WAN ALISA NAZIRA BT WAN AB RAHMAN

AF170188 SECTION1

Structural Steel Element main

1. Beam and Plate Girder
Both beams and girders are horizontal members designed to support structures by the only
deflecting factor, bending. A plate girder is a built up I-beam section, used to carry heavy loads
that cannot be carried economically by rolled I-sections. It is made by riveting or welding the steel
plates in I-beam shape

2. Column and Strut

Column is a vertical member subjected to the axial compressive load and transfers the load from
roof to floor of the structure. Columns are supported by fixed supports at both ends.
Strut is the inclined member subjected to the axial load and supported by hinged or pin jointed
supports at both the ends.

3. Trusses
Trusses are used in a broad range of buildings, mainly where there is a requirement for very long
spans, such as in airport terminals, aircraft hangers, sports stadia roofs, auditoriums and other
leisure buildings. Trusses are also used to carry heavy loads and are sometimes used as transfer
structures

4. Purlin
Purlin refers to roof framing members that span parallel to the building eave, and support the roof
decking or sheeting. Rafters or walls in turn support the purlins. Purlins are most commonly used
in Metal Building Systems, where Z-shapes are utilized in a manner that allows flexural continuity
between spans.

5. Sheeting rail
Sheeting rail is a horizontal structural member in a framed wall. Sheeting rail provide lateral
support to the wall panel, primarily, to resist wind loads.
 6. Bracing
The main function of the bracing in steel structures that the lateral forces due to wind, earthquake
and crane surge etc. are transmitted efficiently to the foundation of the building

7. Connections
Connections are structural elements used for joining different members of a structural steel
framework.

8. Ties
Ties is the opposite of a strut or column, which is designed to resist compression. Ties may be
made of any tension resisting material.
Describe about
1. Fatigue of steel structure
Fatigue is the weakening of a material caused by cyclic loading that results in progressive and
localized structural damage and the growth of cracks. Fatigue failure may occur when a cyclic
tensile stress is applied to a component or structure. Failure is progressive, each stress cycle
causing incremental growth of the fatigue crack. Regular steps often characterize fatigue crack
surfaces, each step being due to the crack growth during one cycle

2. Corrosion of steel structure

The corrosion of structural steel is an electrochemical process that requires the simultaneous
presence of moisture and oxygen. Essentially, the iron in the steel is oxidised to produce rust,
which occupies approximately six times the volume of the original material.

Differentiate hot-rolled steel and cold-formed steel

Hot-Rolled Steel Cold-Formed Steel

Refers to a mill process in which you roll the
steel at a temperature above its recrystallization
temperature; a heat that typically exceeds 1000°
F.
The manufacturing process behind cold-rolled
steel refers to steel that is pressed with the
pressure of a roller at room temperature. Cold-
rolled steel has a nearly 20% increase in
strength through the use of strain hardening.

Typical uses for hot-rolled steel: Typical uses for cold-formed steel:

Railroad tracks Strips

I-beams Bars
Agricultural equipment Rods
Sheet metal Home appliances
Automotive frames Roof and wall systems
Metal furniture
Aerospace structural members