Methods of Separating Mixtures

• Magnet
• Filter
• Decant
• Evaporation
• Centrifuge
• Chromatography
• Distillation
 Mixture of
solid and
liquid Stirring
rod

Filtration
separates
Funnel

a liquid
Filter paper
from a traps solid

solid

Filtrate (liquid
component
of the mixture)
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 40
Paper Chromatography
 Chromatography:
Separates substances on the basis of
differences in solubility in a solvent.
 Setup to heat a solution
Ring stand

Beaker

Wire gauze

Ring

Bunsen burner

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 42

 The solution is boiled and steam
is driven off.

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 39

 Distillation Apparatus
Salt remains after all water is
boiled off.

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 39

 No chemical change occurs
when salt water is distilled.

Distillation
(physical method)

Salt

Saltwater solution Pure water

(homogeneous mixture)

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 40

 Separation of a sand-saltwater
mixture.

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 40

 Centrifugation

• Spin sample very rapidly:

denser materials go to
bottom (outside)
• Separate blood into serum
and plasma
– Plasma = less dense
– Erythrocytes = red blood cells
• Check for anemia (lack of iron)
 Water Molecules

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 8

The decomposition of two water
molecules.

Water Diatomic Diatomic

molecules oxygen molecule + hydrogen molecules

Electric
current

2 H 2O  O2 + 2 H2