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Vygotsky: Socio-Cultural Development
Vygotsky: Socio-Cultural Development
Vygotsky
• Sociocultural forces
– The situation of a child’s development and learning
• Crucial roles played by parents, teachers, peers and the
community
– Interactions occurring between children and their environments
• Mediation
– Human and symbolic intermediaries between the learner and
the material to be learned
• Psychological tools
– Symbolic systems internalised by learners to become their inner
cognitive tools
Social constructivism
• Complex mental processes begin as social activities
– Dialogue promotes cognitive development
– Children incorporate the ways that adults and others talk
about and interpret the world into their own ways of
thinking
– Through their interactions with children adults transmit
their society’s values and skills to the next generation
... thus influencing the course of future development
*Stiegler & Hiebert 1999, cited in Kozulin et al.2003 Vygotsky’s educational theory in cultural context
Clip art images
Socio-cultural influences on
cognition and learning
• Human cognition and learning as social and cultural rather
than individual phenomena
• Explored relationships between
– Language and thought
– Instruction and development
– Everyday and academic concept formation
• The nature of knowledge in the classroom
– Children defined by their age and IQ versus culturally and
socially situated learners
– Teachers as:
• Role model?
• Source of knowledge?
• Mediator of knowledge?
• The range of tasks a child cannot yet do on their own, but can do
with the help of others is known as the Zone of Proximal
Development (ZPD)
• To help a child move through the ZPD, assistance is provided by
scaffolding
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
“...what we call the Zone of Proximal
Beyond reach
Development...is a distance between at present
the actual developmental level
determined by individual problem
solving and the level of development ZPD
as determined through problem
solving under guidance or in
collaboration with more capable
peers” (Vygotsky 1978, p.86).
Child’s current
achievement