MACASADIA, KIER M.

BSBA-2B

LESSON 1

The 19th century was a revolutionary period for European history and a time of great
transformation in all spheres of life. Human and civil rights, democracy and nationalism,
industrialization and free market systems, all ushered in a period of change and chance. By the
end of the century Europe had reached the peak of its global power. Social and national
tensions as well as international rivalries festered however - all exploding in conflict at the
beginning of the 20th century.

In the United States, the nineteenth century was a time of tremendous growth and
change. The new nation experienced a shift from a farming economy to an industrial one, major
westward expansion, displacement of native peoples, rapid advances in technology and
transportation, and a civil war.
A cursory glance at the political picture of Spain in the 19th century shows a bewildering
period of instability and conflict. In short, it was a century of trauma. “Liberalism,” in the political
sense, enters our everyday vocabulary in these early years of the 19th century in Spain.
Another common expression taken from the conflicts in Spain at this time is “guerrilla” warfare.
There was, too, a fairly substantial minority –known as afrancesados “Pro-French”—who
accepted and even supported French intervention.  Their reasons were many, e.g. belief that
reforms were best achieved under French guidance, fear of the dangers to social security posed
by the guerrilla fighters, admiration for French sophistication etc.

LESSON 2
During the 19th century, the Philippines’ economic condition gave rise to Haciendas or
the “cash-crop economy”. Where large parts of lands would be used for crops considered
as cash-crop. Some cash-crops are: Sugar, Tobacco, Abaca, and Coffee. Being open to world
trade and having these products abundant in the Philippines, the Philippines became a major
exporter for these products and became well-known in other parts of the world. By these events,
there was a shift from barter system to moneyed economy
The 19th Century gave birth to the middle class, the lands became the primary
source of wealth because of the cash-crops, and being able to afford constructions; it gave rise
to technological interconnections among the separated islands of the Philippines. The
Philippines’ regional diversity became interconnected by railroads, steam ships, and advance in
communication. Literacy was also considered a weapon by the Filipinos – a weapon for
decolonization.