ 5 + 3 = 13 ÷  11 ÷ 8  = 13 ÷  11 × 5 
     
3  4 5 3  4 5  3  4 5  3  4 5 3  4 8
13  11 × 5  13  55  13 55 13 32 13 × 32 416 86
= ÷  = ÷  = ÷ = × = = = 2
3  4×8  3  32  3 32 3 55 3 × 55 165 165
 2 1 1  (3 × 3) + 2 ( 2 × 5) + 1 ( 2 × 2) + 1  9 + 2 10 + 1 4 + 1  11 11 5  11 5  5
5. 3 ÷ 2  ÷ 2 =  ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷ =  × ÷
 3 5 2  3 5  2  3 5  2  3 5  2  3 11 2
 1  1
 11
/ /× 5  5  1 × 5 5  5 5 5 5 5 2 5/ × 2 1× 2 2
=   ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = × = = =
 3 × 11
/ / 2  3 ×1  2  3  2 3 2 3 5 3 × 5/ 3 ×1 3
 1 1
 3 1 3  (1 × 4) + 3 ( 2 × 3) + 1 (1 × 5) + 3  4 + 3 6 + 1 5 + 3  7 7 8  7 3 8
6. 1 ÷ 2  ÷ 1 =  ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷ =  × ÷
 4 3 5  4 3  5  4 3  5  4 3  5  4 7 5
1 
 7/ × 3  8  1× 3 8  3 8 3 8 3 5 3×5 15
=   ÷ =  4 × 1 ÷ 5 =  4  ÷ 5 = 4 ÷ 5 = 4 × 8 = 4 × 8 = 32
 4 × 7/  5
 1
 2 1  1 3  ( 4 × 3) + 2 ( 2 × 4) + 1  ( 2 × 5) + 1 (1 × 4) + 3   12 + 2 8 + 1  10 + 1 4 + 3 
7. 4 ÷ 2  ÷ 2 ÷1  =  ÷  ÷ ÷  =  ÷  ÷ ÷ 
 3 4  5 4  3 4   5 4   3 4   5 4 
 14 9   11 7  14 4   11 4  14 × 4   11 × 4   56   44  56 44 56 35
=  ÷  ÷ ÷  =  ×  ÷ ×  =   ÷  =   ÷  = ÷ = ×
 3 4  5 4   3 9  5 7   3× 9   5× 7   27   35  27 35 27 44
14
56
/ / × 35 14 × 35 490 193
= = = = 1
27 × 44
// 27 × 11 297 297
11
 2 3  1 1  ( 4 × 3) + 2 ( 2 × 4) + 3   ( 2 × 5) + 1 (1 × 4) + 1  12 + 2 8 + 3   10 + 1 4 + 1
8. 4 ÷ 2  ÷ 2 ÷1  =  ÷  ÷ ÷  =  ÷  ÷ ÷ 
 3 4  5 4  3 4   5 4   3 4   5 4 
 14 11  11 5   14 4   11 4   14 × 4   11 × 4   56   44  56 44 56 25
=  ÷  ÷ ÷  =  ×  ÷ ×  =   ÷  =   ÷  = ÷ = ×
 3 4   5 4  3 11  5 5   3 × 11   5 × 5   33   25  33 25 33 44

14
/ / × 25
56 14 × 25 350
= = =
33 × 44
// 33 × 11 363
11
 2  1 1 3  (3 × 3) + 2  ( 2 × 3) + 1 (1 × 4) + 1  ( 2 × 5) + 3  9 + 2  6 + 1 4 + 1  10 + 3
9. 3 ÷  2 ÷ 1   ÷ 2 =  ÷ ÷  ÷ =  ÷ ÷  ÷
 3 3 4  5  3  3 4   5  3  3 4  5
11  7 5   13 11  7 4   13 11  7 × 4   13 11  28   13 11 28  13

=  ÷  ÷  ÷ =  ÷  ×  ÷ =  ÷  ÷ =  ÷   ÷ =  ÷ ÷
 3  3 4  5  3  3 5  5  3  3× 5 5  3  15   5  3 15  5
 5
11 15  13  11 × 15
/ /  13  11 × 5  13  55  13 55 13 55 5 55 × 5 275
=  × ÷ =   ÷ =   ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = × = =
 3 28  5 3 28
/× 5 1 × 28  5  28  5 28 5 28 13 28 × 13 364
 1 
 2 2  1 2  1  ( 4 × 5) + 2 (1 × 3) + 2  ÷  (3 × 5) + 1 ÷ (1 × 3) + 2   ÷ (2 × 3) + 1
10.  4 ÷ 1  ÷  3 ÷ 1   ÷ 2 =  ÷ 
 5
 3  5 3 3
  5 3   5 3   3
 20 + 2 3 + 2   15 + 1 3 + 2   6 + 1  22 5   16 5   7  22 3   16 3   7
=  ÷  ÷ ÷  ÷ =  ÷  ÷  ÷   ÷ =  ×  ÷  ×   ÷
 5 3   5 3  3  5 3   5 3   3  5 5   5 5   3
 33 1 
 22 × 3   16 × 3   7  66   48   7  66 48  7  66 25  7  66 // 7
/ / × 25  33 × 1  7
=   ÷   ÷ =   ÷    ÷ =  ÷  ÷ =  ×  ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷
 5 × 5   5 × 5   3  25   25   3  25 25  3  25 48  3  25
/ / × 48
/ /  3 1 × 24  3
 1 24 
1
 33  7 33 7 33 3 33 × 3/ 33 × 1 33
=  ÷ = ÷ = × = = =
 24  3 24 3 24 7 24
/ /× 7 8×7 56
8
 1 3 3  ( 4 × 2) + 1 ( 2 × 5) + 3  ( 2 × 4) + 3  8 + 1 10 + 3  8 + 3  9 13  11  9 5  11
1. 4 ÷ 2  × 2 =  ÷ × =  ÷ × =  ÷ × =  × ×
 2 5 4  2 5  4  2 5  4  2 5  4  2 13  4
 9 × 5  11  45  11 45 11 45 × 11 495 79
=  × =  × = × = = = 4
 2 × 13  4  26  4 26 4 26 × 4 104 104
2.
3  1 4
1 + 2 ÷1  =
(1 × 8) + 3 +  (2 × 5) + 1 ÷ (1 × 5) + 4  = 8 + 3 +  10 + 1 ÷ 5 + 4  = 11 +  11 ÷ 9  = 11 +  11 × 5 
       
8  5 5 8  5 5  8  5 5  8  5 5 8  5 9
 1
=
11  11 × 5/  11  11 × 1 11  11 11 11 (11 × 9) + (11 × 8) = 99 + 88 = 187 = 2 43
+  = +  = +  = + =
8  5/ × 9  8  1× 9  8  9 8 9 8×9 72 72 72
 1 
 3 1 2  (1 × 4) + 3 ( 2 × 3) + 1 (1 × 5) + 2  4 + 3 6 + 1 5 + 2  7 7 7  7 × 7 7
3. 1 × 2  ÷ 1 =  ×  ÷ =  × ÷ =  × ÷ =  ÷
 4 3 5  4 3  5  4 3  5  4 3 5  4 × 3 5
7
 49  7 49 7 49 5 / /× 5
49 7×5 35
=  ÷ = ÷ = × = = = = 2 11
 12  5 12 5 12 7 12 × 7/ 12 × 1 12 12
1
4.
 3 1 3  ( ) − ( ) 1 + (1 × 4) + 3 =
2 × 4 + 3 2 × 4 +  8 + 3 8 + 1 4 + 3  11 9  7  11 − 9  7
 2 − 2  + 1 =    − + =  − + =  +
 4 4 4  4 4  4  4 4  4  4 4 4  4  4
 2 7 2 7 2+7 9 1
=  + = + = = = 2
 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

5.
1  2 1
3 ÷ 4 +1  =
(3 × 5) + 1 ÷  (4 × 3) + 2 + (1 × 3) + 1 = 15 + 1 ÷  12 + 2 + 3 + 1 = 16 ÷  14 + 4  = 16 ÷  14 + 4 
       
5  3 3 5  3 3  5  3 3  5  3 3 5  3 
1 8
16  18  16 18 16 3 16 × 3/ 16 × 1 16
// 8
= ÷  = ÷ = × = = = =
5  3 5 3 5 18 5 × 18
// 5×6 30
// 15
6 15
 2 1  4 1  ( 2 × 3) + 2 (1 × 2) + 1  ( 2 × 5) + 4 (3 × 2) + 1  6 + 2 2 + 1  10 + 4 6 + 1
6. 2 ×1  + 2 × 3  =  ×  + ×  =  ×  + × 
 3 2   5 2   3 2   5 2   3 2   5 2 
 4 1  7 
 8 3   14 7 
=  ×  + ×  = 
/ / × 7
 8/ × 3/   14  4 × 1  7 × 7   4   49  4 49 (4 × 5) + (49 × 1)
 +  =   +  =   +  = + =
 3 2  5 2  3/× 2/   5 × 2/   1 × 1   5 × 1   1   5  1 5 1× 5
 1 1  1
20 + 49 69 4
= = = 13
5 5 5
 3 3  4 2  (3 × 4) + 3 ( 2 × 5) + 3   (1 × 5) + 4 (1 × 3) + 2   12 + 3 10 + 3   5 + 4 3 + 2 
7.  3 ÷ 2  ÷ 1 × 1  =  ÷  ÷ ×  =  ÷  ÷ × 
 4 5   5 3   4 5   5 3   4 5   5 3 
 3 1 25
 15 13   9 5   15 5   9/ × 5/   15 × 5   3 × 1  75   3  75 3 75 1 75
/ /× 1
=  ÷  ÷ ×  =  ×  ÷  =   ÷  =   ÷  = ÷ = × =
 4 5   5 3  4 13   5/× 3/   4 × 13   1 × 1   52   1  52 1 52 3 52 × 3/
 1 1 1
25 × 1 25
= =
52 × 1 52
 1 2  3 1  ( 2 × 8) + 1 (1 × 5) + 2   ( 2 × 5) + 3 ( 2 × 5) + 1  16 + 1 5 + 2   10 + 3 10 + 1
8. 2 ×1  ÷ 2 + 2  =  ×  ÷ +  =  ×  ÷ + 
 8 5   5 5   8 5   5 5   8 5   5 5 
1
 17 7   13 11  17 × 7   13 + 11  119   24  119 24 119 5 119 × 5/ 119 × 1
=  ×  ÷ +  =  ÷
   =  ÷
   = ÷ = × = =
 8 5  5 5   8×5   5   40   5  40 5 40 24 40
/ / × 24 8 × 24
8
119
=
192
 2 1   3 1  (1 × 3) + 2 (3 × 4) + 1  ( 2 × 5) + 3 (1 × 3) + 1  3 + 2 12 + 1  10 + 3 3 + 1
9. 1 + 3  ÷  2 − 1  =  +  ÷ −  =  +  ÷ − 
 3 4  5 3  3 4   5 3   3 4   5 3 
5 13   13 4  (5 × 4) + (13 × 3)   (13 × 3) − ( 4 × 5)   20 + 39   39 − 20   59   19  59 19
=  +  ÷ −  =   ÷  =   ÷  =   ÷  = ÷
3 4  5 3   3 × 4   5 × 3   12   15   12   15  12 15
5
59 15 59 × 15// 59 × 5 295 67
= × = = = = 3
12 19 12
/ / × 19 4 × 19 76 76
4
 1 2 2 1  (3 × 2) + 1 (1 × 3) + 2  (1 × 5) + 2  ( 2 × 3) + 1  6 + 1 3 + 2  5 + 2  6 + 1
10.  3 − 1  + 1  × 2 =  − + × =  − + ×
 2 3  5  3  2 3  5  3  2 3  5  3
 7 5 7 7  ( 7 × 3) − (5 × 2)  7 7  21 − 10  7 7  11 7 7 11 7 7
=  −  +  × =  +  × =  +  × =   + × =  + ×
 2 3  5  3  2×3  5  3  6  5 3  6 5 3 6 5  3
 (11 × 5) + ( 7 × 6)  7  55 + 42  7  97  7 97 7 97 × 7 679 49
=  × =   × =  30  × 3 = 30 × 3 = 30 × 3 = 90 = 7 90
 6×5  3  30  3  

41
1.
2 2
+ 0.01 = +
1
=
( 2 × 100) + (1 × 5)
=
200 + 5
=
205
///
=
41
5 5 100 5 × 100 500 500
/// 100
100
 2   10 
3 
2.
3 0.2
+
 3 0.2 
+1 =  + + 1 =  +
/// 1
10  + 1 =  3 + 2 × 100  + 1 =  3 + 200  3 10  1
+ =  + +
  
8 0.06  8 0.06  8 6 1  8 10 × 6  1 8 60
/ / 1 8 3  1
  


 100  3 
 (3 × 3) + (10 × 8)  1
= 
 9 + 80  1
 + = 
 89  1 89 1 (89 × 1) + (1 × 24) = 89 + 24 = 113 = 4 17
+ =  + = + =
 8 × 3  1  24  1  24  1 24 1 24 × 1 24 24 24
 15  3  15  15
3 
3. +
.
3 15
+
3  3 15
. 
=  + +
3
=  +
/ / /  30
10  + 1 =  3 + 15 × 10  + 3 × 10 =  3 + 150 +
//  3 15  15
=  + +
 
5 0.2 0.4  5 0.2  0.4  5 2 4  5 10 × 2  1 × 4  5 20 / /  4/ 5 2  2
 
 10  10 2  2
78
 (3 × 2) + (15 × 5) 
=   +
15  6 + 75  15
=  + =
 81 15
+ =
81 15
+ =
(81 × 2) + (15 × 10) = 162 + 150 = 312
///
=
78
  
 5× 2  2  10  2  10  2 10 2 10 × 2 20 20
// 5
5
3
= 15
5
8 2 5
 1 3  0.8  (1 × 4) + (3 × 2)  10  4 + 6  8 × 10  10  80 // // 2
10 5 2 (5 × 3) + (2 × 4)
4.  + + =   + =  + =  + = + = + =
 2 4  12 .  2 × 4  12  8  10 × 12  8  120
/ / / 8
/ 3 4 3 4×3
10 3 4
15 + 8 23 11
= = =1
12 12 12
2  11  2
3 0.2  3  0.2  55 3  10 / / 3  2 × 10
 55  11 3  20 //  11 3  2
5. 5.5 + + =  5.5 +  + =  + + =  + + =  + + =  + +
5 0.5  5  0.5  10 5  5  10
/ / 5  10 × 5  2 5  50
/ /  2 5 5
10  2  5
13
 (11 × 5) + (3 × 2)  2
=   + = 
 55 + 6  2
+ =
 61 2
+ =
61 2
+ =
(61 × 5) + (2 × 10) = 305 + 20 = 325 ///
=
13
  
 2 × 5  5  10  5  10  5 10 5 10 × 5 50 50
/ / 2
2
1
= 6
2
4 5 5
6.
 6 1 3  0.4  6 + 1 + 3  10
= 
 10  4 × 100
=  + =
/ / 400
10
+
/// 5 5
= + =
(5 × 1) + (5 × 4) = 5 + 20 = 25
 + + + +
 8 8 8  0.08  8  8  8  10 × 8 8/ 80
// 4 1 4 ×1 4 4
4 1
100
1
= 6
4
 2  1   2 
 3 0.2   1 1  3   1  3 2 × 10   1 × 10 1   3 20/ /   10 1 
7. 10 1
 +  + +  =  +  + +  =  +  + +  =  +  + + 
 4 01 .   01 . 5  4 1   1 5   4 10 × 1   1 × 1 5   4 10/ /   1 5
  1
10   10 
3 2  (10 × 5) + (1 × 1)   (3 × 1) + ( 2 × 4)   50 + 1  3 + 8   51  11 51 11 51
=  +  +   =   +   =   +  =   + = +
 4 1  1× 5   4 ×1   5   4   5  4 5 4 5

=
(11 × 5) + (51 × 4) =
55 + 204
=
259
= 12
19
4×5 20 20 20
4 1
0.04  4 100  22 4  4 × 10  ( 22 × 5) + ( 4 × 10)  40
//  110 + 40  1  150 
8. +  2.2 +  = + +  = +   = 1200
 +  = + 
12
.  5 12  10 5  100 × 12  10 × 5  / / / /  50  30  50 
10 30
3
=
1 150
+
///
=
1 3
+ =
(1 × 1) + (3 × 30) = 1 + 90 = 91 = 3 1
30 50 // 30 1 30 × 1 30 30 30
1
 1 5  5 25 
 1 5  1 5   (1 × 3) + (5 × 4)   1 1
  3 + 20   1 × 10 5 × 10   23   10
/ / 50//
9.  +  + +  = 
 
 +  +  =  +
  +  = +
   + 
 4 3   0.4 0.2   4×3   4 2

 12   1 × 4 1× 2   12   4/ 2/ 
 10 10   2 1
=
23  5 25 
+ +  =
23  (5 × 1) + ( 25 × 2) 
 =
23  5 + 50  23  55  23 55 (23 × 2) + (55 × 12)
+   +  = +  = + =
12  2 1  12  2 ×1  12  2  12  2  12 2 12 × 2
353
46 + 660 706
/// 353 5
= = = = 29
24 24
/ / 12 12
12
 2   5 
 1 3   0.2   (1 × 2) + (3 × 4)   10 2  2 + 12   2 × 100 2   14   200
/ / / 2
10.  +  +  + 2 = 
  + 4 + 1 =  8  +  10 × 4 + 1  =  8  +  40
   + 
 4 2   0.04  4×2    // 1
   1 
 100 
7
=
/ /  5 2
14 7  5 + 2
+ +  = +
7  7 7 7 (7 × 1) + (7 × 4) = 7 + 28 = 35 = 8 3
 = +  = + =
8/  1 1  4  1  4  1  4 1 4 ×1 4 4 4
4
12 2
1.
3 012
−
.
= −
3 100 3 12 × 10
= −
3 120
= −
///
=
3 2
− =
(3 × 5) − (2 × 8) = 15 − 16 = − 1
8 0.3 8 3 8 100 × 3 8 300
/// 8 5 8×5 40 40
5
10
 3   3 2
0.3 4  0.3 4   4 3  3 × 10 4  3 / / 4/  3
 30  3 2 3
2. − −3 =  −  −3 =  10 − − = − − =  − − =  − −

0.5 6  0.5 6   5 6 1

 10 × 5 6  1  50
/ / 6
/  1  5 3 1
 10   5 3
= 
 (3 × 3) − ( 2 × 5)  3  9 − 10  3
 − = 
 −1 3 1 3 ( −1 × 1) − (3 × 15) = −1 − 45 = −46 = − 3 1 
− =  − = − − =  
 5 × 3  1  15  1  15  1 15 1 15 × 1 15 15  15 
5 2
3.
 5 1
. = 
 5 − 1 125  4  125
=  −
/// 4/ 5
= − = − =
2 5 (2 × 4) − (5 × 3) = 8 − 15 = − 7
 −  − 125 −
 6 6  6  100  6  100
/// 6/ 4 3 4 3× 4 12 12
4 3
 1   1 
 5 0.01 3 5
100
 3  5 1 × 10  3  5 10 //  3 5 1  3  (5 × 40) − (1 × 2)  3
4.  − − =  − − =  − − =  −  − =  −  − =   −
 2 0.4  5  2 4  5  2 100 × 4  5  2 400 /// 5  2 40  5  2 × 40  5
  40 
10 
99 15
= 
 200 − 2  3  198  3 198
/// 3 99 3 (99 × 5) − (3 × 40) = 495 − 120 = 375 /// 15 7
− =  − = − = − = = = 1
 80  5  80  5 80
// 5 40 5 40 × 5 200 200
/// 8 8
40 8
1
3 1  3 1  3 1  2/  (3 × 3) − (1 × 4)  1  9 − 4 1  5 1 5 1
5. − − 0.2 =  −  − 0.2 =  −  − =   − =  − =  − = −
4 3  4 3   4 3 10  //  4×3  5  12  5  12  5 12 5
5

=
(5 × 5) − (1 × 12) =
25 − 12
=
13
12 × 5 60 60
9
5  1  5  1 1  5  (1 × 100) − (1 × 10)  5  100 − 10  5  90  5 90
//
6. −  − 0.01 = −  −  = −   = −   = −  = −
6  10  6  10 100  6  10 × 100  6  1000  6  1000  6 1000
////
100
223
= −
5 9
=
(5 × 100) − (9 × 6) = 500 − 54 = 446 ///
=
223
6 100 6 × 100 600 600
/// 300
300
4 4
2 0.4  2  0.4  85 2  10  85 − 2  4 × 10  83  40// 83 4
7. 8.5 − − =  8.5 −  − =  − − =  − =  − = −
10 0.5  10  0.5  10 10  5  10  10 × 5  10  50// 10 5
10 5
15
=
(83 × 5) − (4 × 10) = 415 − 40 = 375 ///
=
15
= 7
1
10 × 5 50 50
// 2 2
2
25
 3 2 125  3 2  / / /  (3 × 3) − ( 2 × 7) 
125 25  9 − 14  25  −5  25 −5 25 5
8. 12.5 −  −  = − −  = −  = −  = −  = − = +
 7 3 10  7 3  / / 
10 7×3  2  21  2  21  2 21 2 21
2
=
(25 × 21) + (5 × 2) =
525 + 10
=
535
= 12
31
2 × 21 42 42 42
2  1 1  5
0.2  01
. 01
. 10

10 10
 2 × 100  1 × 1 1×1  ///  1
200 1 5  (1 × 40) − (1 × 20) 
9. − −  = − −  = − −  = − −  = −  
0.04  2 4  4  2 4  10 × 4  10 × 2 10 × 4  40
/ /  20 40  1  20 × 40 
1
100  1 1 
1
5  40 − 20 
= −
5  20  5 20// 5 1 (5 × 40) − (1 × 1) = 200 − 1 = 199 = 4 39
 = −  = − = − =
1  800  1  800  1 800
/// 1 40 1 × 40 40 40 40
40
 4   10 
 8 4   0.4 2   8 − 4   10 2  4   4 × 100 2  4  400
/// 2 4  10 2 
10.  −  −  −  =   −  −  =   − −  = − − = − − 
 3 3   012
. 3  3   12 3  3   10 × 12 3  3  120
/// 3  3  3 3
   3 
 100 
4  10 − 2  4  8 4 8 4−8 −4  1
= −  = −  = − = = = − 1 
3  3  3  3 3 3 3 3  3

5 1
3 0.05 3 100 3 5 × 10 3 50 // 3 1 3×1 3
1. × = × = × = × = × = =
5 01 . 5 1 5 100 × 1 5 100 /// 5 2 5×2 10
2
10
22 220 11
0.22 1 5 100 1 5 22 × 1000 1 5 22000
///// 1 5 220 1 5 × 220
/ / /×1
2. 5× × = × × = × × = × × = × × =
0.001 100 1 1 100 1 100 × 1 100 1 100
/// 100 1 1 100 1 × 1 × 100
///
1 5
1000
11
5 × 11 × 1 55
// 11
= = = = 11
1×1× 5 5/ 1
1
 1 1 5 1
2  10  2 4  10  2/ × 4/  10 //  1×1  5  1 5 1 5 1× 5 5/ 1
3.  × 0.4 × =  × × =   × 2/ =  2 × 5  × 1 =  10  × 1 = 10 × 1 = 10 × 1 = 10 =
8  2  8 10  2  8
/ × 10
/ /  / / 2
2 5  1 2

2  5  50  50 
 
4.
2  0.5 1 
× ×  = 1 ×  10 × 1  = 2 × 100 ×  5 × 100 × 1  = 200
/ / /  500
×
/ / / 1
× =
50  50 1 
× × 
   10
0.04  0.01 4  4  1 4 1× 4  10 × 1 4  4/  // 4  1  1 4
 1  1 
100  100 
 25  25
50  50
/ / × 1 50  25 × 1 50  25  50 25 / / × 25
50 25 × 25 625
= × = ×  = ×  = × = = = = 625
1  1 × 4/  1  1× 2  1  2  1 2 1 × 2
/ 1×1 1 ×1
 2 1
3 1 1 30
5 3 5 8 1 5 8 3 × 100 5 8 300 5/ × 8/ × 300
/// 1 × 1 × 30 30
5. × 0.8 × = × × = × × = × × = = = = 30
8 0.05 8 10 5 8 10 1× 5 8 10 5 8/ × 10
/ / × 5/ 1×1×1 1
1 1 1
100
5   1 
6.  × 0 ×  0.3 ×  = 0
3   0.03 
 1 3  1 
7  1 0.3  7  1 10
 7  1 × 10 3 × 1  7  10 3  7  10
/ /× 3  7  1× 3
7. × ×  = × ×  = × ×  = ×  ×  = × = × 
3  0.7 5  3  7 5 3  1 × 7 10 × 5  3  7 50  / / 
3  7 × 50 3  7 × 5
   5
 10 1 
1 1
7  3 7 3 7/ × 3/ 1×1 1
= ×  = × = = =
3  35  3 35 3/× 35
// 1× 5 5
1 5
 10   1 
 5 1  10   5 × 1  3 1
  5   3 10 × 10  5  3 100  5  3 × 100
///
8.  ×  ×  0.03 ×  =   × ×  =   × ×  = × ×  = ×
 1 3  0.2   1 × 3   100 2   3   100 1× 2  3  100 2  / / / × 2 
3  100
   1 
 10 
1
5  3 × 1 5  3 5 3 5 × 3/ 5 ×1 5 1
= ×  = ×  = × = = = = 2
3  1× 2 3  2 3 2 3/× 2 1× 2 2 2
1
3 10 1 10 1
4 0.3 10 4 10 4 4 3 × 1 10 × 10 4 4 3 100 4 4 × 3/× 100
/ / / × 4/
9. × × × 0.4 = × × 1 × = × × × = × × × =
3 2 01 . 3 2 1 10 3 10 × 2 1×1 10 3 20 1 10 3/× 20
/ / × 1 × 10//
1 5 1
1 10
8
4 × 1 × 10 × 1 40
// 8
= = = = 8
1× 5 ×1×1 5/ 1
1
 1   1
3   8 1  3 2  2 8 
1  =  3 × 2/  ×  2 × 8 × 1 × 100  =  3 × 1  ×  2 × 8 × 100 
10.  × 0.2 ×  2 × ×  =  ×  ×  × ×  8/ × 10   1 6     
8   6 0.04   8 10   1 6 4    1× 4   4 × 10   1 6 4 
  4 
 100 
1 2  1 5
 3   2/ × 8/ × 100  3  1 × 2 × 100  3  200  3 200 3/× 200
/// 1× 5 5
=   × = ×  = ×  = × = = = = 5
 40   1 × 6/ × 4/  40  1 × 3 × 1  40  3  40 3 40
/ / × 3/ 1×1 1
 3 1  1 1

4 1
5 0.4 5 10 5 4 × 10 5 40// 5 1 5 3 5×3 15 3
1. ÷ = ÷ = ÷ = ÷ = ÷ = × = = = 3
4 12 . 4 12 4 10 × 12 4 120
/// 4 3 4 1 4 ×1 4 4
3
10
1
5 2 5 2 8 2/ × 8 1× 8 8
2. 0.2 ÷ = ÷ = × = = =
8 10 8 10 5 10
/ /× 5 5×5 25
5

 1  3
 1   1 6  1 × 10 1 6/  10 1 3  10 1 3  10 × 1 3  10  3
3. = 1 = =  ÷ ÷ =  × ÷ = 
 ÷ 1 ÷ 0.6  ÷  ÷  ÷  ÷ ÷ =  ÷
 01
.   1 1 10  1 × 1 1 10 //  1 1 5  1 1 5  1×1  5  1 5
 10  5
10 3 10 5 10 × 5 50 2
= ÷ = × = = = 16
1 5 1 3 1× 3 3 3
2  3 1 2
 9 3  0.2  9 8  10  9/ × 8/  2 × 10  3 × 1 20  3  20 // 3 2 3 3 3× 3
4.  ÷ ÷ = =  × ÷ = =   ÷ 10 × 3 = =  1 × 1  ÷ 30 = =  1  ÷ 30 = = ÷ = × =
 8 8  0.3  8 3 3  8/ × 3/  / / 1 3 1 2 1× 2
 1 1 3
10
9 1
= = 4
2 2
 1   25 
 1 1  1 5  1 × 100 1  5 / / / 1 5
 100  25 1  5  25 2 5
5. ÷  ÷5 =  1 ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷ =  ×
 ÷
 0.04 2   4 2 1  1× 4 2  1  4
/ 2  1  1 2  1  1 1 1
  1 
 100 
10
 25 × 2  5  50  5 50 5 50 1 50
/ /×1 10 × 1 10
=  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = × = = = = 10
 1×1  1  1 1 1 1 1 5 1 × 5/ 1×1 1
1
 5
4  2 4 3 2  4 10  2  4 × 10
// 2  4 × 5 2  20  2 20 2 20 9
6.  ÷ 0.3 ÷ =  ÷ ÷ =  × ÷ =  6/ × 3  ÷ 9 =  3 × 3  ÷ 9 =  9  ÷ 9 = 9 ÷ 9 = 9 × 2
6  9  6 10  9 6 3 9  
 3 
10 1
/ / × 9/
20 10 × 1 10
= = = = 10
9/ × 2/ 1×1 1
1 1
 8   1 1  1
 0.8  5  2  5  8 × 10 2  5  80
// 2/  5/ 1 1  1
7. ÷ 0.02 ÷ =  10 ÷ ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷
 ÷
 2.4  10  24 100  10  10 × 24 100  10  240
/ / / 100
/ / /  10
/ /  3 50  2
 10   3 50  2
1 50  1  1 × 50  1  50  1 50 1 50 2 50 × 2 100 1
=  × ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = × = = = 33
3 1 2  3×1  2  3 2 3 2 3 1 3×1 3 3
 1 5  1
 2 1  4 2 1  4 10  1  4/ × 10
/ /  1  1× 5  1  5 1 5/ 1
8.  0.04 ÷  ÷ =  ÷ ÷ =  × ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷
 10  5  100 10  5  100 2  5 / / / × 2/  5  25 × 1 5
 100  25  5 // 5
25
 25 1  5
1
1 1 1 5 1× 5 5/ 1
= ÷ = × = = = = 1
5 5 5 1 5 ×1 5/ 1
1
1  1
 1 1 2  1 4 2/  1 × 4/  1  1×1 1  1 1 1 1 2 2
9. 0.2 ÷  ÷  = ÷ ×  = ÷ = ÷  = ÷  = ÷ = × =
 8 4 10  8 1  / /  8/ × 1 
10 5  2 × 1 5  2 5 2 5 1 5
5 2 
 1   1
 1 4  01
.   1 5  2 10
  1 × 5/   2 1 × 100   1 × 1   2 100 
10.  ÷  ÷  0.2 ÷  =  ×  ÷ ÷  =  ÷ ÷  =   ÷ ÷ 
 5 5  0.04   5 4   10 4   5/ × 4   10 10 × 4   1 × 4   10 40 
   1 
 100 
 1 10  25
 1  2 40   1   2/ × 40 //  1  1 × 10  1  10  1 10 1 125 1 × 125
/// 1 × 25
=   ÷ ×  =    ÷ = ÷   = ÷   = ÷ = × = =
 4   10 100   4   10 / / / 
/ / × 100 4  5 × 25  4  125  4 125 4 10 4 × 10
// 4×2
 5 25  2

25 1
= = 3
8 8
7 2 5
 1 3  0.7  (1 × 2) + (3 × 4)  10  2 + 12  7 × 1  14  7 14 7 14 20 14
/ / × 20// 2×5
1.  + ÷ =   ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = × = =
 4 2 2  4×2  2  8  10 × 2  8  20 8 20 8 7 8/ × 7/ 2 ×1
2 1
1
5
10
// 5
= = = 5
2/ 1
1
 2   1 
 0.2  1 
10 2 1  2 × 10 2  1  20/ / 2 1  1 2 1  (1 × 1) + ( 2 × 7)  1
2.  + 2 × =  + × =  + × =  +  × =  +  × =   ×
 14
.  4  14 1  4  10 × 14 1  4  140
/ / / 1  4  7 1  4  7 ×1  4
 10   7 
 1 + 14  1  15  1 15 1 15 × 1 15
=  × =  × = × = =
 7  4  7 4 7 4 7×4 28
 1 1
1  1 1 5  1  1 × 5/  1  1×1  1  1 1 1 1 1+1 2/ 1
3.  × 0.5 + =  ×  + = +
 5/ × 10  10 =   + =   + = + = = =
5  10  5 10  10    1 × 10  10  10  10 10 10 10 10
/ / 5
1  5
1 1
 3 2  01 .  (3 × 3) + ( 2 × 5)  10  9 + 10  1 × 10  19  10 19 10 19 × 10// 19 × 1
4.  + × =   × =  × =  × = × = =
 5 3  15 .  5 × 3  15  15  10 × 15  15  150 15 150 15 × 150
/ / / 15 × 15
15
10
19
=
225
28 70 2 1
 5 1  2.8  5 − 1 10  4  28 × 100 4 2800
//// 4 70 4 3 4/ × 3/ 2 ×1 2
5.  −  ÷ =   ÷ =   ÷ = ÷ = ÷ = × = = =
 3 3  012.  3  12  3  10 × 12 3 120/// 3 3 3 70 3/× 70
// 1 × 35 35
3 1 35
100
5 3 1 1
 3  0.05  3 4  100  3 × 4  5 × 10  12  50 12
/ / 50// 3 1 3 2 3 × 2/ 3×1
6.  × 4 ÷ =  × ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = ÷ = × = =
8  01 .  8 1 1  8 × 1  100 × 1  8  100 8/ 100
/// 2 2 2 1 2/ × 1 1×1
2 2 1
10
3
= = 3
1
 3   1 
 0.3 1  1  1 2 1  3 × 10 1 2 1  30 1 2  1  30
/ /×1× 2  1
7. × × 2 ÷ =  10 × × ÷ = 
 × × ÷ =  × × ÷ =  ÷
 2.4 3  4  24 3 1  4  10 × 24 3 1 4  240 3 1  4 / / / × 3 × 1 4
 240
 10   8 
 1 1
 1 × 1 × 2/  1  1×1×1  1  1 1 1 1 1 4 1 × 4/ 1×1 1
=   ÷ 4 =  4 × 3 × 1 ÷ 4 =  12  ÷ 4 = 12 ÷ = × = = =
 8
/ × 3 × 1  4 12 1 12
/ /×1 3×1 3
4  3
 1   1 
3 
8.
. 
 3 01 10  + 400 =  3 × 1 × 10  + 400 =  3 × 10  + 400 =  3 × 10
/ /  400  3 × 1  400
 ×  + 400 =  ×      5 × 440 + =  +
 5 4.4   5 44  1  5 10 × 44  1  5 440  1  / / /  1  5 × 44  1
  44 
 10 
= 
 3  400
=
3
+
400
=
(3 × 1) + (400 × 220) = 3 + 88000 = 88003 = 400 3
+
 220  1 220 1 220 × 1 220 220 220

 5 
 1 2   0.5 1   (1 × 3) + ( 2 × 4)   10 1   3 + 8   5 × 100 1   11   500 1 
9.  +  × ×  =   ×  ×  =   × ×  =   × × 
 4 3   0.02 5   4×3   2 5

 12   10 × 2 5   12   20 5 
 100 
 25  5
11  500
/ / / × 1 11  25 × 1 11  25  11 25 11 × 25
// 11 × 5 55 7
= ×  = ×  = ×   = × = = = = 4
12  20
/ /× 5  12  1 × 5  12  5  12 5 12 × 5/ 12 × 1 12 12
 1  1
 2   1  
 5 0.2  4  3  5  4 3
10.  ×  ÷  + =  × 10  ÷  + =  5 × 2 × 10  ÷ 4  + 3 =  5 × 20  ÷ 4  + 3 =  5 × 20
/  4 3
÷ +
12  9  2        3 × 120
/ / /  9  2
 3 12
.  9 2  3   3 10 × 12  9  2  3 120  9  2  
 6 
10    
 1
 5 × 1  4  3  5  4  3  5 4 3  5 9 3  5 × 9/  + 3 =  5 × 1  + 3 =  5  + 3
=   ÷  + =   ÷  + =  ÷  + =  ×  + =  2 × 4 2 8 2
 3 × 6  9  2  18  9  2 18 9  2 18 4  2 / /× 4 2
18    
 2 
17
5 3
= + =
( 5 × 2) + (3 × 8)
=
10 + 24
=
34
//
=
17
= 2
1
8 2 8×2 16 16
// 8 8
8

3
2 1 2 ( 2 × 3) + 1 2 6 +1 2 7 2+7 9/ 3
1. +2 = + = + = + = = = = 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3/ 1
1
1 1 5  1 1 5  (1 × 3) + 1 ( 2 × 5) + 1 5  3 + 1 10 + 1 5  4 11 5
2. 1 + 2 + = 1 + 2  + =  +  + =  + + =  + +
3 5 6  3 5 6  3 5  6  3 5  6 3 5 6
131
 ( 4 × 5) + (11 × 3)  5
= 
 20 + 33  5
+ =  + =
 53  5
+ =
53 5
+ =
(53 × 6) + (5 × 15) = 318 + 75 = 393
///
=
131
  
 3 × 5  6  15  6  15  6 15 6 15 × 6 90 90
/ / 30
30
11
= 4
30
1 1  1 1  (1 × 5) + 1 ( 2 × 3) + 1 4  5 + 1 6 + 1 4  6 7 4
3. 1 + 2 + 4 = 1 + 2  + 4 =  + + =  + + =  + +
5 3  5 3  5 3  1  5 3  1  5 3 1
 ( 6 × 3) + ( 7 × 5)  4
= 
 18 + 35  4
+ = 
 53  4 53 4 (53 × 1) + (4 × 15) = 53 + 60 = 113 = 7 8
+ =  + = + =
 5×3  1  15  1  15  1 15 1 15 × 1 15 15 15
3  1 1 3  (1 × 4) + 1 ( 2 × 3) + 1 3  4 + 1 6 + 1 3  5 7 3  (5 × 3) + ( 7 × 4) 
4. + 1 + 2  = +  +  = + +  = + +  = + 
4  4 3 4  4 3  4  4 3  4  4 3 4  4×3 
13
3  15 + 28 
= +
3  43  3 43 ( 3 × 12) + ( 43 × 4) 36 + 172 208
/// 13 1
 = +  = + = = = = = 4
4  12  4  12  4 12 4 × 12 48 48
// 3 3
3
 1 3  ( 2 × 6) + 1 3  12  12 + 1 3  12  13 3  12  (13 × 8) + ( 3 × 6)  12
5.  2 +  + 12 =  + + =  + + =  + + =   +
 6 8  6 8  1  6 8 1  6 8  1  6×8  1
61
 104 + 18  12
= 
 122  12
=  =
122
/ / / 12
+ =
61 12
+ =
( 61 × 1) + (12 × 24) = 61 + 288 = 349 = 14 13
+ +
 48  1  48  1 48
// 1 24 1 24 × 1 24 24 24
24
 1 1 4  (3 × 5) + 1 ( 2 × 2) + 1 4  15 + 1 4 + 1 4  16 5  4  (16 × 2) + (5 × 5)  4
6. 3 + 2  + =  + + =  + + =  + + =  +
 5 2 5  5 2  5  5 2  5  5 2 5  5× 2  5
13
 32 + 25  4
= 
 57  4 57 4 ( 57 × 5) + ( 4 × 10) 285 + 40 325
/// 13 1
+ =  + = + = = = = = 6
 10  5  10  5 10 5 10 × 5 50 50
// 2 2
2
7.
3  2 4 1
1 + + +  =
(1 × 5) + 3 +  2 + 4 + 1 = 5 + 3 +  7  = 8 + 7 = (8 × 3) + (7 × 5) = 24 + 35 = 59 = 3 14
   
5  3 3 3 5  3  5  3 5 3 5×3 15 15 15
8.
1  1 
3 +  2 + 5 =
(3 × 4) + 1 +  (2 × 2) + 1 + 5  = 12 + 1 +  4 + 1 + 5  = 13 +  5 + 5  = 13 +  (5 × 1) + (5 × 2) 
   
4  2  4  2 1 4  2 1 4  2 1 4  2 ×1 
43
=
13  5 + 10  13  15  13 15 (13 × 2) + (15 × 4) 26 + 60 86
// 43 3
+  = +  = + = = = = = 10
4  2  4  2 4 2 4×2 8 8/ 4 4
4

2
1 1 4  1 ( 2 × 3) + 1 4/  1 6 + 1 2  1 7 2  1+ 7 2  8 2 8 2 8+2
9.  + 2  + =  +  + =  + + =  + + =  + =  + = + =
3 3 6 3 3  6/ 3 3  3  3 3 3  3  3  3 3 3 3 3
3
10 1
= = 3
3 3
 4 1 1
10.  + 2  + 1  + 22 =  +
 4 (2 × 3) + 1 + (1 × 3) + 1  + 22  4
=  +
6 + 1 3 + 1 22  4
=  +  +  +
7 4 22
 + +
 5 3 3  5 3  3  1  5 3  3  1  5 3  3  1
 ( 4 × 3) + ( 7 × 5)  4  22  12 + 35  4  22  47  4  22  47 4  22
=   +  + =  + + =   + + =  + +
 5×3  3  1  15  3 1  15  3 1  15 3  1
 ( 47 × 3) + ( 4 × 15)  22
= 
141 + 60  22
= 
 201  22
=  =
201 22
=
(201 × 1) + (22 × 45) = 201 + 990
+  +  + +
 15 × 3  1  45  1  45  1 45 1 45 × 1 45
397
1191
//// 397 7
= = = 26
45
// 15 15
15
11
1.
2 1
5 − =
( 5 × 3) + 2 1
− =
15 + 2 1
− =
17 1
− =
(17 × 6) − (1 × 3)
=
102 − 3
=
99
//
=
11
= 5
1
3 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3× 6 18 18
// 2 2
2
1 2 5  1 2 5  ( 7 × 2) + 1 2  (1 × 8) + 5  14 + 1 2  8 + 5  15 2  13
2. 7 − −1 = 7 −  −1 =  − − =  − − =  − −
2 3 8  2 3 8  2 3 8  2 3 8  2 3 8
125
= 
 (15 × 3) − ( 2 × 2)  13
− = 
 45 − 4  13  41 13
=  − =
41 13
− =
( 41 × 8) − (13 × 6)
=
328 − 78
=
250
///
=
125
−
 2×3  8  6  8  6  8 6 8 6×8 48 48
// 24
24
5
= 5
24
−14
2 5 1 2 (3 × 6) + 5 (1 × 6) + 1 2 18 + 5 6 + 1 2 23 7 2 − 23 − 7 −28
// −14  2
3. − 3 −1 = − − = − − = − − = = = = − 4 
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6/ 3  3
3
2 1  2 1  ( 6 × 3) + 2 (1 × 2) + 1 5  18 + 2 2 + 1 5  20 3  5
4. 6 − 1 − 5 =  6 − 1  − 5 =  −  − =  − − =  − −
3 2  3 2  3 2  1  3 2  1  3 2 1
 ( 20 × 2) − (3 × 3)  5
= 
 40 − 9  5
 − = 
 31 5 31 5 (31 × 1) − (5 × 6) = 31 − 30 = 1
− =  − = − =
 3× 2  1  6  1  6 1 6 1 6 ×1 6 6
 1 3  ( 4 × 3) + 1 3  12  12 + 1 3  12  13 3  12  (13 × 5) − (3 × 3)  12
5.  4 −  − 12 =  − − =  − − =  − − =  −
 3 5  3 5 1  3 5  1  3 5  1  3× 5  1
 65 − 9  12
= 
 56  12
=  − =
56 12
=
(56 × 1) − (12 × 15) = 56 − 180 = −124 =  4 
− − − 8 
 15  1  15  1 15 1 15 × 1 15 15  15 
2 3 1  2 3 1  (1 × 3) + 2 3  1  3 + 2 3 1  5 3 1  (5 × 5) − (3 × 3)  1
6. 1 − − = 1 −  − =  − − =  −  − =  −  − =   −
3 5 4  3 5 4  3 5  4  3 5  4  3 5  4  3× 5  4
 25 − 9  1
= 
 16  1 16 1 (16 × 4) − (1 × 15) = 64 − 15 = 49
− =  − = − =
 15  4  15  4 15 4 15 × 4 60 60

1
7.
1  3 1
7 − −  =
(7 × 3) + 1 −  3 − 1 = 21 + 1 −  2  = 22 − 2/ = 22 − 1 = (22 × 2) − (1 × 3) = 44 − 3 = 41 = 6 5
   
3  4 4 3  4  3  4 3 4/ 3 2 3× 2 6 6 6
2
2 1 3  2 (1 × 2) + 1 3  2 2 + 1 3  2 3 3  ( 2 × 2) − (3 × 5)  3  4 − 15  3
8.  −1  − =  − − =  − − =  − − =  − =  −
5 2 4 5 2  4 5 2  4  5 2 4  5× 2  4  10  4
−37
 −11 3
= 
11 3 ( −11 × 4) − (3 × 10) −44 − 30 −74// −37  17 
− = − − = = = = = − 1 
 10  4 10 4 10 × 4 40 40
/ / 20  20 
20
 5  1  (3 × 6) + 5 8  (1 × 6) + 1  18 + 5 8  6 + 1  23 8  7  ( 23 × 1) − (8 × 6)  7
9.  3 − 8 − 1 =  −  − =  − − =  −  − =   −
 6  6  6 1  6  6 1  6  6 1  6  6 ×1  6
−16
 23 − 48  7  −25  7 25 7 −25 − 7 −/32/ 16  1
=   − =   − = − − = = = − = − 5 
 6  6  6  6 6 6 6 6/ 3  3
3
 2 1
  3
 1  ( 4 × 3) + 2 1   (3 × 3) − (1 × 4)   12 + 2 1   9 − 4   14 1   5 
10.  4 −  −  −  =  −  −  =  −  −  =  −  − 
 3 6 4 3  3 6  4×3   3 6   12   3 6   12 
27
 (14 × 6) − (1 × 3)  5
=   −
 84 − 3  5
= 
 81 5
=  − =
// 5
81
− =
27 5
− =
(27 × 12) − (5 × 6) = 324 − 30
−
 3× 6  12  18  12  18  12 18
/ / 12 6 12 6 × 12 72
6
49
294
/// 49 1
= = = 4
72
// 12 12
12
1
2 1 2 (1 × 4) + 1 2 4 +1 2 5 2/ × 5 1× 5 5
1. ×1 = × = × = × = = =
8 4 8 4 8 4 8 4 8 × 4/ 8×2 16
2
1 1
2.
1
2 ×5 ×
1 3
=
( 2 × 5) + 1 (5 × 3) + 1 3
× × =
10 + 1 15 + 1 3
× × =
11 16 3
× × =
11
/ /× 16 × 3/
=
1 × 16 × 1
=
16
5 3 11 5 3 11 5 3 11 5 3 11 5 × 3/× 11
// 5 ×1×1 5
1 1
1
= 3
5
 1 1 3  (1 × 3) + 1 ( 2 × 3) + 1 3  (1 × 3) + 1 ( 2 × 3) + 1 3  3 + 1 6 + 1 3  4 7 3
3. 1 × 2  × =  × × =  × × =  × × =  × ×
 3 3 8  3 3  8  3 3  8  3 3  8  3 3 8
7 1
 4 × 7 3  28  3 28 3 / / × 3/
28 7 ×1 7 1
=  × =  × = × = = = =1
 3× 3 8  9 8 9 8 9/ × 8/ 3× 2 6 6
3 2
 1  1
5 1  3 4   5 (1 × 3) + 1  3 × 4/   5 3 + 1  3 × 1  5 4  3   5 × 4/  3
4.  ×1  ×  ×  =  ×  ×  =  ×  ×  =  ×  ×  =  ×
8 3   8 5  8 3   8/ × 5   8 3   2×5  8 3   10   8/ × 3  10
2  2 
1 1
 5 ×1 3  5 3 5 3 5/ × 3/ 1×1 1
=   × =   × = × = = =
 2 × 3  10  6  10 6 10 6/ × 10
// 2×2 4
2 2
 1 1
 1 2 15  (5 × 2) + 1 2  15  10 + 1 2  15  11 2  15  11
/ /× 2/  15  1 × 1
5. 15 ×  5 ×  = ×  ×  = × ×  = × ×  = × = × 
 2 11 1  2 11 1  2 11 1  2 11 / / 
1  2/ × 11 1  1 × 1
1 1 

15  1 15 1 15 × 1 15
= ×  = × = = = 15
1  1 1 1 1×1 1
 1 1  1 2   (1 × 4) + 1 ( 2 × 3) + 1  (1 × 5) + 1 2  4 + 1 6 + 1  5 + 1 2 
6. 1 × 2  × 1 ×  =  ×  × ×  =  ×  × × 
 4 3  5 7   4 3   5 7  4 3   5 7
1 1
5 7 6 2 5 × 7  6 × 2  35   12  35 12 / / × 12
35 // 1×1 1
=  ×  × ×  =  ×
   =    × = × = = = = 1
4 3 5 7 4 × 3  5 × 7   12   35  12 35 / / × 35
12 // 1×1 1
1 1
1  1 
 3 1  2 1  5 3 1   2 ( 2 × 2) + 1  5/ × 3 × 1   2 5   1 × 3 × 1   2/ × 5 
7.  5 × × ×
  × 2  =  × ×  ×  ×  = × ×
 1 × 5/ × 4   3 2  =   ×
 5 4  3 2  1 5 4   3 2 
    1 × 1 × 4   3 × 2/ 
 1   1
1
 3  1 × 5 3  5 3 5 3/× 5 1× 5 5 1
=   ×  = ×  = × = = = =1
 4   3 × 1 4  3  4 3 4 × 3
/ 4 × 1 4 4
1
8.
1 3 4
2 ×  ×1  =
(2 × 3) + 1 ×  3 × (1 × 7) + 4  = 6 + 1 ×  3 × 7 + 4  = 7 ×  3 × 11 = 7 ×  3 × 11 = 7 ×  33 
8         
3 8 7 3  7  3 8 7  3 8 7 3  8×7 3  56 
1 11
7 33 7/ × 33
// 1 × 11 11 3
= × = = = =1
3 56 3/× 56
// 1× 8 8 8
1 8
1 1 1
9.
1 2 1 5
1 × × × =
(1 × 5) + 1 × 2 × 1 × 5 = 5 + 1 × 2 × 1 × 5 = 6 × 2 × 1 × 5 = 6/ × 2/ × 1 × 5/ = 1 × 1 × 1 × 1 = 1
5 3 6 4 5 3 6 4 5 3 6 4 5 3 6 4 5/ × 3 × 6/ × 4/ 1× 3 ×1× 2 6
1 1 2
1 2 5  1 
10. 3 ×  × × 1 × 0  = 0
3 3 2  5 

2
1.
1 5
2 ÷ =
( 2 × 3) + 1 5
÷ =
6 +1 5 7 5 7 6
÷ = ÷ = × =
7 × 6/
=
7×2
=
14
= 2
4
3 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 5 3/× 5 1× 5 5 5
1
2.
3
2 ÷6 =
(2 × 5) + 3 ÷ 6 = 10 + 3 ÷ 6 = 13 ÷ 6 = 13 × 1 = 13 × 1 = 13
5 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 6 5× 6 30
3 1
6 4 6/ ( 2 × 5) + 4 3 10 + 4 3 14 3 5 3 × 5/ 3 ×1 3
3. ÷2 = ÷ = ÷ = ÷ = × = = =
10 5 10
// 5 5 5 5 5 5 14 5/ × 14 1 × 14 14
5 1
1
 1 3 5  1 5 5  1× 5 5  5 5 5 5 9 5/ × 9 1× 9 9
4. 5÷ ÷  = ÷  ×  = ÷  = ÷  = ÷ = × = = = = 9
 3 5 1  3 3  1  3 × 3 1  9  1 9 1 5 1 × 5/ 1×1 1
1
1  1 3 1  (1 × 4) + 1 3  1  4 + 1 3 1  5 3 1  5 5 1  5 × 5 1  25 
5. ÷ 1 ÷  = ÷  ÷  = ÷  ÷  = ÷ ÷  = ÷ ×  = ÷  = ÷ 
8  4 5  8  4 5 8  4 5  8  4 5  8  4 3  8  4×3  8  12 
3
1 25 1 12 1 × 12
// 1× 3 3
= ÷ = × = = =
8 12 8 25 8/ × 25 2 × 25 50
2
 1 1
 3 4 3  3 7  ( 2 × 4) + 3  3 × 7/  8 + 3  3 × 1  11  3  11 3 11 3 4 3 × 4/
6.  ÷  ÷2 =  ×  ÷ =   ÷ 4 =  1 × 4  ÷ 4 =  4  ÷ 4 = 4 ÷ 4 = 4 × 11 = 4/ × 11
 7 7 4  7 4 4  7/ × 4 
1  1
3×1 3
= =
1 × 11 11

 3 1
5  1 4 5  (1 × 5) + 1 4 5  5 + 1 4 5  6 4 5  6 5 5  6/ × 5/  5  3 × 1
7. ÷ 1 ÷  = ÷  ÷  = ÷  ÷  = ÷ ÷  = ÷ ×  = ÷ = ÷ 
6  5 5 6  5 5 6  5 5 6  5 5 6  5 4 6  5/ × 4/  6  1× 2
 1 2
1
5  3 5 3 5 2 5 × 2/ 5 ×1 5
= ÷  = ÷ = × = = =
6  2 6 2 6 3 6/ × 3 3× 3 9
3
 5 3
 1 5  (3 × 8) + 1 5  12  24 + 1 5  12  25 5  12  25 6  12  25
/ /× 6/  12
8.  3 ÷  ÷ 12 =  ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷ =  × ÷ =  ÷
 8 6  8 6  1  8 6  1  8 6  1  8 5  1  8/ × 5/  1
 4 1
5
 5 × 3 12  15  12 15 12 15 1 15
/ /×1 5 ×1 5
=  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = × = = =
 4 × 1 1  4 1 4 1 4 12 4 × 12
// 4×4 16
4
 15 
 1 3 2  (1 × 4) + 1 3  2  4 +1 3  2 5 3  2  5 45  2  5 × 45
// 2
9. 1 ÷  ÷ =  ÷  ÷ =  ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷ =  × ÷ =  ÷
 4 45  5  4 45  5  4 45  5  4 45  5 4 3  5  4 × 3/  5
 1
 5 × 15  2  75  2 75 2 75 5 75 × 5 375 7
=  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = × = = = 46
 4 ×1  5  4 5 4 5 4 2 4×2 8 8
 5   3 1  (1 × 8) + 5 5   ( 2 × 4) + 3 1  8 + 5 5  8 + 3 1   13 5   11 1 
10. 1 ÷ 5 ÷  2 ÷  =  ÷  ÷  ÷  =  ÷  ÷ ÷  =  ÷  ÷ ÷ 
 8   4 2  8 1  4 2   8 1  4 2  8 1  4 2
 1 1
 13 1   11 2   13 × 1  11 × 2/   13   11 × 1 13  11 13 11 13 2 13 × 2/
=  ×  ÷ ×  =  ÷ =   ÷  = ÷  = ÷ = × =
 8 5  4 1   8 × 5   4/ × 1   40   2 × 1  40  2  40 2 40 11 40
/ / × 11
 2  20
13 × 1 13
= =
20 × 11 220
 7
2 1 3  2 ( 4 × 5) + 1 ( 2 × 4) + 3  2 20 + 1 8 + 3  2 21 11  2 × 21
/ /  11
1.  ×4  +2 =  × + =  × + =  × + =  +
3 5 4 3 5  4 3 5  4 3 5  4  3/× 5  4
 1 
= 
 2 × 7  11  14  11
=  + =
14 11
+ =
(14 × 4) + (11 × 5) = 56 + 55 = 111 = 5 11
+
 1× 5  4  5 4 5 4 5× 4 20 20 20
8  1 4 8  ( 2 × 3) + 1 (1 × 5) + 4  8  6 +1 5 + 4 8  7 9 8  7 5 8  7 × 5
2. × 2 ÷1  = ×  ÷  = × ÷  = × ÷  = × ×  = × 
7  3 5 7  3 5  7  3 5  7  3 5  7  3 9  7  3× 9
5
8  35  8 35 8 × 35
// 8×5 40 13
= ×  = × = = = =1
7  27  7 27 7/ × 27 1 × 27 27 27
1
 1 1 12  (3 × 2) + 1 (1 × 4) + 1 12  6 + 1 4 + 1 12  7 5  12  ( 7 × 4) − (5 × 2) 
3. 12 +  3 − 1  = + −  = + −  = + −  = + 
 2 4 1  2 4  1  2 4  1  2 4 1  2×4 
9
=
12  28 − 10  12  18  12 18// 12 9 (12 × 4) + (9 × 1) = 48 + 9 = 57 = 14 1
+  = +  = + = + =
1  8  1  8 1 8/ 1 4 1× 4 4 4 4
4
4 2 5  4 (3 × 5) + 2  5  4 15 + 2  5  4 17  5  4 × 17  5  68  5 68
4. 5÷ ×3  = ÷ ×  = ÷ ×  = ÷ ×  = ÷  = ÷  = ÷
9 5 1 9 5  1 9 5  1 9 5  1  9×5  1  45  1 45

5 45 5 × 45 225 21
= × = = = 3
1 68 1 × 68 68 68
4 1  1 2  4 (5 × 6) + 1  ( 2 × 3) + 1 2  4 30 + 1  6 + 1 2   4 31  7 2 
5.  + 5  − 2 −  =  +  − −  =  +  − −  =  +  − − 
5 6  3 3 5 6   3 3 5 6   3 3  5 6   3 3
= 
 ( 4 × 6) + (31 × 5)   7 − 2   24 + 155   5   179   5  179 5 (179 × 3) − (5 × 30) = 537 − 150
 −  =   −  =   −  = − =
 5 × 6   3   30   3   30   3  30 3 30 × 3 90
43
387
/// 43 3
= = = 4
90
// 10 10
10
1  1 
 2 5  3 1  2/ × 5   3 ( 2 × 3) + 1  1 × 5   3 6 + 1  5  3 7 5  3/× 7 
6.  ×  ÷ ×2  =   ÷ ×  =   ÷ ×  =   ÷ ×  = ÷
 3 4  4 3  3 × 4/   4 3   3 × 2  4 3   6  4 3 6  4 × 3/ 
 2  1
2
5  1× 7 5  7 5 7 5 4 5 × 4/ 5× 2 10
= ÷  = ÷   = ÷ = × = = =
6  4 × 1 6  4 6 4 6 7 6/ × 7 3× 7 21
3
4 1 3  4 (1 × 2) + 1 3  4 2 + 1 3  4 3 3  ( 4 × 2) + (3 × 5)  3  8 + 15  3
7.  +1  × =  + × =  + × =  + × =  × =  ×
5 2 8 5 2  8 5 2  8  5 2 8  5× 2  8  10  8
 23  3 23 3 23 × 3 69
=  × = × = =
 10  8 10 8 10 × 8 80
 2 1
 1 1 5 3  ( 2 × 3) + 1 (1 × 5) + 1 5 3  6 +1 5 +1 5 3  7 6 5 3  7 × 6/ × 5/  3
8. 2 ×1 ×  ÷ =  × × ÷ =  × × ÷ =  × × ÷ =  ÷
 3 5 4 8  3 5 4 8  3 5 4 8  3 5 4 8  3/× 5/ × 4  8
1 1 
7 4
 7 × 2 × 1 3  14  3 14
// 3 7 3 7 8 7 × 8/ 7×4 28 1
=   ÷ =   ÷ = ÷ = ÷ = × = = = = 9
 1×1× 4  8  4 8 4/ 8 2 8 2 3 2/ × 3 1× 3 3 3
2 1
1  1
 2 1  3   2 + 1  ( 2 × 8) + 3 4   3   16 + 3 4  3/  19 4  1  19 × 4/  1  19 × 1
9.  +  ×  2 × 4 =   × ×  =   × ×  = × ×  = × = × 
 3 3  8   3   8 1  3  8 1 3/  8 1  1  8/ × 1  1  2 ×1 
1  2 
1  19  1 19 1 × 19 19 1
= ×  = × = = = 9
1  2 1 2 1× 2 2 2
 2 1
 2 1  6 5  ( 4 × 3) + 2 1   6/ × 5/   12 + 2 1   2 × 1  14 1   2 
10.  4 −  ÷  ×  =  −  ÷ =  −  ÷  =  −  ÷ 
 3 6  25 3   3 / / × 3/ 
6   25  3 6   5 × 1  3 6  5
 5 1
9
 (14 × 6) − (1 × 3)  2  84 − 3  2  81 2 81 2 81 5 81
/ /× 5 9×5 45 1
=  ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = × = = = = 11
 3 × 6  5  18  5  18  5 18 5 18 2 18
/ / × 2 2 × 2 4 4
2

1 1 171
1. 3 +
2 0.01
=
( 3 × 5) + 2 100
+ =
15 + 2 1 × 10
+ =
17 10
+
//
=
17 1
+ =
(17 × 50) + (1 × 5)
=
850 + 5
=
855
///
5 0.5 5 5 5 100 × 5 5 500 /// 5 50 5 × 50 250 250
///
50 50
10
171 21
= = 3
50 50
3 31 158
2 12 ( 6 × 10) + 2 12 60 + 2 12
// 62
// 3 31 ( 3 × 5) + (31 × 25) 15 + 775 790
///
2. 012
. +6 = + = + = + = + = = =
10 100 10 100 10 100
/ / / 10 // 25 5 25 × 5 125 125
///
25 5 25
158 8
= = 6
25 25
3 3 193
3.
0.03
+3 =
4 100 +
(3 × 5) + 4 = 3 × 10 + 15 + 4 = 30 / / 19
+ =
3 19
+ =
(3 × 5) + (19 × 50) = 15 + 950 = 965 ///
0.5 5 5 5 100 × 5 5 500
/// 5 50 5 50 × 5 250 250
///
50 50
10
193 43
= = 3
50 50
8 2
 1 3  0.8  (3 × 2) + 1 ( 2 × 4) + 3 10  6 + 1 8 + 3 8 × 10  7 11 80 //
4. 3 + 2  + =  +  + =  + + =  + +
 2 4  12 .  2 4  12  2 4  10 × 12  2 4  120 ///
3
10
25
 ( 7 × 4) + (11 × 2)  2  28 + 22  2  50  2 50
// 2 25 2 (25 × 3) + (2 × 4) = 75 + 8 = 83
=   + =  + =  + = + = + =
 2×4  3  8  3  8 3 8/ 3 4 3 4×3 12 12
4
11
= 6
12
 2  2  1  2
5 0.02 0.2  5 0.02  0.2  ( 3 × 8) + 5   24 + 5 2 × 100  2 × 10  29 200/ / /  20 //
5. 3 + + = 3 + =  + 100 + 10 =  =  + +
+ + + 
8 014 . 0.5  8 014 .  0.5  8 14  5  8 100 × 14  10 × 5  8 1400
/ / / /  50 //
  7  5
100  10
= 
 29 1  2  ( 29 × 7) + (1 × 8)  2
+  + = 
 203 + 8  2
 + = 
 211 2 211 2 (211 × 5) + (2 × 56)
+ =  + = + =
 8 7 5  8×7  5  56  5  56  5 56 5 56 × 5
1055 + 112 1167 47

= = = 4
280 280 280
4 40
 6 1  0.4  (3 × 8) + 6 (5 × 8) + 1 10  24 + 6 40 + 1 4 × 100  30 41 400 ///  71 40
6. 3 + 5  + =  +  + =  + + =  + + =  +
 8 8  0.08  8 8  8  8 8  10 × 8  8 8  80
/ /  8 8
8
100
71 40 71 + 40 111 7
= + = = = 13
8 8 8 8 8
 2  2 6
 3 0.2   (5 × 4) + 3  24  20 + 3 2 × 10  24  23 20 / /  24 //  23 2  6
7. 10
5 +  + 0.24 =  + + =  + + =  + + =  + +
 4 01.   4 1  100  4 10 × 1  100  4 10
/ /  100
/ / /  4 1  25
  1  25
10 
= 
 ( 23 × 1) + ( 2 × 4)  6
+
 23 + 8  6
= 
 31 6
=  + =
31 6
+ =
(31 × 25) + (6 × 4) = 775 + 24 = 799
 +
 4 ×1  25  4  25  4  25 4 25 4 × 25 100 100

99
= 7
100
4 1
0.04  5 4 100  ( 4 × 6) + 5 ( 2 × 5) + 4  4 × 10  24 + 5 10 + 4  40
//  29 14 
8. + 4 + 2  = + +  = + +  = + + 
.
12  6 5 12  6 5  100 × 12  6 5  ////  6
1200 5
30
10
23
1  ( 29 × 5) + (14 × 6)  1  145 + 84  1  229  1 229 1 + 229 230
/// 23 2
= +  = +  = +  = + = = = = 7
30  6×5  30  30  30  30  30 30 30 30
// 3 3
3
 2   5 2
9.
2  0.2
3 +

+ 0.4 =
( 3 × 7) + 2  10
+
4
+  =
21 + 2  2 × 100 4 
+ +  =
23  200
+
/ / / 4/ 
+  =
23  5 2 
+ + 
7  0.04  7  4 10  7  10 × 4 10  7  40 10 
/ / / / 7  1 5
  1 5 
 100 
=
23  (5 × 5) + ( 2 × 1) 
 =
23  25 + 2  23  27  23 27 (23 × 5) + (27 × 7) = 115 + 189 = 304 = 8 24
+ +  = +  = + =
7  1× 5  7  5  7  5 7 5 7×5 35 35 35
 12 5
 1 4   012
. 0.5   (3 × 4) + 1 ( 2 × 5) + 4   100 10   12 + 1 10 + 4   12 × 10 5 × 10 
10.  3 + 2  +  +  =  +  +  +  =  +  + + 
 4 5   0.4 0.2   4 5   4 2   4 5   100 × 4 10 × 2 
 10 10 
 3 5
 13 14   120
/// 50
//  (13 × 5) + (14 × 4)   3 5   65 + 56   (3 × 2) + (5 × 10)   121  6 + 50 
=  +  + +  =   +  +  =   +  =   + 
4 5   400
/// 20
//  4×5   10 2   20   10 × 2   20   20 
 10 2
14 177
=
121  56 
+  =
121 56
+
//
=
121 14
+ =
(121 × 5) + (14 × 20)
=
605 + 280
=
885
///
=
177
= 8
17
20  20  20 20
// 20 5 20 × 5 100 100
/// 20 20
5 20
2 1
1. 2 −
1 0.02
=
( 2 × 6) + 1 100
− =
12 + 1 2 × 10
− =
13 20
−
//
=
13 1
− =
(13 × 25) − (1 × 6) = 325 − 6 = 319
6 0.5 6 5 6 100 × 5 6 500/// 6 25 6 × 25 150 150
25
10
19
= 2
150
3 1
2.
0.03 2
− 4 = 100 −
(4 × 3) + 2 = 3 × 10 − 12 + 2 = 30 //
−
14
=
1 14
− =
(1 × 3) − (14 × 50) = 3 − 700 = −697
15
. 3 15 3 100 × 15 3 //// 3
1500 50 3 50 × 3 150 150
50
10
 97 
= − 4 
 150 
61
4 122 (3 × 5) + 4 122
/ / / 15 + 4 61 19 61 − 19 42 2
3. 12.2 − 3 = − = − = − = = = 8
5 10 5 10
// 5 5 5 5 5 5
5
18 2
 1 3  18 .  (3 × 2) + 1 (1 × 4) + 3  10  6 + 1 4 + 3  18 × 10  7 7  180 ///
4. 3 −1  − =  −  − 9 =  2 − 4  − 10 × 9 =  2 − 4  − 90
 2 4  0.9  2 4  //
1
10
7
 ( 7 × 4) − ( 7 × 2)  2
=   − = 
 28 − 14  2  14  2 14
// 2 7 2 (7 × 1) − (2 × 4) = 7 − 8 = − 1
− =  − = − = − =
 2 × 4  1  8  1  8  1 8/ 1 4 1 4 ×1 4 4
4

 12  2  20  2
3 12. 0.2  ( 2 × 8) + 3 
5. 2 − −
 3 12
= 2 −
.  0.2
=  − 10  − 10 =  16 + 3 − 12 × 100  − 2 × 10 =  19 − 1200
/ / / /  20
−
//
−    8
8 0.06 0.5  8 0.06  0.5  8 6  5  8 10 × 6  10 × 5  / /  50
60 //
 100  10  1  5
 19 20  2  (19 × 1) − ( 20 × 8)  2  19 − 160  2  −141 2 −141 2 −141 2

=  − − =  − =  − =  − = − = −
 8 1  5  8 × 1  5  8  5  8  5 8 5 8 5
=
( −141 × 5) − (2 × 8) =
−705 − 16
=
−721  1
= − 18 
8×5 40 40  40 
4 5
 2 3  0.4  (5 × 8) + 2 (1 × 8) + 3  10  40 + 2 8 + 3  4 × 100  42 11 400
///  42 − 11 5
6. 5 − 1  − =  − − =  − − =  − − =  −
 8 8  0.08  8 8  8  8 8  10 × 8  8 8 80
//  8  1
1
100
= 
 31 5 31 5 (31 × 1) − (5 × 8) = 31 − 40 = −9 = − 1 1 
− = − =  
 8 1 8 1 8 ×1 8 8  8
8  3  2
 3  0.8  (15 × 4) + 3 12  10  60 + 3 12/ /  8 × 10  63 3  80 //
7.  15 − .
012 − =  −  − =  4 − − =  −  −
 4  12. 
 4 100  12  / / /  10 × 12
100  4 25  120
///
 25  3
10
= 
 ( 63 × 25) − (3 × 4)  2  1575 − 12  2
− = 
 1563  2 1563 2 (1563 × 3) − (2 × 100) = 4689 − 200
− =  − = − =
 4 × 25  3  100  3  100  3 100 3 100 × 3 300
4489 289
= = 14
300 300
24 1
0.24  3 4 100  ( 2 × 5) + 3 (3 × 9) + 4  24 × 10  10 + 3 27 + 4  240
/ / /  13 31
8. − 2 − 3  = − −  = − −  = − − 
.
12  5 9 12  5 9  100 × 12  5 9  ////  5
1200 9
5
10
=
1  (13 × 9) − (31 × 5)  1  117 − 155 
 = − 
1  −38  1 −38 1 38 (1 × 45) + (38 × 5) = 45 + 190
−   = −  = − = + =
5  5×9  5  45  5  45  5 45 5 45 5 × 45 225
47
235
/// 47 2
= = = 1
225
/// 45 45
45
 8   200 
9.
1  0.8
3 − − 12

.  =
( 3 × 8) + 1  10 12 
− −  =
24 + 1  8 × 100 12 
− −  =
25  800
−
/ / / 12 
−  =
25  200 12 
− − 
8  0.04  8  4 10 

8  10 × 4 10  8  40/ / 10  8  10 10 
 100   10 
94
=
25  200 − 12 
− =
25  188 
− =
25 188
−
///
=
25 94
− =
(25 × 5) − (94 × 8) = 125 − 752 = −627 = − 15 27 
    
8  10  8  10  8 10
// 8 5 8×5 40 40  40 
5
 12 5 
 3   012
. 0.5   158 ( 2 × 5) + 3   100 10
  158 10 + 3   12 × 10 5 × 100 
10. 15.8 − 2  −  −  =  −  − −  =  −  − − 
 5   0.3 015 .   10 5   3 15   10 5   100 × 3 10 × 15 
 10 100 
 79   2 10 
 158
/ / / 13   120
/ / / 500///  79 13   2 10   79 − 13   ( 2 × 3) − (10 × 5)   66   6 − 50 
=  −  − −  =  5 − 5  −  5 − 3  =  5  −   =   − 
 10
/ / 5   300
/ / / 150
/ / /   5 × 3   5   15 
 5   5 3 

242
=
66  −44 
− =
66 −44
− =
66 44
+ =
(66 × 15) + (44 × 5) = 990 + 220 = 1210
////
=
242
= 16
2

5  15  5 15 5 15 5 × 15 75 75
// 15 15
15
4 1
1.
1 0.04
2 × =
( 2 × 5) + 1 100
× =
10 + 1 4 × 10
× =
11 40
× =
11 × 40
//
=
11 × 1
=
11
5 0.8 5 8 5 100 × 8 5 800 5 × 800
/// 5 × 20 100
20
10
22 220 616
2.
0.22 4
×2 = 100 ×
( 2 × 5) + 4
=
22 × 1000 10 + 4
× =
22000 14
× =
/ / / / / × 14
22000
=
220 × 14
=
3080
////
=
616
0.001 5 1 5 100 × 1 5 100 5 100
/ / /× 5 1× 5 5/ 1
1 1
1000
= 616
5 1
3.
1
3 × 0.4 =
(3 × 8) + 1 × 4 = 24 + 1 × 4 = 25 × 4 = 25 / / × 4/
=
5 ×1
=
5
= 1
1
8 8 10 8 10 8 10 8/ × 10
// 2×2 4 4
2 2
 6 
4.
3  0.6 1
×3  =
( 2 × 7) + 3  10 (3 × 5) + 1
 =
14 + 3  6 × 100 15 + 1 17  600 16 
2 × × × × ×  = × × 
7  0.01 5 7  1 5  7  10 × 1 5  7  10 5
 100 
 60  192
17  600
/ / / × 16  17  60 × 16  17  960  17 960 17 × 960
/// 17 × 192 3264 2
= × = ×  = ×  = × = = = = 466
7  10/ / × 5  7  1× 5  7  5  7 5 7 × 5/ 7 ×1 7 7
 1  1
12 24 37
5.
5 12
3 ×
.
× 14.8 =
( 3 × 8) + 5 10 148
× × =
24 + 5 12 × 100 148
× × =
29 1200 148
× × =
29 × 1200
/ / / / × 148
///
8 0.05 8 5 10 8 10 × 5 10 8 50 10 8/ × 50
/ / × 10
2 1
100
6438
29 × 24 × 37 25752
//// 6438 3
= = = = 1287
2 × 1 × 10 20
// 5 5
5
 8  1  20 
 3 0.8  2  ( 2 × 5) + 3  2  10 + 3 8 × 100  2/  13 800///
6. 10
0.002 ×  2 ×  = × ×  = × ×  = × ×
 5 0.04  1000  5 4  1000  5 10 × 4  / / / /  5
1000 / / 
40
  500  1 
 100 
 4 13
1  13 20  1  13 × 20
// 1  13 × 4  1  52  1 52 1 × 52
// 1 × 13 13
= × ×  = × = ×   = ×   = × = = =
500  5 1 500  5/ × 1  500  1 × 1  500  1  500 1 500
/ / /×1 125 × 1 125
 1  125
 3 
7.
1  6 0.3  ( 2 × 3) + 1  (5 × 15) + 6 
10  = 6 + 1 ×  75 + 6 × 3 × 100  = 7 ×  81 × 300 
2 × 5 ×  = × ×    
3  15 015
.  3  15 15  3  15 10 × 15  3  15 150 

 100 
 2  54
7  81 × 300
/// 7  81 × 2  7  162  7 162 7 × 162
/// 7 × 54 378 3
= × = ×   = ×   = × = = = = 25
/ / / 
3  15 × 150 3  15 × 1  3  15  3 15 3/× 15 1 × 15 15 15
 1  1
 18 
 ( 3 × 7) + 5
10  ×  12 × (3 × 12) + 10  =  21 + 5 × 18 × 100  ×  12 × 36 + 10 
 5 18.   10  
8. 3 × . ×3  = 
 ×  012 ×    
 7 2.48   12   7 248   100 12 
  7 10 × 248   100 12 

 100 

 45   1 23 
 26 1800   12 46   26 × 1800
/ / / /   12 / / × 46
//   26 × 45   1 × 23   1170   23  1170 23
=  ×  × ×  =   ×  100  =  7 × 62  ×  50 × 1 =  434  ×  50  = 434 × 50
 7 2480   100 12   7 × 2480
/ / / /   / / / × 12
/ / 
 62   50 1 
585 117
1170
/ / / / × 23 585
/ / / × 23 117 × 23 2691 521
= = = = = 1
434
/ / / × 50 217 × 50 // 217 × 10 2170 2170
217 10
3 3
9. 5 ×
2 0.3
×4
9
=
( 5 × 3) + 2 10 ( 4 × 13) + 9
× × =
15 + 2
×
3 × 10
×
52 + 9
=
17
×
30
×
61
=
17 × 30/ / × 61
3 12.8 13 3 128 13 3 10 × 128 13 3 1280 13 / / / / × 13
3 × 1280
128
10
1
17 × 3/× 61 17 × 1 × 61 1037
= = =
3/× 128 × 13 1 × 128 × 13 1664
1
 1 
 3 01 .   2 4  ( 2 × 8) + 3   (1 × 3) + 2 (1 × 5) + 4   16 + 3 1 × 100   3 + 2 5 + 4 
10.  2 × 10
 × 1 × 1  =  ×  × ×  =  ×  × × 
 8 0.01  3 5  8 1   3 5   8 10 × 1   3 5 

 100 
 10   31 95
 19 100   5 9   19 × 100
/ / /   5/ × 9/   19 × 10   1 × 3   190   3  190 3 190
/ / /× 3 95 × 3
=  ×  × ×  =   ×  =   ×  =   ×  = × = =
 8 10   3 5   8 × 10
/ /   3
/× 5/   8 ×1   1×1   8   1  8 1 8
/ × 1 4 ×1
 1   1 1 4
285 1
= = 71
4 4
4 1
1.
3 0.4
1 ÷ =
(1 × 4) + 3 10
÷ =
4 + 3 4 × 10
÷ = ÷
7 40 // 7 1
= ÷ =
7×3
=
21
= 5
1
4 12 . 4 12 4 10 × 12 4 120
/// 4 3 4 ×1 4 4
3
10
2
3 4 ( 2 × 8) + 3 4/ 16 + 3 2 19 2 8 2×8 16
2. 0.4 ÷ 2 = ÷ = ÷ = ÷ = × = =
8 10 8 10
// 8 5 8 5 19 5 × 19 95
5
 5   1  3
3.
 0.05 5
÷ 2  ÷ 0.6 = 

100 ÷
( 2 × 8) + 5  6
÷
 5 × 10 16 + 5  6
=  ÷ = 
 50
/ / 21 6/
÷ ÷
 1 21 3
=  ÷ ÷
 ÷
 01. 8  1 8  10  100 × 1 8  10  100
/ / / 8  10
/ / 2 8  5
 10   2  5
 4
1 8 3  1 × 8/  3  1× 4  3  4 3 4 3 4 5 4×5 20
=  × ÷ =   ÷ =  1 × 21 ÷ 5 =  21 ÷ 5 = 21 ÷ 5 = 21 × 3 = 21 × 3 = 63
2 21 5  2/ × 21 5
1 
2 2
 3 6  0.2  (1 × 8) + 3 ( 2 × 8) + 6  10  8 + 3 16 + 6  2 × 10  11 22  20//  11 8  2
4.  1 ÷ 2  ÷ = 
 ÷ 
 ÷ =  ÷  ÷ =  ÷  ÷ =  × ÷
 8 8  0.3  8 8  3  8 8  10 × 3 8 8  30//  8 22  3
3
10
 1 1
 11
/ /× 8/  2  1×1 2  1 2 1 2 1 3 1× 3 3
=   ÷ 3 =  1 × 2  ÷ 3 =  2  ÷ 3 = 2 ÷ 3 = 2 × 2 = 2 × 2 = 4
 8
/ × 22
/ / 
1 2 
 1   5 
5.
 01. 1 2 
÷3  ÷5 =  10 ÷
( 3 × 2) + 1 (5 × 3) + 2
÷
 1 × 100 6 + 1 15 + 2
=  ÷
 100
= 
/ / / 7  17
÷ ÷
 5 7  17
=  ÷ ÷
 ÷
 0.04 2 3  4 2  3  10 × 4 2  3  40
/ / 2 3  2 2 3
 100   2 

 1
 5 2  17  5 × 2/  17  5 × 1  17  5  17 5 17 5 3 5×3 15
=  × ÷ =   ÷ 3 =  1 × 7  ÷ 3 =  7  ÷ 3 = 7 ÷ 3 = 7 × 17 = 7 × 17 = 119
 2 7 3  2
/ × 7 
1 
 5  2  ( 2 × 6) + 5 3  (1 × 9) + 2  12 + 5 3  9 + 2  17 3  11  17 10  11
6.  2 ÷ 0.3 ÷ 1 =  ÷  ÷ =  ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷ =  × ÷
 6  9  6 10  9  6 10  9  6 10  9  6 3 9
 5 1
/ /  11
 17 × 10  17 × 5  11  85  11 85 11 85 9 85 × 9/ 85 × 1 85 8
=  ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = × = = = = 7
 6/ × 3  9  3× 3  9  9 9 9 9 9 11 9/ × 11 1 × 11 11 11
 3  1
 8   1 1 
10 ÷ 4  ÷ ( 2 × 5) + 4 =  8 × 10 ÷ 4  ÷ 10 + 4 =  80
 0.8  4   // 4/  14  1 1  14
7.  ÷ 0.04 ÷ 2 =     240 ÷  ÷ 5 =  3 ÷ 25  ÷ 5
 2.4  5 24 100 5  10 × 24 100  5 / / / 100
/ / /
  
 3 25 

 10 
1 25  14  1 × 25  14  25  14 25 14 25 5 25 × 5 125 41
=  × ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = × = = = 2
3 1 5  3×1  5  3 5 3 5 3 14 3 × 14 42 42
 1 
8.

0.04 ÷ 3
1
÷ 3
1
=
 4
 ÷
(3 × 10) + 1 ÷ (3 × 5) + 1 =  4 ÷ 30 + 1 ÷ 15 + 1 =  4/ ÷ 31 ÷ 16 =  1 ÷ 31 ÷ 16
   100     100   
 10  5  10  5  100 10  5  / / / 10  5  25 10  5
 25 
 2  1 1
 1 10  16  1 × 10
/ /  16  1 × 2  16  2  16 2 16 2 5 2/ × 5/ 1×1
=  × ÷ =   ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = × = =
 25 31 5  25
/ / × 31 5  5 × 31 5  155  5 155 5 155 16 / / / × 16
155 // 31 × 8
 5  31 8
1
=
248
1
 1 1 2  (3 × 8) + 1 ( 2 × 4) + 1 2  24 + 1 8 + 1 2/  25 9  1  25 4 
9. 0.2 ÷  3 ÷ 2  = ÷  ÷  = ÷ ÷  = ÷ ÷  = ÷ × 
 8 4 10  8 4  10  8 4  10
/ /  8 4  5  8 9
5
 1
1  25 × 4/  1  25 × 1 1  25  1 25 1 18 1 × 18 18
= ÷  = ÷  = ÷  = ÷ = × = =
5  8/ × 9  5  2×9  5  18  5 18 5 25 5 × 25 125
 2 
 12 
 1 4  . 
012  (3 × 5) + 1 ( 4 × 5) + 4   2 100
  15 + 1 20 + 4   2 12 × 10 
10.  3 ÷ 4  ÷  0.02 ÷  =  ÷  ÷  ÷  =  ÷  ÷ ÷ 
 5 5  0.4   5 5   100 4   5 5   100 100 × 4 
 10 
 1 3   2 1  1
 16 24   2/ ///
120  16 5   1 3 / / × 5/   1 10 
 16  2 × 1  1 × 10 //  2  1×1 
=  ÷  ÷ ÷  =  ×  ÷ ÷  =   ÷ ×  =   ÷  =   ÷ 
 5 5   100
/ / / 400
///  5 24   50 10   5/× 24/ /   50 3   1 × 3   50
/ / × 3  3   5 × 3
 50 10  1 3   5 
5
 2  1 2 1 2 15 2 × 15
// 2×5 10
=   ÷  = ÷ = × = = = = 10
 3  15  3 15 3 1 3/× 1 1×1 1
1
4 5
 1 3  0.4  ( 2 × 4) + 1 (3 × 5) + 3  10  8 + 1 15 + 3  4 × 100  9 18  400
///
1. 2 + 3  ÷ =  +  ÷ =  + ÷ =  + ÷
 4 5  0.24  4 5  24  4 5  10 × 24  4 5  240
///
100 3
 (9 × 5) + (18 × 4)  5  45 + 72  5  117  5 117 5 117 3 117 × 3 351 51
=  ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = × = = = 3
 4×5  3  20  3  20  3 20 3 20 5 20 × 5 100 100

 2 
2.
 0.2 3 1 
+2  ×3 =  10 +
( 2 × 8) + 3  (3 × 4) + 1
×
 2 × 10 16 + 3  12 + 1
=  +
 20 19  13
= 
 1 19  13
=  + ×
 × + ×
 14
. 8 4  14 8  4  10 × 14 8  4  140 8  4 7 8  4
 10 
 (1 × 8) + (19 × 7)  13  8 + 133  13  141 13 141 13 141 × 13 1833 41
=   × =  × =  × = × = = = 8
 7×8  4  56  4  56  4 56 4 56 × 4 224 224
 1
 1  3  ( 2 × 5) + 1 5  ( 4 × 10) + 3  10 + 1 5  40 + 3  11 5  43  11 × 5/  43
3.  2 × 0.5 + 4 =  ×  + =  × + =  × + =  +
 5  10  5 10  10  5 10  10  5 10  10  5/× 10  10
1 
27
 11 × 1  43  11  43 11 43 11 + 43 54
// 27 2
=  + =  + = + = = = = 5
 1 × 10  10  10  10 10 10 10 10
// 5 5
5
1 1
 3 2  01.  (1 × 5) + 3 (3 × 3) + 2  10  5 + 3 9 + 2  1 × 10  8 11 10
//
4. 1 − 3  × =  −  × =  − × =  − ×
 5 3  15
.  5 3  15  5 3  10 × 15  5 3  150
///
10 15
 (8 × 3) − (11 × 5)  1  24 − 55  1  −31 1 −31 1 −31 × 1 31

=   × =  × =  × = × = = −
 5×3  15  15  15  15  15 15 15 15 × 15 225
48
 5 1  4.8  ( 4 × 3) + 5 (3 × 3) + 1 10  12 + 5 9 + 1 48 × 100  17 10  4800
5. 4 − 3  ÷ =  −  ÷ =  − ÷ =  − ÷
 3 3  012 .  3 3  12  3 3  10 × 12  3 3  120
100
40
 17 − 10  4800////  7  40 7 40 7 1 7 ×1 7
=  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = × = =
 3  120 ///  3 1 3 1 3 40 3 × 40 120
1
1
 3 6  0.01  ( 2 × 8) + 3 ( 2 × 14) + 6  100  16 + 3 28 + 6  1 × 10  19 34  10
6. 2 × 2  ÷ =  ×  ÷ 6 =  8 × 14  ÷ 100 × 6 =  8 × 14  ÷ 600
 8 14  0.6  8 14 
10
 17  1 15
/ /  10
 19 × 34 //  19 × 17  1  323  1 323 1 323 60 323 × 60// 323 × 15 4845
=  ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = × = = =
 8 × 14  600
/ / / / /  8×7  60  56  60 56 60 56 1 56× 1
/ / 14 × 1 14
 7  60 14
1
= 346
14
 3   1 
7.
 0.3 1
×4  ÷3 = 
1 
10 ( 4 × 3) + 1 (3 × 4) + 1
÷ = 
 3 × 10 12 + 1 12 + 1
= 
 30 13  13
= 
/ / × 13  13
 30
 × × ÷ × ÷ ÷
 2.4 3 4  24 3  4  10 × 24 3  4  240 3  4  240
/ / / × 3 4
 10   8 
1 1
 1 × 13  13  13  13 13 13 13 4 / /× 4/
13 1×1 1
=  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = × = = =
 8×3 4  24  4 24 4 24 13 / / × 13
24 // 6 ×1 6
6 1
 1   1
 3 01 . 7  ( 2 × 5) + 3  ( 4 × 3) + 7  10 + 3 1 × 10  12 + 7  13 10  19 / /  19
 13 × 10
8. 10
2 ×  + 4 =  × + =  × + =  × + =  +
 5 14 .  3  5 14  3  5 10 × 14  3  5 140  3  5 × 140
/// 3
 
 10  14 
= 
 13 × 1  19  13  19
=  + =
13 19
+ =
(13 × 3) + (19 × 70) = 39 + 1330 = 1369 = 6 109
+
 5 × 14  3  70  3 70 3 70 × 3 210 210 210

 5 
 1 2   0.5 1  (3 × 5) + 1 ( 2 × 5) + 2   10 ( 4 × 3) + 1  15 + 1 10 + 2   5 × 100 12 + 1
9. 3 + 2  ×  × 4  =  +  ×  ×  =  +  × × 
 5 5   0.08 3  5 5   8 3   5 5   10 × 8 3 
 100 
 25  7 65
 16 12   500 13   16 + 12   500
/ / / × 13   28   25 × 13  28  325  28 325 28
/ / × 325
///
=  +  × ×  =   ×   =    ×  = ×   = × =
 5 5   80 3  5   80 / /× 3   5   4×3  5  12  5 12 5/ × 12
//
 4  1 3
7 × 65 455 2
= = = 151
1× 3 3 3
 2 
 1 0.2  4 1  ( 2 × 3) + 1  (3 × 5) + 4  (1 × 2) + 1  6 + 1 2 × 10  15 + 4  2 + 1
10.  2 ×  ÷ 3  − 1 =  × 10  ÷ − =  × ÷ −
 3 12
.  5 2  3 12 5 2  3 10 × 12  5  2
   
 10  
 1  
 7 20  19  3  7 × 20/ /  19  3  7 × 1  19  3  7  19  3  7 19  3
=  ×  ÷  − =   ÷  − =   ÷  − =   ÷  − =  ÷  −
 3 120  5  2  3 × 120
/// 5  2  3 × 6  5  2  18  5  2 18 5  2
 6  
−239
7 5 3
=  × − = 
 7×5  3
− = 
 35  3
− =
35 3
− =
( 35 × 2) − (3 × 342)
=
70 − 1026
=
−956
///
=
−239
  342 2 342 × 2 684 684 171
18 19  2 18 × 19  2  342  2 / / /
171
 68 
= − 1 
 171 

1
2 3  2 3  (1 × 5) + 2 3  5  5 + 2 3  5/  7 3 1  7 + 3 1
1. 1 + + 0.5 = 1 +  + 0.5 =  +  + =  + + =  + + =  +
5 5  5 5  5 5  10  5 5  10//  5 5 2  5  2
2
2
 10  1
=  + =
// 1
10
+ = + =
2 1 (2 × 2) + (1 × 1) = 4 + 1 = 5 = 2 1
 5 2 5/ 2 1 2 1× 2 2 2 2
1
12
1 3 012 .  1 3  012 .  ( 2 × 3) + 1 3  100  6 + 1 3  12 × 10  7 3  120
2. 2 + + = 2 +  + =  +  + =  + + =  + +
3 4 01 .  3 4  01 .  3 4 1  3 4  100 × 1  3 4  100
10
6
 ( 7 × 4) + (3 × 3)  120 ///  28 + 9  6  37  6 37 6 (37 × 5) + (6 × 12) = 185 + 72 = 257 = 4 17
=   + =  + =  + = + =
 3× 4  100 ///  12  5  12  5 12 5 12 × 5 60 60 60
5
 3
3 0.3  3 0.3   (1 × 5) + 3  6  5 + 3 3 × 10  6  8 30  6
3. + 6 = 1 + 10
1 +  +6 =  + + =  + + =  + +
5 0.8  5 0.8   5 8  1  5 10 × 8  1  5 80  1
 10 
79
 (8 × 80) + (30 × 5)  6
=   + = 
 640 + 150  6
+ =
 790  6
+ =
790
/// 6
+ =
79 6
+ =
(79 × 1) + (6 × 40) = 79 + 240
  
 5 × 80  1  400  1  400  1 400
/// 1 40 1 40 × 1 40
40
319 39
= = 7
40 40
 1 
3 3 01 .  3 3   01 .   ( 4 × 5) + 3 3   10 4   20 + 3 3   1 × 10 4 
4. 4 + + + 4 = 4 +  +  + 4 =  +  +  +  =  +  + + 
5 8 12 .  5 8   12 .   5 8   12 1   5 8   10 × 12 1 
 
 10 
 23 3   10 4   ( 23 × 8) + (3 × 5)   (10 × 1) + ( 4 × 120)   184 + 15   10 + 480   199   490 
=  +  + +  =   +   =   +  =   + 
 5 8   120 1   5×8   120 × 1   40   120   40   120 
49 1087
=
199 490
+
///
=
199 49
+ =
(199 × 12) + (49 × 40) = 2388 + 1960 =
4348
////
=
1087
= 9
7
40 120
/// 40 12 40 × 12 480 480
/// 120 120
12 120
 14 
2 3 1  2 3  1   2 + 3   (1 × 5) + 1 28   5   5 + 1 28// 5  6 14 
5. + + 1 + 2.8 =  +  + 1 + 2.8 =   +  +  =   +  +  = + + 
8 8 5  8 8  5   8   5 10   8  5 10
// 8 5 5 
 5
37
=
5  6 + 14 
+ =
5  20 
+ =
5 20
+ =
(5 × 5) + (20 × 8) = 25 + 160 = 185 ///
=
37
= 4
5
  
8  5  8  5 8 5 8×5 40 40
// 8 8
8
 1
3   1   3 2   (1 × 5) + 1 5   (3 × 1) + ( 2 × 4)   5 + 1 5/   3 + 8  6 1
6.  + 2 +
  1 + 0.5 =  +  +  +  =   +
  5 +  =  4  +  5 + 2 
4   5   4 1   5 10  
 4 × 1   10
/ / 
 2
89
 11  ( 6 × 2) + (1 × 5)  11  12 + 5  11  17  11 17 (11 × 10) + (17 × 4) 110 + 68 178
/// 89
=   +   = +  = +  = + = = = =
 4  5×2  4  10  4  10  4 10 4 × 10 40 40
// 20
20
9
= 4
20

3 1 6 3 1  6  3 (1 × 2) + 1  24 6   3 2 + 1  24 + 6   3 3   30 
7. + 1 + 2.4 + =  + 1  +  2.4 +  =  +  +  +  =  +  +  =  +  + 
5 2 10 5 2  10  5 2   10 10  5 2   10   5 2   10 
3
 (3 × 2) + (3 × 5)  30 //  6 + 15  3  21 3 21 3 (21 × 1) + (3 × 10) = 21 + 30 = 51 1
=   + =  + =  + = + = = 5
 5× 2  10//  10  1  10  1 10 1 10 × 1 10 10 10
1
3 1 3 2  3 1  3  2  ( 2 × 4) + 3 1   3 4  (3 × 3) + 2
8. 2 + + + 0.4 + 3 =  2 +  +  + 0.4 + 3 =  +  +  +  +
4 5 8 3  4 5  8  3  4 5   8 10  3
 8 + 3 1  3 4  9 + 2  11 1   3 4  11  (11 × 5) + (1 × 4)   (3 × 10) + ( 4 × 8)  11
=  +  + +  + =  +  + +  + =   +   +
 4 5   8 10  3  4 5   8 10  3  4×5   8 × 10  3
 55 + 4   30 + 32  11  59   62  11 59 62 11  59 62  11  (59 × 80) + ( 62 × 20)  11

=   + + =   +  + = + + =  + + =   +
 20   80  3  20   80  3 20 80 3  20 80  3  20 × 80  3
149
 4720 + 1240  11
=  + =
 5960  11
+ =
5960
/ / / / 11
+ =
149 11
+ =
(149 × 3) + (11 × 40) = 447 + 440 = 887
  
 1600  3  1600  3 1600
//// 3 40 3 40 × 3 120 120
40
47
= 7
120
1
3 1  4 2  01 .  3 ( 2 × 7) + 1  (3 × 5) + 4 (1 × 5) + 2  10
9.  + 2  + 3 +1  + =  +  +  +  +
7 7  5 5  0.01 7 7   5 5  1
100
10
 3 14 + 1  15 + 4 5 + 2  1 × 100  3 15   19 7  100 ///  3 + 15   19 + 7  10
=  +  + + + =  +  + +  + =   + +
7 7   5 5  10 × 1  7 7   5 5  10 //  7   5  1
1
 18   26  10 18 26 10  18 26  10  (18 × 5) + ( 26 × 7)  10  90 + 182  10
=   +  + = + + =  + + =   + =  +
 7  5 1 7 5 1  7 5 1  7×5  1  35  1
= 
 272  10
=
272 10
+ =
(272 × 1) + (10 × 35) = 272 + 350 = 622 = 17 27
+
 35  1 35 1 35 × 1 35 35 35
 32   3 
3  3.2 2   0.3  3  10 (3 × 3) + 2   10 2  3  32 × 10 9 + 2   3 × 10 2 
10. +  + 3  +  + 2 = +  +  + +  = + +  + + 
5  16
. 3   2.6  5  16 3   26 1 5  10 × 16 3   10 × 26 1 
 
 10   10 
 2   3 
3  320
/ / / 11  30 // 2 3  2 11  3 2  3  ( 2 × 3) + (11 × 1)   (3 × 1) + ( 2 × 26) 
= + +  + +  = + +  + +  = +   +  
5  160
/// 3   260
/ / / 1 5  1 3   26 1  5  1× 3   26 × 1 
 1   26 
3  6 + 11  3 + 52  3  17   55  3 17 55  3 17  55  (3 × 3) + (17 × 5)  55
= +  +  = +  +  = + + =  + + =   +
5  3   26  5  3   26  5 3 26  5 3  26  5×3  26
= 
 9 + 85  55  94  55
=  + =
94 55
+ =
(94 × 26) + (55 × 15) = 2444 + 825 = 3269 = 8 149
+
 15  26  15  26 15 26 15 × 26 390 390 390

14 7
1 3 14
.  1 3  14
.  ( 2 × 6) + 1 3  10  12 + 1 3  14 × 10  13 3  140
///
1. 2 − − = 2 −  − =  −  − =  − − =  − −
6 5 0.4  6 5  0.4  6 5 4  6 5  10 × 4  6 5  40//
2
10

−29
 (13 × 5) − (3 × 6)  7
= 
 65 − 18  7
 − =  − =
 47  7
− =
47 7
− =
(47 × 2) − (7 × 30) = 94 − 210 = −116
///
=
−29
  
 6×5  2  30  2  30  2 30 2 30 × 2 60 60
// 15
15
 14 
= − 1 
 15 
5 4 5 4  5 ( 2 × 5) + 4  1  5 10 + 4  1  5 14  1
2. . =  − 2  − 01
− 2 − 01 . =  −  − =  − − =  − −
8 5 8 5  8 5  10  8 5  10  8 5  10
 (5 × 5) − (14 × 8)  1
=  −
 25 − 112  1
= 
 −87  1
=  =
−87 1
− =
( −87 × 10) − (1 × 40) = −870 − 40
− −
 8 × 5  10  40  10  40  10 40 10 40 × 10 400
−91
−910
/// −91  11 
= = = − 2 
400
/// 40  40 
40
 1
 3  2  (1 × 4) + 3 2  2 4+3 2  2  7 2/  2  7 1 2  ( 7 × 5) − (1 × 4)  2
3. 1 − 0.2 − =  −  − =  −  − =  −  − =  −  − =   −
 4  3  4 10  3  4 10  3  4 10
/ /  3  4 5  3  4×5  3
 5
 35 − 4  2
= 
 31  2 31 2 (31 × 3) − (2 × 20) = 93 − 40 = 53
− =  − = − =
 20  3  20  3 20 3 20 × 3 60 60
1
 2  0.01  ( 4 × 3) + 2 8  100  12 + 2 8  1 × 10  14 8  10  (14 × 1) − (8 × 3)  1
4.  4 − 8 − =  −  − =  − − =  − − =  −
 3  01 .  3 1  1  3 1  100 × 1  3 1  100  3 ×1  10
10
= 
 14 − 24  1
= 
 −10  1
=
−10 1
− =
( −10 × 10) − (1 × 3) = −100 − 3 = −103 = − 3 13 
− −  
 3  10  3  10 3 10 3 × 10 30 30  30 
 14   7 
5.
3  1 014
.  (1 × 5) + 3  1 
100  = 5 + 3 −  1 − 14 × 10  = 8 −  1 − 140
/// 8 1 7 
1 − −  = − −   = − − 
5  8 0.2  5  8 2  5  8 100 × 2  5  8 200
/ / /  5  8 10 
  10 
 10 
23
8  (1 × 10) − ( 7 × 8) 
= −
8  10 − 56 
 = − =
8  −46 
− =
8 −46
− =
8 46
+
//
= +
8 23
=
(8 × 40) + (23 × 5)
  
5  8 × 10  5  80  5  80  5 80 5 80// 5 40 5 × 40
40
87
320 + 115 435
/// 87 7
= = = = 2
200 200
/// 40 40
40
2 1  2  1   7 2   (1 × 4) + 1 25   ( 7 × 3) − ( 2 × 1)   4 + 1 25 
6. 7 − − 1 − 0.25 =  7 −  +  −1 − 0.25 =  −  +  − −  =   +  − − 
3 4  3  4   1 3  4 100   1× 3   4 100 
 1 
 21 − 2   5 25//   19   5 1  19  −5 − 1 19  −6  19 −6 19 6
=  + − − =   + − −  = +  = +  = + = −
 3   4 100 / / /   3   4 4 3  4  3  4 3 4 3 4
 4 
29
=
(19 × 4) − (6 × 3)
=
76 − 18
=
58
//
=
29
= 4
5
3× 4 12 12
// 6 6
6
 2 1  2  (3 × 3) + 2 1   9 2   9 + 2 1   (9 × 5) − ( 2 × 10)   11 1   45 − 20 
7.  3 −  −  0.9 −  =  −  − −  =  −  −  =  −  − 
 3 3  5  3 3   10 5   3 3  10 × 5   3 3   50 
1
 11 − 1  25 
= 
 10  25
// 10 1 (10 × 2) − (1 × 3) = 20 − 3 = 17 = 2 5
 −  =   − = − =
 3   50   3  50
// 3 2 3× 2 6 6 6
2

3
1 1   4 1  1 (1 × 4) + 1  4 − 1 6  1 4 + 1  3  6/  1 5 3 3
8.  − 1 −
  −  − 0 .6 =  −  −   − =  − −
   − =  − − −
3 4   5 5 3 4   5  10 3 4   5  10
//  3 4 5 5
5
 (1 × 4) − (5 × 3)   3 3 
=   − +  = 
 4 − 15   3 + 3   −11  6  −11 6 ( −11 × 5) − (6 × 12) = −55 − 72
 −  =   −  = − =
 3 × 4   5 5   12   5   12   5  12 5 12 × 5 60
−127  7
= = − 2 
60  60 
1
 2 2   4  2 (1 × 3) + 2   4  4  2 3 + 2  4/  4  2 5  1
9. 4 −  − 1   − 0.04 =  −  −
   − 100 =  1 −  5 − 3   − 100
 =  −  −  −
 5 3   1  5 3     / / /  1  5 3   25
25
4  ( 2 × 3) − (5 × 5)   1  4  6 − 25   1  4  −19   1  4 −19  1  4 19  1
=  −  − =  −  − =  −  − =  −  − 25 =  1 + 15  − 25
 1  5 × 3   25  1  15   25  1  15   25  1 15   
392
 ( 4 × 15) + (19 × 1)  1  60 + 19  1  79  1 79 1 ( 79 × 25) − (1 × 15) 1975 − 15 1960
////
=  − =  − =  − = − = = =
 1 × 15  25  15  25  15  25 15 25 15 × 25 375 375
///
75
392 17
= = 5
75 75
 2 1  2  (5 × 3) + 2 (1 × 4) + 1 − 2 2  15 + 2 4 + 1 2  2  17 5  2  2
10.  5 − 1  − 0.2 − =  −  − =  −  −  − =  −  −  −
 3
 4 5   3 4  10  5  3 4  10  5  3 4  10  5
 (17 × 4) − (5 × 3)  2  2  68 − 15  2  2  53  2  2  53 2  2
=   −  − =   −  − =   −  − =  −  −
 3× 4  10  5  12  10  5  12  10  5  12 10  5
253
= 
 (53 × 10) − ( 2 × 12)  2
− =
 530 − 24  2
− =
 506  2
− =
506
/// 2
− =
253 2
− =
(253 × 5) − (2 × 60)
  120  5  120  5
 12 × 10  5     120
/// 5 60 5 60 × 5
60
229
1265 − 120 1145
//// 229 49
= = = = 3
300 300
/// 60 60
60
1 1 1
3 2 3 (1 × 3) + 2 2 3 3+ 2 2 3 5 2 3/× 5/ × 2/ 1×1×1 1
1. × 1 × 0.2 = × × = × × = × × = = =
5 3 5 3 10 5 3 10 5 3 10 5/ × 3/× 10
// 1×1× 5 5
1 1 5
1 1
2.
3 2
1 × × 0.5 =
(1 × 8) + 3 × 2 × 5 = 8 + 3 × 2 × 5 = 11 × 2 × 5 = 11 × 2/ × 5/ = 11 × 1 × 1 = 11
8 3 8 3 10 8 3 10 8 3 10 8/ × 3 × 10
// 4 × 3× 2 24
4 2
1 1 1
3.
1 3 2
× × 0.04 × 1 = × ×
1 3 4
×
(1 × 3) + 2 = 1 × 3 × 4 × 3 + 2 = 1 × 3 × 4 × 5 = 1 × 3/× 4/ × 5/
3 4 3 3 4 100 3 3 4 100 3 3 4 100 3 3/× 4/ × 100
/ / /× 3
1 1 20
1×1×1×1 1
= =
1 × 1 × 20 × 3 60
2
 1 3 1  0.2  ( 2 × 5) + 1 3 (1 × 3) + 1 10  10 + 1 3 3 + 1 2 × 100
4. 2 × ×1  × =  × ×  × =  × × ×
 5 11 3  0.01  5 11 3  1  5 11 3  10 × 1
100
20  1 1  4
 11 3 4  200 ///  11
/ /× 3/× 4  20  1 × 1 × 4  20  4  20 4 20 4 × 20// 4×4 16
=  × × × =   × =  × =  × = × = = = = 16
 5 11 3  10 //  5 × 11
/ /× 3/  1  5 ×1×1  1  5  1 5 1 5/× 1 1×1 1
1  1 1 1

2
1 1 8  1 ( 2 × 4) + 1 8/  1 8 + 1 2  1 9 2  1× 9  2  9
5. 0.08 ×  × 2  = ×  ×  = × ×  = × ×  = ×  = × 
4 4 100  4 4  /// 4
100 4  25  4 4  25  4 × 4  25  16 
25
1
2 9 2/ × 9 1× 9 9
= × = = =
25 16 25 × 16// 25 × 8 200
8
 4 
 4 2   5 0.4   ( 2 × 5) + 4 (1 × 3) + 2   5 10   10 + 4 3 + 2   5 4 × 100 
6. 2 ×1  ×  ×  =  ×  × ×
  =  ×  × × 
 5 3   8 0.05   5 3   8 5   5 3   8 10 × 5 
 100 
 1  8  5
 14 5   5 400   14 × 5/   5 × 400
///  14 × 1  5 × 8   14   40  14 40 14 × 40
// 14 × 5
=  ×  × ×  =   × =  ×
   = ×
    = × = =
 5 3   8 50   5/ × 3   8 × 50 / /   1 × 3   8 × 1  3  8 3 8 3 × 8/ 3×1
 1   1  1
70 1
= = 23
3 3
8
20 3 3 0.008 20 (1 × 4) + 3 3 1000 20 4 + 3 3 8 × 100 20 7 3 800
7. ×1 × × = × × × = × × × = × × ×
27 4 6 0.04 27 4 6 4 27 4 6 1000 × 4 27 4 6 4000
100
5 1 1 7
/ / × 7 × 3/× 800
20 /// 5 × 7 ×1×1 35
// 7
= = = =
27 × 4/ × 6/ × 4000
//// 27 × 1 × 2 × 5 270
/// 54
1 2 5 54
 2 
 3  5 0.2   ( 2 × 5) + 3 2   5 10
  10 + 3 2   5 2 × 100 
8.  2 × 0.2 ×  ×  =  ×  ×  ×  =  ×  × × 
 5   13 0.24   5 10   13 24   5 10   13 10 × 24 
 
 100 
 1  5  1 1
 13 2   5 200   13 × 2/   5 × 200///   13 × 1  5 × 5   13   25  13 25 / /× 25
13 //
=  ×  × ×  =   ×  13 × 240  =  5 × 5  ×  13 × 6  =  25  ×  78  = 25 × 78 = 25
 5 10   13 240   5 × 10
/ /   / / /  / / × 78
//
 5  6  1 6
1×1 1
= =
1× 6 6
 2 1  1  (3 × 3) + 2 1 9 1 9+2 1 9 1  11 1 9 1
9.  3 × × 0.9 × =  × ×  × =  × × × =  × × ×
 3 11  27  3 11 10  27  3 11 10  27  3 11 10  27
 1 3 1
/ /× 1 × 9/  1
 11  1×1× 3  1  3 1 3 1 3/× 1 1×1 1
=   × 27 =  1 × 1 × 10  × 27 =  10  × 27 = 10 × 27 = 10 × 27 = =
 3
/× 11
/ /× 10  / / 10 × 9 90
1 1  9
 5   1 
 0.5 1   1 1  
10.  × 2 × 0.8 ×  ×  =  × 10 ( 2 × 10) + 1 8   1
×  × ×

1  =  5 × 10 × 20 + 1 × 8  ×  1 × 1 × 10 
   
 15
. 10   21 0.4   15 10 10   21
 
4

 10 × 15 10 10   21 1 × 4 
 10   10 
 1 4  5
 50 21 8   1 10   50/ / × 21 × 8/   1 × 10 //   1 × 21 × 4   1 × 5   84   5  84 5
=  × ×  × ×  =   ×  21 × 4/  =  3 × 5 × 10  ×  21 × 2  =  150  ×  42  = 150 × 42
 150 10 10   21 4   150
/ / / × 10
/ / × 10   
 3 5   2
2 1 1
84
/ / × 5/ 2 ×1 2/ 1
= = = =
150
/ / / × 42
// 30 × 1 30
// 15
30 1 15


1 2
 1  01
.  (1 × 5) + 1 25  10  5 + 1 25  1 × 100  6 25  100
/// 6 1  2
1. 1 ÷ 25 ÷ =  ÷  ÷ =  ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷ =  × ÷
 5  0.25  5 1 25  5 1  10 × 25  5 1  250///  5 25  5
50
100
3 1
 6 ×1  2  6  2 6 2 6 5 6/ × 5/ 3×1 3
=  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = × = = =
 5 × 25  5  125  5 125 5 125 2 / / / × 2/
125 25 × 1 25
25 1
 2
 1  1  ( 2 × 3) + 1 5  1  6 +1 5  1 7 5  1  7 10  1  7 × 10
// 1
2.  2 ÷ 0.5 ÷ =  ÷  ÷ =  ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷ =  × ÷ =  ÷
 3  3  3 10  3  3 10  3  3 10  3 3 5 3  3 × 5/  3
 1
1
 7 × 2 1  14  1 14 1 14 3 14 × 3/ 14 × 1 14
=   ÷ =   ÷ = ÷ = × = = = = 14
 3×1 3  3 3 3 3 3 1 3/× 1 1×1 1
1
 3
 3 2  ( 2 × 4) + 3 2  11  8 + 3 2  11  11 2  11  11 6  11  11 × 6/  11
3. . = 
 2 ÷  ÷ 11 ÷  ÷ =  ÷ ÷ =  ÷ ÷ =  × ÷ =  ÷
 4 6  4 6  10  4 6  10  4 6  10  4 2  10  4 × 2/  10
 1
3 5
 11 × 3  11  33  11 33 11 33 10 33
/ /× 10// 3× 5 15 1
=  ÷ =  ÷ = ÷ = × = = = = 7
 4 × 1  10  4  10 4 10 4 11 4/ × 11
// 2 ×1 2 2
2 1
 3
2 1  1  2 (1 × 3) + 1  3 6   2 3 + 1  3 × 6/   2 4   3 × 3 2 3  9
4.  ÷ 1  ÷  0.3 ÷  =  ÷  ÷  ×  =  ÷  ÷  =  ÷  ÷  =  ×  ÷ 
3 3   6  3 3   10 1   3 3   10
/ / × 1  3 3   5 ×1  3 4  5
 5 
 1 1
 2/ × 3/  9  1×1 9  1 9 1 9 1 5 1× 5 5
=   ÷ 5 =  1 × 2  ÷ 5 =  2  ÷ 5 = 2 ÷ 5 = 2 × 9 = 2 × 9 = 18
 3/× 4/ 
 1 2
1 1 
 1  5  ( 2 × 3) + 1 7 5/  6 + 1 7 1  7 7 1  7 1 1  7/ × 1 
5. 0.05 ÷  2 ÷ 7 = ÷ ÷  = ÷ ÷  = ÷ ÷  = ÷ ×  = ÷
 3  100  3 1 ///  3
100 1 20  3 1  20  3 7  20  3 × 7/ 
20  1
1  1 × 1 1  1 1 1 1 3 1× 3 3
= ÷  = ÷  = ÷ = × = =
20  3 × 1 20  3  20 3 20 1 20 × 1 20
1 
2   1   2 2   (1 × 3) + 1 4  2 10   3 + 1 4   2/ × 10   4 4 
6.  ÷ 0.2 ÷ 1 ÷ 4 =  ÷  ÷  ÷  =  ×  ÷  ÷  =   ÷ ÷ 
3   3   3 10   3 1 3 2  3 1  3 × 2/   3 1 
 1
1  1
 1 × 10   4 1   10   4/ × 1  10  1 × 1  10  1  10 1 10 3 10 × 3/ 10 × 1
=   ÷ ×  =   ÷ = ÷   = ÷   = ÷ = × = = = 10
 3 ×1   3 4  3   3 × 4/  3  3 × 1 3  3 3 3 3 1 3/× 1 1×1
 1 1
 5
 4 2  3   ( 2 × 3) + 4 (1 × 3) + 2   3 1   6 + 4 3 + 2   3 10   10 5   3 × 10
//
7. .  = 
 2 ÷ 1  ÷  ÷ 01 ÷  ÷  ÷  =  ÷  ÷ ×  =  ÷  ÷
 3 3  4   3 3   4 10   3 3  4 1   3 3   4/ × 1 
 2 
 2 1
 10 3   3 × 5   10
/ / × 3/   15   2 × 1 15  2  15 2 15 2 2 2×2 4
=  ×  ÷  =   ÷  2  =  1 × 1  ÷ 2 =  1  ÷ 2 = 1 ÷ 2 = 1 × 15 = 1 × 15 = 15
 3 5   2 × 1  3
/× 5
/ 
 1 1
1  1 1
5 1  5 (3 × 8) + 1 2  5 24 + 1 2  5 25  2  5 8  2/  5/ × 8/  1
8.  ÷ 3  ÷ 0.2 =  ÷  ÷ =  ÷  ÷ =  ÷  ÷ =  ×  ÷ =  8/ × 25 ÷
8 8 8
 8  10
 8 8  10  8 8  10  8 25  10//  / /  5
5 1 5 

1
 1 × 1 1  1 1 1 1 1 5 1 × 5/ 1×1
=   ÷ =   ÷ = ÷ = × = = = 1
 1 × 5 5  5 5 5 5 5 1 5/ × 1 1×1
1
 1 
 1 2  2 1   (3 × 4) + 1 2   (1 × 3) + 2 1   12 + 1 2   3 + 2 1 × 10 
9.  3 ÷  ÷ 1 ÷  =  ÷  ÷  ÷  =  ÷  ÷ ÷ 
 4 16   3 0.3   4 16   3 3  4 16   3 1× 3 
 
 10 
 4  1 1
 13 2   5 10   13 16   5 3   13 × 16
/ /   5/ × 3/   13 × 4   1 × 1   52   1 
=  ÷  ÷ ÷  =  ×  ÷ ×  =   ÷  3/× 10  =  1 × 2  ÷  1 × 2  =  2  ÷  2 
 4 16   3 3  4 2   3 10   4
/ × 2   / / 
 1  1 2 
1
52 1 52 2 52 × 2/ 52 × 1 52
= ÷ = × = = = = 52
2 2 2 1 2/ × 1 1×1 1
1
  2 
 1 1  12  (1 × 3) + 1  1 5   12  3 + 1  1 10   12  4  1 × 10/ / 
10. 12 ÷ 1 ÷  ÷ 0.5  = ÷ ÷  ÷  = ÷ ÷  ×  = ÷ ÷
 3 5  1  3  5 10   1  3  5 5  1 3  5 × 5/  
  1  

2 
12  4  1× 2  12  4  2   12  4 2  12  4 5  12  4/ × 5  12  2 × 5  12 10 
= ÷ ÷  = ÷  ÷   = ÷ ÷
3 5 = ÷ ×
3 2 = ÷  3 × 2/  = 1 ÷  3 × 1  = 1 ÷  3 
1  3  5 × 1   1  3  5   1   1   1
 1 
6
12 10 12 3 12
/ /× 3 6×3 18 3
= ÷ = × = = = = 3
1 3 1 10 1 × 10
// 1× 5 5 5
5
 4 1  ( 2 × 5) + 4 1  45  10 + 4 1  45  14 1  45  14 − 1 45  13  45
1.  2 −  ÷ 45 =  −  ÷ =  − ÷ =  − ÷ =  ÷ =  ÷
 5 5  5 5  1  5 5  1  5 5  1  5  1  5 1
13 45 13 1 13 × 1 13
= ÷ = × = =
5 1 5 45 5 × 45 225
24 6
 1 2  0.24  (1 × 4) + 1 2  100  4 + 1 2  24 × 10  5 2 240
///  (5 × 3) + ( 2 × 4)  6
2. 1 +  × =  + × =  + × =  + × =   ×
 4 3  0.2  4 3  2  4 3  100 × 2  4 3 200
///  4×3  5
5
10
1
 15 + 8  6  23  6 23 6 23 × 6/ 23 × 1 23 3
=   × =   × = × = = = = 2
 12  5  12  5 12 5 12
/ /× 5 2×5 10 10
2
 1
3  2  3  (3 × 5) + 2 2  3  15 + 2 2/  3  17 1  3  17 − 1 3  16  3 16
3. ×  3 − 0.2 = ×  −  = ×  −  = × −  = ×  = ×  = ×
8  5  8  5 10  8  5 10
// 8  5 5 8  5  8  5 8 5
 5
2
3 × 16
// 3× 2 6 1
= = = = 1
8/ × 5 1× 5 5 5
1
 12   1 
4.
1  012
3 −
. 2
+  =
( 3 × 8) + 1  100 2 
− +  =
24 + 1  12 × 10 2 
− +  =
25  120
−
/ / / 2
+  =
25  1 2 
− + 
8  0.6 3  8  6 3  8  100 × 6 3  8  600
/ / / 3  8  5 3
 10   5 
=
25  (1 × 3) + ( 2 × 5) 
 =
25  3 + 10  25  13  25 13 (25 × 15) − (13 × 8) = 375 − 104 = 271
− −  = −  = − =
8  5×3  8  15  8  15  8 15 8 × 15 120 120

31
= 2
120
 1 
 1 2  1 1  (1 × 4) + 1 2  1 1  4 + 1 2   1 × 10 1   5 2   10 1 
5. 1 +  ×  ×  =  +  × ×  =  +  × ×  =  +  × × 
 4 3   0.2 5   4 3   2 5   4 3  1 × 2 5  4 3  2 5
 
 10 
1
 (5 × 3) + ( 2 × 4)   10 × 1  15 + 8   10   23  10 23 10 23 × 10
// 23 × 1 23 11
=   ×   =   ×  =   × = × = = = =1
 4 × 3   2 × 5   12   10   12  10 12 10 12 × 10
/ / 12 × 1 12 12
1
 3 
2 2  1  2 ( 2 × 3) + 2   15 1   2 6 + 2   15 1   2 8   15 / / × 1
6.  + 2  ÷ 15 ×  = 
3 +  ÷ ×
  1 5  =  +  ÷ ×  =  + ÷
  
3 3  5  3   3 3   1 5   3 3   1 × 5/ 
 1
 2 + 8   3 × 1  10   3  10 3 10 1 10 × 1 10 1
=   ÷  =   ÷  = ÷ = × = = = 1
 3   1 × 1  3   1 3 1 3 3 3× 3 9 9
 1 
 1 1   1  ( 4 × 7) + 1 1 2  1  28 + 1 1  2  1  29 1  2/  1
7.  4 −  × 0.02 ÷ =  −  × ÷ =  −  ×  ÷ = − ×
 7 4  100 ÷
 7 4  14  7 4  100  14  7 4  100  14 / / /  14
 50 
 ( 29 × 4) − (1 × 7)  1  1  116 − 7  1  1  109  1  1 109 1  1
=   ×  ÷ =   × ÷ =   × ÷ =  28 × 50  ÷ 14
 7×4  50  14  28  50  14  28  50  14  
1
 109 × 1  1  109  1 109 1 109 14 109 × 14 // 109 × 1 109 9
=   ÷ = ÷
1400  14 = ÷ = × = = = =1
 28 × 50  14   1400 14 1400 1 1400
/ / / /×1 100 × 1 100 100
100
 15    750  
 ( 2 × 5) + 1  
8.
 1 15 .  1 10  ÷ 1  × 4 =  10 + 1 + 15 × 100  ÷ 1  × 4 =  11 + 1500
/ / / /  1 4
 2 +  ÷  × 4 =  +     5 ÷ ×
5 0.01  5  5 1  5 1  5 10 × 1  5  1 / /  5  1
10
    5  
 100    
 1
 11 750  1  4  11 + 750  1  4  761 1  4  761 5  4  761 × 5/  × 4
=  +  ÷  × =   ÷  × =   ÷  × =  5 × × =
 5 5  5 1  5  5 1  5  5 1  1  1  5/ × 1  1
 1 
 761 × 1  4  761  4 761 4 761 × 4 3044
=  × =  1 × 1 = 1 × 1 = = = 3044
 1×1  1   1 1
 1 
 1 1  3  ( 2 × 5) + 1 1   2 3   10 + 1 1   2/ × 3   11 1   1 × 3 
9.  2 −  ÷  0.2 ×  =  −  ÷  ×  =  −  ÷ =  −  ÷ 
 5 5  5  5 5   10 5   5 / / × 5 
5   10  5 5  5 × 5
 5 
5
 11 − 1  3   10  3 10 3 10 25 10 × 25
// 10 × 5 50 2
=  ÷
   =   ÷ = ÷ = × = = = = 16
 5   25   5  25 5 25 5 3 5/× 3 1× 3 3 3
1
14
 1 2  1  28  ( 2 × 6) + 1 2  1  28  12 + 1 2  1  / /  13
28 2 1 
10. 2.8 ÷  2 +  +  = ÷  +  +  = ÷  + +  = ÷  + + 
 6 3  18  10  6 3  18  10  6 3  18  / /  6
10 3  18 
5
=
14  (13 × 3) + ( 2 × 6 )  1  
14  39 + 12  1  
14  51 1  14  51 1  14  51 + 1 
÷ 
5  6×3  + 18  = 5 ÷  18  + 18  = 5 ÷  18  + 18  = 5 ÷ 18 + 18  = ÷
5  18 
       
9 63
14  52  14 52 14 18 14 × 18
// 14 × 9 126
/// 63
= ÷  = ÷ = × = = = =
5  18  5 18 5 52 5 × 52
// 5 × 26 130
/// 65
26 65

Index
A Decimal factions, 52, 132-203, 266, 370, 424
adding, 132-150
Absolute value, 51, 54
definition, xii
definition, xii
dividing, 181-191
Addend, 1
multiplying, 170-180
definition, xii
solving mixed operations using, 192-203
Addition
subtracting, 151-169
associative property of, 8
Decimal and mixed fractions, 370-423
commutative property of, 8
adding, 370-381
definition, xii
dividing, 402-411
Algebraic approach, 1, 80, 132, 204
definition, xii
solving mixed operations using, 412-423
Associative property, 8, 28
definition, xii
Decimal number, 52
B definition, xii
Brackets, 1, 12-50 Decimal point, 52
definition, xii definition, xiii
use of in addition, 12-16 Denominator, 51
use of in addition, subtraction, definition, xiii
multiplication, and division, 45-50 Difference, 2
use of in division, 38-42 definition, xiii
use of in multiplication, 31-35 Distributive property, 28
use of in subtraction, 22-27 definition, xiii
Dividend, 5, 54-59
C definition, xiii
Case Division
definition, xii definition, xiii
Change Divisor, 5, 54-60
decimal fractions to integer fractions, 71-76 definition, xiii
definition, xii E
improper fractions to mixed fractions, 54-60
mixed fractions to integer fractions, 77-79 Equal, 53
Common denominator definition, xiii
definition, xii Equivalent fractions, 53
Common fraction definition, xiii
definition, xii Even number, 61-62, 65-70
Commutative property, 8, 28 definition, xiii
definition, xii Exact order, 91
Complex fraction, 76 definition, xiii
definition, xii Exponential notation, 52
Conversion definition, xiii
definition, xii F
Convert, 51
Factor, 4
definition, xii
definition, xiii
D Fraction, 51

Mastering Fractions Index
definition, xiii definition, xiv

Minimize
G definition, xiv
Mixed fractions, 52, 54, 204-265, 315, 370, 424
Greatest common factor, 61, 63, 65, 67, 70
adding, 204-219
definition, xiii
definition, xiv
Group, 9-11, 19-21, 29-30, 37
dividing, 246-255
definition, xiii
I solving mixed operations using, 256-265
Imaginary number subtracting, 220-235
definition, xiii Mixed operation
Improper fraction, 51, 54-60 definition, xiv
definition, xiii using decimal and mixed fractions, 412-423
Integer fractions, 51, 80-131, 266, 315, 424 using decimal fractions, 192-203
adding, 80-93 using integer and decimal fractions, 304-314
definition, xiv using integer and mixed fractions, 360-369
dividing, 115-123 using integer fractions, 124-131
multiplying, 107-114 using integer, decimal, and mixed fractions,
solving mixed operations using, 124-131 477-489
subtracting, 94-106 using mixed fractions, 256-265
Integer and decimal fractions, 266-314 Using parentheses and brackets in, 43-50
adding, 266-275 Multiplicand
dividing, 295-303 definition, xiv
multiplying, 286-294 Multiplication
solving mixed operations using, 304-314 associative property of, 28
subtracting, 276-285 commutative property of, 28
Integer and mixed fractions, 315-369 definition, xiv
adding, 315-328 distributive property of, 28
dividing, 351-359 Multiplier
multiplying, 343-350 definition, xiv
solving mixed operations using, 360-369 N
Not Applicable
Integer, decimal, and mixed fractions, 424-489
definition, xiv
adding, 424-438
Numerator, 51
dividing, 465-476
definition, xiv
solving mixed operations using, 477-489 O
Odd number, 63-70
Integer number, 51
definition, xiv
definition, xiv
Operation
Irrational number
definition, xiv
definition, xiv
P
L
Parentheses, 1, 8-50
Lowest term
definition, xiv
definition, xiv
use of in addition, 8-12
M use of in addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division, 43-45
Mathematical operations
use of in division, 36-38

Mastering Fractions Index
use of in multiplication, 28-31 W

use of in subtraction, 18-22
Whole number, 52-53
Prime factor method, 70
definition, xv
Prime number, 70
definition, xiv
Product, 4
definition, xiv
Proper fraction, 51
definition, xiv
Q
Quotient, 5, 54-60
definition, xv
R
Rational number
definition, xv
Real number, 1-8, 18, 28, 36
definition, xv
Re-group, 8, 12-14, 18, 22-25, 28, 31-33, 36
definition, xv
Remainder, 54-60
definition, xv
S
Sign, 1-5
definition, xv
Signed numbers, 1-7
addition of, 1-2
definition, xv
division of, 5-7
multiplication of, 4-5
subtraction of, 2-4
Simplify
definition, xv
integer fractions, 61-70
Specific example
definition, xv
Step
definition, xv
Sub-group, 12-14, 22-25, 31-33
definition, xv
Subtraction
definition, xv
Sum, 1
definition, xv
Symbol, 1
definition, xv

About the Author
Dan Hamilton received his B.S. degree in electrical engineering from Oklahoma State University
and Master's degree, also in electrical engineering, from University of Texas at Austin. He has
taught a number of math and engineering courses as a visiting lecturer at University of
Oklahoma, department of mathematics, and as a faculty member at Rose State College,
department of engineering technology, at Midwest City, Oklahoma. He is currently working in
the field of aerospace technology and has published numerous technical papers.

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Mastering Fractions

Book Title: Mastering Fractions

Author: Dan Hamilton

Editor: Melvin DeGree

Cover design by: Kathleen Myers

First published in 1996

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 95-95207

eBook and paperback versions available in the Amazon Kindle Store

eManual versions available in the Amazon Kindle Store

eManual versions available in the Amazon Kindle Store

Introduction and Overview .......................................................................................................... xi

Terminology ................................................................................................................................. xii

Chapter 1 Parentheses and Brackets

1.1 Signed numbers ........................................................................................................1

Chapter 2 Simplifying and Converting Fractions

2.1 What is a fraction? ................................................................................................51

Chapter 3 Integer Fractions

3.1 Adding integer fractions .......................................................................................80

Chapter 4 Decimal Fractions

4.1 Adding decimal fractions .....................................................................................132

Hamilton Education Guides i

Chapter 5 Mixed Fractions

5.1 Adding mixed fractions .........................................................................................204

Chapter 6 Integer and Decimal Fractions

6.1 Adding integer and decimal fractions ..................................................................266

Chapter 7 Integer and Mixed Fractions

7.1 Adding integer and mixed fractions .....................................................................315

Chapter 8 Decimal and Mixed Fractions

8.1 Adding decimal and mixed fractions ...................................................................370

Chapter 9 Integer, Decimal, and Mixed Fractions

9.1 Adding integer, decimal, and mixed fractions .....................................................424

Hamilton Education Guides ii

Appendix Exercise Solutions

About the Author....................................................................................................................548

Hamilton Education Guides iii

Hamilton Education Guides iv

Case I - Use of Parentheses in Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, and Division 43

Chapter 2 - Simplifying and Converting Fractions

Chapter 3 - Integer Fractions

Hamilton Education Guides v

3.4 Dividing Integer Fractions ............................................................................................. 115

Chapter 4 - Decimal Fractions

Chapter 5 - Mixed Fractions

Hamilton Education Guides vi

Chapter 6 - Integer and Decimal Fractions

Chapter 7 - Integer and Mixed Fractions

Hamilton Education Guides vii

Chapter 8 - Decimal and Mixed Fractions

Chapter 9 - Integer, Decimal, and Mixed Fractions

Hamilton Education Guides viii

Appendix - Exercise Solutions

Hamilton Education Guides ix

Hamilton Education Guides x

With best wishes,

Hamilton Education Guides xi

Hamilton Education Guides 1

3. 0 + ( −1) = 0 − 1 = −1 4. 8 + ( −45) = 8 − 45 = −37

1. ( −3) + 9 = −3 + 9 = 6 2. ( −12) + 8 = −12 + 8 = −4