2018-08-07

Lecture Note of Naval Architectural Calculation

Ship Stability
Ch. 9 Numerical Integration Method in Naval
Architecture

Spring 2018

Myung-Il Roh

Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering

Seoul National University

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

Contents

þ Ch. 1 Introduction to Ship Stability

þ Ch. 2 Review of Fluid Mechanics
þ Ch. 3 Transverse Stability Due to Cargo Movement
þ Ch. 4 Initial Transverse Stability
þ Ch. 5 Initial Longitudinal Stability
þ Ch. 6 Free Surface Effect
þ Ch. 7 Inclining Test
þ Ch. 8 Curves of Stability and Stability Criteria
þ Ch. 9 Numerical Integration Method in Naval Architecture
þ Ch. 10 Hydrostatic Values and Curves
þ Ch. 11 Static Equilibrium State after Flooding Due to Damage
þ Ch. 12 Deterministic Damage Stability
þ Ch. 13 Probabilistic Damage Stability

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

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 2018-08-07

Ch. 9 Numerical Integration Method in

Naval Architecture

1. Simpson’s Rule
2. Gaussian Quadrature
3. Green’s Theorem
4. Calculation of Hydrostatic Values by Using Simpson’s Rule
5. Calculation of Hydrostatic Values by Using Gaussian Quadrature
and Green’s Theorem

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

1. Simpson’s Rule

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

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 2018-08-07

5·8·-1, 3·10·-1, and 7·36·-3 Rules

Simpson’s 1st and 2nd Rules

Simpson’s 1st and 2nd Rules

Simpson’s 1st Rule Simpson’s 2nd Rule

y y

y0 y1 y2 y0 y1 y2 y3

x x
s s

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

5·8·-1, 3·10·-1, and 7·36·-3 Rules

5·8·-1 Rule 3·10·-1 Rule

1 2
My = s (3 y0 + 10 y1 - 1 y2 )
24

y0 y1 y2 1 3
Iy = s (7 y0 + 36 y1 - 3 y2 )
120

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

7·36·-3 Rule

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 2018-08-07

y y1 y2
Derivation of Simpson’s 1st Rule (1/4) y0
y y1 y2

Derivation of Simpson’s 1st Rule (2/4)

s x
Simpson’s 1st Rule:
Approximate the function y by a parabola (quadratic polynomial curve) whose
equation has the form
y = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2
The parabola is represented by three points defining this curve.
The three points (y0, y1, y2) are obtained by dividing the given interval into equal
Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh
subintervals “s”. 8

Parabola :

x = 0: y 0 = a0
x = s: y1 = a0 + a1s + a2 s 2
x = 2s : y2 = a0 + 2a1s + 4a2 s 2
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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh
The relation between the coefficients a0, a1, a2 (“Find”) and y0, y1, and y2 are

y = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2
y 0 = a0
y1 = a0 + a1s + a2 s 2 a1s + a2 s 2 + y0 - y1 = 0

y2 = a0 + 2a1s + 4a2 s 2 2a1s + 4a2 s 2 + y0 - y2 = 0

2a1s + 3 y0 - 4 y1 + y2 = 0 2a2 s 2 - y0 + 2 y1 - y2 = 0
1 1
\ a1 = (-3 y0 + 4 y1 - y2 ) \ a2 = ( y0 - 2 y1 + y2 )
2s ②

③
2s 2

4 x ② - ③:

4
y0

s
 y y1 y2
2018-08-07
x

Derivation of Simpson’s 1st Rule (3/4)

y y1 y2
Derivation of Simpson’s 1st Rule (4/4)

y = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2
x

1 1
a0 = y0 , a1 = (-3 y0 + 4 y1 - y2 ), a2 = ( y0 - 2 y1 + y2 )
2s 2s 2
Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh
10

1 1
y = y0 + (-3 y0 + 4 y1 - y2 ) x + 2 ( y0 - 2 y1 + y2 ) x 2
2s 2s Integrate the area A from 0 to 2s. (Definite Integral)

2s
A = ò ydx
0
2s 1 y0
1
= ò y0 + (-3 y0 + 4 y1 - y2 ) x + 2 ( y0 - 2 y1 + y2 ) x 2 dx
s

0 2s 2s
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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

12s 1
A = ò y0 + (-3 y0 + 4 y1 - y2 ) x + 2 ( y0 - 2 y1 + y2 ) x 2 dx
0 2s 2s
2s
1 2 1 3
= y0 x + (-3 y0 + 4 y1 - y2 ) x + 2 ( y0 - 2 y1 + y2 ) x
4s 6s 0

1 1
= y0 ( 2 s ) + (-3 y0 + 4 y1 - y2 )(2 s ) 2 + 2 ( y0 - 2 y1 + y2 )(2 s ) 3
4s 6s
4
= 2 y0 s + (-3 y0 + 4 y1 - y2 ) s + ( y0 - 2 y1 + y2 ) s
3
s
\ A = (1 y0 + 4 y1 + 1 y2 )
3

5
y0
 2018-08-07

y y1 y2 y3
y0

s x

Derivation of Simpson’s 2nd Rule (1/4)

Simpson’s 2nd rule :

Derivation of Simpson’s 2nd Rule (2/4) Approximate the function by a cubic polynomial curve whose equation has the
form
y = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 + a3 x 3
The cubic polynomial curve is represented by four points defining this curve.
The four points (y0, y1, y2, y3) are obtained by dividing the given interval into equal
subintervals “s”.
Cubic polynomial curve:

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

x = 0: y 0 = a0
x = s: y1 = a0 + a1s + a2 s 2 + a3 s 3
x = 2s : y2 = a0 + 2a1s + 4a2 s 2 + 8s 3
x = 3s : y3 = a0 + 3a1s + 9a2 s 2 + 27 s 3
The relation between the coefficients a0, a1, a2, a3 (“Find”) and y0, y1, y2, and y3 are

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh
y y1 y2 y3
y0

s x

y = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 + a3 x 3
y 0 = a0 , y1 = a0 + a1s + a2 s 2 + a3 s 3 ,
y2 = a0 + 2a1s + 4a2 s 2 + 8s 3 , y3 = a0 + 3a1s + 9a2 s 2 + 27 s 3

a0 = y 0
1
a1 = (-11 y0 + 18 y1 - 9 y2 + 2 y3 )
6s
The unknown coefficients, a0, a1, a2, and a3 lead to

1
a2 = 2 (2 y0 - 5 y1 + 4 y2 - y3 )
2s
1
a3 = 3 (- y0 + 3 y1 - 3 y2 + y3 )
6s

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 2018-08-07

Derivation of Simpson’s 2nd Rule (3/4)

y = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 + a3 x 3
1
a0 = y 0 , (-11 y0 + 18 y1 - 9 y2 + 2 y3 ), a1 =
6s
1 1
a2 = 2 (2 y0 - 5 y1 + 4 y2 - y3 ), a3 = 3 (- y0 + 3 y1 - 3 y2 + y3 )
2s 6s
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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

3s 3s Integrate the area A from 0 to 3s.

A = ò ydx = ò (a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 + a3 x 3 )dx

0 0
3s
a a a
= a0 x + 1 x 2 + 2 x 3 + 3 x 4
2 3 4 0

9 27 81
= 3a0 s + a1s 2 + a2 s 3 + a3 s 4
2 3 4 y y1 y2 y3
y0

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh s x

y = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 + a3 x 3
1
a0 = y 0 , a1 = (-11 y0 + 18 y1 - 9 y2 + 2 y3 ),
6s
1 1
a2 = 2 (2 y0 - 5 y1 + 4 y2 - y3 ), a3 = 3 (- y0 + 3 y1 - 3 y2 + y3 )
2s 6s
9 2 27 81
A = 3a0 s + a1s + a2 s 3 + a3 s 4
2 3 4

9 1
A = 3 y0 s + × (-11 y0 + 18 y1 - 9 y2 + 2 y3 ) s 2
2 6s
27 1 81 1
+ × 2 (2 y0 - 5 y1 + 4 y2 - y3 ) s 3 + × 3 (- y0 + 3 y1 - 3 y2 + y3 ) s 4
3 2s 4 6s
3
\ A = s ( y0 + 3 y1 + 3 y2 + y3 )
8

By substituting a0, a1, a2 and a3 into the equation, the Area “A” yleadsyto
1 y2 y3
y0

s x

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Derivation of Simpson’s 2nd Rule (4/4)
 2018-08-07
y y1 y2

Derivation of 5·8·-1 Rule (1/4)

y y1 y2
Derivation of 5·8·-1 Rule (2/4) y0

5·8·-1 Rule:
x s
Approximate the function y by a parabola whose equation has the form
y = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2
The parabola is represented by three points defining this curve.
The three points (y0, y1, y2) are obtained by dividing the given interval into equal
subintervals “s”.
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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

Parabola :

x = 0: y 0 = a0
x = s: y1 = a0 + a1s + a2 s 2
x = 2s : y2 = a0 + 2a1s + 4a2 s 2
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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh
y0 y are
The relation between the coefficients a0, a1, a2 (“Find”) and y0, y1, and 2

y = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2
y 0 = a0
y1 = a0 + a1s + a2 s 2 a1s + a2 s 2 + y0 - y1 = 0

y2 = a0 + 2a1s + 4a2 s 2 2a1s + 4a2 s 2 + y0 - y2 = 0

2a1s + 3 y0 - 4 y1 + y2 = 0 2a2 s 2 - y0 + 2 y1 - y2 = 0
1 1
\ a1 = (-3 y0 + 4 y1 - y2 ) \ a2 = ( y0 - 2 y1 + y2 )
2s ②

③
2s 2

4 x ② - ③:

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 2018-08-07

y y1 y2
Derivation of 5·8·-1 Rule (3/4) y0
y y1 y2
Derivation of 5·8·-1 Rule (4/4) y0

y = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2
s x

s x
1 1
a0 = y0 , a1 = (-3 y0 + 4 y1 - y2 ), a2 = ( y0 - 2 y1 + y2 )
2s 2s 2
Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh
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1 1
y = y0 + (-3 y0 + 4 y1 - y2 ) x + 2 ( y0 - 2 y1 + y2 ) x 2
2s 2s Integrate the area A from 0 to s.

s
A = ò ydx
0
s 1 1
= ò y0 + (-3 y0 + 4 y1 - y2 ) x + 2 ( y0 - 2 y1 + y2 ) x 2 dx
0 2s 2s
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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

1 s 1
A = ò y0 + (-3 y0 + 4 y1 - y2 ) x + 2 ( y0 - 2 y1 + y2 ) x 2 dx
0 2s 2s
s
1 2 1 3
= y0 x + (-3 y0 + 4 y1 - y2 ) x + 2 ( y0 - 2 y1 + y2 ) x
4s 6s 0

1 1
= y0 ( s ) + (-3 y0 + 4 y1 - y2 )( s ) 2 + 2 ( y0 - 2 y1 + y2 )( s )3
4s 6s
1 1
= y0 s + (-3 y0 + 4 y1 - y2 ) s + ( y0 - 2 y1 + y2 ) s
4 6
s
\ A = (5 y0 + 8 y1 - 1 y2 )
12

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 y y1 y2
2018-08-07
x

2. Gaussian Quadrature

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

Derivation of 3·10·-1 and 7·36·-3 Rules

s
M y = M L = ò xdA
0
s
I y = I L = ò x 2 dA
0
y0
s s s
2 3
M y = M L = ò xdA = ò xydx = ò a0 x + a1 x + a2 x dx s

0 0 0 1
1
a0 = y0 , a1 = (-3 y0 + 4 y1 - y2 ), a2 = 2 ( y0 - 2 y1 + y2 )
1 2 2s 2s
= s (3 y0 + 10 y1 - y2 )
3·10·-1 Rule: The first moment of area about y axis

24 7·36·-3 Rule: The second moment of area about y axis

Å

s s s
I y = I L = ò x 2 dA = ò x 2 ydx = ò a0 x 3 + a1 x 4 + a2 x 5 dx
0 0 0 1
1
a0 = y0 , a1 = (-3 y0 + 4 y1 - y2 ), a2 = 2 ( y0 - 2 y1 + y2 )
1 3 2s 2s
= s (7 y0 + 36 y1 - 3 y2 )
120
Å

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

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 2018-08-07
A4 = 0.3478548451 t4 = 0.8611363115

A1 = 0.2369268850 t1 = -0.9061798459
A2 = 0.4786286704 t2 = -0.5384693101
5 A3 = 0.6521451548 t3 = 0.0
(Quintic)
A4 = 0.4786286704 t4 = 0.5384693101 n Node
A5 = 0.2369268850 t5 = 0.9061798459
t1 = -0.8611363115
t2 = -0.3399810435
4
(Quartic)
t3 = 0.3399810435

In the case of cubic Gaussian quadrature,

3. Green’s Theorem*

* Erwin Kreyszig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 9th Edition, pp.439-445, 2006

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

1 n

ò f (t )dt » å Aj × f (t j ) f (t2 )
f (t3 )
-1
j =1 f (t1 )
f (t )
Given: Function f(t)
Find: Integration of f(t) at a given interval
[-1, 1]

- 1 t1 t2 0 t3 1 t
1
ò f (t )dt Aj tj
-1

Gaussian quadrature:

1 A1 = 0.3478548451
A2 = 0.6521451548
Coefficients

ò f (t )dt » A1 × f (t1 ) + A2 × f (t2 ) + A3 × f (t3 )

A3 = 0.6521451548

-1
Calculation of Area by Using Gaussian Quadrature

n Aj Node t j

t1 = -0.7745966692
3 t2 = 0
1
ò f (t )dt » A1 × f (t1 ) + A2 × f (t2 ) + A3 × f (t3 ) + A4 × f (t4 )
t3 = 0.7745966692 -1
Coefficients

A1 = 0.5555555556
1
A2 = 0.8888888889
ò f (t )dt » A1 × f (t1 ) + A2 × f (t2 ) + A3 × f (t3 ) + A4 × f (t4 ) + A5 × f (t5 )
A3 = 0.5555555556 -1

In the case of quartic Gaussian quadrature,

In the case of quintic Gaussian quadrature,

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

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 2018-08-07

Calculation of First Moment of Area

by Using Green’s Theorem (1/2)

Green's theorem gives the relationship between a line integral around a simple closed curve C
and a double integral over the plane region D bounded by C.

Calculation of Area by Using Green’s Theorem

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

æ ¶N ¶M ö
òò ççè ¶x - ÷÷dxdy = ò (Mdx + Ndy )
R R
¶y ø C
C

x
Surface Integral Line Integral

M, N: The functions of x and y. And M, N, dM/dy, and

dN/dx are continuous on R.

(A = ò dA = òò dxdy )
M = - y, N = x Green's theorem gives the relationship between a line integral around a simple closed curve C
and a double integral over the plane region D bounded by C.

æ ¶N ¶M ö æ¶ ¶ ö
òò ççè ¶x - ÷÷dxdy = òò çç ( x) - (- y ) ÷÷dxdy = òò 2dxdy = 2 A
ø The region should be the left-hand of the curve.

¶y ¶x ¶y
If

R ø R è ø R

ò (Mdx + Ndy ) = ò (- ydx + xdy ) = ò (xdy - ydx )

C C C
L.H.S = (A: Area)

1
\ 2 A = ò ( xdy - ydx ) A = ò ( xdy - ydx )
C 2C
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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh
R.H.S =

üCalculation of area

æ ¶N ¶M ö
òò ççè ¶x - ÷÷dxdy = ò (Mdx + Ndy )
R R
¶y ø C
C

M A, y = ò xdA = òò xdxdy ( )
x2
M = - xy, N =
2
æ ¶N ¶M ö æ ¶ x2 ¶ ö
-
òòR è ¶x ¶y ø
ç ÷ dxdy = òòR çè ¶x ( 2 ) - ¶y (- xy) ÷ø dxdy = òòR 2 xdxdy = 2M A, y
ø The region should be the left-hand of the curve.
Surface Integral Line Integral

M, N: The functions of x and y. And M, N, dM/dy, and

dN/dx are continuous on R.

2
x æ ö æ x2 ö
ò (Mdx + Ndy ) = ò çç - xydx +
C C è 2
dy ÷÷ = ò çç dy - xydx ÷÷
ø Cè 2 ø
2 2
æx ö 1 æx ö
\ 2 M A, y = Ñò ç dy - xydx ÷ M A, y = ò çç dy - xydx ÷÷
C è
2 ø 2Cè 2 ø
If

L.H.S =

R.H.S =

üFirst moment of area about the y-axis in x direction

12
 Green's theorem gives the relationship between a line integral around a simple closed curve C
and a double integral over the plane region D bounded by C.
2018-08-07

Green's theorem gives the relationship between a line integral around a simple closed curve C
and a double integral over the plane region D bounded by C.

Calculation of First Moment of Area

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

by Using Green’s Theorem (2/2)

y

æ ¶N ¶M ö
òò ççè ¶x - ÷÷dxdy = ò (Mdx + Ndy )
R R
¶y ø C
C
Surface Integral Line Integral

M, N: The functions of x and y. And M, N, dM/dy, and

dN/dx are continuous on R.

x
ø The region should be the left-hand of the curve.

(M A, x = ò ydA = òò ydxdy )
y2
M = - , N = xy
2
æ ¶N ¶M ö æ ¶ ¶ y2 ö
òòR çè ¶x - ¶y ÷
ø
dxdy = òòR è ¶x
ç ( xy ) -
¶y
( - ) ÷ dxdy = òò 2 ydxdy = 2 M A, x
2 ø R
If

æ y2 ö æ y2 ö
ò (Mdx + Ndy ) = Cò ççè - 2 dx + xydy ÷÷ø = Cò ççè xydy - 2 dx ÷÷ø
C
L.H.S =

æ y2 ö 1 æ y2 ö
\ 2 M A, x = Ñò ç xydy - dx ÷ M A, x = ç xydy - dx ÷
C è
2 ø 2 Cò çè 2 ÷ø
R.H.S = 25
Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

üFirst moment of area about the x-axis in y direction

æ ¶N ¶M ö
òò ççè ¶x - ÷÷dxdy = ò (Mdx + Ndy )
R R
¶y ø C
C

3
(I A, y = ò x 2 dA = òò x 2 dxdy )
x
M = - x 2 y, N =
3
æ ¶N ¶M ö æ ¶ x3 ¶ 2 ö 2
-
òòR çè ¶x ¶y ÷ø dxdy = òòR çè ¶x ( 3 ) - ¶y (- x y) ÷ø dxdy = òòR 2 x dxdy = 2 I A, y
ø The region should be the left-hand of the curve.
Surface Integral Line Integral

M, N: The functions of x and y. And M, N, dM/dy, and

dN/dx are continuous on R.

æ 2 x3 ö æ x3 ö
òC ( Mdx + Ndy ) = ç
òC çè - x ydx + dy ÷
÷ = ò çç dy - x 2 ydx ÷÷
3 ø Cè 3 ø
æ x3 ö 1 æ x3 ö
\ 2 I A, y = Ñò ç dy - x 2 ydx ÷
2 ÑCò è 3
2
I A, y = ç dy - x ydx ÷
C è
3 ø ø
üSecond moment of area about the y-axis in x direction

If

L.H.S =

Calculation of Second Moment of Area

by Using Green’s Theorem (1/2)

R.H.S =

13
 Green's theorem gives the relationship between a line integral around a simple closed curve C
and a double integral over the plane region D bounded by C.
2018-08-07

[Example] Calculation of Area, First Moment of Area, and

Centroid with Respect to the Inertial Frame (1/10)

üArea A

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

æ ¶N ¶M ö
òò ççè ¶x - ÷÷dxdy = ò (Mdx + Ndy )
R R
¶y ø C
C
Surface Integral Line Integral

M, N: The functions of x and y. And M, N, dM/dy, and

dN/dx are continuous on R.

x
ø The region should be the left-hand of the curve.

3
(I A, x = ò y 2 dA = òò y 2 dxdy )
y
M = - , N = xy 2
3
æ ¶Nö æ ¶ 2 ¶M
¶ y3 ö 2
òò çè ¶x - ÷ dxdy = òò ç ( xy ) - (- ) ÷ dxdy = òò 2 y dxdy = 2 I A, x
ø R è
¶x ¶¶y
y 3
üSecond moment of area about the x-axis in y direction

R ø R
If

æ y3 ö æ 2 y3 ö
ò (Mdx + Ndy ) = Cò ççè - 3 dx + xy dy ÷÷ø = Cò ççè xy dy - 3 dx ÷÷ø
2

y3 ö
L.H.S =

æ y3 ö 1 æ 2
2 ÑCò è
\ 2 I A, x = Ñò ç xy 2 dy - dx ÷ I A, x = ç xy dy - dx ÷
C è
3 ø 3 ø
Calculation of Second Moment of Area
by Using Green’s Theorem (2/2)

R.H.S = 27
Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

1
A= (xdy - ydx )
2 Cò
z
z'
A = ò dA = òò dydz

1
1
= ydz - zdy
p 2 Cò
-1 - 1 y
4
B1 A y (t ) = t , z (t ) = -t - 2 , - 2 £ t £ 0
-1 “Water plane fixed coordinate”

y'
Segment ①:
Using the chain rule, convert the line
integral for y and z into the integral for
only one parameter “t”.
Cf: From the geometry of the triangle, the area and
the centroid can be obtained as follows;

1 1 0 æ dz dy ö
ydz - zdy = ò ç y - z ÷dt
2 ò① 2 - 2 è dt dt ø Green’s theorem

z
1 0
A=
1
×2×2 = 2
= ò t (-1) - (-t - 2 ) ×1 dt
2 - 2
( )
2
y
2 B1 1 0 1 0 ①
③

( yB1 , z B1 ) = (0, - ) = 2dt = 2t

2 ò- 2
②

3 2 - 2
2 1
oy ' z ': Body fixed coordinate = 2 2 =1
oyz : Water plane fixed coordinate 2
1:2

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 2018-08-07

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

z
z' 1
A= ydz - zdy
2 Cò
[Example] Calculation of Area, First Moment of Area, and
Centroid with Respect to the Inertial Frame (2/10)

1 1
ydz - zdy = 1
2 ò①

-1 p 1 y Segment ②: y (t ) = t , z (t ) = t - 2 , 0 £ t £ 2
- Segment ①:

4
B1 A 1 1 2 æ dz dy ö
ydz - zdy = ò ç y - z ÷dt
-1 2 ò② 2 0 è dt dt ø
y' 1 2
=
2 ò0
(
t ×1 - (t - 2 ) ×1 dt )
1 2 1 2
= 2dt = 2t
z 2 ò0 2 0

1
A = ×2×2 = 2 y
2
2 B1 üArea A

( yB1 , z B1 ) = (0, - ) ③

3 ①

2 Cf: From the geometry of the triangle, the area and

the centroid can be obtained as follows;

oy ' z ': Body fixed coordinate

oyz : Water plane fixed coordinate
Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh
29
1:2

z
z' 1
A= ydz - zdy
2 Cò
1 1
ydz - zdy = 1
2 ò①
1
ydz - zdy = 1
2 ò②
-1 p 1 y
-
4
B1 A y (t ) = t , z = 0, - 2 £ t £ 2
-1 [Example] Calculation of Area, First Moment of Area, and
Centroid with Respect to the Inertial Frame (3/10)

y' 1 1 - 2 æ dz dy ö
ydz - zdy = ò ç y - z ÷dt
2 ò③ 2 2 è dt dt ø üArea A

1 - 2
= ò (t × 0 - 0 ×1)dt = 0
2 2
z
1
Segment ③:

A = ×2×2 = 2 y
2
2 B1
( yB1 , z B1 ) = (0, - )
3
2 ① ② ③

oy ' z ': Body fixed coordinate

oyz : Water plane fixed coordinate

Segment ①:
③
Segment ②:
①

Cf: From the geometry of the triangle, the area and

the centroid can be obtained as follows;
1:2

15
 2018-08-07

32
Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

z
z' 1 æ x2 ö
M A, y = ç dy - xydx ÷÷
M A, z = ò ydA = òò ydydz 2 Cò çè 2 ø
1 Green’s theorem
[Example] Calculation of Area, First Moment of Area, and
Centroid with Respect to the Inertial Frame (4/10)

1 y2
= ò dz - yzdy
-1 p 1 y 2C 2
-
4
B1 A y (t ) = t , z (t ) = -t - 2 , - 2 £ t £ 0
-1
1 y2 1 0 æ y 2 dz dy ö
dz - yzdy = ò çç - yz ÷÷dt
2 ò① 2
y'
2 - è 2 dt dt ø 2
Segment ①:

1 0 æ t2 ö
= ç (-1) - t (-t - 2 ) ×1÷÷dt
2 ò- 2ç 2
è ø
z 0

1 1 0 æ t2 ö 1 ét3 2 2ù
A = ×2×2 = 2 = ò ç + 2t ÷÷dt = ê +
ç t ú
2
y 2 - 2è 2 ø 2 ë 6 2 û- 2
2 B1 üFirst moment of area about the z-axis
in y direction MA,z

( yB1 , z B1 ) = (0, - ) ③

3 ①

2 Cf: From the geometry of the triangle, the area and

the centroid can be obtained as follows;

oy ' z ': Body fixed coordinate

oyz : Water plane fixed coordinate
Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh
31
1:2

z
z' 1 y2
M A, z = dz - yzdy
2 Cò 2
1 1 y2 2
dz - yzdy = -
2 ò① 2 3
p y (t ) = t , z (t ) = t - 2 , 0 £ t £ 2
-1 - 1 y
4
B1 A 1 y2 1 2 æ y 2 dz dy ö
-1 ò dz - yzdy = ò çç - yz ÷÷dt
2 ② 2 2 0 è 2 dt dt ø
[Example] Calculation of Area, First Moment of Area, and
Centroid with Respect to the Inertial Frame (5/10)

y' 1 2 æ t2 ö
= ò çç ×1 - t (t - 2 ) ×1÷÷dt
2 0
è2 ø
1 2 æ t2 ö
= ç - + 2t ÷÷dt
z 2 ò0 çè 2 ø
1 2
A = ×2×2 = 2 y 1 é t3 2 2ù
2 = ê- + t ú
2 B1 2ë 6 2 û0
( yB1 , z B1 ) = (0, - )
3
2
oy ' z ': Body fixed coordinate
oyz : Water plane fixed coordinate

üFirst moment of area about the z-axis

in y direction MA,z

Segment ①:
③
Segment ②:
①

Cf: From the geometry of the triangle, the area and

the centroid can be obtained as follows;
1:2

16
 2018-08-07

② ③

34
Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

z
z' 1 y2
M A, z = dz - yzdy
2 Cò 2
[Example] Calculation of Area, First Moment of Area, and

1 Centroid with Respect to the Inertial Frame (6/10)

1 y2 2
dz - yzdy = -
2 ò① 2 3
p
1 y2 2
dz - yzdy =
2 ò② 2
-1 - 1 y
4 3
B1 A y (t ) = t , z = 0, - 2 £ t £ 2
-1
y' 1 y2 1 - 2 æ y 2 dz dy ö
ò dz - yzdy = ò çç - yz ÷÷dt
2 ③ 2 2 2 è 2 dt dt ø

1 - 2 æ t2 ö
= ç × 0 - t × 0 ×1÷÷dt = 0
z 2 ò 2 çè 2 ø
1
A= ×2×2 = 2 y
2
2 B1 üFirst moment of area about the z-axis
in y direction MA,z

( yB1 , z B1 ) = (0, - ) ③
Segment ①:

3 ①
Segment ②:

Segment ③:

2 Cf: From the geometry of the triangle, the area and

the centroid can be obtained as follows;
①

oy ' z ': Body fixed coordinate

oyz : Water plane fixed coordinate
Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh
33
1:2

z
z' 1 æ y2 ö
1 z2 M A, x = ò çç xydy - dx ÷÷
M A, y = ò yzdz - dy 2Cè 2 ø
2C 2
1
1 z2
= ò yzdz - dy
-1 -
p 1 y 2C 2
4
B1 A y (t ) = t , z (t ) = -t - 2 , - 2 £ t £ 0
-1 [Example] Calculation of Area, First Moment of Area, and

z2 æ dz z 2 dy ö
Centroid with Respect to the Inertial Frame (7/10)

1 1 0
ò yzdz - dy = ò ç yz - ÷÷dt
y' 2 ① 2 2 - 2ç
è dt 2 dt ø
1 0 æ (-t - 2 ) 2 ö
= ç t (-t - 2 )(-1) - ×1÷÷dt
2 ò- 2 ç
è 2 ø
z
1 0 æ 2 t 2 + 2 2t + 2 ö
1 = ç t + 2t - ÷dt
A = ×2×2 = 2
2
y 2 ò- 2 ç
è 2 ÷
ø
2 B1 Segment ①:

( yB1 , z B1 ) = (0, - ) 0
3 1 0 æ t2 ö 1 ét3 ù
= ò çç - 1÷÷dt = ê - t ú
2 2 - 2è 2 ø 2 ë 6 û-
oy ' z ': Body fixed coordinate 2

oyz : Water plane fixed coordinate

üFirst moment of area about the y-axis

in z direction MA,y

Green’s theorem

Cf: From the geometry of the triangle, the area and

the centroid can be obtained as follows;
1:2

17
 2018-08-07

36
Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

z
z' 1 z2
M A, y = ò yzdz - dy
2C 2
[Example] Calculation of Area, First Moment of Area, and

1 Centroid with Respect to the Inertial Frame (8/10)

1 z2 2
ò yzdz - dy = -
2 ① 2 3
p y (t ) = t , z (t ) = t - 2 , 0 £ t £ 2
-1 - 1 y
4
B1 A 1 z2 1 2 æ dz z 2 dy ö
-1 ò yzdz - dy = ò çç yz - ÷dt
2 ② 2 2 0 è dt 2 dt ÷ø
y'
1 2æ (t - 2 ) 2 ö
= ç t (t - 2 ) ×1 - ×1÷÷dt
2 ò0 çè 2 ø
1 2æ 2 t 2 - 2 2t + 2 ö
z = ò ç t - 2t - ÷dt
ç
2 0 è 2 ÷
1 ø
A= ×2×2 = 2 y 2
2 1 2 æ t2 ö 1 ét3 ù
2 B1 üFirst moment of area about the y-axis
in z direction MA,y

= çç - 1÷÷dt = ê - t ú
( yB1 , z B1 ) = (0, - ) ③
Segment ①: ò
2 0 è2 ø 2 ë 6 û0
3 ①
Segment ②:

2 Cf: From the geometry of the triangle, the area and

the centroid can be obtained as follows;

oy ' z ': Body fixed coordinate

oyz : Water plane fixed coordinate
Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh
35
1:2

z
z' 1 z2
M A, y = ò yzdz - dy
2C 2
1 1 z2 2
ò yzdz - dy = -
2 ① 2 3
p
1 z2 2
yzdz - dy = -
2 ò②
-1 - 1 y
4 2 3
B1 A y (t ) = t , z = 0, - 2 £ t £ 2
-1 [Example] Calculation of Area, First Moment of Area, and
Centroid with Respect to the Inertial Frame (9/10)

y'
1 z2 1 - 2 æ dz z 2 dy ö
ò yzdz - dy = ò çç yz - ÷dt
2 ③ 2 2 2 è dt 2 dt ÷ø

z 1 - 2æ 02 ö
= ò çç t × 0 ×1 - ×1÷÷dt = 0
1 2 2
è 2 ø
A= ×2×2 = 2 y
2
2 B1
( yB1 , z B1 ) = (0, - )
3
2
oy ' z ': Body fixed coordinate
oyz : Water plane fixed coordinate

üFirst moment of area about the y-axis

in z direction MA,y ① ② ③

Segment ①:
③
Segment ②:
①
Segment ③:

Cf: From the geometry of the triangle, the area and

the centroid can be obtained as follows;
1:2

18
 2018-08-07

[Example] Calculation of Area, First Moment of Area, and

①:
Centroid withSegment
Respect to the Body Fixed Frame (1/10)

Using the chain rule, convert the line

integral for y’ and z’ into the integral for
only one parameter “t”.

38
Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

z
1
A= ydz - zdy = 2
2 Cò
z'
[Example] Calculation of Area, First Moment of Area, and
Centroid with Respect to the Inertial Frame (10/10)

1 y2
M A, z = dz - yzdy = 0
-1 -
p 1 y 2 Cò 2
4
B1 A
-1
y' 1 z2 2 2
M A, y = ò yzdz - dy = -
2C 2 3

æM M ö
z ( yB1 , z B1 ) = ç A, z , A, y ÷
1 è A A ø
A= ×2×2 = 2 y
2 æ 0 1 æ 2 2 öö
2 B1 üArea A

= ç , × çç - ÷÷
( yB1 , z B1 ) = (0, - ) ③
in y direction MA,z
ç2 2
üFirst moment of area about the z-axis

3 ÷ø ÷ø
3 ①
è
üFirst moment of area about the y-axis
in z direction MA,y
è
②

2 Cf: From the geometry of the triangle, the area and

the centroid can be obtained as follows;
üCentroid

oy ' z ': Body fixed coordinate

oyz : Water plane fixed coordinate
Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh
37
1:2

1
A= (xdy - ydx )
z z' 2 Cò
y
A = ò dA = òò dy ' dz '

1
p 1
= y ' dz '- z ' dy '
2 Cò
4
-1 1 y'
B1 A y ' (t ) = t , z ' (t ) = -1, - 1 £ t £ 1
“Body fixed coordinate”

-1
Cf: From the geometry of the triangle, the area and
the centroid can be obtained as follows;

2:1

1 1 1 æ dz dy ö
y ' dz '- z ' dy ' = ò ç y ' - z ' ÷dt
2 ò① 2 -1 è dt dt ø
4
1 1
1 3
= (t × 0 - (-1) ×1)dt
A = ×2×2 = 2 2 ò-1
2:1

2 2
1 1 3
( y ' B1 , z ' B1 ) = ( ,- ) 4 2
3 3 3 3

oy ' z ': Body fixed coordinate

oyz : Water plane fixed coordinate ②

üArea A

Green’s theorem

19
 2018-08-07

[Example] Calculation of Area, First Moment of Area, and

Centroid with Respect to the Body Fixed Frame (2/10)
2:1

40
Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

z z'
y 1
A= y ' dz '- z ' dy '
2 Cò
1 1
y ' dz '- z ' dy ' = 1
p
Cf: From the geometry of the triangle, the area and
the centroid can be obtained as follows;
2 ò①
4
y ' (t ) = 1, z ' (t ) = t , - 1 £ t £ 1
-1 1 2:1

y'
B1 A 1 1 1 æ dz dy ö
y ' dz '- z ' dy ' = ò ç y ' - z ' ÷dt
2 ò② 2 -1 è dt dt ø
-1 1 1
= (1×1 - t × 0)dt
2 ò-1
②

③ 1 1
= t -1 = 1
①
2
4
1 3
A= ×2×2 = 2 2
2
1 1 3
( y ' B1 , z ' B1 ) = ( ,- ) 4 2

2:1
3 3 3 3

oy ' z ': Body fixed coordinate

oyz : Water plane fixed coordinate
Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh
39
üArea A

Segment ①:
Segment ②:

z z'
y 1
A= y ' dz '- z ' dy '
2 Cò
1 1
y ' dz '- z ' dy ' = 1
p 2 ò①
4 1
y ' dz '- z ' dy ' = 1
-1 1 y' 2 ò②
B1 A y ' (t ) = t , z ' (t ) = t , - 1 £ t £ 1

-1 1 -1 æ dz dy ö
Segment ①:

Segment ②:

y ' dz '- z ' dy ' = ò ç y ' - z ' ÷dt

2 ò③
Segment ③:

1
è dt dt ø
Cf: From the geometry of the triangle, the area and
the centroid can be obtained as follows;

2:1
-1
= ò (1 ×1 - 1 ×1)dt = 0
1

4
1 3 1
\A= y ' dz '- z ' dy ' = 1 + 1 + 0 = 2
A = ×2×2 = 2
2 2 2 Cò
1 1 3
( y ' B1 , z ' B1 ) = ( ,- ) 4 2
3 3 3 3

oy ' z ': Body fixed coordinate

oyz : Water plane fixed coordinate ②

[Example] Calculation of Area, First Moment of Area, and

Centroid with Respect to the Body Fixed Frame (3/10)

üArea A

① ② ③

20
 üFirst moment of area about the z’-axis
in y’ direction MA,z’

Segment ①:
2018-08-07

[Example] Calculation of Area, First Moment of Area, and

Centroid with Respect to the Body Fixed Frame (5/10)

[Example] Calculation of Area, First Moment of Area, and

2:1

42

Centroid with Respect to the Body Fixed Frame (4/10)

Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

z z' 1 æ x2 ö
y M A, y = ç dy - xydx ÷÷
M ' A, z ' = ò y ' dA = òò y ' dy ' dz ' 2 Cò çè 2 ø
1
p 1 y '2
= dz '- y ' z ' dy '
2 Cò 2
Cf: From the geometry of the triangle, the area and
the centroid can be obtained as follows;

4
-1 1 2:1

y'
B1 A y ' (t ) = t , z ' (t ) = -1, - 1 £ t £ 1

-1 1 y '2 1 1 æ y '2 dz ' dy ' ö

ò dz '- y ' z ' dy ' = ò çç - y ' z ' ÷÷dt
2 ① 2 2 -1 è 2 dt dt ø
②
1 1 æ t2 ö
③
= ç × 0 - t (-1) ×1÷÷dt
①
2 ò-1 çè 2 ø
4 1
1 3 1 1 1
= tdt = t 2 = 0
2 ò-1
2:1

A= ×2×2 = 2 2 4 -1
2
1 1 3
( y ' B1 , z ' B1 ) = ( ,- ) 4 2
3 3 3 3

oy ' z ': Body fixed coordinate

oyz : Water plane fixed coordinate
Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh
41

Green’s theorem

z z'
y
1 y '2
M ' A, z ' = dz '- y ' z ' dy '
2 Cò 2
1 1 y '2
dz '- y ' z ' dy ' = 0
p 2 ò① 2
4
y ' (t ) = 1, z ' (t ) = t , - 1 £ t £ 1
-1 1 y'
B1 A 1 y '2 1 1 æ y '2 dz ' dy ' ö
ò dz '- y ' z ' dy ' = ò çç - y ' z ' ÷÷dt
2 ② 2 2 -1 è 2 dt dt ø
-1 1 1 æ 12 ö
= ò çç ×1 - 1 × t × 0 ÷÷dt
Cf: From the geometry of the triangle, the area and
the centroid can be obtained as follows;

2 -1 è 2 ø
2:1
1
1 11 1 1
= dt = t =
2 ò-1 2 4 -1 2
4
1 3
A = ×2×2 = 2 2
2
1 1 3
( y ' B1 , z ' B1 ) = ( ,- ) 4 2
3 3 3 3

oy ' z ': Body fixed coordinate

oyz : Water plane fixed coordinate ②

üFirst moment of area about the z’-axis

in y’ direction MA,z’

Segment ①:
Segment ②:

21
 2018-08-07

Segment ①:
[Example] Calculation of Area, First Moment of Area, and
Centroid with Respect to the Body Fixed Frame (7/10)

[Example] Calculation of Area, First Moment of Area, and

2:1

Centroid with Respect to the Body Fixed Frame (6/10)

44
Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

z z'
y
1 y '2
M ' A, z ' = dz '- y ' z ' dy '
2 Cò 2
1 1 y '2
dz '- y ' z ' dy ' = 0
2 ò① 2
Segment ①:

p
Cf: From the geometry of the triangle, the area and
Segment ②:

Segment ③:
the centroid can be obtained as follows;

4 2
1 y' 1
dz '- y ' z ' dy ' =
2 ò② 2
-1 1 2:1

y'
2
B1 A y ' (t ) = t , z ' (t ) = t , - 1 £ t £ 1

-1
1 y '2 1 1 æ y '2 dz ' dy ' ö
ò dz '- y ' z ' dy ' = ò çç - y ' z ' ÷÷dt
2 ② 2 ②
2 -1 è 2 dt dt ø
③ 1
1 1 æ t2 ö 1 1 æ t2 ö t3 1
= ò çç ×1 - t × t ×1÷÷dt = ò çç - ÷÷dt = -
①
=-
4 2 è2
-1
ø 2 è 2ø
-1 12 -1 6
3
1 1 y '2
2Ñ
2:1

A = ×2×2 = 2 \ M ' A, z ' =

2
1 1
2
3
ò 2 dz '- y ' z ' dy '
C
( y ' B1 , z ' B1 ) = ( ,- ) 4 2
3 3 3 3 1 1 2
= 0+ - =
oy ' z ': Body fixed coordinate
2 6 3
oyz : Water plane fixed coordinate ① ② ③ 43
Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh
üFirst moment of area about the z’-axis
in y’ direction MA,z’

z z'
y
M ' A, y ' = ò z ' dA = òò z ' dy ' dz '
1
p
1 z '2
4 = ò y ' z ' dz '- dy '
-1 1 y' 2C 2
B1 A y ' (t ) = t , z ' (t ) = -1, - 1 £ t £ 1
1 z '2 1 1æ dz ' z '2 dy ' ö
-1 ò y ' z ' dz '- dy ' = ò çç y ' z ' - ÷dt
2 ① 2 2 -1 è dt 2 dt ÷ø
Cf: From the geometry of the triangle, the area and
the centroid can be obtained as follows;

1 1æ (-1) 2 ö
2:1
= ò çç t (-1) × 0 - ×1÷÷dt
2 è
-1 2 ø
1
4 1 1 æ 1ö 1 1
= ç - ÷dt = - t = -
1 3 2 ò-1 è 2 ø 4 -1 2
A= ×2×2 = 2 2
2
1 1 3
( y ' B1 , z ' B1 ) = ( ,- ) 4 2
3 3 3 3

oy ' z ': Body fixed coordinate

oyz : Water plane fixed coordinate ②

üFirst moment of area about the y’-axis

in z’ direction MA,y’

Green’s theorem

22
 2018-08-07

[Example] Calculation of Area, First Moment of Area, and

Centroid with Respect to the Body Fixed Frame (8/10)
2:1

Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

① ② ③ 46

z z'
y
1 z '2
M ' A, y ' = ò y ' z ' dz '- dy '
2C 2
1 1 z '2 1
ò y ' z ' dz '- dy ' = -
p
Cf: From the geometry of the triangle, the area and 2 ① 2 2
the centroid can be obtained as follows;

4
y ' (t ) = 1, z ' (t ) = t , - 1 £ t £ 1
-1 1 2:1

y'
B1 A 1 z '2 1 1æ dz ' z '2 dy ' ö
ò y ' z ' dz '- dy ' = ò çç y ' z ' - ÷dt
2 ② 2 2 è
-1 dt 2 dt ÷ø
-1
1 1æ t2 ö
= ò çç1 × t ×1 - × 0 ÷÷dt
②
2 è
-1 2 ø
③
1
① 1 1 1
= tdt = t 2 = 0
4 2 ò-1 4 -1
1 3
2:1

A = ×2×2 = 2 2
2
1 1 3
( y ' B1 , z ' B1 ) = ( ,- ) 4 2
3 3 3 3

oy ' z ': Body fixed coordinate

oyz : Water plane fixed coordinate
Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh
45
üFirst moment of area about the y’-axis
in z’ direction MA,y’

Segment ①:
Segment ②:

z z'
y
1 z '2
M ' A, y ' = ò y ' z ' dz '- dy '
2C 2
1 1 z '2 1
ò y ' z ' dz '- dy ' = -
p 2 ① 2 2
4 1 z '2
y ' z ' dz '- dy ' = 0
2 ò②
-1 1 y' 2
B1 A y ' (t ) = t , z ' (t ) = t , - 1 £ t £ 1

-1 Segment ①:

Segment ②:

1 z '2 1 1æ dz ' z '2 dy ' ö

Cf: From the geometry of the triangle, the area and Segment ③:
the centroid can be obtained as follows;

ò y ' z ' dz '- dy ' = ò çç y ' z ' - ÷dt

2:1

2 ③ 2 2 è
-1 dt 2 dt ÷ø
1
1 1æ t2 ö 1 1 t2 t3 1
4 = ò çç t × t ×1 - ×1÷÷dt = ò dt = =
3
2 -1 è 2 ø 2 -1 2 12 -1 6
1
A = ×2×2 = 2 1 z '2
2
1 1
2
3
\ M ' A, y =
2CÑ
ò y ' z ' dz '-
2
dy '
( y ' B1 , z ' B1 ) = ( ,- ) 4 2
3 3 3 3 1 1 2
= 0- + =-
oy ' z ': Body fixed coordinate 2 6 3
oyz : Water plane fixed coordinate ②

[Example] Calculation of Area, First Moment of Area, and

Centroid with Respect to the Body Fixed Frame (9/10)

üFirst moment of area about the y’-axis

in z’ direction MA,y’

23
 2018-08-07

[Example] Calculation of Area, First Moment of Area, and

Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh
48

Centroid with Respect to the Body Fixed Frame (10/10)

z z' 1
y A= y ' dz '- z ' dy ' = 2
2 Cò

1
p
1 y '2 2
Cf: From the geometry of the triangle, the area and
the centroid can be obtained as follows;

4
M ' A, z ' = dz '- y ' z ' dy ' =
-1 1 y' 2 Cò 2 3
2:1

B1 A
-1 1 z '2 2
M ' A, y ' = ò y ' z ' dz '- dy ' = -
2C 2 3
②

æM' M ' A, y ' ö

4 ( y ' B1 , z ' B1 ) = çç A, z ' , ÷
1 3 è A A ÷ø
2:1

A= ×2×2 = 2
2 2 æ 1 2 1 æ 2 öö æ 1 1 ö
1 1 3 = çç × , × ç - ÷ ÷÷ = ç ,- ÷
( y ' B1 , z ' B1 ) = ( ,- ) 4 2 è 2 3 2 è 3 øø è 3 3 ø
3 3 3 3

oy ' z ': Body fixed coordinate

oyz : Water plane fixed coordinate
Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh
47
üArea A

üFirst moment of area about the z’-axis

in y’ direction MA,z’

üFirst moment of area about the y’-axis

in z’ direction MA,y’

üCentroid

z z'
y

æ1 1ö æ 2ö
1 ç ,- ÷ ç 0, - ÷
ç 3 ÷ø
è3 3ø è
p
4
-1 1 y'
B1 A p
4
üCalculation of centroid (Center of buoyancy B1)
in the body fixed frame and inertial frame

-1 é æ pö æ p öù
cos - - sin ç - ÷ú é 1 ù
é y B1 ù ê çè 4 ÷ø è 4 øú ê 3 ú
rB1 = ê ú = ê ê ú
ë z B1 û ê sin æç - p ö÷ cosæç - p ö÷ ú ê- 1 ú
Body fixed frame Inertial frame

ëê è 4 ø è 4 ø ûú ë 3 û
é 2 2 ùé 1 ù z
A=2 ê ú
2 úê 3 ú z'
=ê 2 ê ú
2 2 ê- 2 2 ú ê- 1 ú 1
M ' A, z ' = M ' A, y ' = - êë 2 2 úû ë 3 û
3 3
1 1 é 0 ù
ü Transform the center of buoyancy in oy’z’ frame into
oyz frame by rotating the point about the negative x’-
axis with an angle of . Then the result is the same as

-1 -
p
1 y
( y ' B , z ' B ) = ( ,- )
the calculation result of centroid in the inertial frame.

4
=ê 2ú A
1
3 3 1
ê- ú B1
ë 3 û -1
2 y'
oy ' z ': Body fixed coordinate \ ( y B1 , z B1 ) = (0,- )
3
oyz : Water plane fixed coordinate ②

①
[Example] Calculation of Area, First Moment of Area, and Centroid
- Transform the Position Vectors with Respect to the Inertial Frame

24
 2018-08-07

4. Calculation of Hydrostatic Values

by Using Simpson’s Rule

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

What is a “Hull form”?

þ Hull form
n Outer shape of the hull that is streamlined in order to satisfy requirements of a
ship owner such as a deadweight, ship speed, and so on
n Like a skin of human
þ Hull form design
n Design task that designs the hull form

Hull form of the VLCC(Very Large Crude oil Carrier)

Wireframe model Surface model

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

25
 2018-08-07

Lines of a 320,000ton VLCC

Body Plan

Water Plan Sheer Plan

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

Station

þ Stations are ship hull cross sections at a spacing of LBP/20.

þ The station 0 is located at the aft perpendicular and the station 20
is at the forward perpendicular. And the station 10 therefore
represents the midship section.

• Station spacing = LBP / 20

• X position of the Station “A” = Station No. of “A” ´ Station spacing

Sheer Plan (Elevation View)

Station No.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

AP Midship FP

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

26
 2018-08-07

Section Line and Body Plan

Section line or Station line

St. 19.75

y x St. 1

þ Section line is a curve located on a

cross section.

þ In general, because the section lines

are located at each station, they are
called “station lines”.

þ Section lines make up the lines plan

(Body plan). y
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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

Buttock Line and Sheer Plan (Buttock Plan)

þ Buttock line is a curve located on a profile (lateral) section (x-z

plane).
þ Buttock lines make up the sheer plan or buttock plan of lines.

Sheer Plan (Elevation View)

AP FP
section line (station) DLWL (Design Load Water Line)
Æ Design Draft

Example of water line of a 320K VLCC

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

27
 2018-08-07

Water Line and Water Plan (Half-Breadth Plan)

þ Water line is a curve located on a water plane (vertical) section (x-

y plane).
þ Water lines make up the water plan or half-breadth plan of lines.

Water Plan (Plan View)

AP FP
section line (station) DLWL (Design Load Water Line)
Æ Design Draft

Example of water line of a 320K VLCC

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

Example of Offsets Table of a 6,300TEU Container Ship

Waterline * Unit: mm

Half-Breadth

Stations

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

28
 2018-08-07

Relationship Between Lines and Offsets Table (1/2)

Lines

Generation of offsets table

from the lines

Offsets table

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

Relationship Between Lines and Offsets Table (2/2)

Half-breadth for St. 18

Waterline at 18m
Half-breadth for St. 19

Waterline at 18m

Half-breadth for each station

at 18m waterline

13033

7036

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

29
 2018-08-07

y HB3 HB4 HB5

HB2
HB1
Half-Breadth
(HB)

w
HB0
0 1 2 3 4 5 z
Simpson’s 1st Rule (S1)
Simpson’s 2nd Rule (S2)

Calculation of the First Moment of Sectional Area (about y axis)

Distance of each ordinate from y axis

Calculation of Sectional Area

y HB3 HB4 HB5
St.19.75 St.19 St.15 HB2
HB1
Half-Breadth
(HB)
Æ
w
HB0
0 1 2 3 4 5 z
Simpson’s 1st Rule (S1)
Simpson’s 2nd Rule (S2)

y HB3 HB4 HB5

HB2
z=5m HB1
HB0.5 Half-Breadth
(HB)
Æ
w
Z HB0
0 1 2 3 4 5 z
Simpson’s 1st Rule (S1) with half spacing
Y Simpson’s 1st Rule (S1)
Simpson’s 1st Rule (S1)
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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

Calculation of the First Moment of Sectional Area

1 1
Area1 = ò dA = s ( y0 + 4 y1 + y2 ) = w( HB0 + 4 HB1 + HB2 )
3 3

3
Area2 = ò dA = s ( y0 + 3 y1 + 3 y2 + y3 )
8
3
= w( HB2 + 3HB3 + 3HB4 + HB5 )
8
\ Area = Area1 + Area2

Calculation of Sectional Area Simpson’s 1st Rule

Simpson’s 2nd Rule

1 1 1
M y ,1 = ò zdA = s (Y0 + 4Y1 + Y2 ) = s (1 × (0 × y0 ) + 4 × ( s × y1 ) + 1 × (2 s × y2 ) ) = w (1 × (0 × HB0 ) + 4 × ( w × HB1 ) + 1 × (2 w × HB2 ) )
3 3 3

3 3
M y ,2 = ò zdA = s ( y0 + 3 y1 + 3 y2 + y3 ) = s (1 × (0 × y0 ) + 3 × ( s × y1 ) + 3 × (2 s × y2 ) + 1 × (3s × y3 ) )
8 8
3
= w (1 × (2 w × HB2 ) + 3 × (3w × HB3 ) + 3 × (4 w × HB4 ) + 1 × (5w × HB5 ) ) \ M y = M y ,1 + M y ,2
8
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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

Simpson’s 1st Rule

Simpson’s 2nd Rule

Distance of each ordinate from y axis

30
 2018-08-07
Distance of each ordinate from z axis

Calculation of the Centroid of Sectional Area

Calculation of the Centroid
y HB3 HB4 HB5
HB2
HB1
Half-Breadth
(HB)

w
HB0
0 1 2 3 4 5 z
Simpson’s 1st Rule (S1)
Simpson’s 2nd Rule (S2)

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

Calculation of the First Moment of Sectional Area

Calculation of the First Moment of Sectional Area (about z axis)
y HB3 HB4 HB5
HB2 1
M z ,1 = ò zdA = s (Y0 + 4Y1 + Y2 )
HB1 3
Half-Breadth 1
= s (1 × (( y0 / 2) × y0 ) + 4 × (( y1 / 2) × y1 ) + 1 × (( y2 / 2) × y2 ) )
(HB) 3
1
w = w (1 × (( HB0 / 2) × HB0 ) + 4 × (( HB1 / 2) × HB1 ) + 1 × (( HB2 / 2) × HB2 ) )
3
HB0
0 1 2 3 4 5 z
Simpson’s 1st Rule (S1)
Simpson’s 2nd Rule (S2)

3
M z ,2 = ò zdA = s ( y0 + 3 y1 + 3 y2 + y3 )
8
3
= s (1 × (( y0 / 2) × y0 ) + 3 × (( y1 / 2) × y1 ) + 3 × (( y2 / 2) × y2 ) + 1 × (( y3 / 2) × y3 ) )
Simpson’s 1st Rule

8
3
Simpson’s 2nd Rule

= w (1 × (( HB2 / 2) × HB2 ) + 3 × (( HB3 / 2) × HB3 ) + 3 × (( HB4 / 2) × HB4 ) + 1 × (( HB5 / 2) × HB5 ) )

8

\ M z = M z ,1 + M z ,2

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh
Distance of each ordinate from z axis

1
Area1 = w( HB0 + 4 HB1 + HB2 )
3
3
Area2 = w( HB2 + 3HB3 + 3HB4 + HB5 )
8
1 3
\ Area = w( HB0 + 4 HB1 + HB2 ) + w( HB2 + 3HB3 + 3HB4 + HB5 )
3 8
1
M y ,1 = w (1 × (0 × HB0 ) + 4 × ( w × HB1 ) + 1 × (2 w × HB2 ) )
3
3
M y ,2 = w (1 × (2 w × HB2 ) + 3 × (3w × HB3 ) + 3 × (4 w × HB4 ) + 1 × (5w × HB5 ) )
8
1
\ M y = w (1 × (0 × HB0 ) + 4 × ( w × HB1 ) + 1 × (2 w × HB2 ) )
3
3
+ w (1 × (2 w × HB2 ) + 3 × (3w × HB3 ) + 3 × (4 w × HB4 ) + 1 × (5w × HB5 ) )
8
1
M z ,1 = w (1 × (( HB0 / 2) × HB0 ) + 4 × (( HB1 / 2) × HB1 ) + 1 × (( HB2 / 2) × HB2 ) )
3
3
M z ,2 = w (1 × (( HB2 / 2) × HB2 ) + 3 × (( HB3 / 2) × HB3 ) + 3 × (( HB4 / 2) × HB4 ) + 1 × (( HB5 / 2) × HB5 ) )
8
1
\ M z = w (1 × (( HB0 / 2) × HB0 ) + 4 × (( HB1 / 2) × HB1 ) + 1 × (( HB2 / 2) × HB2 ) ) Centroid

3
3
+ w (1 × (( HB2 / 2) × HB2 ) + 3 × (( HB3 / 2) × HB3 ) + 3 × (( HB4 / 2) × HB4 ) + 1 × (( HB5 / 2) × HB5 ) )
8
Mz My
\ Centroid y = , Centroid z =
Area Area

31
 2018-08-07

Simpson’s 1st Rule (S1) Simpson’s 2nd Rule (S2)

Calculation of Water Plane Area

Water Plan (Plan View) DLWL (Design Load Water Line)
Æ Design Draft

AP FP
Station No.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Half-Breadth (HB)

Station No.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Simpson’s 1st Rule (S1)

Simpson’s 2nd Rule (S2) Simpson’s 1st Rule (S1)

1. Generate a temporary section (e.g., -0.166)

2. Perform Simpson’s 1st Rule.

-0.333 -0.166 0
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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

Calculation of Displacement Volume

þ The displacement volume (underwater volume) at a certain draft

can be calculated by integrating sectional areas in the longitudinal
direction.

Volume integral
from sectional areas
in the longitudinal (x) direction

þ In addition, the volume can be calculated by integrating water

AP FP

plane areas in the vertical direction. There can be a difference

between two volumes due to approximation.

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

32
 2018-08-07
z

dx

St.6

St.5
o y

St.4
ds
G
x

E
F
We can find
the vertical station shape slope
and longitudinal water line slope
by using the central difference.
C
G

Example of Calculation for Wetted Surface Area (1/7) F

E

Calculate the wetted surface area of the ship from St. 1 to St. 5 A B
A

between 3m and 6m of waterline. B

(3) 2 (4) (4.1) (4.2) (5)
(1) (1.1) (1.2) (2) (δy/δz) (5.1) (5.2) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)
HB HB Sta. HB HB Sta. HB HB Mean
Sta. 6m 3m δy/δz (δy/δz)2 Ford. 6m 3m Aft. 6m 3m δy/δx (δy/δx)2 Sum (Sum)1/2 S.M Prod.

Projected to Wetted Surface Area

center plane
(1)-1 (4)-2 G
E
F
(5)-1

(1)-2
C

A
(5)-2 B

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

Calculation for Wetted Surface Area

þ The wetted surface area means ship’s area which contacts with
water.
þ This area can be calculated with the following approximate
formula.
z=6

2 2
dz z =3 Sta . 6 æ dy ö æ dy ö
S = d zò 1 + ç ÷ + ç ÷ dx
Sta . 4
è dx ø è dz ø
dx
dx
St. 6
St. 4 St. 5

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

z=6

dz z =3

dx
dx

St. 6
St. 4 St. 5

z=6 2 2
æd y ö æd y ö
z=6 Sum = 1 + ç ÷ +ç ÷
èdxø èdz ø
d x = Station interval = 13.94 m

z =3
dz z =3

dx
dy
dx
dz
HB: Half-breadth for waterline
HBA: Half-breadth afterward
dy
HBf: Half-breadth forward
S: Wetted surface area of the ship

dx

St. 6
St. 4 St. 5

HB, (4)-1 G

E
dx
C
F

A
dz

15.47

33
 (1.1) (1.2) (3) 2 (4) (4.1) (4.2) (5)
(2) (δy/δz) (5.1) (5.2) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)
HB HB Sta. HB HB Sta. HB HB Mean

2018-08-07
6m 3m δy/δz (δy/δz)2 Ford. 6m 3m Aft. 6m 3m δy/δx (δy/δx)2 Sum (Sum)1/2 S.M Prod.

G
E
F

C
15.47
A
B

(3) 2 (4) (4.1) (4.2) (5)

(1) (1.1) (1.2) (2) (δy/δz) (5.1) (5.2) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)
HB HB Sta. HB HB Sta. HB HB Mean
Sta. 6m 3m δy/δz (δy/δz)2 Ford. 6m 3m Aft. 6m 3m δy/δx (δy/δx)2 Sum (Sum)1/2 S.M Prod.

1. Approximated formula for ship’s surface area:

1. Approximated formula for ship’s surface area:

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

G
E
F

C
15.47
A
B

z=6

Calculate the wetted surface area of the ship from St. 1 to St. 5
between 3m and 6m of waterline.

dz z =3

dx
dx
St. 6
St. 4 St. 5

2 2 2 2
Sta .5 æ dy ö æ dy ö æd y ö æd y ö
S = d zò 1 + ç ÷ + ç ÷ dx Sum = 1 + ç ÷ +ç ÷
Sta .1
è dx ø è dz ø èdxø èdz ø
dy d y
» d x = Station interval = 13.94 m
(1)

dz d z
Sta.

d z = (6 - 3) = 3 m
d y = HBW .L.=6 m - HBW .L.=3m
1)

dy HBW . L.=6 m - HBW . L.=3m

»
dz dz
2 2
æ dy ö æ HBW . L.=6 m - HBW . L.=3m ö
ç ÷ »ç
In the table,
[(1.2) – (1.1)]

dz ÷
è dz ø è ø
Example of Calculation for Wetted Surface Area (2/7) 67
Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

(2) HB: Half-breadth for waterline

HBA: Half-breadth afterward
HBf: Half-breadth forward
S: Wetted surface area of the ship

(3)

z=6

dz z =3

dx
dx Calculate the wetted surface area of the ship from St. 1 to St. 5
between 3m and 6m of waterline.

St. 6
St. 4 St. 5

2 2 2 2
Sta .5 æ dy ö æ dy ö æd y ö æd y ö
S = d zò 1 + ç ÷ + ç ÷ dx Sum = 1 + ç
Sta .1
è dx ø è dz ø ÷ +ç ÷
dy 1 æ dy dy ö èdxø èdz ø
= ç + ÷
dx 2 è dx W . L.=6 m dx W . L.=3m ø d x = Station interval = 13.94 m
dy dy HBA,W . L.=6 m - HBF ,W . L.=6 m
» =
dx W . L.=6 m d x W . L.=6 m 2 ×d x
dy dy HBA,W . L.=3m - HBF ,W . L.=3m
» =
dx W . L.=3m d x W . L.=3m 2 ×d x

dy 1 æ HBA,W . L.=6 m - HBF ,W . L.=6 m HBA,W . L.=3m - HBF ,W . L.=3m ö

» ç + ÷
dx 2 è 2 ×d x 2 ×d x ø
2 2
Example of Calculation for Wetted Surface Area (3/7)

æ dy ö é 1 æ HBA,W . L.=6 m - HBF ,W . L.=6 m HBA,W . L.=3m - HBF ,W . L.=3m ö ù

2)

ç ÷ »ê ç + ÷ú
è dx ø ë 2 è 2 ×d x 2 ×d x øû HB: Half-breadth for waterline
HBA: Half-breadth afterward
HBf: Half-breadth forward
S: Wetted surface area of the ship

In the table,
[(5.1) – (4.1)]/2δx
(W.L.: Waterline)

[(5.2) – (4.2)]/2δx

(6)

(7)

34
 G
E
F

C
15.47
A
B

2018-08-07
(3) 2 (4) (4.1) (4.2) (5)
(1) (1.1) (1.2) (2) (δy/δz) (5.1) (5.2) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)
HB HB Sta. HB HB Sta. HB HB Mean
Sta. 6m 3m δy/δz (δy/δz)2 Ford. 6m 3m Aft. 6m 3m δy/δx (δy/δx)2 Sum (Sum)1/2 S.M Prod.

Simpson’s 2nd Rule

y

y0 y1 y2 y3

s x

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

G
y=(sum)1/2,(9) E
F

C
y0 y1 y2 y3 y4 15.47 y5
A
B
1 11/2 2 δx 3 4 5 Station,(1)

y0 y1 y2

s x

z=6

(3) 2 (4) (4.1) (4.2) (5)

(1) (1.1) (1.2) (2) (δy/δz) (5.1) (5.2) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) Calculate the wetted surface area of the ship from St. 1 to St. 5
between 3m and 6m of waterline.

HB HB Sta. HB HB Sta. HB HB Mean dz z =3

Sta. 6m 3m δy/δz (δy/δz)2 Ford. 6m 3m Aft. 6m 3m δy/δx (δy/δx)2 Sum (Sum)1/2 S.M Prod.
dx
dx
St. 6
St. 4 St. 5

2 2 2 2
Sta .5 æ dy ö æ dy ö æd y ö æd y ö
S = d zò 1 + ç ÷ + ç ÷ dx Sum = 1 + ç ÷ +ç ÷
Sta .1
è dx ø è dz ø èdxø èdz ø
(8) = 1 + (7) + (3) d x = Station interval = 13.94 m
2. Substituting 1) and 2) into the formula.
1. Approximated formula for ship’s surface area:
Example of Calculation for Wetted Surface Area (4/7)
dy HBW . L.=6 m - HBW . L.=3m
2 2 »
Sta .5 æd y ö æd y ö dz dz
S » d zò 1+ ç ÷ +ç ÷ dx 3. By using the Simpson’s 1st and 2nd rules, calculate the ship’s surface area.
HB: Half-breadth for waterline
HBA: Half-breadth afterward
HBf: Half-breadth forward

dy 1 æ HBA,W . L.=6 m - HBF ,W . L.=6 m

èdxø èdz ø
S: Wetted surface area of the ship

Sta .1
» ç
dx 2 è 2 ×d x
2 2 HBA,W . L.=3m - HBF ,W . L.=3m ö
1)

Sta .5 æ 1 æ HBA,W . L.=6 m - HBF ,W . L.=6 m HBA,W . L.=3m - HBF ,W . L.=3m ö ö æ HBW . L.=6 m - HBW . L.=3m ö +
2)

÷
= d zò 1+ ç ç + ÷÷ + ç ÷ dx 2 ×d x ø
Sta .1
è2è 2 ×d x 2 ×d x øø è dz ø
(9) = (8)

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

z=6

dz z =3

dx
dx Calculate the wetted surface area of the ship from St. 1 to St. 5
between 3m and 6m of waterline.

St. 6
St. 4 St. 5

1
Area = s ( y0 + 4 y1 + y2 )
Area1 Area2 3

1
dx
2
1 1
Area1 = × d x × ( y0 + 4 y1 + y2 )
3 2
3
Area 2 = × d x × ( y2 + 3 y3 + 3 y4 + y5 )
8
3 æ8 1 1 8 1 1 8 1 1 ö
Area1 + Area 2 = × d x × ç × × y0 + × × × 4 y1 + × × y2 + y2 + 3 y3 + 3 y4 + y5 ÷ 3
8 è3 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 ø Example of Calculation for Wetted Surface Area (5/7)
Area = s ( y0 + 3 y1 + 3 y2 + y3 )
3 Simpson’s 1st Rule:

8
= × d x × ( 0.444 y0 + 1.778 y1 + 1.444 y2 + 3 y3 + 3 y4 + 1 y5 )
8
Total Area:

Simpson’s 2nd Rule:

3. By using the Simpson’s 1st and 2nd rules, calculate the ship’s
surface area.

Simpson’s 1st Rule

1) Simpson’s multiplier (10)

35
: S.M, (10)
 G
E
F

2018-08-07
C
15.47
A
B

3. By using the Simpson’s 1st and 2nd rules, calculate the ship’s surface
area.

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

G
E
F

C
A
B

Example of Calculation for Wetted Surface Area (7/7)

(3) 2 (4) (4.1) (4.2) (5)

(1) (1.1) (1.2) (2) (δy/δz) (5.1) (5.2) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)
HB HB Sta. HB HB Sta. HB HB Mean
Sta. 6m 3m δy/δz (δy/δz)2 Ford. 6m 3m Aft. 6m 3m δy/δx (δy/δx)2 Sum (Sum)1/2 S.M Prod.

HB: Half-breadth for waterline

HBA: Half-breadth afterward
HBf: Half-breadth forward
S: Wetted surface area of the ship

z=6

(3) 2 (4) (4.1) (4.2) (5)

(1) (1.1) (1.2) (2) (δy/δz) (5.1) (5.2) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) Calculate the wetted surface area of the ship from St. 1 to St. 5
between 3m and 6m of waterline.

HB HB Sta. HB HB Sta. HB HB Mean dz z =3

Sta. 6m 3m δy/δz (δy/δz)2 Ford. 6m 3m Aft. 6m 3m δy/δx (δy/δx)2 Sum (Sum)1/2 S.M Prod.
dx
dx
St. 6
St. 4 St. 5

2 2
æd y ö æd y ö
Sum = 1 + ç ÷ +ç ÷
èdxø èdz ø
2
Sta .5 æ 1 æ HBA,W . L.=6 m - HBF ,W . L.=6 m HBA,W . L.=3m - HBF ,W . L.=3m ö ö æ HBW . L.=6 m - HBW . L.=3m ö
2 d x = 13.94 m, d z = 3 m
S » d zò 1+ ç ç + ÷÷ + ç ÷ dx HB: Half-breadth for waterline

2 ×d x 2 ×d x dz
HBA: Half-breadth afterward

è2è
Sta .1
øø è ø HBf: Half-breadth forward
S: Wetted surface area of the ship

é 2 2ù
3 æ 1 æ HBA,W . L.=6 m - HBF ,W . L.=6 m HBA,W . L.=3m - HBF ,W . L.=3m ö ö æ HBW . L.=6 m - HBW . L.=3m ö ú
= d z × × d x × å ê S .M × 1 + ç ç + ÷÷ + ç ÷
8 ê è2è 2 ×d x 2 ×d x øø è dz ø ú
ë û

3
= d z × × d x × å Prod.
(10)

8
(9)

Example of Calculation for Wetted Surface Area (6/7)

3
= 3 × ×13.94 ×12.84 = 201.36 (m 2 )
8
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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh
(11)

3. By using the Simpson’s 1st and 2nd rules, calculate the ship’s
surface area.

z=6

dz z =3

dx
dx Calculate the wetted surface area of the ship from St. 1 to St. 5
between 3m and 6m of waterline.

St. 6
St. 4 St. 5

2 2
æd y ö æd y ö
Sum = 1 + ç ÷ +ç ÷
èdxø èdz ø

S » 201.36 m 2

= 2 × S » 2 × 201.36 = 402.7 m 2 ( ) 15.47

4. Calculate the wetted surface area of both sides of the ship

Wetted Surface Area, Both sides

36
 2018-08-07

1. Make a text file for describing the body plan of a ship.

5. Calculation of Hydrostatic Values

by Using Gaussian Quadrature and
Green’s Theorem

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

Description of Section Lines (1/2)

z Example of text file for describing the body plan

( y10 , z10 ) of a ship
300.0 50.0 27.0 18.0 // LBP, Bmld, Dmld, T
( y9 , z 9 )
27 // Section Line Num.
…
( y8 , z8 ) 1.0 11 // Station, Point Num.
( y7 , z 7 ) y0 z0 // Y coord., Z coord.
( y6 , z 6 ) y1 z1
( y5 , z 5 ) Given: Body plan of a ship

y2 z2
Find: Text file describing the body plan of a ship

( y4 , z 4 ) …
( y3 , z 3 ) y10 z10
( y2 , z 2 )
( y1 , z1 ) 1.5 10
( y0 , z 0 ) y …

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

37
 Description of Section Lines (2/2)
2. Find cubic B-spline curves passing the points on the section lines.
Given: Data of the points on the section line that describes the body plan of a ship
Find: Cubic B-spline curve which passes the points on the section line

2018-08-07
Calculation of Sectional Area and 1st Moment of Sectional
Area Under the Water Plane (1/4)
Given: B-spline curve, the intersection points between the B-spline curves and water
plane, and B-spline parameter “u” at each end point of the line segments
Find: Sectional area and 1st moment of sectional area

W-① Waterline
6-② 6-①

5-① W-② 2-①

1-③
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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh
4-① 1-② W-③

1-①

W-④
3-①

0-①

3-②
W-⑤
The section is represented by The sectional area and 1st moment of the sectional area
Curve #0 ~ Curve #6 under the waterline is calculated
by integration of the following line segments.
3-②Æ0-①Æ1-①ÆW-④,
1-③Æ2-①Æ6-①ÆW-②

z
( y10 , z10 )

( y9 , z 9 )

( y8 , z8 )
( y7 , z 7 ) r (u ) = d 0 N 03 (u ) + d1 N13 (u ) + d 2 N 23 (u ) + × × × + d D -1 N D3 -1 (u )
( y6 , z 6 ) di : de Boor points (control points), i = 0 ,1,K ,D - 1
( y5 , z 5 ) N in (u ) : B- splines basis function of degree n ( = 3)
u j : Knots, j = 0,1,K ,K - 1, where K = D + n +1
( y4 , z 4 )
n u - ui -1 u - u n -1
N (u ) =
i N in -1 (u ) + i + n N i +1 (u )
( y3 , z 3 ) ui + n -1 - ui -1 ui + n - ui
D -1
ì1 if ui -1 £ u < ui
( y2 , z 2 ) N i0 (u ) = í , å N in (u ) = 1
î 0 else i =0

( y1 , z1 ) Make cubic B-spline curve which passes through

y
the given points

Æ Refer to the Part “Curve and Surface”

( y0 , z 0 )
(Ship Hull Form Modeling for 2nd Year Undergraduate Course)

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

z'
y

y' R
C
x

Curve #6
Curve #1
4# evruC

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 <Surface integral>

For example, integrate the line segment 0-①

<Line integral >

For the line integral of the segment in the y‘ and z' coordinates, the
2018-08-07
interval for the integration has to be determined.

Æ To use Gaussian quadrature, convert the integration

parameter ‘u’ and the interval [0, 5] into ‘t’ and [-1,1]

Calculation of Sectional Area and 1st Moment of Sectional

Area Under the Water Plane (3/4)
※ Procedure for calculation of the sectional area and
1st moment of sectional area under the water plane

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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh

Given: B-spline curve, the intersection points between the B-spline curve and water
plane, and B-spline parameter “u” at each end point of the line segments
Find: Sectional area and 1st moment of section

1
2Ñò ( y ' dz '- z ' dy ')
A = òò dy¢dz ¢ =
R C

Green’s Theorem

u=5
t =1
Calculation of Sectional Area and 1st Moment of Sectional
Area Under the Water Plane (2/4)

1 5æ dz ' dy ' ö
ç y '(u ) du - z '(u ) du ÷
2 ò0 è
W-①
6-② 6-①

5-① W-②

du du ø
2-①

1-③

4-① 1-② W-③

1-①

3-①
W-④

1 5æ dz ' dy ' ö 1 5
= ò ç y '(u ) - z '(u ) ÷ du = ò0 g (u )du
0-①

3-②
W-⑤

2 0è du du ø 2
u=0
t = -1

(t + 1)(umax - umin ) 1 1æ dz ' dy ' ö du 1 1

ç y '(u (t )) - z '(u (t )) ÷ dt = ò-1 f (t )dt
2 ò-1 è
u= + umin
2 du du ø dt 2
(t + 1)(5 - 0)
u= +0
2
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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh
> Since the parameter ‘u’ increases monotone, the interval can be
found easily.
ü Relation between the Parameter u and t > Using the chain rule, convert the line integral for y’ and z’ into the
integral for only one parameter ‘u’.

ü In the same way, integrate the remained line segments using

Green’s theorem and Gaussian quadrature.

z'

1
2Ñ
= ò y ' dz '- z ' dy '
C

y'
Convert surface integral into line integral

u=5
t =1 g (u )
1 5 dz ' dy '
y '(u ) du - z '(u ) du
2 ò0 du du
1 5æ dz ' dy ' ö
= ò ç y '(u ) - z '(u ) ÷ du
2 0è du du ø
1 5
g (u )du
2 ò0
=
0 5u
u=0
t = -1
W-①
6-② 6-①

5-①

4-① 1-②
W-②

W-③
1-③
2-①

f (t )
1-①

W-④

(t + 1)(umax - umin ) 3-①

0-①

u= + umin W-⑤
3-②

1 1
2 1 1æ dz ' dy ' ö du
f (t )dt
2 ò-1
ç y '(u (t )) - z '(u (t )) ÷ dt =
(t + 1)(5 - 0) 2 ò-1 è du du ø dt
u= +0
2
-1 1 t Using the chain rule, convert the line integral for y’ and z’ into the integral
for only one parameter “u”.

ü Relation between the Parameter u and t

To use Gaussian quadrature, convert the parameter

and the interval into “t” and [-1,1].

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 Calculation of Sectional Area and 1st Moment of Sectional
Area Under the Water Plane (4/4)
W-①
6-②
6-①

2018-08-07
W-② 2-①

1-③
: Normal vector

4-① 1-② W-③

1-①

W-④

0-①

3-②
⑤

Calculation of Ship’s Displacement Volume, 1st Moment of

Displacement Volume, LCB, TCB, and KB

ü Calculate the displacement volume and 1st

moment of the volume by integrating the
sectional areas and 1st moments of the
sectional areas over ship’s length.
Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh 1) Make the ordinate set along ship’s
80
length
by using the results for each section.
Given: Sectional areas and 1st moments of the
2) Generate sectional
B-spline areas
curve which under the water plane
interpolates
Find: Displacement volume, 1st moment of displacement volume, LCB, TCB, and KB
the ordinates.
3) Perform the line integration counter-
clockwise using Green’s theorem and
Gaussian quadrature.

: The integration value is 0.

Calculate sectional area
and 1st moment of the
area of each section
Displacement The results for
Volume
each section

※ Method to check whether the line segments are

located under the water plane or not

n
X1

O Point:

: Origin

Point:

üPerform only line integration for the segments which are on or

below the water plane.

The line segment 1-② : Æ No integration

X2

n
n g( X - O ) > 0
O
n g( X - O ) £ 0

§ To calculate the sectional area under the water plane, it is

required to check whether the points on the line segments are
located under the water plane or not.

: Origin

üCheck the location of the point by using the sign of dot product of normal
vector of the water plane and position vector of the point
: The point is above the water plane.
: The point is on or below the water plane.

n g( X - O ) £ 0
n g( X - O ) > 0
n g( X - O ) £ 0
( X : the middle point of the each line segment)
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Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh
The line segment 2-① : Æ Perform integration

The line segment 0-① : Æ Perform integration

In this example, the line integration is performed as follows:

A
M A, x¢
M A, y ¢
M A, z ¢

D = r sw ×Ñ
x¢
M Ñ, y 'z ' M Ñ, x ' z ' M Ñ, x ' y '
V = Ñ = ò A( x ')dx ' LCB = , TCB = , VCB =
M Ñ , y ' z ' = ò M A, y ' z ' ( x ')dx ' Ñ Ñ Ñ
M Ñ , x ' z ' = ò M A, x ' z ' ( x ')dx ' KB = VCB (from waterline) + Td
M Ñ , x ' y ' = ò M A, x ' y ' ( x ')dx '

Displacement:

Calculation procedure

②
①

③
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④
 2018-08-07
Calculate sectional area
or 1st moment of area
of each section

Water plane area

Calculation of Wetted Surface Area

Given: Intersection points between the water plane and the section lines
Find: Wetted surface area

Calculation procedure
1) Calculate the girth length of the section
lines under the water plane.

2) Calculate the sectional area surrounded

by the girth length and water plane.
3) Make the ordinate set of the sectional
area.
4) Generate B-spline curve which interpolates
the ordinates.
Calculation of Water Plane Area, 1st and 2nd Moment of
Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh
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Water Plane Area
Given: Intersection points between the water plane and the section lines
Find: Water plane area, 1st moment and 2nd moment of the water plane area

z y Calculation procedure
x
O

üTransform the intersection points

decomposed in body fixed frame into
the points decomposed in water plane
fixed frame (inertial frame).

üGenerate the curve which interpolates

the intersection points. If a section ‘x’
has no intersection point, input the point
as (x, 0, 0).

üCalculate the area, 1st moment and 2nd

moment of area using Green’s theorem
or Gaussian quadrature.

Intersection point between the 81

Naval Architectural Calculation, Spring 2018, Myung-Il Roh water plane area and the section
lines

t1 t1
s = ò ds = ò r& (t ) dt
t0 t0

x
5) Integrate the area along ship’s length
using Green’s theorem or Gaussian
quadrature.
Æ Wetted surface area is calculated.

Integration direction

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