Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Design of Foundations For Offshore Wind Turbines: December 2018
Design of Foundations For Offshore Wind Turbines: December 2018
net/publication/325603237
CITATIONS READS
13 3,592
1 author:
Subhamoy Bhattacharya
University of Surrey
253 PUBLICATIONS 2,952 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
All content following this page was uploaded by Subhamoy Bhattacharya on 13 March 2019.
Contents
AL
Preface xi
RI
About the Companion Website xv
TE
1 Overview of a Wind Farm and Wind Turbine Structure 1
1.1 Harvesting Wind Energy 1
1.2 Current Scenario 2
MA
1.2.1 Case Study: Fukushima Nuclear Plant and Near-Shore Wind Farms during
the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake 5
1.2.2 Why Did the Wind Farms Survive? 6
1.3 Components of Wind Turbine Installation 8
D
1.5.1.2 Case Study: Use of Bucket Foundation in the Qidong Sea (Jiangsu Province,
China) 22
1.5.1.3 Dogger Bank Met Mast Supported on Suction Caisson 22
CO
5.3.1 ULS Calculations for Shallow Foundations for Fixed Structures 197
5.3.1.1 Converting (V, M, H) Loading into (V, H) Loading Through Effective
Area Approach 200
5.3.1.2 Yield Surface Approach for Bearing Capacity 200
5.3.1.3 Hyper Plasticity Models 201
5.3.2 ULS Calculations for Suction Caisson Foundation 201
5.3.2.1 Vertical Capacity of Suction Caisson Foundations 202
5.3.2.2 Tensile Capacity of Suction Caissons 203
5.3.2.3 Horizontal Capacity of Suction Caissons 203
5.3.2.4 Moment Capacity of Suction Caissons 204
5.3.2.5 Centre of Rotation 206
5.3.2.6 Caisson Wall Thickness 207
5.3.3 ULS Calculations for Pile Design 207
5.3.3.1 Axial Pile Capacity (Geotechnical) 208
5.3.3.2 Axial Capacity of the Pile (Structural) 211
5.3.3.3 Structural Sections of the Pile 212
5.3.3.4 Lateral Pile Capacity 214
5.4 Methods of Analysis for SLS, Natural Frequency Estimate, and FLS 216
5.4.1 Simplified Method of Analysis 216
5.4.2 Methodology for Fatigue Life Estimation 223
5.4.3 Closed-Form Solution for Obtaining Foundation Stiffness of Monopiles
and Caissons 223
5.4.3.1 Closed-Form Solution for Piles (Rigid Piles or Monopiles) 224
5.4.3.2 Closed-Form Solutions for Suction Caissons 227
5.4.3.3 Vertical Stiffness of Foundations (K V ) 228
5.4.4 Standard Method of Analysis (Beam on Nonlinear Winkler Foundation) or
p-y Method 228
5.4.4.1 Advantage of p-y Method, and Why This Method Works 230
5.4.4.2 API Recommended p-y Curves for Standard Soils 231
5.4.4.3 p-y Curves for Sand Based on API 232
5.4.4.4 p-y Curves for Clay 232
5.4.4.5 Cyclic p-y Curves for Soft Clay 235
5.4.4.6 Modified Matlock Method 236
5.4.4.7 ASIDE: Note on the API Cyclic p-y Curves 237
5.4.4.8 Why API p-y Curves Are Not Strictly Applicable 237
5.4.4.9 References for p-y Curves for Different Types of Soils 238
5.4.4.10 What Are the Requirements of p-y Curves for Offshore Wind Turbines? 238
5.4.4.11 Scaling Methods for Construction of p-y Curves 238
5.4.4.12 p-y Curves for Partially Liquefied Soils 240
5.4.4.13 p-y Curves for Liquefied Soils Based on the Scaling Method 241
5.4.5 Advanced Methods of Analysis 241
5.4.5.1 Obtaining KL , KR , and KLR from Finite Element Results 243
5.5 Long-Term Performance Prediction for Monopile Foundations 245
5.5.1 Estimation of Soil Strain around the Foundation 247
5.5.2 Numerical Example of Strains in the Soil around the Pile 15 Wind
Turbines 249
x Contents
5.6 Estimating the Number of Cycles of Loading over the Lifetime 253
5.6.1 Calculation of the Number of Wave Cycles 256
5.6.1.1 Sub-step 1. Obtain 50-Year Significant Wave Height 256
5.6.1.2 Sub-step 2. Calculate the Corresponding Range of Wave Periods 257
5.6.1.3 Sub-step 3. Calculate the Number of Waves in a Three-Hour Period 257
5.6.1.4 Sub-step 4. Calculate the Ratio of the Maximum Wave Height to the
Significant Wave Height 257
5.6.1.5 Sub-step 5. Calculate the Range of Wave Periods Corresponding to
the Maximum Wave Height 257
5.7 Methodologies for Long-Term Rotation Estimation 258
5.7.1 Simple Power Law Expression Proposed by Little and Briaud (1988) 259
5.7.2 Degradation Calculation Method Proposed by Long and Vanneste
(1994) 260
5.7.3 Logarithmic Method Proposed by Lin and Liao (1999) 260
5.7.4 Stiffness Degradation Method Proposed by Achmus et al. (2009) 261
5.7.5 Accumulated Rotation Method Proposed by Leblanc et al. (2010) 261
5.7.6 Load Case Scenarios Conducted by Cuéllar (2011) 262
5.8 Theory for Estimating Natural Frequency of the Whole System 262
5.8.1 Model of the Rotor-Nacelle Assembly 263
5.8.2 Modelling the Tower 263
5.8.3 Euler-Bernoulli Beam – Equation of Motion and Boundary Conditions 264
5.8.4 Timoshenko Beam Formulation 264
5.8.5 Natural Frequency versus Foundation Stiffness Curves 266
5.8.6 Understanding Micromechanics of SSI 268