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1. Judicial systems should be harsher on crimes that were intended to commit malice.
2. (a) Foreign Students would not feel properly integrated in within their new environment if they
were to pay higher fees than their peers. The concept is borderline discriminatory. It creates a
divided between the foreigner and the ret of his peers, because he would be required to do
more than the rest of his peers just to get by.
(b) City centers are established as commercial and social hubs of a city and are at service to the
public. Private cars with less than four people in it should be banned, due to how it substitutes
the role for other potential consumers.
(c) Every major athlete deserves the money that they earned, due to the extent of their training.
Although athletes may not require the experience or education that other careers require, that
does not mean that they do not have to be specialized in their field of choice. Athletes have to
endure rigorous training and maintained to sustain a maximum performance.

3. Eugenics was a movement that grew out of the idea of good genes, and countless appalling acts
were committed in its name. The word itself is derived from the Greek eu, meaning “good,” and genos,
which gave rise to the English word “gene.” The problem is, promoting “good genes” can all too easily
turn into a crusade against “bad genes” and the people who carry them, Rich explains.

That’s what happened in the United States in the late-19th and early-20th centuries, when laws were
passed that forced people considered to have bad genes to undergo operations that destroyed their
ability to have children, among other horrors. Leaders of the American eugenics movement, however,
described forced sterilization and related practices as “using science to achieve human improvement,”
Rich says. This framing helped them win support for such policies from “many people, many more than
can be explained as a fringe or an extremist group.”

Miriam Rich presenting at Conversations

Miriam Rich presenting at “Conversations on the History of Eugenics,” an event hosted by CSHL’s Library
& Archives on May 23, 2017. See the event program here.

As a historian of science and medicine, Rich looks to the social and political context of the time to
understand how the ideas of the American eugenics movement, which are so repugnant in retrospect,
became “very mainstream.” It’s easy to think that warning signs would be obvious, but a close look at
history reveals that this is not necessarily the case. Rich strongly believes that “we have to have a really
robust understanding of what eugenics was historically and what specifically we want to avoid
recapitulating.”

This mission led her Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL), which was known as the Carnegie Institution
of Washington back in the days of the American eugenics movement and was home to the Eugenics
Record Office. That office held rows upon rows of filing cabinets full of family trees and other genetic
data. Such documents helped create what Rich describes as “the veneer of quiet, almost dull scholarly
legitimacy,” which bolstered eugenicists’ efforts.

Eugenics Record Office archives

Eugenics Record Office archives room in 1921. Credit: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Noncommercial,
educational use only.

It was indeed biologists who played a very prominent role in organizing the eugenics movement. Some
intended for their science to be used in the persecution of marginalized groups. Others merely
supported the broad idea of human improvement, but “failing to consider the specific social and
political context allowed them to ignore that in practice, these eugenic interventions were reinforcing
and exacerbating existing discrimination based on class, race, immigration status, disability,” says Rich.

Today, new technologies such as CRISPR genome editing are making it more important than ever to
ensure that scientists, policymakers, and others take the ethical lessons from the history of eugenics
into account. Few would argue against using CRISPR to fix “bad genes” that cause cancer, but where do
we draw the line between “good” and “bad” genes?

Family tree folder Dressmakers

Family tree diagram, or pedigree, created by American eugenicists. Credit: American Philosophical
Society. Noncommercial, educational use only.

Rich says that while she believes that ethical dangers exist “whenever topics deal with things that have
social and political resonance,” that “doesn’t suggest that those topics shouldn’t be objects of scientific
research.” But careful thought about those social and political implications is essential, she says, and
history is an invaluable resource.

For that reason, documents from the Eugenics Record Office are still kept and made available at CSHL
today, in the one of the many collections in the Archives and also online, in an extensive and widely used
website to help the public understand what went wrong in the Eugenics Movement. “That’s such a great
thing because it would be easy to think of this as a very shameful episode that the Laboratory would
want to hide, forget, push away,” Rich says, adding, “Pretending it didn’t happen doesn’t do anything to
learn from it.”

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1. B is an argument because of how it is implementing an opinion. The other sources only state
evidence or predict the way people will behave.
2. Yes, it is an argument. The argument would be that if mobile phones did not exist, people would
not be distracted while driving.
3. I believe that Bara had won this argument. Bara had deconstructed Anita’s argument and had
countered every one of her claims. Bara had also used a great comparison between guns and
phones, and how it was the person behind an event to blame, not the device. Bara’s argument
was able to counter the generalizations that Anita made efficiently.