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Distribution Feeder Voltage Regulation Control: Abstract - Step Voltage Regulators Are The Work Horse of
Distribution Feeder Voltage Regulation Control: Abstract - Step Voltage Regulators Are The Work Horse of
Control
W. H. Kersting, Life Fellow, IEEE
Milsoft Utility Solutions
engineer must have a means of analyzing the feeder voltages
Abstract – Step voltage regulators are the work horse of in the present and into the future. A distribution system
distribution feeders for maintaining the voltage at every power flow program can be used to determine the location of
customer’s meter to be within the ANSI standards. A step the needed regulators and the control settings. The power
voltage regulator can be viewed as a tap changing flow program must be capable of modeling both the shunt
autotransformer. This paper will apply a model of the step capacitors and the step voltage regulators. The modeling of
voltage regulator. The IEEE 13 Node Test Feeders will be step voltage regulators can be complex. It is critical that the
used to demonstrate how the regulator is controlled in order program is able to model the compensator circuit since this is
to maintain the desired voltage for full load, light load and the control that determines when a tap change is necessary.
future load conditions. The coordination of step voltage The compensator model will include the desired voltage to
regulators with shunt capacitors will be included. be held within a specified bandwidth at the “regulation
point” and the R and X settings. The R and X settings model
Index Terms – Step voltage regulators, shunt capacitors, that line impedance from the location of the regulator to the
compensator settings, ANSI voltage standards, IEEE Test regulation point. This paper will utilize a distribution power
Feeders flow program (Windmil™[2]) to demonstrate how the
locations of regulators can be determined and then how the
compensator setting are determined.
I. INTRODUCTION
II. THE ANSI VOLTAGE STANDARD
Every customer on a distribution feeder must be supplied
a voltage that is within ANSI standards [1]. The ANSI The two critical voltages in the ANSI standard are the
standards give the distribution engineer a range of “normal “Maximum Utilization Voltage” and the “Minimum Service
steady-state” voltages (Range A) and a range of “emergency” Voltage”. Both of these voltages are measured at the
steady-state voltages (Range B) to be supplied to all customer’s meter. The “Maximum Utilization Voltage” will
customers. The two ranges are: be the metered voltage at the customer closest to the
substation. Typically this voltage is measured at the meter
1. Range A under a no-load condition. This implies that there is no
a. Nominal Utilization Voltage = 115 volts voltage drop through the transformer, secondary and service
b. Maximum Utilization Voltage = 126 volts drop. The “Minimum Service Voltage” will occur when the
c. Minimum Service Voltage = 114 volts customer has the maximum load on and will include the
d. Minimum Utilization Voltage = 110 volts transformer, secondary and service drop voltage drops.
2. Range B In addition to the Range A and B requirements, the ANSI
a. Nominal Utilization Voltage = 115 volts Standard recommends that the feeder should be operated so
b. Maximum Utilization Voltage = 127 volts that the voltage unbalance at three-phase loads will not
c. Minimum Service Voltage = 110 volts exceed 3%. Voltage unbalance is defined as:
d. Minimum Utilization Voltage = 107 volts
Max. deviation from average voltage
Voltageunbalance 100% (1)
As the load on the feeder changes, every customer’s Average voltage
voltage will vary so that the ANSI standard may not be
satisfied. The regulation of the voltages requires some The task for the distribution engineer is to design and
method to regulate the voltages as the load change. The two operate the distribution feeder so that under normal steady-
most common methods are the application of switched shunt state conditions the voltages at the meters will lie within
capacitors and step voltage regulators. The step voltage Range A and the voltage unbalance will not exceed 3%.
regulators may be located in the distribution substation or The ANSI voltage standards provide the basis for
downstream from the substation. The distribution planning establishing guidelines for an acceptable voltage profile from
the substation to the most remote customer. An example of a
W. H. Kersting is a consultant to Milsoft Utility Solutions and a partner in
typical voltage profile is shown in Fig. 1.
WH Power Consultants, Las Cruces, NM.
Corresponding e-mail for this paper: bjkersting@zianet.com
Laterals
Preventive
Autotransformer N1
Sub Reg
IS
R Reversing
128 S Switch
126 Max Load + Series L
Winding
124
IL
122
Min Load L
120
VS N2 +
Control
118 CT
116
Shunt
Winding
Control VL
114 PT
- -
Reg First Reg. Last Last
Output Customer Point Xfm Customer
SL
Figure 1 – Voltage Profiles
Figure 2 – Type B Step Voltage Regulator
Fig. 1 shows a typical voltage profile from the substation
to the most remote customer for both maximum and Note that the input to the Type B step voltage regulator is
minimum load conditions. Under maximum load conditions across the series and shunt windings. The Type A step
it is usually assumed, on a 120 volt base, that there will be a voltage regulator would have the load side connected across
one volt drop through the service drop, a two volt drop the series and shunt windings. In Fig. 2 when a change in
through the secondary and a three volt drop through the taps is required the preventive autotransformer changes the
transformer. With an acceptable low voltage of 114 volts at number of turns on the series winding ( N 2 ).
the customer’s meter, this requires that the input voltage to
the transformer should not be lower than 120 volts under the IV. THE STEP VOLTAGE REGULATOR MODEL
maximum load condition. When running a power flow study
that models down to the primary of the distribution The model for a step regulator is developed in
transformers all voltages must lie between 126 and 120 volts. Reference[4]. For a single-phase type B regulator the
Notice in Fig. 1 that a “regulation point” has been defined. relationships between the source voltage and current to the
The idea here is that as load varies, the regulation point output voltage and current are given by:
becomes the pivot point for the profile. In other words, the
voltage at the regulation point will remain constant as the 1
load varies. In Fig. 1 it is shown that during minimum load VL VS
aR
conditions the output of the regulator has been reduced and
the voltage at the last customer is greater. This is the desired I L aR I S (2)
operating condition that is the basis for determining the N2
settings for the control circuit (compensator) of the substation where: aR 1
N1
voltage regulator. Note also in Fig. 1 that there are laterals
In (2) the minus sign is when the regulator is in the raise
tapped off the main feeder so that the current leaving the
position and the plus sign for the lower position.
regulator will not be the same as the current arriving at the
The actual number of turns on the series and shunt
regulation point.
windings is not known, however, each change in tap changes
the voltage by 5/8% or 0.00626 per unit. Therefore the
III. THE STEP VOLTAGE REGULATOR
effective regulator ratio can be given by:
A step voltage regulator consists of an autotransformer and
a load tap changing mechanism. The voltage change is aR 1 0.00625 Tap (3)
obtained by changing taps on the series winding of the
autotransformer. The position of the tap is controlled by the In (2) and (3) the minus sign is for the regulator in the
compensator circuit. Standard step-regulators contain a raise position, the plus sign is when the regulator is in the
reversing switch enabling a ±10% regulator range, usually in lower position.
16 steps up and 16 steps down. This amounts to a 5/8% Single-phase regulators can be connected in wye, delta and
change per step or 0.75 volts change per step on a 120 volt open delta for three-phase lines. For all of the connections
base. Step regulators can be connected in a Type A or Type the general three-phase model is shown in Fig. 3. [4]
B connection according to the ANSI/IEEE C57.15-1986
standard [3]. The more common Type B connection is
shown in Figure 2.
I S abc I L abc
MVArating
Iline R line jXline
CTp CTs
Ic
VS abc VL abc kVLL hi kVLLlow
R c + jX c Reg. Point
VS abc a VL abc
1:1
I S abc d I L abc + Vdrop -
+ +
Figure 3 – Three Phase Voltage Regulator Model NPT :1 Vreg VR
Voltage
Relay
- -
In Fig. 3 if the regulators are connected in wye the
voltages will be the line-to-neutral voltages. If the regulators
are connected in delta (open or closed) the voltages will be F Figure 4 – Compensator Circuit
line-to-line. In all cases the currents will be the line currents
by phase. The goal of the compensator circuit is such that the voltage
The general equations for three regulators connected in across the compensator voltage relay will be a scale model of
grounded wye are: the actual voltage at the regulation point. Another way of
looking at it is to have the per-unit voltage of the
VAG aR _ a 0 0 Vag compensator voltage relay equal to the per-unit voltage at the
V regulation point. In order to make this happen the per-unit R
BG 0 aR _ b 0 Vbg
and X settings must equal the per-unit equivalent line
VCG 0 0
aR _ c Vcg
(4)
impedance from the regulator output to the regulation point.
The compensator settings are input in units of volts and are
VLG ABC a VLG abc determined according to Equation 6.
1 CT
0 0 Zcomp Zline Volts (6)
N pt
aR _ a
I A Ia Zline equivalent line impedance in ohms
I 0 1
B 0 Ib
aR _ b (5) where: CT = current transformer primary rating
IC I c
1 N pt = potential transformer ratio
0 0
aR _ c
The potential transformer ratio is determined by
I ABC d I abc
VLN rated
Note in (4) and (5) that each regulator can have different N pt (7)
120
tap settings.
The primary rating of the current transformer ( CT p ) is
V. THE COMPENSATOR CIRCUIT
selected to be at least equal to the rated feeder current. For
The changing of taps on a regulator is controlled by the most compensator controls the secondary current ( CTs ) is
“line drop compensator”. A simplified circuit of an analog 0.2 amps.
compensator and how it is connected to the feeder through a The “voltage level” setting is the voltage on a 120-volt
potential transformer and a current transformer is shown in base that will be held at the regulation point. To limit the
Fig. 4. number of tap changes made as load changes a “bandwidth”
There are four settings that are required for the is set so that the taps are only changed when the relay voltage
compensator circuit. Whether the compensator is analog or is outside of the bandwidth. This is illustrated in Fig. 5. The
digital, the following settings must be made. bandwidth is two times the allowed deviation above or below
1. Compensator R and X settings the set voltage level.
2. Voltage Level: the desired voltage to hold at the In Fig. 5 the voltage level has been set at 122 volts with a
regulation point 2 volt bandwidth. Since each tap changes the voltage by
3. Bandwidth: defines the allowed variance of the 0.75 volts, it is possible (and not unusual) that two different
regulation point voltage centered on the desired tap settings can occur for the same load condition.
Voltage Level.
4. Time Delay: the time delay before a tap change
is made when the voltage relay voltage is not
within the bandwidth
1
2
Voltage Level
123
122 Bandwidth = 2 V
121 9 8 3 6 7
117.5
The IEEE 13 Node Test Feeder [8] is modified to
demonstrate how the compensator settings are determined. 115
The one-line diagram is shown in Fig. 6.
112.5
110
1 2 3 4 5
Node
Node Voltage
2400 125
CT p 700 Npt N pt 20 Vc
120 122.5
120
Define voltages and currents at 1.05 PU and no 117.5
Reg. 115
2521.87 ej 0 112.5
Vreg 2521.87 e j 120 deg 110
1 2 3 4 5
2521.87 ej 120 deg Node
Figure 8 – Phase C Voltage Profile with Regulators
2347 e j 3.1 deg
Note in Figure 8 that the source voltage at Node 1 has
Vreg_pt 2361.2 e j 124.2 deg been set to 120 volts. The voltage at Node 2 is the output
voltage of the regulator. For this case the taps on the phase
2261.6 ej 115.2 deg
regulators were found to be:
Phase A: 11
537.5 e j 34.4 deg Phase B: 12
Phase C: 15
Ireg 633.9 e j 150.4 deg
703.1 ej 81.5 deg It is first seen that the phase C tap is almost to the
maximum position of 16. The profile also shows that the
output voltage of the regulator is well above the maximum
Compute equivalent line impedance per desired voltage of 126 volts.
phase: At this point shunt capacitor banks are added to assist in
i 1 3 the voltage regulation. The power flow output for the case of
no regulators shows the reactive power supplied by phase is:
Vreg Vreg_pt 0.1403 0.3823j
i i
Zline i Zline 0.0892 0.3686j Phase A: 765 kvar
Ireg 0.131 0.4481j Phase B: 809 kvar
i Phase C: 1105 kvar
Compute average line
impedance: With that much reactive power being supplied by the
Z avg mean( Zline ) Z avg 0.1202 0.3997j source, shunt capacitor banks of approximately 800 kvar per
phase can be added to the system. After several power flow
Compute compensator R and X settings: runs, shunt capacitors were placed as:
Full Load with Regs and Caps 50% with Switched Caps
135 135
132.5 132.5
130 130
127.5
127.5
Node Voltages
125
Node Voltage
125 Vc 122.5
Vc 122.5
120
120 117.5
117.5 115
115 112.5
112.5 110
1 2 3 4 5
110
1 2 3 4 5 Node
Node
Figure 9 – Voltage Profile with Regs and Caps Figure 11 – Full Load and 300 kvar Switched Off
Figure 9 demonstrates that with the regulator and the shunt For this condition, the reactive powers supplied by the
capacitors all node voltages are within the desired limits. source are:
The next concern is what happens when the load is reduced
to its daily minimum? For this example it will be assumed Phase A: -59 kvar
that the minimum load for the feeder is 50% of full load. Phase B: -40 kvar
The phase C voltage profile is shown in Figure 10. Phase C: -59 kvar
112.5 125
110 Vc 122.5
1 2 3 4 5
120
Node
117.5
115
Figure 10 – 50% of Full Load
112.5
For this case the reactive powers supplied by the source 110
are: 1 2 3 4 5
Node
Phase A: -361 kvar
Phase B: -345 kvar Figure 12 – 10% Load Growth
Phase C: -368 kvar
It is noted that the output voltage of the regulator exceeds of using an average value of the equivalent impedance
the maximum allowed voltage of 126 volts. Once again this between the regulator and the regulation point.
problem can be corrected by installing additional shunt
capacitors. VII. SUMMARY
The reactive powers supplied by the source are:
This paper has demonstrated how wye connected step
Phase A: 97 kvar voltage regulators located in the substation can be set to hold
Phase B: 142 kvar a desired voltage at the regulation point. The application of
Phase C: 308 kvar shunt capacitors is included to demonstrate that the
regulators and capacitors work together to hold the desired
This study indicates that 100 kvar per phase of shunt voltage at the regulation point for full load, minimum load
capacitors can be added to the feeder. Node 4 capacitor bank and future load conditions.
will be increased by 100 kvar per phase.
The methods demonstrated in this paper are used to
regulate the voltages on the IEEE 34 Node Test Feeder [9].
10% Growth with Added Caps
135
Figure 14 – Composite Voltage Profiles
132.5
130
127.5
Node Voltage
V3
125
V4
122.5
V5 X. BIOGRAPHY
120
V6 W. H. Kersting (SM’64, F’89, Life Fellow 2003) was born
117.5 in Santa Fe, NM. He received the BSEE degree from New
V7 Mexico State University, Las Cruces, and the MSEE degree
115 from Illinois Institute of Technology. He joined the faculty
at New Mexico State University in 1962 and served as
112.5
110
1 2 3 4 5
Node
Professor of Electrical Engineering and Director of the
Electric Utility Management Program until his retirement in
2002. He is currently a consultant for Milsoft Utility
Solutions. He is also a partner in WH Power Consultants,
Las Cruces, NM.