TANAUAN INSTITUTE, INC.

Senior High School Department

Modified Learning Scheme: Workbook

DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES
1st Semester, S.Y. 2020-2021
Subject Teacher: BEL PATRICE T.TISUELA

Name: ___________________________________ Score: ________________

Section: __________________________________ Date: _________________

Topic: Chapter 2 Session 4

LESSON 3 Clientele and Audiences in Counseling
3.1 Characteristics and needs of various types of clientele and audiences
3.1.1 Individuals
3.1.2 Groups and Organizations
3.1.3 Communities
LESSON 4 Settings, Processes, Methods, and Tools in Counseling
4.1 Settings
4.1.1 Government
4.1.2 Private Sector
4.1.3 Civil Society
4.1.4 Schools
4.1.5 Community
5. Counselling services, processes, and methods

Objectives of the Lesson

At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:

1. Articulate the characteristics and needs of the different types of clientele and audiences for counselling
2. Appreciate the services of the counsellors render in different setting.
3. Illustrate the different processes and methods of counselling.
4. Propose suggestions on how needs can be effectively addressed

Values Integration

 The values that students can learned in this session are appreciating the services of the counselors.
 Reflect on the services and clientele and audiences of counselors

Vocabulary

 AIDS- (Acquired Immune deficiency syndrome) - the immune system is severely weakened.
Serious infections and health problems happen
 Mental health- includes our emotional, psychological, and social well-being. It affects how we think,
feel, and act. It also helps determine how we handle stress, relate to others, and make choices.
 Intricacies- something that is complex or detailed
 Work settings-used to be describe the surrounding conditions in which an employee operates and
location where a task is completed.
 Interventions- action taken or strategies to improve a situation, especially a medical disorder
 Practitioners- someone who works in a job that involves long training and high levels of skill.
 Scientific tool- based on or characterized by the methods and principles of science and it is done very
systematically
 Termination- as used in psychology, refers to mutual ending of services between a client therapists.
 Rapport- a close harmonious relationship which the people or people or groups concerned
understand each other’s feelings or ideas and communicate well.
 Psychoanalytical- a method of analysing psychic phenomena and treating emotional disorders
that involves treatment sessions during which the client is encouraged to talk freely about personal
experiences and especially about early childhood and dreams.
 Behavioural- relating to the way someone behaves , involving or emphasizing behaviour
 Transference- is process of projecting one’s feelings toward an important figure in your life onto
someone else. It is one method through which those conflicts can be recognized and hopefully,
resolved.
 Psychotherapy- or talk therapy, is a way to help people with a broad variety of mental illnesses and
emotional difficulties and help eliminate or control troubling symptoms so a person can function better
and can increase well-being and healing.
 Rectify- put something right or to correct
 Reorientation – is the act of figuring out again where you are in relationship to your environment , or
changing direction
 Analytic Psychology- theory of mind that emphasizes the importance of wholeness for each
individual and it emphasizes the significance of the present
 Experiential theory- which are concerned generating impact on the emotions of clients to effect
change.
 Person- Centred Theory- has been described as “if-then” approach because this approach this
approach considers that if certain conditions exist in the counselling relationship, then the client will
move toward self-actualization
 Congruence – a state in which a person’s ideal self and actual experience are consistent or every
similar.
 REBT- (Rational Emotive Behaviour Transaction Analysis)-highlight the role of cognitions on
emotions with the assertion that persons can be best appreciated in terms of internal cognitive dialogue
or self-talk
 Cognitive –concerned with mental processes (as perception , thinking, learning, and memory)
especially with respect to the internal events occurring between sensory stimulation and the overt
expression
 Rational- refers to being of sound mind and having (or exercising) the ability to reason. In addition,
psychology being rational means using conscious thought processes to solve problem.
 DE catastrophizing- a method is referred to as “what if and includes priming clients for results that
may strongly affect the client
 TA-(Transaction Analysis) - refers to examining and dissecting transactions between people.
 Transactions – any interaction between the person and the social or physical surroundings,
particularly during involvement between at least two individuals.
 Anxiety- fear or nervousness about what might happen
 Depression- a serious medical condition in which a person feels very sad , hopeless , and
unimportant and often is unable to live a normal way
 Suicide- the act of killing yourself because you do not want to continue living

Discussion
 A. Lesson 3 Clientele and Audiences in Counselling
The clientele and audiences of the counselling profession come from different settings.
Counsellors deal with a mixture of people with different concerns and issues. Through the years, special
counselling populations have evolved. The special clientele have been given increasing attention by the
counselling profession due to frequent occurrences and growing number of clients.
The special counselling profession is composed of the people who abuse drugs, people who use tobacco,
women, older adults, people with AIDS, victims of abuse, gay men and lesbian women, and people with
disabilities.( Gibson and Mitchell, 2003). The items below briefly describe each of the following special
counselling population:

 People Who Abuse Drugs

In our society, there are increasing drug users. Drug abuse is not just harmful to our physical health
but to our mental health as well. It cannot be denied that drug addiction create more social
problems and contribute to social disintegration. Consequently, more youth victims cry for help
and seek for counsellor’s attention.

 People who use Tobacco

Slowly, our population recognizes the bad effects of tobacco to our health. However, many people
still use and continue to use tobacco even if it is deadly. Users find it difficult to stop smoking.
Hence, smokers who desire to quit tobacco were added to the list of the counsellor’s audiences.

 People who abuse Alcohol

Alcoholism is seen as a disease and alcoholics find it difficult to stop drinking on their own. This
requires help from a professional as it requires appropriate treatment. However, an equally important
paradigm is to look at alcoholism as a weakness of self-control and self-discipline. Therefore this
requires intervention other than treatment.

 Women
Even with the changing role of women in society, men still predominantly control purchasing and
decision-making powers. Most men still have less participation in household responsibilities and child
care. In this case women’s advancement is constrained. What complicates this situation is the
 women’s perception about themselves and the society’s expectations. Counsellors are responsible in
helping women appreciate their own values, abilities, aptitudes, and interests and to utilize these to
develop their full potential. (Gibson and Mitchel, 2003)

 Older Adults
The aging population is increasingly rising and demands more attention. Retirees who are adjusting to life
outside work feel lost and ignored. Life for them suddenly loses meaning. A transition from a busy like to
retirement stage must be instituted. This is a challenge to the counselling profession. Other aging issues
that require attention of counselling include loss of a partner, decline of mental capacity and mobility,
increased loneliness, decline in financial security, etc.

 People with Aids

Acquired immune defiency syndrome (AIDS) has been labelled as the most feared disease due to its
incurability. Victims of this disease are seeking help to improve their quality of life and to handle their
emotional stress and low self-esteem. Counselling approach requires sensitively and appreciation of the
intricacies of the disease. Counsellors may also help in assisting and educating the victim’s support
system.

 Victims of Abuse
This population represents victims of domestic violence characterized by spouse and child abuses.
Spouse abuse is often associated with poverty, drug abuse and career disappointments. The abuse has
also become rampant and has caused psychological damage to the victims. The counsellors are
increasingly being utilized to help the victims.
  Gay Men and Lesbian Women
There is a growing number of gays and lesbians that are coming out. However, there are still sectors in
the society, including their own families that avoid and discriminate them. They are usually the victims of
harassment, violence, discrimination, and isolation. Gays and lesbians, like other sectors of the society,
suffer from peer denial, family clash, health uncertainties, and prejudgment. Counselling will focus on
self-awareness, self-awareness, self- acceptance and understanding.

The situation of the special counselling populations indicates the increasing and growing need of the
counselling profession. However, counsellors helping institutions, in general, need to continue upgrading
themselves to match the changing requirements of their clientele.

B. Lesson 4 Counselling and Its Work Settings

Counsellors are employed in different work settings such as schools, community, private sector, mental
facilities and government. However, most are deployed in school settings and mental facilities.

 Counselors in Schools – has grown rapidly. According to Gibson and Mitchell (2003), counselors
are recognized especially in the preventive interventions and developmental stage. There are
elementary school counselors, junior high school counselors, secondary school counselors,
counselors in vocational schools, counselors in higher education, and counselors in community and
junior colleges. The counseling service in the schools is usually located under the student affairs
program. It is under the supervision of the Dean of Students Affairs.
 Counselors in the Community Setting – refers to employment in community, agency, and other
non-school professional situations. Counselors can be found in community and mental health
agencies, employment and rehabilitation agencies, correctional settings, and marriage and family
practice. ( Gibson and Mitchell , 2003 )
 Counselors in the Private Sector – refers to counselors who decided to do full time work as
private practitioners or engage in part – time private practice while employed by community
agencies. This is feasible if the counselors expertise and specialization matches or relevant to an
adequate client population in the geographic area. ( Gibson and Mitchell , 2003 )
 Counselors in the Government - counsellors are also present in various agencies of government or
institutions supported by the government that are into social welfare, health, and education.
Relevant agencies or institutions include public schools, public social welfare agencies such as that
for the youth, children, and the aging.
C. Lesson 5 Counselling and Its Processes, Methods, and Tools
Processes in Counselling
The counselling process is considered as an art and a science. The art, which is the subjective
part, requires counselling to be sensitive to the world of client. It entails good listening skills and ability
to demonstrate care and empathy. The science which represents the objective part of the process requires
the use of scientific tools to obtain comprehension on what is happening during the different stages of
counselling process.
There are six stages of the counseling process, namely, relationship building, assessment and
diagnosis, formulation of the counseling goals, intervention and problem solving, termination and follow
–up, and research and evaluation.
1. Stage One: Relationship Building
This is the heart of counselling process because it provides the force and foundation for the counselling to
succeed. (Tylus, 2003
 This stage involves establishing rapport,
 promote acceptance of the client as a person with worth,
 establishing genuine interaction,
 promote direct mutual communication
 helping clients understand themselves,
 helping client focus and
 Slowly promote counselling relevant communication, from the client.
2. Stage Two: Assessment and Diagnosis
 One of the most crucial stages.
 This serves as the window for the counsellor to have a thorough appreciation of the client’s
condition.
 It entails analysis of the root causes of problems.
 The data that will be gathered in diagnosis will be utilized in the formulation of goals.
3. Stage Three: Formulation of Counselling Goals
 Goals are important as it sets the direction of the counselling process.
 It shall serve as the parameter of work and the client-counsellor relationship.
 Counselling goals may be treated as a process goal or outcome goal.
 The client and counsellor must agree on the counselling goals.
4. Stage Four: Intervention and Problem Solving
Guidelines: (Cormier and Cormier (1998) as cited by Tysul (2003)
 The counselor has to provide a mapping of the different approaches offered.
 Describe the role of the counselor and client for each procedure.
 Identify possible risks and benefits that may come.
 Estimate the time and cost of each procedure.
Kafner and Busemeyer identified the six-stage model for problem solving:
  Problem detection
 Problem definition
 Identification of alternative solutions
 Decision-making
 Execution
 Verification
5. Stage Five: Termination and Follow –up
 The essential goal in counselling is to witness a client progress on his/her own without the
assistance of the counselor.
 There are four components of termination which were identified by Quintan and Holahan:
1. Discussion of the end of counselling
2. Review of the course of counselling
3. Closure of the counsellor-client relationship
4. Discussion of the client’s future and post-counselling plan
6. Stage Six: Research and Evaluation
 This stage can be undertaken at any point in the counselling stage.
 Research and evaluation are fundamental part of the evaluation.
 Results of the research provide a scientific appreciation of the counselling situation.
METHODS IN COUNSELLING
The items to be discussed in this section involve the theoretical orientations of counsellors and
their corresponding approaches. The approaches to be studied which are within the broad theoretical
categories include psychoanalytical, affective, cognitive, and behavioural (Galding, 2000).
The presentation of the theories and methods will be divided into three. The first part focuses on
the classic theories of Freud (psychoanalytic), Adler (Individual Psychology), and Jung (Analytic
Psychology). The second part centers on experiential theories of Rogers (Person- Centred Therapy) and
Pearl (Gestalt /Therapy) , the third part is about Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy of Ellis, Cognitive
Theory of Beck , and Transactional Analysis of Berne.
1. CLASSIC THEORIES -The psychological theories developed by Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, and
Carl Jung are considered as the classic schools for the reason that they primed the underpinning of clinical
practice.
 FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY -The approach of Freud in counselling and
psychotherapy is popularly known as psychoanalysis which is an analysis of the mind. Its objective is to
restructure the personality by resolution of intrapsychic conflict, which focuses in the internal forces such
as unconscious processes .It focuses on personal adjustment through reorganization of internal forces
within the person to help him/her become aware of the unconscious aspect of his/her personality. It
focuses on personal adjustment through reorganization of internal forces within the person to help
him/her become aware of the unconscious aspect of his/her personality.
 Psychoanalysis has three goals:
1. to help clients gain insights about themselves
2. to help clients work unstuck issues
3. to help clients cope with the stresses of the society

Methods/Techniques Description
FREE ASSOCIATION a method to encourage the patient to discuss whatever
comes to his mind in order to release suppressed
emotions.
DREAM ANALYSIS a method to explore unconscious process using dreams.
INTERPRETATION a process of giving insights to patients about their inner
conflicts which can be reflected in resistance,
transference, and other processes.

ADLER’S INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY

The approach of Adler in counseling and psychotherapy focuses on the role of cognition is
psychological functioning.
Its objective is to gain an understanding of the clients and assess why clients behave and think in
certain ways.
Counsellors use certain techniques to help clients reorient themselves toward positive
functioning.
Adlerian counseling focuses on four goals:
1. establishment and maintenance of egalitarian relationship
2. analysis of client’s lifestyle
3. interpretation of client’s lifestyle in a way that promotes insight
4. reorientation and reeducation of the client with accompanying behavior change.
 According to Nystul (2003), Adlerian techniques can be explained in four phases of Adlerian
Psychotherapy.

Phases Description
First Phase: Establishing the Relationship
Use of listening skills Effective listening skills are necessary to
promote mutual trust and respect
Winning respect and offering hope Winning the respect of clients and offering
hope can increase the client’s motivation
towards becoming involved in counselling
Encouragement Encouragement gives the feeling of support
to the clients which can help believing in
themselves.

Second Phase: PERFORMING ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT

-Lifestyle Analysis Identify client’s strengths that may be
utilized to overcome the client’s problems
-Dream analysis may be used to conduct lifestyle A methods to see dreams as an attempt to
analysis deal with difficulties and challenges of life.

Third Phase: Promoting Insight

Insight Process A methods that allows clients to
understand the dynamics of self-defeating
patterns utilize the insights to rectify the
said patterns during the orientation
process.

Fourth Phase: Reorientation

Spitting in the Client’s Soup
The push-button techniques
Catching oneself
A method that involves determining the pay-off of the game
and interpreting it to the client; this can be used for clients that
engage in manipulative games.
A methods (based on Ellin’s(1962) rationale emotive theory)
which includes focusing on pleasant and unpleasant
experiences and the feelings they generate (taken from
Dinkmayer and Dinkmayer, 1995 as cited in Nystul, 2003); the
push button symbolizes the amount of control clients can exert
when they push button and put to stop to self-defeating
processes.
A counselors methods used to avoid old defeating patterns

Acting as-if
Task setting and commitment
such as humor wen the clients catch themselves. Counsellors
may encourage clients to learn to laugh at their self- defeating
tendencies.
A methods that advances “can-do” spirit and a self- fulfilling
prophecy, which can help clients experience success. It
involves acting as if the client can do whatever she/he wants.
A methods that provides a structure as homework assignment
which can be useful in instilling the value of ‘effort to change’

Jung’s Analytic Psychology

The counseling and psychology approach of Jung is referred to as psychotherapy.

Jung’s approach highlights the task of the unconscious processes in “psychological functioning”
The approach applies dreams and other procedures to determine the unconscious processes to
utilize the result to boost the functioning of personality and to enhance mental health and wellness.
Jungian counselling believes that the method of treatment must be flexible and has to be
established by established by the character must be flexible and has to be established by the character and
persona of the clients. It therefore applies a more practical approach that is appropriate to make
counselling process succeed. Jungian counselling also applies dreams but to find it difficult limited to
analyse a single dream. Jungian approach analyse a single dream. Jungian approach analyses the
interrelationship of several dreams recoded over a period of time. Counsellors help the client appreciate
the meaning of the dreams and utilize them to understand more the client’s personality.
2. Experiential Theories
It falls under the affective theories which are concerned about generating impact on the emotions of
clients to effect change.
The well-known experiential theorists include Rogers (Person-Centered Therapy) and Perls (Gestalt
Therapy).
a. Roger’s Person-Centred Counselling
The Person-Centred Theory has been described as “if-then” approach because this approach
considers that if certain conditions exist in the counselling relationship, then the client will move toward
self-actualization. Tysul (2003) identified the said conditions which were formulated by Rogers(1957):

Condition
1. Counselor Congruence
2. Empathic Understanding
Description
This implies that the counsellor must be congruent with what
they experience and why they communicate. For example: “If
you feel threatened by the client, you cannot say you enjoy their
company” will create confusion among the clients.
This implies that the counsellors must attempt to understand the
client from the client from the client’s perspective or frame of
references.

3.UnconditionalPositive Regard This implies that it is vital for the counsellors to a sense of
acceptance and respect to the client. It does not mean accepting
and tolerating anything about the client’s actions or words but to
see and consider the client as a person.
Manifestations that the client is ready to move towards self-actualization include:
- Openness to experience
- Self-trust
- Possesses internal source of evolution
- Willingness to grow
The person-centred psychology minimizes the use of techniques. Rogers believes that the counselling
relationship can be form core conditions that are necessary for self-actualization. Nevertheless the
approach utilizes listening to communicate appreciation. (Roger, 1961 as cited by Tysul (2003)
B. Perls Gestalt Therapy
Gestalt‘s counselling approach focuses on the here and now.( Yontef’s and Jacob ,2000 as cited
by Tysul, 2003).
It refers to the dialogue between the therapist and the client wherein the client experiences from
the inside what the therapist observes from the outside.
The goal of the approach is awareness on the environment, of responsibility for choices, of self,
and self-acceptance.
 This approach is approach is appropriate for people who lack awareness and have a feeling of
“out of touch.’’

Technique Description
ASSUMING The methods requires the client to rephrase a statement to assume
RESPONSIBILI
responsibility. Ask the client to end all the statement with—and I take
TY responsibility for it.
Example: I will report to the principal what David did to Diana and I will
take responsibility for it.
USING The method encourages the clients to take personal responsibility by saying,
PERSONAL “I or me “instead of stating in general terms such as “we or us”.
PRONOUNS Example: Instead of saying, we got scared of the angry people who mobbed
our car, say; I got scared of the angry people who mobbed our car.
NOW I AM The methods is a means to assist the clients in getting in touch with
AWARE her/himself. The counsellor may ask the clients to close their eyes to get in
touch with inner world and say,” Now I am aware………’’
Example: Now I am aware of the silence and I’m afraid that I will hear
something scary.
THE EMPTY The methods can help the clients to work through conflicting parts of
CHAIR personality. The empty chair technique is done by putting an empty chair in
TECHNIQUE front of the client. The empty chair is the chair of the personality that avoids
to do what the clients wants to do.

Example: A client wants to give feedback to the teacher but afraid of

negative reactions.

The counsellor will instruct the client to start the conversation with the
his/her other personality seated at the chair in front of him/her stating why
he/she want to give feedback and what is feedback all about. After that, the
client will be asked to sit on the empty chair and express why s/he does not
want to give feedback. Then the client will move back and forth until the
issue is resolved.

Source: The examples are of modified versions of Tysul (2003)

3. COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THEORIES: Rational Emotive Behaviour and Transaction

Analysis
The cognitive-behavioural theories highlight the task of cognition in psychological functioning.
According to Holden (1993) as cited by Gladding (2000), cognitions are thoughts, beliefs and internal
images about events in their lives. Cognitive counselling theories underscore mental processes and their
effects on mental health. The renowned cognitive theorist include Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy
of Ellis, Cognitive Theory of Beck, and Transactional Analysis of Berne.
A. Ellis Rational emotive Behaviour Therapy
The Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT) highlight the role cognitions on emotions with
the assertion that persons can be best appreciated in terms of internal cognitive dialogue or self-talk.
REBT views that emotional disorder is associated with cognitive processes that are not rational. The main
goal of REBT is to reform the self-defeating cognition of the client and assist him/her in obtain a more
reasonable viewpoint in life. The type of therapy is didactic and provoking. It educates the clients to argue
illogical thinking and if essential, challenge the client’s self-defeating idea or principle. (Gladding, 2000).

Technique Description
Cognitive Reforming ideas that are reasonable and irrational. Focus on
“defeating cognitions
Emotive Techniques focus on the client’s “affective or emotional domain”
Behavioural Techniques Focus on the full array of behavioural methods such as assertiveness
training, relaxation therapy, self-management, self-monitoring, and
homework assignments.

B. Beck’s Cognitive Therapy

Cognitive Therapy highlights the vitality of cognitive thinking particularly
dysfunctional thoughts. This counselling approach is appropriate for people suffering from depressions
and anxieties. Clients are led to be more practical in their understanding and explanation of events by
“projecting less (anxiety) and generalizing less (depression).’’ According to Beck (Gladding, 2000), he
does not try to invalidate “beliefs’ functionality. The approach utilizes explicit profile and treatment plans
for disorders such as depression, suicide, and anxiety ( Dattlio and Padesk ,1990 as cited by Galding,
2000).
The table below presents the techniques associated with cognitive as decribed by Beck and
Weishaar (2000) as cited by Galdding (2000):

Technique Description
DECATASTROPHIZIN This method is referred to as “what if” and includes priming clients for
G results that may be strongly affect the clients.
REDEFINING This method assists clients to drum up clients who have a lost sense
control on an obstacle by rearticulating an obstacle to something that may
be useful.
Example: “I am a ugly” to “I am beautiful.’’
DECENTERING This method comprise of instructing the clients to observe and get
practical appreciation of other people’s response. This will help clients
apprehend that they are not the “centre of attention”.
BEHAVIORAL This method applies a broad selection of methods to assist clients
TECHNIQUES obtaining “essential skills, relaxing, preparing for difficult situations, and
exposing them to feared situations.
Source: Galding, 2000

Bern’s Transactional Analysis

Refers to examining and dissecting transactions between people. It includes evaluating the “three
ego state of parent, adult, and child of each person”. The fundamental goal is for the client to be
“autonomous, self-aware, spontaneous and have the capacity for intimacy.” (Tylus, 2003).
The TA techniques as identified by Bern (1961) as cited by Tylus (2003) include the following:
 Technique Description
STRUCTURAL assists clients to be conscious of their “three ego”.(id, ego and
ANALYSIS superego)
TRANSACTIONAL assists clients to “learn to communicate with complementary
ANALYSIS transactions.”, i.e., adults to adults”
SCRIPT ANALYSIS A method looks into the “type of life script the client has developed
and how it can be re-written.”
ANALYSIS OF GAMES Comprise of determining “what games the clients play and how the
games interfere with interpersonal functioning.”