depth a tow y= welcty head) 5, average soe of energy grade tne 5, sheet niet and 16)6 ale) the change of speole energy between cass sectors strane example or bacoatr cuve is given in Append 3.4 ‘noe cond of devant chatactesties ate connected, sewer Yanstons occur. The lifeerce nay tet on shape. pad, alignment and cond materia ih a cembinaton ct one or all hevaterstcs, Trnstions may be nthe nomal sages steamined and gradual aod ean occu sudaey Jn immang cases. Hoa Tost i Wann 's3fineton of veloc Head a hence assumes importance foam, Dopo ho ge nant ste, Fo ein papose fi aside those enanges are diettituted Hough out fhe length of transition, “The energy head. piezometric head Ulepupant inv os clovton are nt ed workin Kom Energy grado ne. he requted invert dopo ‘eate a dani fcc fading Yo deposition fsb For pen channel ranstin in suber ow the ssf energy is expressed as Hood (ons = K(VE29) en ‘nove (29) change of weoety head botore and ater transion, 0.1 er contains and tn varstons fr superctisal How, uo factors must be cosidorod since staring waves of onsifetabie magn may ean or lng lrnstione eniaiment may cause backing of fom ‘Moor fr te heals at occre ot fess onstions hast be made the design Manhole shoud belated to chansons a drop shouldbe prove where te seer is aacaptod ata bet elevation for steaming the om, tung cao of tho heads and ao to Kelp Ihimrtenanee. Tre wea! dap may be proved enly when Be afrence between the eevators ‘hore €0 en. below wnih ean be avoid by ageing te slope ne channel and nthe manhole omcctng te ta inverts "Te flowing svat dps ae recommended |e) For sowors las than 400 am Halt he dence in ey $00 em to $00 mm 2° he aiterence nda “Tonston om get osm meters shuld note made. The crowns ot sewers are aay ‘ST swols bachang up. Ne clown of he cugohng sewer shows ol be higher Man the crown ot 34.46 Ben To haste in bend is expasad by hee vieg ox‘tere ky «bund coun which sa function of he rato of taku of curvature ofthe bend to ‘he with of endut deocion angi. cross ban o fw. Reyrolis Number aa elaine ougnese , s approximately equal to 0.4 for $0 degraes and 0:2 for 45 degtees and can be inay ropoies or ther deacon angi, Acton occurs where one or more branch Sewers ener a main sewer. The hykaule design ts in efiech. the design of two or mote Warsi, one ur ach pat of ow. pat fem hyde onsideraen, well tuned junctions ate requed to prevent depasbon Because of uly fo Ueoteicay calculating Me hytaube lsses at functions. some general conditions may be checked fonsure the poper design of joncons, I avalab encay at nchons is smal gonby siping tarsi may be use. The angio of enty maybe 30 degrees or 48 deees with reference to ax of an sence hanover rt of tach sewer deter main sewer Gamat one halo fs, Jorn ate sted 40 that he veloctles in fe merging steams are approxmataly equal 3t makmum flow. I considerable eneagy 8 avaable ong seas a acon a sere! sons maybe paved the branch to proses aera ey be nse hy np w ants ow ne wan tae weg branch sowers.paretay fhe rato branch sews eameter and man sewer demersal hese Pipe tops are design with an erranee angie 30 degrees with the main sewer 3.448 Vesna Ono Ano Orrick EneaY DssraTons In developed areas. maybe sometimes necessary and économssal take the Trunk Sewers deep enough ike tunnel in sth cases the nerceplors an nteals may be dropped eral Ww scgh shat oe deep trunk savers or Tunnals. Hytautepeobloms encountered wit seh deep vertea drops ‘may be iticutto soe and may be same tes seed by mo! shades. Verhea dps must be desind 50.8810 voit entrapment oa. Au eolrapped ina sat can result in surges whch May tse te Esipcty of nike. Entrapped ar may net be able fow slong the sewer and wocape trough andar \enilaon sat Ar problems can te manimsed by designing. shal with an ope vertex ns Mids ok {depot top. To accomplish the, te how tb dicted angen wt rit chomoer ate Mead ‘ofthe shaft the vertical rep hal to cause excesshe turbulence maybe desde to eat Me ‘tap inthe branch to dampen the fw bora tents te mun flow nate ype of veri! drop mcorporas a water cushion to absorb the snpact ofa faling ft Witec cushion equred has hewn found Be equal hd in whichis the hag otf and is dept of be crest telease of gesos and maininance problems and neice should be avlded whete possible 3.45 Inverted Syphon ‘When a sense ps below the hyraule grade ne, 81 eta an invert sion, The pupose isto carry the seworundor to obsructan and regan as much wevaon ws possi ae the obsuston Is passed, They sous be resortedta only where athe means of passing the sbstchon are not ease 8s they requre considerable attention inmaenance, As ha siphons ve depressed below the Pac ‘rae ne, antenanceof se cleansing velocty at lows very mpestant, Two consideration wih {govern the pte of phon ave provision fer Mytautenser and ease of leanings ecessery scot teminmum ts ante peck lows design Taensure sol cleansing vost othe wie Variations inflows. general. two of mom pipes ot lass tian Zod da ae rowed it par 9 atae Fis. 332SPECIFIC ENERGY CURVEm ree (a) Rawoown wu To steer sure NOE FiG.3.4: NON-UNIFORM FLOW HYDRAULIC PROFILESQS a Nee F1G.3.StHYDRAULIC JUMP PROFILE