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 A separation operation
 It utilizes changes in pressure and
Mass Transfer Concepts temperature to separate components in a
mixture.
 The more volatile components proceed to the
top of the tower while the least volatile
components will be collected at the bottom.

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Refinery of
crude oil

Fragrances
Distilled beverages

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The feed contains two or more components.

It depends on the differences in boiling points of each

Distilled water
component in the mixture. Thus, it depends on its vapor
pressure.

Vapor pressure is the equilibrium pressure exerted by

the gas on the surface of its condensed phases (liquid or
solid)
Food Flavoring

VAPOR PRESSURE
Is relative to boiling
Increases with an increase in energy input
Liquids with low vapor pressure tends to boil faster
Is dependent on the amount of components in a
mixture

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 AZEOTROPIC MIXTURE
a.k.a constant boiling mixture

It is a mixture wherein its components do not change in

concentration at a certain temperature.

Can be classified into: positive (minimum boiling point)

azeotrope and negative (maximum boiling point)

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Reflux Condenser

Reflux = L /D

Liquid overflow
Boil-up

Reboiler

 TYPES OF FEED
Relative Volatility:
1. Superheated vapor
2. Saturated vapor
3. Wet steam
4. Saturated liquid Reflux:
5. Subcooled liquid

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Minimum Reflux
Minimum number of stages

BASED ON OPERATING MODES BASED ON OPERATING MODES

Flash Distillation

Batch Distillation

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BASED ON OPERATING MODES BASED ON COLUMN INTERNALS

Tray Columns

Continuous Distillation

BASED ON COLUMN INTERNALS BASED ON COLUMN INTERNALS

Tray Columns

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 Steam distillation  Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, 8th

 Vacuum distillation edition.
 Azeotropic distillation  Transport Processes and Unit Operations, 3rd
 Extractive distillation edition (1993). Geankoplis, Christi J. Prentice-
 Reactive distillation Hall International, Inc.
 Pressure-Swing distillation  Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, 7th
edition (2005). McCabe, W., Smith, J. &
Harriott, P.

 Disitillation: an introduction
By: M. T. Tham
http://lorien.ncl.ac.uk/ming/distil/distilpri.htm
 Virtual Chembook
By: Charles Ophardt
http://www.elmhurst.edu
 SM’s e-Home
By: SMCheah, 2000
http://www.separationprocesses.com/Distillation/MainSet1.htm