Structure

1. Absolute zero is the lowest possible temperature that ... conceived.

(A) it can

(B) it can be

(C) can be

(D)can

2. The larynx contains a person's vocal cords, ... as a result of air rushing between them.

(A) which produce sound

(B) produce sound

(C) sound is producing

(D)produced sound which

3. ... is essentially a conversion process-that is, workers convert some material into some good by
mechanical or chemical means

(A) Manufacturing

(B) When manufacturing

(C) Manufacturing, which

(D) Since manufacturing

4. A huge rocky region that curves around Hudson Bay like a giant horseshoe, the Canadian Shield
covers Canada.

(A) the land half area

(B) half the land area of

(C)area half of the land

(D)the area hal land of.

5. ... in the film business involves a lot more than finding something real and pointing a camera at it

(A) Realism that

(B) Realism

(C)It is realism

(D)For realism

6. In 1843, .. agricultural potential of the Pacific Northwest began attracting large numbers of
settlers.

(A) when an

(B) the
(C) there was

(D) it was

7. Four flags have flown over the palace of the governors in Santa Fe, New México: ... Spain, Mexico,
the Confederacy, and the United States.

(A) which of

(B) of those being

(C) those of

(D) those that of

8. The Pacific states, ... that includes Califormia, Oregon, and Washington, contain nearly 14 percent
of the nation's population.

(A) is a region of the Western United States

(B) a region of the Western United States is

(C)where a region of the Western United States

(D)a region of the Western United States

9. ... a piece of artwork or a photograph in color, four separate printing plates must be made, each
for a different color of ink.

(A) To reproduce

(B) When reproduced

(C)It reproduces

(D)Reproduction of

10. As First Lady of the United States, Barbara Bush made her main project the eradication of
illiteracy, an issue ... long concerned her.

(A) that had

(B) in which had

(C) that it had

(D)had

11. The Bering land bridge was an ice age landmass linking Siberia and Alaska in the area of ... The
Bering Strait.

(A) what is now

(B) there is now

(C)now it is

(D)now where

12. Mules have the shape and size of a horse ... the long ears and small hooves of a donkey.
(A) of which

(B) because

(C)nevertheless

(D) and

13. California, in laws ... in 1907, 1917, and 1921, established the first comprehensive network of
community colleges in the United States.

(A) were passed

(B) were they passed

(C)passed them

(D)passed

14. Only when quantum theory was first proposed by scientists in the early 1900s .. possible to
understand some of the more complicated problems in chemistry.

(A) when was it

(B) it was

(C) when it was

(D) was it

15. The thermometer is a slim glass tube that usually contains a small bulb ...

(A) low on the end of

(B) having been the low end

(C)which lower end

(D) at the lower end

16. ... has traditionally been celebrated in the United States by parades and meetings at which
prominent labor leaders and political figures speak.

(A) Labor Day

(B) When Labor Day

(C) It is Labor Day

(D) Labor Day, which

17. Echocardiography, also known as cardiac ultrasound, ... an image of the heart by transmitting
and receiving sound waves.

(A) producing

(B) produces

(C)produced by
(D) to produce

18. Joshua Tree National Park, situated three hours east of Los Angeles, Califomia, encompasses
parts of both the Mojave Desert ... the Colorado Desert.

(A) to

(B) until

(C) with

(D) and

19. The development of a parasite cannot be completed ... some time is spent on or in the body of a
living organism, known as the host.

(A) but it is

(B) without which

(C) unless

(D) except is

20. In 1925 Florence Sabin became ... elected to lifetime membership in the United States National
Academy of Sciences.

(A) the first woman was

(B) her the first woman that

(C) the first woman

(D) she was the first woman

21. The mineral azurite is ... the more abundant green copper carbonate, malachite.

(A) almost always found with

(B) always with almost found

(C) found with always almost

(D) with always found almost

22. United States federal judges hold their positions during "good behavior," which generally
means ... serve for life.

(A) that they are

(B) that they

(C) that

(D) do they

23. In very loud sounds, the ear often perceives additional tones, or harmonics, beyond ... in the
original sound.

(A) actually present

(B) those actually present

(C) some of the actually present

(D) they are actually present ones

24. A central figure of abstract expressionism, Jackson Pollock created art ... intensely personal and
at times violently emotional and anarchic.

(A) that it was

(B) was

(C) that was

(D) of which

25 ... buying patterns and consumer attitudes, market researchers often organize consumer
discussion panels.

(A) The investigation of

(B) How to investigate

(C) When the investigation of

D) To investigate

26. The refraction of light in a prism reveals. white light is a mixture of many different colors of light.

(A) ordinary that

(B) that is ordinary

(C) is ordinary

(D) that ordinary

27. Not until the development of the automobile industry important economically in the United
States.

(A) rubber became

(B) it was rubber that became

(C) did rubber become

(D) had become rubber

28. The potter's wheel, in the fourth millennium B.C. is a flat disk that revolves horizontally on a
pivot.

(A) invented

(B) was inventing

(C) which invented

(D) was invented

29. ... two people, not even identical twins, share the same fingerprints.

(A) No

(B) There are no

(C) Although no

(D) Of no

30. ... Pennsylvania's population is concentrated in and around Philadelphia and Pittsburgh

(A) Of almost half

(B) Almost of half

(C) Almost half of

(D) Half of almost

31. Hanya Holm is a dancer, choreographer, and ...

(A) dance that she teaches

(B) her teaching of dance

(C) to teach dancing

(D) dance teacher

32. During an eclipse of the Sun, ... in the shadow of the Moon.

(A) the Earth lies.

(B) the Earth when lying

(C) that the Earth lies

(D) the lying earth

33. Under the influence of Ezra Pound, Hilda Doolittle became associated with the imagists and ...
into one of the most original poets of the group.

(A) developed

(B) to be developing

(C) who developed

(D) developing it

34 ... all rainwater falling from a cloud reaches the ground; some of it is lost through evaporation.

(A) Nowhere

(B) Not

(C) No

(D) None
35. A nation's merchant marine is made up of its commercial ships and the people ... them.

(A) they operate

(B) who operate

(C) they operate of

(D) do they operate

36. If it is kept dry, a seed can still sprout up to forty years after ... formation.

(A) their

(B) them

(C) they

(D) its

37. A microscope can reveal vastly ... detail than is visible to the naked eyes.

(A) than

(B) than more

(C)more than

(D) more

38. Narcisscus bulbs ... at least three inches apart and covered with about four inches of well-
drained soil.

(A) should be planted

(B) to plant

(C) must planting

(D) should plant

39. Industrialization has been responsible for. most radical of the environmental changes caused by
humans.

(A) a

(B) the

(C) some of which

(D)which are the

40. In many areas the slope and topography of the land ... excess rainfall to run off into a natural
outlet.

(A) neither permitting

(B) without permitting

(C) nor permitting

(D) do not permit

Questions 1-9

About 18,000 years ago, the glaciers then covering large portions of Earth's surface began to
retreat, just as they had done eighteen or twenty times before during the preceding two million
years. Forests migrated northward across Eurasia and North America, while grassiands became less
extensive and the large animals associated with them dwindled in number. Probably no more than 5
million humans existed throughout the world. Some of them lived along the seacoasts, where
animals that could be used as sources of food were locally abundant others, however, began to
cultivate plants, thus gaining a new, relatively secure source of food.

The first deliberate planting of seeds was probably the logical consequence of a simple series
of events. For example, the wild cereals (grain-producing members of the grass family) are weeds,
ecologically speaking; that is, they grow readily on open or disturbed areas, patches of bare land
where there are few other plants to compete with them. People who gathered these grains regularly
might have spilled some of them accidentally near their campsites, or planted them, and thus
created a more reliable way to sustain themselves. When this sequence was initiated, cultivation
began. In places where wild grains and legumes were abundant and readily gathered, humans would
have remained for long periods of time, eventually leaning how to increase their yields by saving and
planting seeds and by watering and fertilizing them.

Through humans' gradual selection of particular genetic variants of these plants, the
characteristics of the domesticated crops would have changed gradually, with more seeds selected
from plants with specite characteristics that made the plants easier to gather, store, or use, ERE
example, the stalk (rachis) breaks readily in the wild wheats and thor relatives, scattering ripe seeds.
In the cultivated species of wheat the rachis is tough and holds the seeds until they are harvested,
Seeds beld in this way would not be dispersed well in nature, but they can be gathered easily by
humans for food and replanting. As this selection process is continued, a crop plant steadily becomes
more and more dependent on the humans who cultivate it, just as the humans become more and
more dependent on the plant.

1. The major subject of the passage is

(A) the effects of glaciers

(B) the domestication of crops

(C) genetic variants of cultivated crops

(D) eating habits of the earliest humans

2. The word "them" in line 6 refers to

(A) forests

(B) Eurasia and North America

(C) grassland

(D) large animals

3. The word "dwindled' in line 6 is closest in meaning to

(A) decreased

(B) doubled

(C) differed

(D) dominated

4. The word "secure" in line 10 is closest in meaning to

(A) important

(B) fresh

(C) attractive

(D) dependable

5. The word "deliberate" in line 11 is closest in meaning to

(A) reported

(B) intentional

(C) regular

(D) successful

6. It can be inferred from the second paragraph that by accidentally spilling grains near their
campsites, early humans most likely learned

(A) how to cultivate crops

(B) that grains could be used as a food source

(C) how to increase their crop yields

(D) how to combine seeds to create a superior type of grain

7. The word "initiated" in line 19 is closest in meaning to

(A) learned

(B) evaluated

(C) begun

(D) repeated

8. According to the third paragraph, what advantage do cultivated wheat species have over wild
wheat species?

(A) Cultivated wheat stalks produce larger seeds that are easier to plant.

(B) Cultivated wheat stalks hold seeds so they can be gathered and replanted.

(C) Cultivated wheat stalks produce more seeds.

(D) Cultivated wheat stalks help scatter seeds as they ripen

9. It can be inferred that the cultivated crop plant becomes "more and more dependent on the
humans who cultivate it” (line 33-34) because

(A) its stalk needs to be strengthened

(B) it needs to be protected from cold

(C) it needs to be planted on grasslands

(D) its seeds need to be scattered

Questions 10-19

Inspiration for the themes in Inuit art is intimately tied to personal experience of the
Canadian Arctic land and its animals, camp and fam life, hunting, spirituality, and mythology. In
telling the story of their peopa through this wide array of subjects, Inuit artists have created an
almost encyclopedic visual catalog of traditional (and to a lesser extent transitional and modern)
Inuit culture.

Animals play a vital role in the everyday lives of Inuit, and only in the past few decades has
the people's absolute dependence on them lessened. Not too long ago, procuring food and other
necessities depended solely on successful hunts, which in tum depended upon proper preparation
and luck, in addition to the strict observance of taboos and respect for the soul of the prey. As a
consequence, animals constitute the prime inspiration for many Inuit artists, particularly in
sculpture.

Based on years of observing and tracking prey, Inuit wildlife art shows a keen awareness of
the physical characteristics, habits, and seasonal changes in animals. Some artists display a high
degree of naturalistic detail, but others prefer to exaggerate certain physical attributes for effect. In
general, while most Inuit artists strive for a realistic presentation, they seem more concerned with
capturing the essence of an animal's spirit.

Animals may be portrayed singly, in small groups, or in scenes that involve both hunter and
prey. fictorial arts often show the chase, while sculptures focus more on the final confrontation of
hunter and prey, often with considerable drama. The hunter may be human or one of the great
Arctic predators such as the polar bear, owl, hawk, or wolf.

Scenes of everyday life, which include camp scenes, games, and entertainment, are common
to all forms of Inuit art, and traditional activities are far more prevalent than modern aspects of Inuit
community life. Camp-related themes mostly portray women engaged in domestic tasks such as
sewing clothes or preparing food and skins. Games and contests involve both individuals and the
community, and drum dancing is a form of entertainment that also has considerable spiritual
significance.

10. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Everyday life in the Canadian Arctic

(B) The importance of mythology in Inuit life

(C) The subjects of Inuit art

(D) The value of Inuit art

11. The word "intimately" in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) carefully

(B) presumably

(C) closely

(D) formaly

12. According to the first paragraph, which of the following is a true description of Inuit art?

(A) It presents a nearly complete picture of Inuit life.

(B) It covers one aspect of Inuit life thoroughly.

(C) It focuses mainly on scenes of Inuit camp and family life.

(D) It is the main way Inuit myths are passed from one generation to another.

13. The word "absolute" in line 8 is closest in meaning to

(A) predictable

(B) total

(C) traditional

(D) necessary

14. According to the second paragraph, which of the following is most likely to be the subject of an
Inuit sculpture?

(A) Observance of taboos

(B) Inuit life in the past few decades

(C) Preparation for a hunt

(D) An animal

15. The word "tracking" in line 15 is closest in meaning to

(A) capturing

(B) tricking

(C) following

(D) studying

16. The word "exaggerate” in line 18 is diosest in meaning to

(A) eliminate

(B) represent

(C) decorate

(D) eniarge
17. The phrase "strive for” in line 19 is closest in meaning to

(A) try to achieve

(B) enjoy

(C) imitate

(D) believe in

18. According to the third paragraph, which of the following is the primary concern of most Inuit
artists?

(A) Depicting seasonal changes in animals

(B) Demonstrating accurate naturalistic detail

(C) Exaggerating physical characteristics for dramatic effect

(D) Revealing the essence of their subject's spirit

19. According to the fifth paragraph, which of the following types of activities would be LEAST likely
to be represented in Inuit art?

(A) Women sewing clothes

(B) Modem activities

(C) Community games

(D) Drum dancing

Questions 20-30

Although the deep-sea anglerfish has been a subject of curiosity for a long time, it is still very
much a mystery to scientists. This type of fish has escaped close scientific observation because it
lives deep at the bottom of the ocean. For this reason, scientists have not had many chances to
follow the anglerfish around in its natural environment Furthermore, because the anglerfish inhabits
the deep dark waters of the ocean, it cannot be examined in the same way that scientists study
many other fish in the laboratory. However, we do know some things about the anglerfish. What we
do know, we've gathered mainly from anglerfish that have gotten caught in the nets of fishing boats.

The anglerfish comes in many shapes and sizes. Its length can range from about twenty
centimeters to over three meters. However, ll anglerfish have a few things in common. They all have
a large head with small eyes and a huge mouth filled with sharp, see-through teeth. The anglerfish
attracts its food, usually other small sea animals, with a strange green glow given off by a long
rodlike outgrowth over its mouth. In the darkness of the deep sea, the anglerfish waves the shining
"rod" around until it catches the eye of another sea creature, When the curious creature spots the
glowing tip of the antenna, it cannot help but swim closer for a better look. Then, in a split second,
the creature is swallowed up and eaten by the anglerfish. In this way, the anglerfish uses its antenna
much like a fishing rod to lure prey to it. That is why it is called an anglerfish-because "angler" is just
another word for someone who fishes.
 Although the anglerfish's ability to "fish" using its rod is a unique one, it is not the anglerfish
itself that produces the light which attracts other sea creatures. The green glowing light is produced
by a type of special bacteria called photobacteria. Scientists do not know exactly why photobacteria
collect on the tip of the anglerfish's antenna, but they thrive there. The large amount of salt in the
ocean's water allows them to survive and multiply. Although these green glowing bacteria cannot be
seen in small groups-that is, they are invisible in small groups-they reproduce on the tip of the rod
until there are so many of them that they glow brightly. By doing this, the bacteria help the
anglerfish to survive in deep dark places near the ocean floor, places where very few sea creatures
are well adapted to live.

20. What is the passage mainly about?

(A) The unusual places where fish live

(B) The unique features of an odd fish

(C) Experiments scientists use to learn about fish

(D) Modem fishing techniques

21. Why do scientists know so little about the deep-sea anglerfish?

(A) It is not a fish that is eaten by humans

(B) It is a shy fish that hides from humans.

(C) It lives far below the surface of the ocean.

(D) It was believed to be an extinct species of fish.

22. The word "gathered" in line 9 is closest in meaning to

(A) made

(B) placed

(C) changed

(D) learned

23. What is probably true about the size of the anglerfish?

(A) Its size varies greatly.

(B) Its size helps it catch prey.

(C) Its size is thb same as that of other deep-sea fish.

(D) Its size is not known for certain,

24. According to the second paragraph, which of the following is true of the way an anglerfish
catches its prey?

(A) It uses light to attract the attention of small sea animals.

(B) It uses the rod over its mouth to frighten away sea creatures.

(C) it uses the rodike artenna over its mouth to detect the presence of other sea animals.
(D) it uses bright light to prevent sea creatures from seeing clearly.

25. The word "it” in line 19 refers to

(A) the sea creature

(B) the antenna

(C) the green glow

(D) the deep-sea anglerfish

26. Why does the author mention a fishing rod?

(A) To help describe the flexibility of the anglerfish's antenna

(B) To show how scientists catch anglerfish

(C) To emphasize that the anglerfish's antenna glows

(D) To explain how the anglerfish gets its name

27. In saying in line 25 that anglerfish have a unique ability, the author means that

(A) their ability to fish with rod is an ability that n other fish has

(B) their ability to fish with rod is very helpfu to them

(C) they fish very well

(D) they fish very often