4.1 - Acoustic

4- Acoustic Measurements
Signal Generation, Basics of Sonic Tool, Array Imaging, DSI

principles and operation; Mechanical rock properties (Poisson’s
ratio, bulk modulus, and Young’s modulus); Applying
mechanical rock properties to reservoir evaluations, Acoustic
Applications
Acoustic Log Applications
 Geophysics: Acoustic Velocity (v) is used to obtain

acoustic impedance (v.ρ) for petrophysics
evaluations
 Rock Mechanics: Compression and shear waves
are used to obtain mechanical properties of the
rock : Poisson ratio, Young’s modulus, shear
modules, bulk modules.
 Drilling: Acoustic can be used to detect over-
pressured zones and to evaluate well bore stability
 Petrophysics/Reservoir Engineering: Used to
obtain porosity, secondary porosity, and the sand
compaction factor. Stonely is used to obtain
permeability and fractures.
2 Copyright ©2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa
2
1- Signal Transmission
Signal Generation
Wave Propagation
 Acoustic waves are pressure waves
that propagate through the Earth
 Velocity depends on the characteristics
and geometry of the formation.
 Acoustic waves move through a
medium in wave-fronts
 A compression wave can generate
other waves in its wake.

4
Signal Generation
Wave propagation modes

 Waves are classified in relations to how
they move relative to the particle
movement.
 Two types of waves:
– Compressional waves (P-wave)
– Shear waves (S-wave)
 S-waves can only move in a medium
with elastic properties (solids).
 S-waves are slower than P-waves

5
Wave Propagation from Monopole and Dipole Source
 Monopole source
– P head wave +
– S head wave
– Stoneley wave
– Pseudo-Rayleigh
– Leaky-P
 Dipole source
– Flexural wave
– Dipole Pseudo-Rayleigh
– Dipole Leaky-P
-+

Signal Generation
Sound signal
 Flexural wave:
– Dipole transmitter creates a
flexural wave, which can be used
to measure shear velocity in
almost all conditions.
– This is essentially an alternating
sound signal that will create a
relatively higher amplitude S-
wave once it reaches the
borehole wall.
7
Wave Propagation
R
Signal Train
Compression Stonely
Shear Mud
T
Compression
Shear
Stonely
2- Signal Processing /
Borehole compensations
Tool Configurations
a b a- 1 Transmitter and 2 receiver: The time

difference between the 2 receivers will give
the ΔT of the formation
b- 2 Transmitters and 2 receivers: This is an

attempt to compensate for borehole effects
such as hole enlargement and tool tilting
c- 2 Transmitters and 4 receivers: This is an

c d improved way to compensate for mainly tool
tilting, as the average of the four
overlapping receivers will give an improved
ΔT of the formation
c- 2 Transmitters and 4 receivers: This is a

graphical outline of the compensation for
tilting
Array Imaging
Acoustic Tools
 Borehole Compensated Sonic
– 2-T and 4-R combination
 Long Spacing Sonic (LSS)
– Long spacing between T and R to
overcome borehole rugosity and separate
the various waveforms
 Array Sonic
– Multi-spacing digital tool
 Dipolar Sonic Imager
– Enhanced P, S and Stonely waves

11
Array Sonic Imaging
Compression Shear Stoneley
Array Sonic waveform

12
DSI Imaging
STC output
 Output is a log with the three
wave types displayed:
– Compressional (P-wave)
– Shear (S-wave)
– Stonely
 Stonely often appears flat in
shaly formations and tight
formations, as it is affected
mainly by permeability
13
3- Rock Mechanics /
Wellbore Stability
Mechanical Properties

15
Lateral strain 1/2 (DTS / DTC) 2 –1
v Poisson’s Ratio
Longitudinal strain (DTS / DTC) 2 –1
G Shear Modulus Applied stress ρb

. a
Shear strain DTS 2
Applied uniaxial stress

E Young’s Modulus 2G (1 + v)
Normal strain
Hydrostatic pressure 1 4
Kb Bulk Modulus
Volumetric strain ρb [ ( DTC) 2 3DTS 2 ] . a
Volumetric deformation 1
Cb Bulk Compressibility
(with porosity) Hydrostatic pressure Kb
Note: coefficient a = 1.34 x 1010 if ρb in g/cm3 and DT in µs/ft.

16
Mechanical rock properties

 Annulus around borehole
affected by drilling and tectonics
 Breakouts appear in direction of
minimum stress (Smin)
 Drilling induced fractures appear
along direction of maximum
stress (Smax)

17
Effective stress exceeds rock strength
2 Pm > 3total gives
Pm + tension >3total gives far field fracture
near wellbore fracture
3
DANGER RISKY SAFE

TOO LOW TOO HIGH
MUD WEIGHT TENSILE
Pp
3total FAILURE
COMPRESSIVE
& SHEAR FAILURE
18
Borehole imaging
 Borehole imaging using the
Ultrasonic Borehole Imager
(UBI).
– The UBI uses a pulse-echo
reflective measurements to map
the inner radius.
 Radius plot shows breakout-
(shown in red) in the direction of
minimum stress.
19
Combined Model
Min. Safe Mud 0 p.u. 100

Weight/Shear
Max. Safe Mud

Poisson's Ratio Weight/Shear
Hole Profile
0 5
Max. Safe Mud
Depth
Young's Modulus
Weight/Tensile
0 106 psi 10
Mechanical
Shear Modulus Mud Weight
–25 in. 25 0 106 psi 5
Properties
Log
1000 ft

20
4- Petrophysics applications
Law of superposition
Component-1
Split to different components

Volume: V1
Parameters: A1, B1, C1
Component-2
Unit Volume
Volume: V2
Component-3
Volume: V3
1
A average= A1 . V1 + A2 . V2 + A3 . V3
2
B average= B1 . V1 + B2 . V2 + B3 . V3
3 C average= C1 . V1 + C2 . V2 + C3 . V3
Law of superposition
The Law of superposition applied to

acoustic transit time
ss= Sandstone
sh= Shale
w= Water
hc= hydrocarbon

Acoustic Applications- Secondary Porosity
Wyllie time-average equation

24
Acoustic Applications
Log suite including the acoustic

Bonanza #2
09/13/2003 3:57:45 PM
DEPTH GR (GAPI) ILD (OHMM) RHOB (GC3) DT2 (US/F)

FT 0. 150. 0.2 2000. 1.7 2.7 150. 50.
SPC1 (MV) SN (OHMM) NPHILS (dec)
-100. 0. 0.2 2000. 0.6 0.
CALI (INCH) MLL (OHMM)
1:500 6. 16. 0.2 2000.
10700
10800
10900

25
Porosity from Raymer-Hunt Equation

26
Acoustic charts
The chart gives a
method of estimating
porosity
The lithology needs
to be known
The chart gives the
option of using
Wyllie’s or Raymer-
Hunt’s equations.

27
Acoustic Applications- Secondary Porosity
Secondary Porosity
 The acoustic porosity tends to
shadow secondary porosity
m
 Difference between density-
Secondary
Porosity neutron porosity and acoustic
Limestone
porosity reflects values of
secondary porosity
Dolomite
 This can be used to obtain the
porosity exponent (m) in Archie’s
equation.
28
50 Porosity: Ф 0 Log Interpretations

140 ΔT 40  Acoustic Log example
 Acoustic derived porosity using

Wyllie’s equation is used to
obtain an interpreted porosity
 In bad boreholes, the acoustic
porosity tends to be more
representative.
29 Copyright ©2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa 29

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4- Acoustic Measurements

Signal Generation, Basics of Sonic Tool, Array Imaging, DSI

 Geophysics: Acoustic Velocity (v) is used to obtain

4 Copyright ©2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

Wave propagation modes

5 Copyright ©2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

6 Copyright ©2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

a b a- 1 Transmitter and 2 receiver: The time

b- 2 Transmitters and 2 receivers: This is an

c- 2 Transmitters and 4 receivers: This is an

c- 2 Transmitters and 4 receivers: This is a

11 Copyright ©2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

Compression Shear Stoneley

Array Sonic waveform

15 Copyright ©2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

G Shear Modulus Applied stress ρb

Applied uniaxial stress

Note: coefficient a = 1.34 x 1010 if ρb in g/cm3 and DT in µs/ft.

16 Copyright ©2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

Mechanical rock properties

17 Copyright ©2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

DANGER RISKY SAFE

Min. Safe Mud 0 p.u. 100

Max. Safe Mud

20 Copyright ©2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

Split to different components

The Law of superposition applied to

23 Copyright ©2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

Wyllie time-average equation

24 Copyright ©2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

Log suite including the acoustic

DEPTH GR (GAPI) ILD (OHMM) RHOB (GC3) DT2 (US/F)

25 Copyright ©2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

Porosity from Raymer-Hunt Equation

26 Copyright ©2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

27 Copyright ©2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa

50 Porosity: Ф 0 Log Interpretations

 Acoustic derived porosity using

29 Copyright ©2001-2011 NExT. All rights reserved Material: M. Watfa 29

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