Define Machine Learning. Discuss the types of Machine Learning.

List the application areas of Machine Learning.

Definition:
A computer program is said to learn from experience E with respect to
some class of tasks T and performance measure P, if its performance at
tasks in T, as measured by P, improves with experience E.
Types:
Supervised Learning
Unsupervised learning
Reinforcement Learning

Supervised Learning:
 X,y (pre-classified training examples)
 Given an observation x, what is the best label for y?

In general, any machine learning problem can be assigned to one of two

broad classifications:
 Supervised learning and Unsupervised learning. (Learning Types)
 The term Supervised Learning refers to the fact that we gave the
algorithm a data set in which so called, "right answers" are given.
 In supervised learning, we are given a data set and already know
what our correct output should look like, having the idea that there
is a relationship between the input and the output.
  Supervised learning problems are categorized into "regression"
and "classification" problems. In a regression problem, we are
trying to predict results within a continuous output, meaning that
we are trying to map input variables to some continuous function.
In a classification problem, we are instead trying to predict results
in a discrete output. In other words, we are trying to map input
variables into discrete categories.

Unsupervised learning:
 X
 Given a set of x’s, cluster or summarize them

Reinforcement Learning:
Determine what to do based on rewards and punishments. It is about
taking suitable action to maximize reward in a particular situation. It is
employed by various software and machines to find the best possible
behaviour or path it should take in a specific situation.
Example :
The problem is as follows: We have an agent and a reward, with many
hurdles in between. The agent is supposed to find the best possible path
to reach the reward. The following problem explains the problem more
easily.
The above image shows robot, diamond and fire. The goal of the robot is
to get the reward that is the diamond and avoid the hurdles that is fire.
The robot learns by trying all the possible paths and then choosing the
path which gives him the reward with the least hurdles. Each right step
will give the robot a reward and each wrong step will subtract the reward
of the robot.
The total reward will be calculated when it reaches the final reward that
is the diamond.

Application:
 Email filtering: Email services use Machine Learning to filter
incoming emails. Users can train their spam filters by marking
emails as “spam”.
 Personalization: Online services use Machine learning to
personalize your experience. Services, like Amazon or Netflix,
 “learn” from your previous purchases and the purchases of other
users in order to recommend relevant content for you.
 Fraud detection: Banks use Machine Learning to determine if there
is strange activity on your account. Unexpected activity, such as
foreign transactions, could be flagged by the algorithm.
 Speech recognition: Applications use Machine Learning to
optimize speech recognition functions. Examples include intelligent
personal assistants, e.g. Amazon’s “Alexa” or Apple’s “Siri”.