一、外刊阅读：小猫钓鱼

How Do Bats Live With So Many

Viruses?

By James Gorman

Published Jan. 28, 2020Updated Jan. 31, 2020

1
 A. origin B. affected C. destructive D.indication E. distinctive F. evolutionary
G. adoptive H. tolerance I. incredibly J. survive K. devastating

They are considered the probable source of the coronavirus outbreak spreading
from China. It turns out that they may have an immune system that lets them coexist
with many disease-causing viruses.
If previous outbreaks of coronavirus are any (31) _____, the Wuhan strain that is
now spreading may eventually be traced back to bats.
Dr. Peter Daszak, president of EcoHealth Alliance, who has been working in
China for 15 years studying diseases that jump from animals to people, said, “We
don’t know the source yet, but there’s pretty strong evidence that this is a bat (32)
______ coronavirus.” He said, “It’s probably going to be the Chinese horseshoe bat,”
a common species that weighs up to an ounce.
If he’s right, this strain will join many other viruses that bats carry. SARS and
MERS epidemics were caused by bat coronaviruses, as was a highly (33) ______ viral
epidemic in pigs.
One bat can host many different viruses without getting sick. They are the
natural reservoir for the Marburg virus, and Nipah and Hendra viruses, which have
caused human disease and outbreaks in Africa, Malaysia, Bangladesh and Australia.
They are thought to be the natural reservoir for the Ebola virus. They also carry the
rabies virus, but in that case the bats are (34) ______ by the disease.
Their (35) ______ of viruses, which surpasses that of other mammals, is one of
their many (36) ______ qualities. They are the only flying mammals, they devour
disease-carrying insects by the ton, and they are essential in the pollination of many
fruits, like bananas, avocados and mangoes. They are also an (37) ______ diverse
group, making up about a quarter of all mammalian species.
But their ability to coexist with viruses that can spill over to other animals, in
particular humans, can have (38) ______ consequences when we eat them, trade them
in livestock markets and invade their territory.
Learning how they carry and (39) ______ so many viruses has been a deep
question for science, and new research suggests that the answer may be how the bats’
(40) ______ adaptations to flight changed their immune systems.

2
二、参考答案：DACBH EIKJF
三、原文链接：

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/28/science/bats-coronavirus-
Wuhan.html

四、核心词汇：
origin affected destructive indication distinctive evolutionary
adoptive tolerance incredibly survive devastating

（一）拓展变形
adopt
adopted
adopter
adopters
adopting
adoption
adoptions
adoptive
adopts

affect
affected
affecting
affects
unaffected

destruction
destruct
destructive
destructively
destructiveness
indestructible
indestructibly

devastate
devastated
devastates

3
 devastating
devastatingly
devastation
devastations

distinct
distinction
distinctions
distinctive
distinctively
distinctiveness
distinctivenesses
distinctly
distinctness
indistinct
indistinctly

evolution
evolutionarily
evolutionary
evolutionism
evolutionist
evolutionists
evolve
evolved
evolving

incredible
incredibly
credit
creditable
creditably
credited
crediting
creditor
creditors
credits

indicate
indicated
indicates
indicating
indication
indications

4
 indicative
indicator
indicators

origin
origins
original
originality
originally
originals
unoriginal

survive
survivability
survival
survivalist
survivalists
survivals
survived
survives
surviving
survivor
survivors

tolerate
tolerated
tolerates
tolerating
toleration
tolerance
tolerances

五、重点讲解：
1.tolerate
英 [ˈtɒləreɪt]
美 [ˈtɑːləreɪt]
v.
（1）to allow sb to do sth that you do not agree with or like
容许，允许（不同意或不喜欢的事物）  容许，允许(不同意或不喜欢的事物);忍受;容
忍;包容;(对药物)有耐受性;能经受(困难条件)
（2）to accept sb/sth that is annoying, unpleasant, etc. without complaining
忍受；容忍；包容 （=put up with）
（3）to be able to be affected by a drug, difficult conditions, etc. without being harmed
（对药物）有耐受性；能经受（困难条件） 

5
例句
(1) People can not tolerate such behaviour but instead enforce the timely distribution
of donated items.
人们不能容忍这种行为，而应强制及时分发捐赠物品。
(2) As a result of such conflicting evidence, it is uncertain whether those suffering
seriously as a result of labor market problems number in the hundreds of thousands or
the tens of millions, and, hence, whether high levels of joblessness can be tolerated or
must be counteracted by job creation and economic stimulation.(2017 八校联考上）
由于这些相互矛盾的证据，不确定那些因劳动力市场问题而遭受严重痛苦的人是
几十万人还是几千万人，因此，能否容忍或必须通过创造就业机会和刺激经济来抵
消高失业率。
(3) There are secondary schools in which neither staff nor students tolerate cheating
and others where cheating is common.（2017 松江二模）
有些中学的教职员工和学生都不能容忍作弊，有些学校的作弊很普遍。
2.进义辨析
bear / endure / stand / sustain / tolerate （忍受）
（1）bear v. 忍受，忍耐
普通用词，指忍受饥饿、寒冷、疼痛、不幸、困难、侮辱等，多强调忍受者的勇敢
和坚毅。
She was afraid that her patient wouldn't be able to bear the pain.
她担心她的病人忍受不了这种痛苦。
（2）endure v. [正式]忍受，忍耐
强调长期性，主要指对灾难、困难、疼痛等长时间地忍受而不抱怨。
It takes patience to endure hardship.
忍受苦难需要耐力。
（3）stand v. 经受；忍受
作“经受”解时，常与 could 或 can 连用，指某人或某物经得起伤害等；作“忍受”解时，
主要指对某人、某种困难情况的忍受或承受，通常用于疑问句和否定句中，常可与
bear 换用。
I cannot stand/bear to hear such fallacies any more.
这类谬论我再也听不下去了。
（4）sustain v. [正式]遭受，经受
指受到损害、创伤或金钱方面的损失。
Several companies have sustained heavy financial losses due to the unfair
competition.
好几家公司都因不正当竞争而遭受了严重的经济损失。
（5）tolerate v. 忍受，容忍
指以克制的态度容忍令人反感或厌恶的事物，含默认、宽容之意。
Humanity cannot tolerate such guilt.
人道主义不能容忍这种罪行。

3.词根词缀
toler= to endure, to bear 容忍, 忍受

6
intolerance n. 不能忍受
in 不 + toler 容忍，忍受 + ance 状态，性质，状况 → 不能忍受
intolerant adj. 心胸狭窄的
in 不 + toler 容忍，忍受 + ant …的，具有…性质的 → 不能容忍的 → 心胸狭窄的
tolerable adj. 可容忍的
toler 容忍，忍受 + able 可…的，能…的；具有…性质的 → 可容忍的
tolerant adj. 心胸宽大的
toler 容忍，忍受 + ant …的 → 能容忍的 → 心胸宽大的
tolerate v. 宽容
toler 容忍，忍受 + ate 做，造成，使… → 宽容
toleration n. 忍受；宽容
toler 容忍，忍受 + ation 行为，过程，状态，结果 → 忍受；宽容

六、原文翻译

How Do Bats Live With So Many

Viruses?
蝙蝠是如何与这么多病毒共存的？

7
By James Gorman

Published Jan. 28, 2020Updated Jan. 31, 2020

They are considered the probable source of the coronavirus outbreak spreading from
China. It turns out that they may have an immune system that lets them coexist with
many disease-causing viruses.
它们被认为是冠状病毒从中国传播的可能来源。事实证明 ，它们可能有一种免疫
系统，使它们与许多致病病毒共存。

If previous outbreaks of coronavirus are any indication, the Wuhan strain that is now
spreading may eventually be traced back to bats.

如果说之前爆发的冠状病毒有任何迹象的话 ，那么现在正在传播的武汉病毒株可
能最终会追溯到蝙蝠身上。

Dr. Peter Daszak, president of EcoHealth Alliance, who has been working in China
for 15 years studying diseases that jump from animals to people, said, “We don’t
know the source yet, but there’s pretty strong evidence that this is a bat origin
coronavirus.” He said, “It’s probably going to be the Chinese horseshoe bat,” a
common species that weighs up to an ounce.

生态健康联盟主席彼得·达扎克博士在中国工作了 15 年，研究从动物到人类的疾
病 ， 他说 ：“ 我们还不知道来源 ， 但有相当有力的证据表明这是一种蝙蝠源冠状病
毒。”，“一个普通的物种，重达一盎司。

If he’s right, this strain will join many other viruses that bats carry. SARS and MERS
epidemics were caused by bat coronaviruses, as was a highly destructive viral
epidemic in pigs.

如果他是对的 ， 这种病毒会和蝙蝠携带的许多其他病毒结合在一起。 SARS 和

MERS 的流行是由蝙蝠冠状病毒引起的，在猪身上也是一种破坏性很强的病毒流
行。

One bat can host many different viruses without getting sick. They are the natural
reservoir for the Marburg virus, and Nipah and Hendra viruses, which have caused
human disease and outbreaks in Africa, Malaysia, Bangladesh and Australia. They are
thought to be the natural reservoir for the Ebola virus. They also carry the rabies
virus, but in that case the bats are affected by the disease.

一只蝙蝠可以在不生病的情况下宿主许多不同的病毒。它们是马尔堡病毒、尼
帕病毒和亨德拉病毒的天然宿主，尼帕病毒和亨德拉病毒已在非洲、马来西亚、
孟加拉国和澳大利亚引起人类疾病和暴发。它们被认为是埃博拉病毒的天然宿
主。它们也携带狂犬病病毒，但在这种情况下，蝙蝠会受到这种疾病的影响。

8
Their tolerance of viruses, which surpasses that of other mammals, is one of their
many distinctive qualities. They are the only flying mammals, they devour disease-
carrying insects by the ton, and they are essential in the pollination of many fruits,
like bananas, avocados and mangoes. They are also an incredibly diverse group,
making up about a quarter of all mammalian species.

它们对病毒的耐受性超过了其他哺乳动物，这是它们许多独特的特性之一。它们
是唯一会飞的哺乳动物，它们一吨一吨地吞食携带疾病的昆虫，它们在许多水果的
授粉过程中是必不可少的，如香蕉、鳄梨和芒果。它们也是一个极其多样化的群
体，约占所有哺乳动物物种的四分之一。

But their ability to coexist with viruses that can spill over to other animals, in
particular humans, can have devastating consequences when we eat them, trade them
in livestock markets and invade their territory.

但它们与病毒共存的能力，可以传染给其他动物，特别是人类，当我们食用它们，在
牲畜市场交易，入侵它们的领土时，会产生毁灭性的后果。

Learning how they carry and survive so many viruses has been a deep question for
science, and new research suggests that the answer may be how the bats’ evolutionary
adaptations to flight changed their immune systems.
了解它们如何携带和存活这么多病毒一直是科学界的一个深层次问题，新的研究
表明，答案可能是蝙蝠对飞行的进化适应如何改变了它们的免疫系统。

七、拓展阅读

本文节选后的其他部分
In a 2018 paper in Cell Host and Microbe, scientists in China and Singapore reported
their investigation of how bats handle something called DNA sensing. The energy
demands of flight are so great that cells in the body break down and release bits of
DNA that are then floating around where they shouldn’t be. Mammals, including bats,
have ways to identify and respond to such bits of DNA, which might indicate an
invasion of a disease-causing organism. But in bats, they found, evolution has
weakened that system, which would normally cause inflammation as it fought the
viruses.

Bats have lost some genes involved in that response, which makes sense because the
inflammation itself can be very damaging to the body. They have a weakened
response but it is still there. Thus, the researchers write, this weakened response may

9
allow them to maintain a “balanced state of ‘effective response’ but not ‘over
response’ against viruses.”

How to manage and contain the current outbreak of the virus officially known as
2019-nCoV, is, of course, of paramount importance now. But tracing its origin and
taking action to combat further outbreaks may depend partly on knowledge and
monitoring of bats. “The outbreak can be contained and controlled,” Dr. Daszak said.
“But if we don’t know the origin in the long term then this virus can continue to spill
over.”

Scientists in China were already studying the bats carefully, well aware that an
outbreak like the current one would most likely happen.

Last spring, in an article on bat coronaviruses, or CoVs, a group of Chinese

researchers wrote that “it is generally believed that batborne CoVs will re-emerge to
cause the next disease outbreak.” They added, “In this regard, China is a likely hot
spot.” This wasn’t clairvoyance, but conventional wisdom.

Certainly, rodents, primates and birds also carry diseases that can jump and have
jumped to people; bats are far from alone in that regard. But there are reasons they
have been implicated in several disease outbreaks and are likely to be implicated in
more.

They are numerous and widespread. While bats account for a quarter of mammalian
species, rodents are 50 percent, and then there’s the rest of us. Bats live on every
continent except Antarctica, in proximity to humans and farms. The ability to fly
makes them wide-ranging, which helps in spreading viruses, and their feces can
spread disease.

People in many parts of the world eat bats, and sell them in live animal markets,
which was the source of SARS, and possibly the latest coronavirus outbreak that
began in Wuhan. They also often live in huge colonies in caves, where crowded
conditions are ideal for passing viruses to one another.（470）

（https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/28/science/bats-coronavirus-
Wuhan.html）

核心词汇拓展

able ability ablest

abilities abler ably

10
 inability bit
unable aware bits
awareness bitty
account unaware
accounted unawares body
accounting bodied
accounts bat bodies
unaccounted bats bodily
batted
act batter break
acted batters breakable
acting batting breakage
action breakages
actionable begin breaker
actioned began breakers
actioning beginner breaking
actions beginners breaks
actor beginning broke
actors beginnings broken
actress begins brokenly
actresses begun unbreakable
acts unbroken
inaction believe
unactioned believable call
believed called
add believer caller
added believers callers
adding believes calling
addition believing calls
additional unbelievable uncalled
additionality unbelievably
additionally unbeliever care
additions unbelievers cared
additive unbelieving careful
additives unbelievingly carefully
adds carefulness
bird careless
allow birdie carelessly
allowable birdied carelessness
allowance birdies carer
allowances birdlike carers
allowed birds cares
allowing birdy caring
allows uncared

11
 uncaring colonialists containers
colonially containing
carry colonials containment
carried colonies contains
carrier colonisation
carriers colonise continent
carries colonised continental
carrying colonising continentals
colonist continents
cause colonists
causation colonization continue
causative colonize continual
caused colonized continually
causes colonizing continuance
causing neocolonialism continuation
continuations
cave combat continued
caved combatant continues
caves combatants continuing
caving combated continuities
combating continuity
cell combative continuous
celled combativeness continuously
cells combats
combatted control
certain combatting controllable
cert controlled
certainly condition controller
certainties conditional controllers
certainty conditionally controlling
uncertain conditionals controls
uncertainly conditioned uncontrollable
uncertainties conditioner uncontrollably
uncertainty conditioners uncontrolled
conditioning
clairvoyant conditionings convention
clairvoyance conditions conventional
clairvoyants unconditional conventionalism
unconditionally conventionality
colony unconditioned conventionally
colonial conventions
colonialism contain unconventional
colonialisms contained unconventionally
colonialist container

12
coronavirus did emerged
doer emergence
crowd doers emergent
crowded does emerges
crowding doing emerging
crowds doings
uncrowded done energy
redid energetic
current redo energetically
currently redoes energetics
currents redoing energies
redone energise
damage undid energised
damaged undo energiser
damager undoes energisers
damagers undoing energises
damages undone energising
damaging energize
undamaged doctor energized
doc energizer
demand docs energizers
demanded doctored energizes
demanding doctoring energizing
demands doctors
undemanding dr every
everybody
depend down everyday
dependability downed everydayness
dependable downing everyone
dependably downings everything
dependant downs everytime
dependants downward everywhere
depended downwards
dependent evolution
dependents eat evolutionarily
depending ate evolutionary
depends eaten evolutionism
undependable eater evolutionist
eaters evolutionists
disease eating
diseased eats except
diseases uneaten cept
cepting
do emerge excepted

13
 excepting floaty generalizes
generalizing
far fly generally
farther flew
farthest flier great
fliers greater
farm flies greatest
farmed flown greatly
farmer flyer greatness
farmers flyers greats
farming flying
farms unflown group
unfarmed grouped
further grouping
fight furtherance groupings
fighter furthered groups
fighters furtherest intergroup
fighting furthering regroup
fights furthers regrouped
fought furthest regrouping
futherer regroups
find subgroup
finder gene subgroups
finders genes ungrouped
finding
findings general handle
finds generalisabilty handled
found generalisable handler
unfound generalisation handlers
generalisations handles
flight generalise handling
flightless generalised mishandle
flights generalises mishandled
flighty generalising mishandles
flt generalist mishandling
generalists
float generalities happen
floatation generality happened
floatations generalizabilty happening
floated generalizable happenings
floater generalization happens
floaters generalizations
floating generalize help
floats generalized helped

14
 helper inhumanity unimportance
helpers nonhuman
helpful nonhumans in
helpfully inner
helpfulness ideal innermost
helping idealisation inward
helpings idealisations inwardly
helpless idealise inwardness
helplessly idealised inwards
helplessness idealising
helps idealism include
unhelpful idealist incl
unhelpfully idealists included
ideality includes
host idealization including
hosted idealizations
hostess idealize indicate
hostesses idealized indicated
hosting idealizing indicates
hosts ideally indicating
ideals indication
hot indications
hotly identify indicative
hotness identifiable indicator
hots identification indicators
hotted identifications
hotter identified inflame
hottest identifier inflamed
hotting identifiers inflames
identifies inflaming
huge identifying inflammation
hugely identities inflammations
hugeness identity inflammatory
unidentifiable noninflammatory
human unidentified
humanism invasion
humanist implicate invasions
humanistic implicated
humanists implicates investigate
humanity implicating investigated
humanly implication investigates
humanness implications investigating
humans investigation
inhuman importance investigations

15
 investigative later maintains
investigator latest maintenance
investigators unmaintained
investigatory like
dislike make
involve disliked made
involved dislikes maker
involvement disliking makers
involvements likeable makes
involves likeably making
involving liked makings
uninvolved likes remade
liking remake
jump remakes
jumped likely remaking
jumper likelier unmade
jumpers likeliest unmake
jumping likelihood
jumps unlikeliest mammal
jumpy unlikely mammalian
mammals
know live
knew lived manage
knowable lives manageable
knowed living managed
knowing livings management
knowingly managements
known long manager
knows longer manageress
unknowable longest manageresses
unknowing longish managerial
unknowingly managers
unknown lose manages
unknowns loser managing
losers mismanage
knowledge loses mismanaged
knowledgable losing mismanagement
knowledgeable lost mismanages
knowledgeably mismanaging
knowledges maintain unmanageable
maintainability
late maintainable many
lately maintained
lateness maintaining market

16
 marketability origins possibilities
marketable possibility
marketed over possibles
marketeer overly possibly
marketeers
marketer paper primate
marketers papered primates
marketing papering
markets paperless proximity
nonmarket papers proximities
papery
microbe quarter
microbes part quartered
microbial parted quartering
monitor partial quarterly
monitored partially quarters
monitoring parting
monitors partly range
unmonitored parts midrange
ranged
normal pass ranges
normalisation impassable ranging
normalise impassably
normalised passable reason
normalises passably reasonable
normalising passed reasonableness
normality passer reasonably
normalization passers reasoned
normalize passes reasoning
normalized passing reasons
normalizes unreasonable
normalizing people unreasonableness
normally peopled unreasonably
peoples unreasoning
official peopling
officially regard
officials percent disregard
unofficial percentage disregarded
unofficially percentages disregarding
disregards
organism possible regarded
organisms impossibility regarding
impossible regardless
origin impossibly regards

17
 restful senseless
release restfully senselessness
releasable restfulness
released resting senses
releaser restless sensed
releasers restlessly sensing
releases restlessness sensings
releasing rests
unreleased several
rodent severally
report rodents
reported some
reportedly say somebody
reporter said somehow
reporters saying someone
reporting sayings somethin
reports says something
unreported unsaid sometime
unsayable sometimes
research somewhere
researched science
researcher sciences source
researchers scientific sourced
researches scientifically sources
researching scientificity sourcing
scientist unsourced
respond scientists
responded unscientific species
respondent unscientifically specie
respondents subspecies
responder sell
responders resell spill
responding reseller spillage
responds resellers spillages
reselling spilled
response resold spilling
responses seller spills
responsive sellers spilt
responsively selling unspilt
responsiveness sells
unresponsive sold spot
unsold spotless
rest spotlessly
rested sense spotlessness

18
 spots studiously viruses
spotted studying
spotter way
spotters system midway
spottier subsystem ways
spottiest subsystems
spottily systematic we
spottiness systematically our
spotting systems ours
spotty unsystematic ourself
unsystematically ourselves
spread us
spreadable take
spreader retake weak
spreaders retaken weaken
spreading retakes weakened
spreads retaking weakening
retook weakens
spring taken weaker
sprang taker weakest
springing takers weakling
springs takes weaklings
sprung taking weakly
takings weakness
state took weaknesses
stated
statement term well
statementing midterm unwell
statements midterms wellness
stating preterm
unstated termed wide
terming widely
still termism widen
stilled termly widened
stiller terms wideness
stillest widening
stilling trace widens
stillness traceable wider
stills traced widest
traces width
study tracing widths
studied untraceable widespread
studies
studious virus will

19
 unwilling wiser rewrites
unwillingly wisest rewriting
unwillingness rewritten
willed world rewrote
willing unworldliness unwritten
willingly unworldly writer
willingness worldliness writers
worldly writes
wise worlds writing
unwise writings
unwisely write written
wisdom prewrite wrote
wisely prewriting
wiseness rewrite

20