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CALICUT UNIVERSITY M.SC PHYSICS NOTES - SEMESTER 3 - DIELECTRICS - JOYAL (STC)
CALICUT UNIVERSITY M.SC PHYSICS NOTES - SEMESTER 3 - DIELECTRICS - JOYAL (STC)
CALICUT UNIVERSITY M.SC PHYSICS NOTES - SEMESTER 3 - DIELECTRICS - JOYAL (STC)
MODULE – 4 (PART – 2)
DIELECTRIC, FERROELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
Theory of Dielectrics
Polarization, Dielectric constant, Local Electric field, Dielectric polarizability, Polarisation from Dipole orientation,
Ferroelectric crystals, Order-disorder type of ferroelectrics, Properties of BaTiO3, Polarisation catastrophe, Displacive type
ferroelectrics, Landau theory of ferroelectric phase transitions, Ferroelectric domain, Antiferroelectricity, Piezoelectricity,
Applications of Piezoelectric Crystals,
LOCAL ELECTRIC FIELD AT A
N
LOCAL ELECTRIC FIELD AT AN ATOM
• In dielectric solids, the atoms or molecules experience not only the external applied electric
field but also the electric field produced by the dipoles. The resultant electric field acting on
the atoms or molecules of dielectric substance is called the local field (internal field)
• Macroscopic field in (average field) in a sphere is,
4𝜋
𝑬 = 𝑬0 + 𝑬1 = 𝑬0 − 𝑷
3
Eo = field produced by fxed charges external to the body
E1= field of the surface charge denisty P on the boundary
Consider the field that acts on the atom at the center of the sphere.
• If all dipoles are parallel to the z axis and have magnitude p, the z component of the field at
the center due to all other dipoles is,
If all dipoles are equal to the dipole field at the center of the sphere is
≠𝑬
Cubic symmetry → → →
Lorentz relation
➢ One surface integral is taken over the outer surface of the ellipsoidal specimen and defines E1
➢ The second surface integral defines E2 and may be taken over any interior surface that is a suitable
distance (say 50 A) from the reference site.
➢ Count in E3 any dipoles not included in the volume bounded by the inner and outer surfaces.
FERROELECTRICS
POLARIZATION CATASTROPHE:
• Polarization catastrophe occurs if an ion displaced from its equilibrium position by an
external force.
• This leads to an asymmetrical shift from the equilibrium of ion positions resulting in
permanent ion movement.
• Here the local electric field caused by the ion movement is greater than the elastic restoring
forces. Higher order restoring forces limit the shift to a finite displacement.
4𝜋𝑃
▪ In simple catastrophe theory, the local electric field at all atoms is equal to 𝐸 + in CGS
3
𝑃
unit and 𝐸 + in SI units.
3𝜀
▪ The theory now leads to second order transitions and physical idea leads to first order
transitions.
Difference between first order and second order transitions:
▪ First order: there is latent heat, order parameter is discontinuous at transition temperature.
▪ Second order: there is no latent heat, order parameter is not discontinuous at transition
temperature.
Polarization catastrophe condition:
▪ Here we have to consider the equation of dielectric constant in the CGS form,
8𝜋
1 + 3 ∑𝑗 𝑁𝑗 𝛼𝑗
𝜀=
4𝜋
1 − 3 ∑𝑗 𝑁𝑗 𝛼𝑗
Where the 𝛼𝑖 is the electronic plus ionic probability of an ion type i,Ni is the no. of ions i per unit
volume.
▪ When the applied field is zero,𝜖 tends to infinity and permits a finite polarization.
▪ From the above equation, to get dielectric constant infinity the denominator should be equal
to zero. So,
4𝜋
1− ∑ 𝑁𝑖 𝛼𝑖 = 0
3
4𝜋
∑ 𝑁𝑖 𝛼𝑖 = 1
3
3
∑ 𝑁𝑖 𝛼𝑖 =
4𝜋
this is the condition for catastrophe.
▪ The value of 𝜀 is very sensitive to the small deviation of ∑ 𝑁𝑖 𝛼𝑖 from the critical value 3/4𝜋.
4𝜋
▪ If we write 3
∑ 𝑁𝑖 𝛼𝑖 = 1 − 3𝑠,and s<<1 then the equation of dilelectric constant ,
→
for s → 0
→
(
p
▪ Near the transition temperature, s varies linearly with temperature.
▪ So,
1
We know 𝜀 = 𝑠 , then