What is Mobile Phone?

The mobile phone

or cell phone is a
long-range,
portable electronic
device used for
mobile
communication.
What a mobile contains
PCB(Printed
PCB(PrintedCircuit
Circuit
Board)
Board)
Microphone
Microphone

Speaker
Speaker

Antenna
Antenna

Battery
Battery

Flash/ROM
Flash/ROM

RF
RFAmplifier
Amplifier
What is Mobile Communication?

A wireless form of communication in which

voice and data information is emitted,
transmitted and received via microwaves.

Example: cellular and digital cordless

telephones, pagers, satellite based
communication etc.
 Related Terms
• MS - Mobile Station
• BTS - Base Transceiver
Station
• MSC - Mobile Switching
Center
• PSTN - Public Switching
Telephone Network
How a Mobile Works?
 Working Procedure of Mobile Phone

• At first the mobile signal generates from Mobile Station

• Then the signal is received by Base Station where the Base

Transceiver Station is responsible for carrying out radio
communications between the network and the Mobile Phone.

• After that the signal is transferred to Mobile Switching Center.

The MSC is the heart of the GSM network. It handles call
routing, call setup, and basic switching functions.

• Then the signal is received by PSTN(Public Switch Telephone

Network) & then again received by Base Station Antenna and
the connect to the Mobile Station.
 What is Adaptive Power
Control?
• Adaptive power control is a unique feature of a mobile phone which
provides a facility to control the transmit power of a mobile phone

If a phone is far from a

mobile tower, the
phone will transmit
maximum signal to be
in range of the tower.
The closer it gets to
the mobile tower it
lessens the transmit
power.

This process is called Adaptive power control.

Special codes of Mobile phone
• Mobile phone has 3 special codes
•
• 1)ESN(Electronic Serial Number) - A unique
32-bit number programmed into the
phone when it is manufactured
2)MIN(Mobile Identification Number) - A 10-digit
number derived from user’s phone's number
3)SID(System Identification Code) - A unique 5-
digit number that is assigned to each carrier by
the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
 SIM card

• A SIM card, also known as

a subscriber identity
module, is a smart card
inside a cellular phone,
carrying an identification
number unique to the owner
& storing personal data
 What a SIM Number contain?
A SIM Number Contains :
•
Country Code - First 3 Digit ;
Network Code- Next 2 Digit ;
Mobile Station Identification-Around 10 Digit.
 Control Channel for call
• In radio communication, a control channel is a
central channel that initiates calls.
• In GSM networks, Control Channels can be broadly
divided into 3 categories;
->Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
->Common Control Channel (CCCH )
->Dedicated Control Channels (DCCH).
 Traffic channel for data
Communication :
Traffic channel in GSM carry user speech or

data as other technology.

•It is used both in the uplink and downlink
• In cellular telecommunications, the term
handover or handoff refers to the process of
transferring an ongoing call or data session from
one channel connected to the core network to
another channel.
•
 Different Frequency Bands

Am Radio

300 Hz – 3400 3 KHz – 300 88 – 108 540 – 1600

GHz MHz KHz
Hz
 GSM
(Global System for Mobile Communication)

• GSM is a circuit-switched system that

divides each 200 kHz channel into eight
25 kHz time-slots
Frequency Bands in GSM System :

Mainly
Mainly 44 frequency
frequency used
used in
in GSM
GSM

GSM 400 MHz

GSM 1800 MHz GSM 1900 MHz

GSM 900 MHz

 GSM operates on the mobile communication
bands 900 MHz and 1800 MHz in most parts
of the world. In GSM 900MHZ there are 2 part
UL(uplink)– 890-915 MHz
DL(Downlink)– 935-960MHz

The difference between them is 45 MHz

Why ul(Uplink) frequency is lower than
dl(Download) frequency?
• It is because a mobile is operated on a battery
with low power and therefore it sends signals on
low(uplink) frequencies whereas a base station
is driven by high power and can easily send
signals on high(downlink) frequencies. This can
be verified by Friis equation which says
Transmitted power and Transmitted frequency
are directly proportional.
 FDMA in GSM
• The FDMA part involves the division by frequency of the (maximum
25 MHz bandwidth into 124 carrier frequencies spaced 200 kHz
apart. 25 MHz is divided by 200 KHz.
Total Frequency = 25MHz/200KHz
= 125
1 125

100KHz 100KHz
• From total 125 KHz, 1 KHz is used for guard band.
• Remaining usable frequency = 125 – 1 = 124
• If the remaining 124 frequencies are divided into
3 operators then each will get –> 124/3 = 41.3 F
• The overall process is done by FDMA.
 TDMA in GSM
• In GSM TDMA is used in combination with FDMA to overcome
capacity issue due to the problem of limited frequency spectrum.
• In GSM networks on one carrier frequency, that all users in the
same cell are using, TDMA allocate 8 timeslots.
• Each slot contains uplink and downlink.

ul
Dl

• 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
• 1 slot works for 577 microsecond
• Total slots works for 4.615 millisecond.
 Example
• If there are 41 frequencies then the time slot

• allocation using TDMA will be like below:

13
1 41
12

1 frequency is used for guard band

Remaining frequency = 29 - 1 = 28F