ASSIGNMENT 02

IRRIGATION ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY

FAISAL MUNIR BCEF16E031

SUBMITTED TO

ENGR. OWAIS AHMED

LAB ENGINEER

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,

UNIVERSITY OF SARGODHA
 Indus Basin Irrigation System

Historical Background
The Indus Valley has been the host to one of the most ancient civilization of human history,
the Indus Valley Civilization. After the extinction of the Indus Civilization, new settlements
especially in doabs grew slowly. New irrigation systems started to evolve. Inundation canals
and small dams were constructed and population grew all around this area. In order to reduce
the occurrence of low irrigation water supply the British authorities, towards the middle of the
last century, started modernizing and expanding the irrigation system of the Indus Basin.

Description
The Indus River provides key water resources for Pakistan's economy – especially
the breadbasket of Punjab province, which accounts for most of the nation's agricultural
production, and Sindh. The word Punjab means "land of five rivers" and the five rivers
are Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej, all of which finally flow into the Indus. The Indus
also supports many heavy industries and provides the main supply of potable water in Pakistan.

The ultimate source of the Indus is in Tibet; the river begins at the confluence of the Sengge
Zangbo and Gar Tsangpo rivers that drain the Nganglong Kangri and Gangdise Shan (Gang
Rinpoche, Mt. Kailash) mountain ranges. The Indus then flows northwest
through Ladakh, India, and Baltistan into Gilgit, just south of the Karakoram Range.
The Shyok, Shigar and Gilgit rivers carry glacial waters into the main river. It gradually bends
to the south and descends into the Punjab plains at Kalabagh, Pakistan. The Indus passes
gigantic gorges 4,500–5,200 metres (15,000–17,000 feet) deep near the Nanga Parbat massif.
It flows swiftly across Hazara and is dammed at the Tarbela Reservoir. The Kabul River joins
it near Attock. The remainder of its route to the sea is in the plains of the Punjab and Sindh,
where the flow of the river becomes slow and highly braided. It is joined by
the Panjnad at Mithankot. Beyond this confluence, the river, at one time, was named
the Satnad River (sat = "seven", nadī = "river"), as the river now carried the waters of
the Kabul River, the Indus River and the five Punjab rivers. Passing by Jamshoro, it ends in a
large delta to the South of Thatta in the Sindh province of Pakistan

The Indus is one of the few rivers in the world to exhibit a tidal bore. The Indus system is
largely fed by the snows and glaciers of the Himalayas, Karakoram and the Hindu Kush ranges
of Tibet, the Indian states and union territories of Ladakh and Himachal Pradesh and the Gilgit-
Baltistan region of Pakistan. The flow of the river is also determined by the seasons – it
diminishes greatly in the winter, while flooding its banks in the monsoon months from July to
September. There is also evidence of a steady shift in the course of the river since prehistoric
times – it deviated westwards from flowing into the Rann of Kutch and adjoining Banni
grasslands after the 1816 earthquake. Presently, Indus water flows in to the Rann of
Kutch during its floods breaching flood banks.
The traditional source of the river is the Sênggê Kanbab (a.k.a. Sênggê Zangbo, Senge Khabab)
or "Lion's Mouth", a perennial spring, not far from the sacred Mount Kailash marked by a long
low line of Tibetan chortens. There are several other tributaries nearby, which may possibly
form a longer stream than Sênggê Kanbab, but unlike the Sênggê Kanbab, are all dependent
on snowmelt. The Zanskar River, which flows into the Indus in Ladakh, has a greater volume
of water than the Indus itself before that point.

Water Ability of the IBIS

There are three main sources of water availability in the Indus Basin:
A. The average annual flow of Western Rivers of Indus Basin is approximately 142 million
acre feet (MAF). About 104 MAF of this water is diverted for irrigation purposes and about 35
million acre feet outflows to the Arabian Sea.
B. Rain Water
Another source of water is the rain fall. Irrigated areas of Indus Basin receive on average 40
million acres feet of water annually.
C. Ground Water
The third source of water is the ground water. It provides approximately 40 percent of crop
water requirements of the country.

SALIENT FEATURES
SALIENT FEATURES It is world's largest and unified irrigation system that consists of three major
reservoirs(Chashma, Mangla, and Tarbela); 18 barrages (Ferozepur, Sulemanki, Islam, Balloki,
Marala,Trimmu, Panjnad, Kalabagh, Sukkur, Kotri, Taunsa, Guddu, Chashma, Mailsi, Sidhnai,
Rasul,Qadirabad, and Marala); 12 link canals; 45 irrigation canals; and over 107,000 water coursesand
millions of farm channels & field ditches. The total length of main canal system is estimatedabout
585000 Kilometer (36932 miles) and that of watercourses &field channels exceeds 1.62million
Kilometers (over 1.02 million miles).Catchment area of Indus is most unique in the sense that it
contains seven of the world shighest peaks after Mount Everest.Among these include the K2 (28,253
ft), Nanga Parbat (26,600 ft), Rakaposhi (25,552 ft) etc.;Further to above, seven(7) glaciers situated in
the Indus catchment are among the largest in theworld, namely, Siachin, Hispar, Biafo, Baltura,
Baltoro, Barpu and Hopper

Challenges in Indus Basin Irrigation System

For any sustainable irrigation system that is dependent on river water supplies, it is necessary
to have a system of affluent disposal. However, when the British engineers designed and
constructed the barrages and canals in Punjab and Sindh, they did not install an affluent
disposal system. This lack of an affluent disposal system gave rise to the twin problems of
water logging and salinity. The problem is currently being addressed through construction of a
network of disposal drains, many of which have been completed while more are under
execution

The Economic Impact of Indus Basin Irrigation System

The agricultural produce, in addition to providing food security constitutes:

 23 percent of GDP

 70 percent of total export earnings

 54 percent employment of labor force

 BARRAGES

A barrage is a type of low-head, diversion dam which consists of a number of large gates that
can be opened or closed to control the amount of water passing through. This allows the
structure to regulate and stabilize river water elevation upstream for use in irrigation and other
systems. The gates are set between flanking piers which are responsible for supporting the
water load of the pool created. The term barrage is borrowed from the French word "barrer"
meaning "to bar"
Salient Features of Barrages in Pakistan

1. Barrages over Indus Ravi

 Tounsa Barrage

Years of Completion 1958

Location River Indus, 20km

south-east of Taunsa
city
Design Discharge 750,000cusecs

Length 4436ft

No. of Bays 53

No. of under sluices 12

Crest level -

Off taking canals 4

 Ghazi Barotha Barrage

Years of Completion 2004

Location River Indus

Design Discharge 500,000cusecs

Length 170,560ft

Off taking canals 1

 Jinnah Barrage

Years of Completion 1946

Location River Indus, Kalabagh

Mianwali District north-west
of Panjab
Design Discharge 950,000cusecs

Length 3,360ft

No. of Bays 42

Off taking canals 1

 Chashma Barrage

Years of Completion 1967-1971

Location River Indus, 25km south-

west of Panjab

Design Discharge 11,76,000cusecs

Length 3356ft

No. of Bays 52

No. of under sluices 11

Crest level -

Off taking canals 2

 Guddu Barrage

Years of Completion 1962

Location River Indus, Near

kashmore
Design Discharge 12,00,000cusecs

Length 3840ft

No. of Bays 64

Off taking canals 5

 Sukkur Barrage

Years of Completion 1932

Location River Indus, Near sukkur

city

Design Discharge 15,00,000cusecs

Length 4490ft

No. of Bays 54

No. of under sluices 12

Crest level 177

Off taking canals 7

 Kotri Barrage

Years of Completion 1955

Location South-west of Karachi

Near Hyderabad city
Design Discharge 750,000cusecs

Length 3000ft

No. of Bays 44

No. of under sluices -

Crest level 48 S.P.D

Off taking canals 4

2. Barrage Over River Ravi

 Balloki Barrage

Years of Completion 1914

Location River Ravi

Design Discharge 140,000cusecs

Length 1644ft

No. of Bays 35

No. of under sluices -

Crest level 625 S.D.P

Off taking canals 2

 Sidhnai Barrage

Years of Completion 1965

Location River Ravi

Design Discharge 167,000cusecs

Length 712ft

No. of Bays 15

No. of under sluices 4

Crest level 454 S.P.D

Off taking canals 2

3. Barrage Over Jhelum River

 Mangla Dam

Years of Completion 1967

Location River Jhelum, 100km from

ISB in Azad Kashmir Dist.
Design Discharge 11,00,000cusecs

Length 10,300ft

Off taking canals 1

 Rasool Barrage
Years of Completion 1968

Location River Jhelum, 72km from

Mangla dam
Design Discharge 876,000cusecs

Length 3,209ft

No. of Bays 42
 No. of under sluices 6

Crest level 703 S.P.D

Off taking canals 2

4. Barrage Over Sutlej River

 Sulemanki Barrage

Years of Completion 1927

Location River Sutlej

Design Discharge 309,000cusecs

Length 2,220ft

No. of Bays 24

No. of under sluices 16

Crest level 560 S.P.D

Off taking canals

 Islam Barrage

Years of Completion 1927

Location River Chenab

Design Discharge 300,000cusecs

Length 1,650ft

No. of Bays 29

No. of under sluices 4

Crest level 435 S.P.D

Off taking canals 2

 Mailsi Siphon

Years of Completion 1965

Location River Sutlej Near Mailsi

Design Discharge 429,000cusecs

Length 160ft

No. of Bays 24

No. of under sluices -

Crest level 415 S.P.D

Salient Features of off taking canals