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Signed Off - Philippine Politics11 - q1 - m1 - Introduction The Concepts of Politics and Governance - v3 PDF
Signed Off - Philippine Politics11 - q1 - m1 - Introduction The Concepts of Politics and Governance - v3 PDF
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Philippine Politics and Governance
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
Introduction: The Concepts of
Politics and Governance
Overview
Module Contents
What I Need to Know
General Instructions
What I Know (Pre-test)
What I Need to Know ……………………………………………………………. 11
Objectives ………………………………………………………………… 21
General Instructions……………………………………………………… 22
Hello dear Learner! How are you today? Are you aware of the current events
happening in your community? Do you know about what is happening in your
country as well? Do you think it is important to know about what is going on around
you?
This is the first of the modules that will introduce you to Philippine Politics and
Governance. In this module, you will be introduced to various interpretations,
definitions and views on politics. In each lesson, you will find learning activities,
concept notes, exercises, and drills. Critical analytical thinking skills, research skills,
library skills, technology skills, proper documentation, and globalization will help build
your competencies among others.
This module also builds the knowledge based on governance that you will
eventually apply in the later part of this course. It will also prepare and develop you
to be better citizens, leaders, managers, and administrators possibly in the near
future.
Module Contents
1
Module Objectives
General Instructions
2
What I Know
2. It deals with past events, movements, revolutions, national struggles, etc. and give
information about the origin and development of political institutions and thought
H I O Y
B. Multiple Choice.
Read carefully each item and encircle the letter of your correct answer.
2. Who among the following authors defines power as the ability to achieve a result?
A. Max Weber B. Leslie Lipson
C. Alvin Genldner D. Anthony Giddens
3
6. Which ideology has the absence of a government, but has the presence of laws?
A. Anarchism C. Liberalism
B. Conservatism D. Socialism
7. Which of the following ideologies maintain traditional values but also accept the
current political structure of societies?
A. Anarchism C. Liberalism
B. Conservatism D. Socialism
8. The quality present in liberalism but not in any other political ideology
A. collectivism C. democratic election
B. emphasis on individualism D. nihilism
C. True or False.
Read the following statement and write TRUE if the statement is correct and write
FALSE if it is wrong. Write your answer in the space provided.
_______________1. Power is the ability to make people do what you would have
them do even if they don’t want to.
_______________4. In order for a country to be a state, all the elements of the state
must be present.
4
Lesson POLITICS, POLITICAL
1 SCIENCE AND GOVERNANCE
Let us find out the meaning of politics and how is it different from governance.
What is the definition of political science and the relevance on the study of politics
and governance? Do the following activities and learn along the way.
What can I do
Activity 1:
5
Questions:
1. Which of the stories do you think portrays politics? Why?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. Which of the stories do you think do not describe politics? Why?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3. Choosing one news story identified as depicting politics, what is the issue or
problem identified?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
6
Learning concepts 1.1
What you have written is your opinion, claim, conclusion or conjecture about
the topic we are about to discuss: politics and governance. Politics can be exciting!
People oftentimes disagree. They disagree about how they should live, how power
and resources should be distributed, how society shoud be run, and so on. Go over
the readings and perform the activities situated in every lesson. Happy learning!
POLITICS
The great Greek philosopher Aristotle once said, Man by nature is a political
animal. For Aristotle, this made politics the ‘master science’: that is, nothing less than
the activity through which human beings attempt to improve their lives and create the
Good Society. Politics is, above all, a social activity. It is always a dialogue, and
never a monologue.
To study politics is in essence to study government or more broadly, to study
the exercise of authority. Politics is the art of government, the exercise of control
within the society through the making and enforcement of collective decisions
(Heywood, 1997).
Politics came from the word polis meaning “of or pertaining to state” in Greek.
It is also the root word for polites meaning people or citizens and politikos meaning
“of, for, or relating to citizens” which also translates to “affairs of the state.” It involves
decision-making, law-making, and governance. It is the study of practice and
distribution of powers.
The word moved into the Latin language as politicus, with additional meanings
of "city" and "civics." As with much Latin, the word made its way into modern English
through French derivations. The first use of the singular politic showed up in English
in the 1400s, coming from the Middle French politique.
In ancient times, city-states like Athens and Sparta were relatively small and
cohesive units, in which political, religious, and cultural concerns were intertwined.
The Greek philosopher Aristotle's word for ‘politics’ is politikê, which is short for
politikê epistêmê or ‘political science.' Politics is a practical science since it is
concerned with the noble action or happiness of the citizens (although it resembles a
productive science in that it seeks to create, preserve, and reform political systems).
7
ACTIVITY 1.2
Meaning Interpretation
Greek word for politics
The Latin word for politics
8
constitutions, liberal democracy, free and fair elections,
human rights, free trade, secularism, and the market
economy.
ACTIVITY 1.2
9
____________4. Conservatism refers to the various theories of economic
organization which advocate either public or direct worker ownership and
administration of the means of production and allocation of resources.
____________ 5. Liberals believe in utopian visions of a better society where
individuals can achieve genuine emancipation and fulfilment as members of society.
Political Science is the study of the phenomena of the state and government;
it is derived from two Greek words, “polis” or “city” which today would mean a
sovereign state; and “scire” meaning “science.”
Aristotle (324-322 B.C.) a Greek philosopher, is credited with the observation
that “man by nature is a political animal.” By this statement, Aristotle meant that the
basic underlying substance of human existence is politics, that is, that man is
predisposed to be involved in politics. He added that the only way to optimize the
potentials and capabilities of an individual and to achieve the highest form of social
existence was through interaction with others in a state (Rodee, et al., 1983).
Political Science as defined by Rodee (1980) is “a branch of social science
that deals with the theory, organization, government, and practice of the state.”
Political Science also deals with those relations among men and groups,
which are subject to control by the state, and with the relations of the state to other
states.
Montesquieu (1689-1755), expounded the concept. He posited that all the
functions of government could be encompassed within the categories of legislation,
execution, and the adjudication of law. He assumed that liberty could best be
assured by the distribution of these functions – referring to legislation, execution, and
adjudication – among separate branches of the government namely: the legislative,
the executive department, and the judiciary of the courts of law. The preceding
modules will discuss further the three branches of the government.
10
Jean Bodin (1530 - 1596) a French political philosopher coined the term
“Political Science.” Political Science is a discipline in social science that is
concerned with political institutions and with the principles and conduct of
government. It deals with the theory and practice of politics; description and
analysis of political systems and political behavior. It may be defined as the
study of the activities of the government (Laswell, 1935) in determining who
gets what and how.
Several methods are available to political phenomena. These methods are available
to political phenomena. These methods are discussed below:
11
ACTIVITY 1.3
If you were the City Mayor of Cagayan de Oro during the onslaught
of Sendong, how will you restore or recover from the destruction created by
the typhoon and address the many concerns of the people affected?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
VALUE OF POLITICS
One reason you should care about politics is that you should always know
what is going on around you. For example, if a new law is made is made in your area,
you might want to make sure that you and the people around you know that a new
law has been made so that no one breaks the law without even knowing it. Also, if
something dangerous is happening around you or someone you know, you want to
be aware if someone is breaking the law. It is very important to know what is
happening around you.
12
Another reason you should care about politics is that you should have a say in
what will happen. Everyone should have a say in what will happen, because we all
live side by side with each other, and it would not be fair if someone was left out.
Also, each vote makes a difference in the ways that we live. It is always important to
share your opinion. The way you vote will affect many people and their everyday life.
Finally, you should care about politics because the decisions people make will
affect many lives. For example, if someone wanted to build on the land, it might be
good for the people who worked in the area, but residents who lived nearby and
loved the land and relied on the land for water and food might be devastated.
Sometimes things that sound like good ideas might be very devastating later.
MEANING OF GOVERNANCE
Governance in General
The word “governance” came from the Latin verb “gubernare,” or more
originally from the Greek word “kubernaein,” which means “to steer.” Basing on its
etymology, governance refers to the manner of steering or governing, or of directing
and controlling, a group of people or a state.
Definition of Governance
13
process of governance. This new use of the term focuses on the role of
“networks” in the achievement of the common good, whether these networks
are intergovernmental, transnational, or international. In other words,
governance is broader than government in that other sectors are included in it.
2. Many authors also distinguish the two by associating government with "control
and domination," and governance with "decentralization and relational
management." On the one hand, the government refers to a central institution
which wields power over its subjects. It is the instrument patterned after the
model of "command and control," the government being in command over the
affairs of the people. On the other hand, governance is closely associated
with the concept of decentralization of power and the need for inter-sectoral
management. Governance is based on the realization that the government
cannot do everything for the people so that in order to survive the state should
not only rely on government but also on the other sectors of the society.
3. Thus, under the current trend, there is a need to move from the "traditional
hierarchical exercise of power by the government" to the new notion of a
"dispersed and relational power in governance" – from the government to
governance. To govern should now mean to facilitate or regulate, not to
dominate or command.
14
environment, constant threats to the authority of the established government,
and questions on accountability and transparency. These are the usual
content of everyday broadcast media, so common that there perceived to be
the normal state of affairs in the Philippines.
3. Bad governance is the root cause of all evils. It is what prevents the
Philippines from achieving its Millennium Development Goals. Rising above
such state of governance is a political imperative and the ideal solution to a
wide range of politico-economic problems. While the Philippines has already
created “islands of good governance” in some national agencies and local
government units, its overall state is still miserable.
APPLICATION
In the text box below, write down your thoughts on the following
questions:
1. Who are the actors in the process of governance? How do they interact in
coming up with, and in implementing decisions?
2. How are the indicators of good governance related to each other? Give a
concrete example of your answer.
15
5. Give your recommendations on how to improve Philippine governance.
16
Lesson
POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES
2
In this lesson, you are going to learn about political ideologies. Andrew
Heywood (2202, 12) would define an ideology as a more or less coherent set of
ideas that provides the basis for organized political action, whether this is intended to
preserve, modify, or overthrow the existing system of power.
As you go on, please be guided by this Lesson Outline
a. Identify the basic tenets of major political ideologies (i.e. liberalism, socialism,
conservatism, etc.)
b. Differentiate the political ideologies
c. Examine the relationship between political ideologies and configurations of
political communities
d. Critique ideas that have a direct impact on how we try to manage ourselves
as a political community
e. Analyze how political ideologies impact on the social and political life of
Filipino
17
Learning Concepts 2.1
18
Now, let us discuss each ideology to identify the basic tenets which are embedded in
them.
1. ANARCHISM
Key Concepts:
I. Freedom from Governing Authority- any form of state or
government is rejected
2. ABSOLUTISM
Key Concepts:
I. Adherence to Order- societies are carefully designed to
establish a stable structure.
IV.
3. LIBERALISM
The ideology that focuses on equality and liberty. Liberalism advocates that every
individual should enjoy freedom. Government and States are created to ensure that
people can enjoy their rights. In such ideology, everybody is provided with basic
rights- no person is born with more rights than others. Thus, liberalism replaces
19
previous ideas of hereditary privilege, state religion, and other social structures
which create different social classes.
Key Concepts:
I. Individualism- focuses on the importance of the ‘self’ over
society
4. CONSERVATISM
Key Concepts:
I. Return to Tradition- Stability is an important concept of a
government thus emphasizing the need for traditional methods
of having a hierarchy of power
20
Key Concepts:
III. Specific- concepts such as freedom are too general to be
applied to a functional society
5. SOCIALISM
Key Concepts:
I. Collectivism- as opposed to individualism, collectivism
emphasizes collective good or ‘the good of everyone’ over the
self
21
Activity 2.1
22
Application
Using what you have learned from our lesson, describe the
keywords presented in your own words. Write the first thing that
comes to your mind when reading the keywords presented below.
23
Learning Concepts 2.1
In our last lesson, we discussed different political ideologies and their key
concepts to illustrate their key ideas and make differentiating much easier. However,
in this lesson, we will focus more on settling the confusing differences among
political ideologies.
24
Learning Concepts 2.3
Let’s begin, look at the table presented below. The table shows the presence
of government and laws of the different political ideologies.
Anarchism No Yes
25
Liberalism Liberal societies embrace Liberal societies
individualism. It relies on embrace changes in
individual opinion to leadership
come up with solutions to
problems
26
Political Ideology Similarities Differences
In the first lesson, you are asked to identify the different political ideologies. In
this activity, write the key differences of each political ideology that we have
discussed on the spaces provided in the pentagon.
Application
To apply what you have learned in this lesson, you must be able to employ your
learning when differentiating closely related political ideologies. Using a Venn
diagram, write the differences between two closely related ideologies inside the
circle on the next page. Write the similarities on areas where the circles intersect and
their differences outside the intersecting circles.
27
Conservatism Absolutism Liberalism Anarchism
28
Lesson POWER, STATES, NATIONS,
3 AND GLOBALIZATION
Do you understand power? Do you know why it matters? In our daily life, we
live through systems of power that people create! Power exists in all types of social
relations. This is true to all aspects of life from the family, workplace and even
relationships. Power determines who gets to control the rules of the game that is why
it is important to learn how power operates in order to be effective, to be taken
seriously and not to be taken advantage of.
Let start with the basic definition of power. Power is from the French word "poveir”
and “poveir” is derived from Latin word “potere” which means “to be able”. According
to the Merriam Webster dictionary, power is the ability to control or influence people.
In other words, power is the ability to make others do what you would have them do
even if they don't want to.
a. Define power
b. Recognize the nature, dimensions, types, and consequences of power
c. Analyze the nature, dimensions, types, and consequences of power
d. Assess how power is exercised in different situations
e. Define nation and state
f. Differentiate nation and state
g. Explain meanings of globalization
h. Evaluate how globalization influences nation-states
Definition of Power
There is no single definition of power different authority has its own definition of
power. Let us read some of the definitions
Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics- defines the term in the following words:
The power or rights to give orders and enforce obedience, the power to influence
others based on recognized knowledge or expertise.
29
Robert Alan Dahl, an American political scientist, and educator defines power
and analyzed its various aspects. In his A Preface to Democratic Theory Dahl
Calls power as a type of relationship in respect of capability and control. Example:
There are two men – A and B if Individual A has power over individual B to the
extent that he can get individual B to do something that individual B would not
otherwise do.
Leslie Lipson (The Great Issues of Politics) thinks that power is nothing but the
ability to achieve results through concerted action.
Max Weber (1947), power is the chance of a man or a number of men to realize
their own will in a communal action even against the resistance of others who are
participating in the action.
Alvin Genldner (1970) noted that power is the ability to enforce one’s moral
claims. The powerful can conventionalize their moral defaults.
Steven Lukes (2005), Power has three dimensions or faces (1) decision-making,
(2) non-decision making (3) shaping desires.
Image Courtesy
https://preview.tinyurl.com/ybz28blq
https://preview.tinyurl.com/ybz28blq
30
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:IEC5009_Standby_Symbol.svg
https://tinyurl.com/yb3c3ljs
https://tinyurl.com/yb3c3lj
Answer Key Page
Activity 3.1-B
Now that you have read the different point of view of different authors
about power I guess you already have a clear concept of what power
is. And so I want you to write your own definition of Power in the box provided.
31
For me power is
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Dimensions of Power
Stephen Lukes in his book, Power: A Radical View (1974) explains the nature
and definition of power through the “three dimensions of power or faces of power” He
based his works from the notions other scholars and claimed that power is exercised
in three dimensions or faces, namely (1) decision making (2) agenda setting (3)
preference shaping.
The first face of power as proposed by Dahl who viewed power as a relation
among people, A has power over B to the extent that A can get B to do something
that he would not do. (Dahl 1957,201 cited in Hay 2002,172). It is the ability of a
person to succeed in convincing others to comply even if they don’t want to.
In governmental power, this can be observed when the government makes a
decision through a law that requires the obedience of the people. It is clear who is
making the decision and why they are making it.
The second face of power originates from the work of Bachrach and Baratz
(1962,1963,1970) Bachrach and Baratz coined their theory based on their criticism
on the work of Dahl, they claimed that a single dimension of power only focus on the
power to select from the list of choices but fails to explain what is on the list so they
proposed the second face of power, which is the ability to manipulate the agenda.
They argue that in addition to dahls claim that power is a choice indirectly making
32
decisions, to indirectly manipulate the decisions is also a realm of power. They
believed that power is not only about decision making but also setting the agenda
that leads to decisions.
In government power, this can be perceived in decisions made behind closed doors
and corridors of power where power is held not only by elected officials but also by
agenda setters like a lobbyist, corporate sponsors, politicians and other interest
groups who influence decision making for personal gains.
The third face of power is Ideological power. Lukes argues that Ideological
power is an indirect way of manipulating the mindset of anyone affected. People tend
to believed that the decisions they made are from their own free will but in reality,
they made the decision due to the constraint of society and they can't fathom of any
other options but to accept biased decisions without question.
In government power, this appears in propaganda, creating speeches that are
designed to change minds before the decision is announced. For example, if the
legislation is against a certain bill, Congress or even senate will deliberately publicize
how this bill is put into law will negatively impact the lives of the people. Ideological
power is dangerous because in order to shape the preference or belief of the society
trickery and psychological methods are used to persuade society to shift their values
or change what they considered important.
Political Power in
Three Dimensions
Radical
Pluralists
Power as
Power as decision
Power as decision making,
Conception of power
decision making making & agenda setting
agenda setting & preference
shaping
33
The formal Civil society
political arena more generally,
& the informal especially the
The formal
Focus of analysis processes public sphere
political arena
surrounding it (in which
(the power preferences
corridors) are shaped)
Ideology
Ethnography of
critique- to
the corridors of
demonstrate
power to
Counting of votes how actors
The formal political elucidate the
and decision- come to
arena informal
making forums misperceived
processes
their own
through which
material
agenda is set
interest
Both visible
and Largely
invisible(visible invisible- power
only to agenda- distorts
Visible,
setters), but perceptions
Nature of power transparent and
can be and shapes
easily measured
rendered preference; It
visible through must be
gaining inside demystified
information
Source: Adapted from Hay, C
2002, "Divided by a Common
Language?
Conceptualizing Power,’
Political Analysis: A Critical
Introduction, Hampshire,
Palgrave, p.180
TYPES OF POWER
The inherent powers of the state are police power, the power of eminent
domain, and the power of taxation.
34
POLICE POWER POWER OF POWER OF
EMINENT TAXATION
DOMAIN
As to the subject Regulates both Affects only Affects only
liberty and property property rights property rights
As to who Exercised only by Exercised by the Exercised only by
exercises the government national the government
government, local
government units,
and government-
owned or controlled
corporations
pursuant to their
charters.
As to property Property taken is Property is Property is
taken often harmful to the wholesome or not wholesome but is
public (noxious) or harmful to the being taken as a
intended for a public but is being means of
harmful purpose taken for public use sustaining the
and may thus or purpose. operations of
destroyed. government
As to Compensation is Compensation is th Compensation is
compensation intangible, an full and fair the protection given
altruistic feeling equivalent of the and public
that the individual property taken. improvements
has contributed to instituted by
the public good. government for the
taxes paid
Further discussion of these powers can also be found in the Bill of Rights
(Article 3) of the 1987 Philippine Constitution.
35
Learning concepts 3.3
1. Coercive -
Power comes from the ability to punish someone for noncompliance. It is
based upon the idea of coercion or to force someone to do something against their
will.
Coercive power, in general, has negative consequences. It decreases morale
and instils fear and mistrust.
2. Reward
Power comes from the ability to issue rewards it allows people to exert
influence by giving rewards. If a reward is expected there is a high possibility of a
positive outcome but when rewards don't have enough perceived value, the power
weakens.
3. Legitimate
Power stems from formal right to command because of their position. This
type of power depends on the position held by a person exercising it. Legitimate
power may be derived from prevailing cultural values that assign legitimate power.
This type of power is unpredictable and unstable because if the individual
loses the title or position, legitimate power instantly disappear since the origin of
power is from the position and not from the person.
4. Expert
Power comes from experience or knowledge. Power is derived from the
member's assumptions that the leader possesses superior skills, knowledge, and
abilities. However, expertise is only a source of power if others are dependent upon
the experts.
5. Referent
Power comes from being trusted or respected. The power is based upon the
ability of an individual to attract others and to build loyalty within.
Referent power can be easily abused. If the individual who rises to power lacks
integrity and honesty, can use that power to hurt and alienate people and can also
use power to gain personal advantage.
36
Activity 3.3 Self-Test
P
P
E L
Across
Down
1. The power that comes from the ability to punish someone for non-compliance.
2. The ability to control or influence other people.
3. Ability to issue a reward.
4. A Latin word which the word power originates.
6. The origin of power is the position.
Answer Key Page
37
Learning concepts 3.4
CATEGORIES OF POWER
Power is categorized into formal and personal. Formal power is a position
within the organization. Personal power is defined by a person's follower.
www. Expertprogrammanagement.com
The words nation and state are often times used interchangeably. Do you
know that nations and state have their own identities? Let us examine the difference
between nation and state.
State
A state is a group of people who lived together in a defined area we call this a
territory under one government generally this is what we think of as a country but the
proper name states.
38
Elements of State
People
https://tinyurl.com/ha8zglj
Government
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
:Lots_of_people_(4566212904).jpg
A state requires a functioning government with
permanent institutions, defined governmental
functions, and centralized enforceable authority.
Territory
Sovereignty
https://tinyurl.com/ybkzdtnf y
Nation
A Nation is a large group of people who believed that they belong together
because they share common identities such as race, language, religion a common
culture or all of the above. They do not necessarily share a government or lived in
one defined place or territory they are more of a group of people who shares
important similarities.
Nations are born out of a confluence of two factors (1) A group of people have
cohesion in order that community continues to exist as a distinct entity. (2) Individual
members aspire to belong to a homogenous community to have security and
meaning.
39
Classification of Nation
Ethnic Nations
An entity that is united on the basis of
ethnicity. Populated by a single ethnic
group.
https://tinyurl.com/ybcvy5w5
Territorial Nations
An entity that is populated by various
groups that have been assimilated into
a nation.
https://tinyurl.com/yald7kh9
40
EXAMPLE OF A NATION
41
Activity 3.5 Complete the Venn diagram by differentiating nation from
state
Globalization
Political Globalization
42
national and international nongovernmental organizations that act as watchdogs over
governments and have increased their activities and influence."
Manfred B. Steger, in turn, wrote that political globalization refers to the
intensification and expansion of political interrelations across the globe"
Colin Crouch defines political globalization as the growing power of institutions of
global governance such as European Union, Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development, United Nations, World Trade Organization, Association of
Southeast Asian Nation, International Monetary Fund. The spread of its influence
and transactional advocacy networks operating across borders and constituting a
kind of global society.'
Gerald Delanty and Chris Rumford defined political globalization as "tension
between three processes which interacts to produce the complex field of global
politics: global geopolitics, global normative culture, and polycentric networks.
43
Activity 3.8 Draw an Arrow
1. Countries can easily ask for global support through financial aid.
Let’s Summarize
Political Science is the study of the phenomena of the state and government;
it is derived from two Greek words, “polis” or “city” which today would mean a
sovereign state; and “scire” meaning “science.”
Aristotle (384 - 322 B.C.), the father of Political Science considered Political
Science as the master of all sciences.
Political Theory deals with the entire body of doctrines relating to the origin,
behavior, and purpose of the state.
Public Law deals with the:
Organization of the governments
Limitations upon government authority
Powers and duties of government offices and officers
Obligations of one state to another
o Subdivisions of Public Law:
Constitutional Law – is the fundamental law of the land, which defines the
powers of government
44
Administration Law – fixes the organization and determines the
competence of the administrative authorities which regulates the methods
by which the functions of the government performed.
International Law – is the body of rules, which regulates the community of
nations.
Public administration focuses upon the methods and techniques used in the
actual management of state affairs by the three branches of the government:
Executive, Legislative and Judiciary including all governmental offices whose
function is to deliver services to its people.
Deductive method employs the drawing up of specific conclusions from
premises presumed to be infallible.
Inductive method proceeds to establish general truths upon the basis of
known facts are to be used as premises for a specific application.
Observational method allows the political scientist to observe the workings of
political systems and political processes. Every change in governmental
structure, law, or public has significance.
Historical Method present and probable political phenomenon are interpreted
by the political scientist based on his knowledge and observation of the past
serving as a backdrop.
Comparative method allows the political scientist to correlate economic,
geographical, psychological, sociological data, and other scientific
phenomena.
The word “governance” came from the Latin verb “gubernare,” or more
originally from the Greek word “kubernaein,” which means “to steer.” Basing
on its etymology, governance refers to the manner of steering or governing, or
of directing and controlling, a group of people or a state.
Anarchy is a political ideology which treats any fixed system of government as
repressing. In this political ideology, government is unnecessary and is the
cause of harm because it controls people.
Anarchism is not the absence of laws; it is the absence of any form of
authority in the form of a centralized government.
Absolutism is an ideology that centralizes control to one individual, may it be
by heredity or by divine right. This may lead to societies treating their leaders
as leader of both governmental and religious affairs.
Liberalism advocates that every individual should enjoy freedom. Government
and States are created to ensure that people can enjoy their rights.
Conservatism holds that, certain traditions must be kept to maintain social
stability. Human reason is insufficient in trying to solve the problems of
governance.
Socialism emphasizes that society should collectively own means of
production; private ownership is discouraged.
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POST-TEST.
A. Multiple Choice
Instruction: Read carefully each item and encircle the letter of your correct answer.
2. Who among the following authors defines power as the ability to achieved a result?
A. Max Weber B. Leslie Lipson
C. Alvin Genldner D. Anthony Giddens
6. Which ideology has the absence of a government, but has the presence of laws?
A. Anarchism C. Liberalism
B. Conservatism D. Socialism
7. Which of the following ideologies maintain traditional values but also accept the
current political structure of societies?
A. Anarchism C. Liberalism
B. Conservatism D. Socialism
8. The quality present in liberalism but not in any other political ideology
A. collectivism C. democratic election
B. emphasis on individualism D. nihilism
B. True or False
Instruction: Read the following statement and write TRUE if the statement is true and
write FALSE if the statement is false. Write your answer in the space provided.
_______________1. Power is the ability to make people do what you would have
them do even if they don’t want to.
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_______________ 2. According to Alvin Genldner power has three faces or
dimensions.
_______________4. In order for a country to be a state, all the elements of the state
must be present.
- End of Post-test –
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Answer Key
From Page 2
PRETEST
1. Politics
2. History
3. Aristotle
From Page 3
B. MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. A
2. B
3. A
4. D
5. B
6. A
7. C
8. B
From Page 3
C. TRUE OR FALSE
1. TRUE
2. FALSE
3. TRUE
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4. TRUE
5. TRUE
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POST TEST
From Page 48
A. MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. A
2. B
3. A
4. D
5. B
6. A
7. C
8. B
B. TRUE OR FALSE
1. TRUE
2. FALSE
3. TRUE
4. TRUE
5. TRUE
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GLOSSARY
Term Definition
authority The exercise of legitimate power.
Citizen Refers to the administrative machinery of the
state.
citizenship May be defined as (a) identification of an
individual based on a formal-legal status
coterminous with the emergence of states, or
(b) shared membership of a political
community in which [the] conception [of]
citizens [is that of] political actors constituting
political spaces.
Conservatism Commitment to traditional values and ideas
with opposition to change or innovation.
Governance Refers to the various ways through which
social life is coordinated.
Government One of the institutions involved in
governance.
Ideology Usually refers to a system of beliefs about
how society should function, behave, and
operate.
Liberalism A set of political beliefs emphasizing
individual rights and liberties.
Nationalism Identification with one’s own nation and
support for its interests, especially to the
exclusion or detriment of the interests of
other nations.
Politics May be defined as the art of government,
public affairs, compromise and consensus,
and power.
Political science Deals with the study of power in society,
politics, and government.
Socialism A political and economic theory of social
organization which advocates that the means
of production, distribution, and exchange
should be owned or regulated by the
community as a whole.
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REFERENCES
Connor, Walker "A Nation is a Nation, is a State, is an Ethnic Group, is a...". Ethnic
and Racial Studies. 1 (4): 377–400.
doi:10.1080/01419870.1978.999324(1978).
Curtis, M. (Ed.). The Great Political Theories. New York: HarperCollins Publishers.
1981.
Curtis, M. (Ed.). The Great Political Theories (Vol. 2). New York: HarperCollins
Publishers. 2008.
Mendoza, Diana J. and Melegrito, Ma. Lourdes F. Politics Without Borders. Phoenix
Publishing House, Inc. 2016.
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Pawilen, RA and Pawilen, Reian M. Philippine Politics and Governance.
Manila, Philippines: Rex Bookstore Inc. 2017.
Ramos, Renan E. Philippine Politics and Governance. Vibal Group, Inc. 2016.
Raven, B. H. & French, J.. The bases of social power. InD. Cartwright(Ed.), Studies
in social power. 1959, pp. 150-167.
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