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Reservoir Simulation (April 2017) PDF
Reservoir Simulation (April 2017) PDF
SIMULATION
COURSE OBJECTIVE
COURSE OUTLINE
REFERENCES
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 2
Course Objective
• To review the background of petroleum reservoir
simulation with an intensive focus on what and how
things are done in reservoir simulations
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 3
COURSE OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION
FLOW EQUATIONS
11/11/2019 Mai Cao Lân – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 5
INTRODUCTION
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 6
Numerical Simulation – An Overview
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 7
Mathematical Formulation
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 8
Numerical Methods for PDEs
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 9
Numerical Methods for Linear Equations
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 10
Components of a Reservoir Simulator
Reservoir
Simulator
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 11
What is Reservoir Simulation?
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 12
Reservoir Simulation Basics
• The reservoir is divided into a number of cells
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 13
Simulating Flow in Reservoirs
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 14
SINGLE-PHASE FLOW
EQUATIONS
ESSENTIAL PHYSICS
CONTINUITY EQUATION
MOMENTUM EQUATION
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATION
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 15
Essential Physics
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 16
Conservation of Mass
Mass conservation may be formulated across a control element with one fluid
of density r, flowing through it at a velocity u:
u
r
Dx
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 17
Continuity Equation
Based on the mass conservation law, the continuity equation can be
expressed as follow:
Ar u A r
x t
r u r
x t
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 18
Conservation of Momentum
k P
u
x
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 19
Equation Governing Material Behaviors
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 20
Constitutive Equation of Rock
The behavior of reservoir rock corresponding to the
pressure declines can be expressed by the definition of the
formation compaction
1
cf
P T
1 V
cl , l o, w, g
V P T
PV nZRT
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 22
Single-Phase Fluid System
Fluid System
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 23
Single-Phase Gas
r gs
constant
rg
Bg Bg
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 24
Single-Phase Water
r ws constant
rw
Bw Bw
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 25
Single-Phase Oil
r oS r gS Rso
ro
Bo
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 26
Single-Phase Fluid Model
constant
r
B
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 27
Single-Phase Flow Equation
The continuity equation for a one phase, one-dimensional system of
constant cross-sectional area is:
ru r
x t
The fluid model:
The conservation of
momentum for 1D, k P r
constant
u B
horizontal flow is: x
Substituting the momentum equation and the fluid model into the
continuity equation, and including a source/sink term, we obtain the
single phase flow in a 1D porous medium:
k P qsc
x B x Vb t B
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 28
Single-Phase Flow Equation for Slightly
Compressible Fluids
k P qsc c f d (1/ B) P
t
x B x Vb B dP
k P qsc P ct P
c f cl
x B x Vb B t B t
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 29
Single-Phase Flow Equation for Compressible
Fluids
k P qsc
x B x Vb t B
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 30
Boundary Conditions (BCs)
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 31
Boundary Conditions (BCs)
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 32
Dirichlet Boundary Conditions
For the one-dimension single phase flow, the Dirichlet boundary
conditions are the pressure the pressures at the reservoir boundaries,
such as follows:
Px 0, t 0 PL
Px L, t 0 PR
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 33
Newmann Boundary Conditions
In Neumann boundary conditions, the flow rates at the end faces of the
system are specified. Using Darcy's equation, the conditions become:
kA P kA P
Q0 QL
x x 0 x x L
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 34
General 3D Single-Phase Flow Equations
The general equation for 3D single-phase flow in field units (customary
units) is as follows:
Ax k x Ay k y
c Dx c Dy
x B x y B y
Az k z Vb
c Dz qsc
z B z c t B
p Z Z: Elevation, positive in downward direction
c, c, c: Unit conversion factors
cr g
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 35
3D Single-Phase Flow Equations for
Horizontal Reservoirs
The equation for 3D single-phase flow in field units for horizontal
reservoir is as follow:
Ax k x p Ay k y p
c Dx c Dy
x B x y B y
Az k z p Vb
c Dz qsc
z B z c t B
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 36
1D Single-Phase Flow Equation with
Depth Gradient
Ax k x p Vb
c Dx qsc
x B x c t B
Ax k x Z
c Dx
x B x
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 37
Quantities in Flow Equations
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 38
Quantities in Flow Equations
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 39
FINITE DIFFERENCE METHOD &
NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF SINGLE-PHASE
FLOW EQUATIONS
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 40
Numerical Solution of Flow Equations
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 41
Fundamentals of FDM
In FDM, derivatives are replaced by a proper difference formula based on
the Taylor series expansions of a function:
f f ( x Dx) f ( x)
O(Dx)
x x Dx
The difference formula above is of order 1 with the truncation error being
proportional to Dx
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 42
Fundamentals of FDM (cont.)
To obtain higher order difference formula for the first derivative, Taylor series
expansion of the function is used from both side of x
The difference formula above is of order 2 with the truncation error being
proportional to (Dx)2
f f ( x Dx) f ( x Dx)
O(Dx 2 )
x x 2Dx
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 43
Typical Difference Formulas
f f ( x Dx) f ( x)
O(Dx)
x x Dx
i-1 i i+1
Dx
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 44
Typical Difference Formulas
f f ( x) f ( x Dx)
O(Dx)
x x Dx
f f f
i i 1 O(Dx)
x i Dx
i-1 i i+1
Dx
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 45
Typical Difference Formulas
Centered difference for first derivatives (1D)
f f ( x Dx) f ( x Dx)
O(Dx 2 )
x x 2Dx
f f f
i 1 i 1 O(Dx 2 )
x i 2Dx
i-1 i i+1
Dx
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 46
Typical Difference Formulas
2 f f ( x Dx) 2 f ( x) f ( x Dx)
O ( Dx 2
)
x 2 x
Dx 2
2 f fi 1 2 fi fi 1
O ( Dx 2
)
x i
2
Dx 2
i-1 i i+1
Dx
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 47
Typical Difference Formulas
f f ( x, y Dy ) f ( x, y )
O(Dy )
y ( x , y ) Dy
i,j-1
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 48
Typical Difference Formulas
f f ( x, y ) f ( x, y Dy )
O(Dy )
y ( x , y ) Dy
f fi , j fi , j 1
O(Dy) i-1,j i,j i+1,j
y (i , j ) Dy
i,j-1
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 49
Typical Difference Formulas
Centered difference for first derivatives (2D)
f f ( x, y Dy ) f ( x, y Dy )
O(Dy 2 )
y ( x , y ) 2Dy
f fi , j 1 fi , j 1
O(Dy 2 ) i-1,j i,j i+1,j
y (i , j ) 2Dy
i,j-1
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 50
Typical Difference Formulas
Centered difference for second derivatives (2D)
2 f f ( x, y Dy ) 2 f ( x, y) f ( x, y Dy)
O ( Dy 2
)
y 2 ( x, y )
Dy 2
2 f fi , j 1 2 fi , j fi , j 1
O(Dy 2 ) i-1,j i,j i+1,j
y 2 (i , j )
Dy 2
i,j-1
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 51
Solving time-independent PDEs
Derive the difference formulation for the given PDE by replacing all
derivatives with corresponding difference formulas
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 52
Exercise 1
2 p
16 2
sin(4 x) 0 x 1
x 2
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 53
Exercise 2
2u sin( x) sin( y )
0 x 1, 0 y 1
subject to the boundary conditions:
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 54
Boundary Condition Implementation
Newmann BCs:
p
C
x b
p p1 p0 p pnx 1 pnx
C C
x 11/2 x1 x0 x nx 1/2 xnx 1 xnx
p0 p1 C Dx1 pnx 1 pnx C Dxnx
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 55
Boundary Condition Implementation
Dirichlet BCs:
pb C
1 p1 p2 C 1 pn x
pnx 1 C
Dx1 Dxnx
Dx1 Dx2 Dxnx Dxnx 1
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 56
Exercise 3
2u ( 2 2 ) exp( x y )
0 x 1, 0 y 1, 2, 3
subject to the boundary conditions:
u exp( x y); y 0, y 1
u
exp( x y ); x 0, x 1
x
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 57
Solving time-dependent PDEs
Derive the difference formulation for the given PDE by replacing all
derivatives with corresponding difference formulas in both space
and time dimensions
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 58
Exercise 4
u 2u
2 , 0 x 1.0, t 0
t x
subject to the following initial and boundary conditions:
u ( x 0, t ) u ( x 1, t ) 0, t 0
u ( x, t 0) sin( x),0 x 1
Hints: Use explicit scheme for time discretization
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 59
Explicit Scheme
where
n=0,NT: Time step
i =1,NX: Grid point index
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 60
Implicit Scheme
n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1
u u u n
2u u
i
i i 1 i i 1
Dt (Dx) 2
where
n=0,NT: Time step
i =1,NX: Grid point index
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 61
Semi-Implicit Scheme
where
0≤≤1
n=0,NT: Time step
i =1,NX: Grid point index
P P
f ( x ) f ( x )
P x i 1/2 x i 1/2
x
f ( x )
x i
Dxi
O
Dx
2
P Pi 1 Pi P Pi Pi 1
1 O(Dx) O(Dx)
i 1/2 2
x ( Dx i D x i 1 ) x i 1/2 2 (Dxi Dxi 1 )
1
( Pi 1 Pi ) ( Pi Pi 1 )
2 f ( x)i 1/2 2 f ( x)i 1/2
P (Dxi 1 Dxi ) (Dxi Dxi 1 )
f ( x) O(Dx)
x x i Dxi
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 64
FDM for Flow Equations
FD Spatial Discretization
FD Temporal Discretization
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 65
Single-Phase Flow Equations
Ax k x p Vb ct p
c Dx qsc
x B x c B t
Ax k x p Vb
c Dx qsc
x B x c t B
11/11/2019 Mai Cao Lân – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 66
FDM for Slightly Compressible Fluid Flow
Equations
FD Spatial Discretization
FD Temporal Discretization
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 67
FD Spatial Discretization of the LHS
Ak P ( Pi 1 Pi ) P ( Pi Pi 1 )
where f ( x) c x x 1
B x i (Dxi 1 Dxi ) / 2 x i 1 (Dxi 1 Dxi ) / 2
2 2
Ax k x p Ax k x Ax k x
c D
i c
x ( Pi 1 P )
c ( Pi Pi 1 )
x B x i BDx i 12
i
BDx i 12
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 68
Transmissibility
Ax k x 1
Tx c
i 1
2 Dx i 1 B i 1
2 2
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 69
FD Spatial Discretization
Ax k x P
c Dxi Txi 12 ( Pi 1 Pi ) Txi 12 ( Pi 1 Pi )
x B x i
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 70
Transmissibility
Ax k x 1
Tx c 1 1
i 1
2 Dx i B i
2 2
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 71
Transmissibility (cont’d)
Ax k x
1
1 Ax k x
1
Ax k x
1
c Dx 1 c c
Dx i 1
Dx i
i 2
2
or
Ax k x Ax k x i 1 Ax k x i
c 1 2 c
Dx i Ax k x i Dxi 1 Ax k x i 1 Dxi
2
11/11/2019 Mai Cao Lân – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 72
Weighted Average of Mobility
i
Dxi 1i 1 Dxi i
1
2
Dxi1 Dxi
1
B
i 1
Dxi 1i 1 Dxi i
2
Dxi1 Dxi
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 73
Discretized Transmissibility
Ax k x 1
Tx c
i 1
2 Dx i 1 B i 1
2 2
Ax k x i 1 Ax k x i
Tx 2 c
i
1
2
Ax k x i Dxi 1 Ax k x i 1 Dxi
1 1 1
Dxi 1
Dx
Dxi 1 Dxi i
B i 1 B i
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 74
FD Temporal Discretization
Explicit Method
Vb ct i i
n 1
n n
p p
Txni1/2 pin1 pin Txni1/2 pin1 pin qsc n
c B i Dt
i
Implicit Method
Txi1/2 pi 1 pi Txi1/2 pi 1 pi qsc
n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1 Vb ct
n 1
p n 1
i pin
i
c i
B Dt
Semi-implicit Method 0 1
qsc n 1 Txni1/21 pin11 pin 1 Txni1/21 pin11 pin 1
i
Vb ct
1 Txi1/2 pi 1 pi Txi1/2 pi 1 pi
n n n n n n
n 1
i i
p n 1
p n
c B i Dt
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 75
Exercise 5
For the 1D, block-centered grid shown on the screen,
determine the pressure distribution during the first year of
production. The initial reservoir pressure is 6000 psia. The
rock and fluid properties for this problem are:
Dx 1000ft; Dy 1000ft; Dz 75ft
B 1RB/STB; =10cp;
k x =15md; =0.18; c t =3.5 106 psi -1 ;
Use time step sizes of =10, 15, and 30 days.
Assume B is unchanged within the pressure range
of interest.
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 76
Exercise 6
For the 1D, block-centered grid shown on the screen,
determine the pressure distribution during the first year of
production. The initial reservoir pressure is 6000 psia. The
rock and fluid properties for this problem are:
Dx 1000ft; Dy 1000ft; Dz 75ft
B 1RB/STB; =10cp; cf=1.0 10-6 psi-1
k x =15md; =0.18 at p=3000psia; ct =3.5 106 psi-1 ;
Use time step sizes of =15 days.
Assume B and are unchanged within the pressure range
of interest. Also, the reservoir rock is considered as
a slightly compressible material.
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 77
Exercise 5 (cont’d)
1000 ft
qsc 150 STB/D p
0
x
p
0
x
75 ft
1 2 3 4 5
1000 ft
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 78
Exercise 6 (cont’d)
1000
ft
qsc 150 STB/D p
0
x
75
1 2 3 4 5 ft
1000
p 6000psia ft
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 79
FDM for Slightly Compressible Fluid Flow
Equations
FD Spatial Discretization
FD Temporal Discretization
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 80
FD Spatial Discretization of the LHS for
Compressible Fluids
Ax k x p
c Dxi Txi 12 ( pi 1 pi ) Txi 12 ( pi 1 pi )
x B x i
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 80
Transmissibility
Ax k x 1
Tx c
i 1
2 Dx i 1 B i 1
2 2
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 82
Upstream Average of Mobility
1
B
i 1 if pi 1 pi
i
i if pi 1 pi
1
2
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 82
FD Spatial Discretization of the RHS for
Compressible Fluids
Vb
Vb
n 1
n
c t B i c Dt B
B
i
ref
exp c f p p
ref
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 83
Exercise 7
11/11/2019 Mai Cao Lân – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 85
Exercise 7 (cont’d)
11/11/2019 Mai Cao Lân – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 86
Exercise 7 (cont’d)
1000 ft
qsc 150 STB/D p
0
x
p
0
x
75 ft
1 2 3 4 5
1000 ft
11/11/2019 Mai Cao Lân – Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 87
MULTIPHASE FLOW
SIMULATION
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 88
Multiphase Flow Equations
Continuity equation for each fluid flowing phase:
Ar l ul A r l Sl l o, w, g
x t
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 89
Oil-Water Flow Equations
krw Pw Z Vb S w
c k x Ax w Dx qwsc
x w Bw x x c t Bw
So S w 1 Pw Po Pcow
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 90
Oil-Water Flow Equations
kro Po Z Vb 1 S w
c k x Ax o Dx qosc
x o Bo x x c t Bo
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 91
Discretization of the Flow Equation
Left side flow terms
k ro Po Z
c k x Ax o Dxi
x o Bo x x i
Txo i 1 ( Po i 1 Po i ) Txo i 1 ( Po i 1 Po i )
2 2
k rw Po Pcow Z
c k x Ax w Dxi
x w Bw x x x i
Txwi 1 ( Po i 1 Po i ) Txwi 1 ( Po i 1 Po i )
2 2
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 92
Phase Mobility
k ro
o
o Bo
k rw
w
w Bw
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 93
Averaging of Phase Mobility
1 Upstream: 2 weighted average:
i i o i
Dxi o i Dxi 1o i 1
1
Dxi Dxi 1
o o 1
2 2
Qw OIL
Sw
1-Swir
exact
average
upstream
Swir
x
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 94
Upstream Average of Mobility
2
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 95
Discretization of Multiphase Flow
Equation
Left side flow terms
kro Po Z
c k x Ax o Dxi
x o Bo x x i
Txo 1 ( Po i1 Po i ) Txo 1 ( Po i1 Po i )
i i
2 2
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 96
Discretization of the Oil-Phase Equation
Right side flow terms
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 97
Discretization of Oil-phase RHS
So n 1 n 1 n 1
Cpoo ( P Po
n
) Cswo ( Sw
n1
Sw
n
i )
t Bo i i oi i i i
n 1 n 1
n 1 (1 Sw ) cr d (1/ Bo)
Cpoo i
Where: Dt i Bo dP o i
n 1
and
n 1
Cswo i
Bo Dt i
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 98
Discretization of Water-Phase Equation
Right side flow terms
S w S w
S w
t Bw Bw t t Bw
Pcow dPcow S w
t dS w t
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 99
Discretization of Water-phase RHS
Sw n 1 n 1 n 1
Cpowi ( Poi Poi ) Cswwi ( Swi Swi )
n n1 n
t Bw i
n 1 n 1
n 1 Sw cr d (1/ Bw )
Where: Cpow i
Dt i Bw dPw
i
and
n 1 n 1
n 1 dPcow n 1
Csww i dSw Cpow
D
w i
B t i i
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 100
Fully Discrete Oil-Water Flow Equations
(Fully Implicit)
Txoin11 Poni1 1 Poni 1 Txoin11 Poni1 1 Poni 1 Cpooin 1 Poni 1 Poin
2 2
Cswoin 1 S n 1
wi Swin q osci
n 1
i 1,..., N
2
Txwin11 Poni1 1 Poni 1 Pcow
n 1
i 1
P n 1
cowi T xw
n 1
P
i 2 oi1
1
n 1
P n 1
oi P n 1
cowi1
P n 1
cowi
C powin 1 Poni 1 Poin Cswwin 1 Sn 1
wi n 1
Swin q wsc
i
i 1,..., N
11/11/2019 Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam 101
IMPES Solution of Oil-Water Flow Equations
Txoin11 iTxwin11
2 2
P n 1
oi1
Poni 1 Txoin11 iTxwin11
2 2
Pn 1
oi1 Poni 1
2
n
iTxwin11 Pcowi 1
P n
cowi i Txw
i 1
n 1
P n
cowi 1 P n
cowi
2
Cpooin 1 i Cpowin 1 P n 1
oi
Poin qoscin 1 i qwscin 1
Cswoin 1
i
Cswwin 1
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IMPES Pressure Solution
n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1
Wi P oi 1 Ci P oi Ei P oi 1 gi
Wi n 1 Txoin11 iTxwin11 Ei n 1
T n 1
xo 1
i 2
T n 1
i xwi 1
2 2 2
C in 1 Txoin11 Txoin11 Cpooin 1 C n 1
i
2 2 swoi
i Txwin11 Txwin11 Cpowin 1
2 2
C swwi
n 1
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IMPES Water Saturation
Once the oil pressures have been found, water saturations
can be obtained by either the oil-phase equation or the
water-phase equation.
n 1 1
Txoin11 Pon 1 Pon 1 Txoin11 Pon 1 Pon 1
i 1 i 1
S wi Swi
n 2 i 2 i
Cswoin 1 q n 1 Cpoo n 1 P n 1 Po n
osci i oi i
i 1,..., N
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Exercise 8
Ax=10,000 ft2
1 2 3 4
250 ft
p
0
x
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Exercise 8 (cont’d)
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Exercise 8 (cont’d)
The relative permeability data:
Sw Krw Kro
0.16 0 1
0.2 0.01 0.7
0.3 0.035 0.325
0.4 0.06 0.15
0.5 0.11 0.045
0.6 0.16 0.031
0.7 0.24 0.015
0.8 0.42 0
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DATA PREPARATION
INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION
The initial and often the most time consuming phase of a simulation study,
is the acquisition and interpretation of descriptive data for the reservoir
and reducing this data to a format acceptable to the simulation program.
MODELS +
DATA GATHERED DATA USEAGE DOCUMENTS
Seismic, Structure
Cores, Logs Reservoir quality
Faulting
Continuity
Total injection
Total production Continuity
Fluid properties (PVT) Depletion
Reservoir pressure (BHP) Displacement
Production by layer (PLT) Fluid behavior
Fluid contacts (TDT, logs) Residual oil
Sweep
Reservoir
Development
Development Drilling and Strategy
Production
Groups of Data Required for
a Simulation Study
Rock Data
permeability, relative permeability, capillary pressure,
porosity, saturations, thickness, depth, compressibility
Fluid Data
PVT, viscosity, density, formation volume factor,
compressibility, solution gas-oil ratio
Groups of Data Required for a Simulation Study
Production Data
flow rate, pressure, PI, II
Economic Data
product price, capex, opex, economic limit
Miscellaneous Data
Well stimulation, workover
Data Required for a Simulation Study –
Sources of Data
Property Sources
Permeability Pressure transient testing,
Core analyses
Property Sources
Saturations Well logs, Core analyses,
Single-well tracer tests
Fluid property (PVT) data Laboratory analyses of reservoir
fluid samples
Faults, boundaries, fluid Seismic, Pressure transient testing
contacts
Data Required for a Simulation Study –
Sources of Data
Property Sources
Aquifers Seismic, Regional exploration
studies
PROBLEM DEFINITION
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Problem Definition
Consider a 2-phase (oil,water) reservoir model having 5x5x3 cells (in X,Y,Z
directions, respectively). The cell sizes are 500ft x 500ft x 75ft, respectively and the
depth of reservoir top structure is 8,000ft. A production well (named as PROD) was
drilled at location (x,y)=(1,1) through the whole reservoir thickness. An injection
well (named as INJ) was drilled at location (x,y)=(5,5) through the whole reservoir
thickness. Both wells were completed by perforations in the entire reservoir
thickness, starting from the depth of 8,000ft.
Layer Kx Ky Kz
1 200 150 20
2 1000 800 100
3 200 150 20
SOLUTION Initialization
PORO grid block porosities for the current box; data is taken from
Isopac map, and geological model from IRAP
TYPICAL KEYWORDS IN SECTIONS
GRID SECTION
Example
GRID
Size of each cell in X,Y and Z directions
DX 75*500 /
DY 75*500 /
DZ 75*50 /
-- TVDSS of top layer only
-- X1 X2 Y1 Y2 Z1 Z2
BOX
1 5 1 5 1 1/
TOPS
25*8000 /
ENDBOX
-- Permeability in X,Y and Z directions for each cell
PERMX 25*200 25*1000 25*200 /
PERMY 25*150 25*800 25*150 /
PERMZ 25*20 25*100 25*20 /
-- Porosity
PORO75*0.2 /
-- Output file with geometry and rock properties
Typical Keywords in Sections
props section
PVT: Tables of properties of reservoir rock and fluids as functions of fluid
pressures, saturations and compositions
-- Rock compressibility
-- P Cr
-- -- --
ROCK
4500 4e-06 /
The PVT region number specifies which set of PVT tables (input
using DENSITY, PVDG, PVDO, PVTG, PVTO, PVCO, PVTW and ROCK
in the PROPSsection) should be used to calculate PVT properties
of fluids in each grid block for a black oil model
Typical Keywords in Sections
Solution Section
The SOLUTION is used to define the initial state of every cell in the model
Initial pressure and phase saturation
Initial solution ratios
Depth dependence of reservoir fluid properties
Oil and gas re-solution rates
Initial analytical aquifer conditions
SOLUTION
1 Well name
2 Name of the group to which the well belongs
3 I - location of well head or heel
4 J - location of well head or heel
5 Reference depth for bottom hole pressure
6 Preferred phase for the well
7 Drainage radius for productivity/injectivity index calculation
Typical Keywords in Sections
Schedule Section
1 Well name, well name template, well list or well list template
2 I - location of connecting grid block(s)
3 J - location of connecting grid block(s)
4 K - location of upper connecting block in this set of data
5 K - location of lower connecting block in this set of data
6 Open/shut flag of connection
1 Well name, well name template, well list or well list template
2 Injector type
3 Open/shut flag for the well
4 Control mode
5 Surface flow rate target or upper limit
WCONHIST observed rates for history matching wells
TSTEP or DATE advances simulator to new report time(s) or specified report date(s)
Typical Keywords in Sections
Schedule Section
Example
SCHEDULE
-- Output to restart file for t>0 (.UNRST)
-- Restart File Graphics
-- every step only
-- ------------ -----------
RPTRST
BASIC=2 NORST=1 /
-- Location of well head and pressure gauge
-- Well Well Location BHP Pref.
-- name group I J datum phase
-- ---- ----- -- -- ----- -----
WELSPECS
PROD G1 1 1 8000 OIL /
INJ G2 5 5 8000 WATER /
/
-- Completion interval
-- Well Location Interval Status OTHER Well
-- name I J K1 K2 O or S PARAMS ID
-- ---- -- -- -- -- ------ ------ ----
Typical Keywords in Sections
Schedule Section
Example
COMPDAT
PROD 1 1 1 3 OPEN 2*
0.6667 /
INJ 5 5 1 3 OPEN 2*
0.6667 /
/
-- Production control
-- Well Status Control Oil Water Gas Liquid Resvr BHP
-- name mode rate rate rate rate
rate lim
-- ---- ------ ------ ---- ---- ---- ------ ----- -----
WCONPROD
PROD OPEN LRAT 3* 10000
1* 2000 /
/
-- Injection control
-- Well Fluid Status Control Surf Resvr Voidage BHP
-- name type mode rate rate frac flag lim
-- ---- ----- ----- ------ ----- ----- ---- ----
HISTORY MATCHING
OVERVIEW OF HISTORY MATCHING
WHAT IS MATCHED?
WHAT IS ADJUSTED?
EXAMPLE OF ADJUSTMENT
PROBLEM DEFINITION
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Overview of History Matching
History Matching: Comprising the adjustment of reservoir parameters in the
model until the simulated performance matches the measured information
Mathematically: Inverse Problem That is, we know the Model and we know
the answer, but we do not know the input to the model. There are special techniques
for solving inverse problem, but these do not apply to reservoir simulation history
matching. Thus, we use trial and ERROR
What are matched?
Individual Well History
Permeability
Porosity
Thickness
Net-to-Gross
Uncertain Areas of the Structure
What are adjusted?
Any parameters which describe the reservoir
Faults
Transmissibility
Possible Changes
Pore Volume?
Aquifer?
Oil Initially in Place
(Contacts, So)
Energy?
Gas cap size?
Example of adjustment
Possible Changes
Possible Changes
Possible Changes
Possible Changes
Possible Changes
Shale or barrier?
Vertical permeability between well and
water?
Numerical dispersion / grid effect?
HISTORY MATCHING – CASE STUDY
Given the history data in terms of oil, gas, water production rates, bottom
hole pressure, and reservoir pressure of a waterflooding project having
one injector and one producer as depicted in figure below, perform
history matching by adjusting the following unknown properties:
When the water breakthrough has not occurred, the WBHP depends on the
average permeability. Assume that the oil flows in the horizontal plane, so before
water breakthrough, WBHP depends on horizontal permeability (Kxx and Kyy).
After water breakthrough, the water flow up ward because of up dip water
injection. The WBHP mainly depend on vertical permeability (Kzz)
kh( PR Pwf )
Q0 Pwf f (k ) (1)
r
141.2o Bo ln( e ) 0.75 S
rw
History
Simulation
Figure 1 shows that, the WBHP of producer in case of Kxx = 200 md is smaller
the base case. Based on equation 2, the horizontal permeability should be
increased. For the second trail, Kxx = Kyy = 315 md and Kzz = 0.1Kxx = 35md.
History
Simulation
Figure 2 The result of first trail of Kxx = Kyy = 315 md and Kzz = 35md.
Horizontal and vertical permeability
From figure 2, the well bottom hole pressure is matched for the stage of before
water breakthrough.
Since this is updip water injection. In this matching work, well bottom hole
pressure of producer is a function of vertical permeability after water
breakthrough.
The bottom hole pressure is smaller than the base case when water
breakthrough. In this case, the vertical permeability should be increased and
Kzz was 73md in next trail
Horizontal and vertical permeability
Thus, the horizontal Kxx = Kyy = 315md and Kzz = 73 md are matched with
the given data.
History
Simulation
Figure 3 The result of first trail of Kxx = Kyy = 315 md and Kzz = 73md