RUBY JOY V.

YPARRAGUIRRE
PACIFIC INTERCONTINENTAL COLLEGE
FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION
FINAL EXAMINATION
1. What are the philosophical foundations of education and why foundation of
education is important?

The foundations of curriculum are the values, traditions, factors, and forces which influence the
kind, quantity and quality of experiences the school offers its learners. Curriculum has many
influential forces which have engendered a tremendous impact upon the construction of
curriculum. In other words, philosophical foundations are those elements of philosophy which
have a bearing on choices made in regard to the purposes and contents of the school. It is in the
area of curriculum planning that philosophy in education reflects itself. The goals or objectives
of any educational effort can only be implemented through a curriculum which translates them
into subjects, units of instruction, themes and topics which enter the classroom. They are to be
reflected into the reading, the instruction and the activities of the pupils under the guidance and
direction of the teachers. For understanding the concept of philosophical foundations, we need to
know the relation between philosophy and education.
IMPORTANCE OF FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION
1. Provides the teacher with basis for making his decision concerning his work.
2. Help the teacher develop a wide range of interest, attitudes, and values concomitant to his
professional life as teacher.
3. Makes a teacher more aware of his own life and work, and makes him more dynamic,
discriminating, critical and mentally alert.
4. Philosophy of education saves time, money and effort.

2. Why is it important to know the historical foundation of education?

History of Education will help you to understand how the past events shaped the present
education systems, theories and related phenomenon in the area of teacher education in particular
and education in general. Secondly, it will enable you to appreciate the importance of education
to mankind since time immemorial across the generations. By so doing, you are will be able to
critically examine the fundamental part which education plays in the transformation of society.
Note that as a teacher, you are a change agent so learning the history of education will prepare
teachers in training to examine present trends and dynamics in education, draw practical lessons
from the past, avoid possible mistakes, and initiate more viable plans for the benefit of Society.

3. What is the legal basis of education in the Philippines?

Act No. 74

This law was enacted on January 21, 1901 by the Philippine Commission, and provided:

a. establishment of the Department of Public Instruction headed by the General superintendent

b. the archipelago was divided into school divisions and districts for effective management of the
school system.
c. English was made as medium of instruction in all levels of schooling
d. optional religious instructions in all schools (Section 16)
e. establishment of a Trade school in Manila (Philippine College of Arts and Trade- PCAT now
known as Technological University of the Philippines), a school of Agriculture in Negros, a
Normal school in Manila (Philippine Normal School) (Section 18)
• Philippine Normal School, however, was renamed Philippine Normal College (PNC) by virtue
of Republic Act No. 416 on June 18, 1949. And on December 26, 1991, the PNC was converted
to Philippine Normal University as provided by Republic Act No. 7168.

2. Act No. 2706

This was known as the “Private School Law”, enacted on March 10, 1917 by the Philippine
Legislature, which made obligatory the recognition and inspection of private schools and
colleges by the Secretary of Public Instruction so as to maintain a standard of efficiency in all
private schools and colleges in the country.
This law was amended by Commonwealth Act No. 180 passed on November 13, 1936 which
provided that:
The Secretary of Public Instruction was vested with power to “supervise, inspect and regulate
said schools and colleges in order to determine the efficiency of instruction given in the same.”
And all private schools come under the supervision and regulation of the Secretary of DPI, thus
eliminating “diploma mills” and substandard schools.

3. Commonwealth Act No. 1 (Amended by R.A. 9163)

Known as the “National Defense Act” passed by the Philippine Assembly on December 21,
1935, which provided in Section 81 that:

“Preparatory Military training shall be given with the youth in the elementary grade school at the
age of ten years and shall extend through the remainder of his schooling into college or post-
secondary education.

By virtue of Presidential Decree 1706, issued by the late President Marcos on August 8, 1980,
otherwise known as the “National Service Law”, Commonwealth Act No. 1 was amended, and
required all citizens to render, civic welfare service, law enforcement service and military
service.
4. Commonwealth Act No. 80

This law created the Office of Adult Education on October 26, 1936, so as to eliminate illiteracy
and to give vocational and citizenship training to adult citizens of the country.

5. Commonwealth Act No. 578

Enacted on June 8, 1940, conferred the status of “persons in authority” upon the teachers,
professors, and persons charged with the supervision of public or duly recognized private
schools, colleges and universities.
This Act also provided a penalty of imprisonment ranging from six months and one day to six
years and a fine ranging from 500 to 1, 000 pesos upon any person found guilty of assault upon
those teaching personnel.

6. Commonwealth Act No. 586 (Repealed by R.A. 896)

This is known as Education Act of 1940. It was approved on August 7, 1940 by the Philippine
Assembly.

The law provided for the following:

a. reduction of seven- year elementary course to six- year elementary course.

b. fixing the school entrance age to seven.
c. national support of elementary education.
d. compulsory attendance in the primary grades for all children who enroll in Grade I.
e. introduction of double- single session- one class in the morning and another in the afternoon
under one teacher to accommodate more children.

7. Commonwealth Act No. 589

This law, approved on August 19, 1940, established a school ritual in all public and private
elementary and secondary schools in the Philippines.

The ritual consists of solemn and patriotic ceremonies that include the singing of the National
Anthem and Patriotic Pledges.
8. Republic Act No. 139 (Repealed by R. A. 8047)

Enacted on June 14, 1947, and the Board of Textbooks. This law provided that all public schools
must only use books that are approved by the Board for a period of six years from the date of
their adoption.
The private schools may use books of their choice, provided the Board of Textbooks has no
objections with those books.

9. Republic Act No. 896

Enacted on June 20, 1953 and known as the Elementary Education Act of 1953, it repealed
Commonwealth Act 586 and provided for the following:

a. restoration of Grade VII (but never implemented due to lack of funds)

b. abolition of the double- single session and return to the former practice of only one
c. class under one teacher in the primary and three teachers to two classes or five teachers to
three classes in the intermediate level
d. compulsory completion of the elementary grades
e. compulsory enrollment of children in the public schools upon attaining seven years of age.

10. Republic Act No. 1124 (Repealed by R. A. 7722)

Approved on June 16, 1954, this law created the Board of National Education charged with the
duty of formulating general educational policies and directing the educational interests of the
nation.

However, this Board which was later renamed National Board of Education (P.D. No. 1), was
abolished bu virtue of the Creation of the board of Higher Education as stipulated in Batas
Pambansa Blg. 232. The Board’s function is now assumed by the commission on Higher
Education or CHED by virtue of Republic Act No. 7722.

11. Republic Act No. 1265 (amended by R. A. 8491)

This law was approved on June 11, 1955, and provided that a daily flag ceremony shall be
compulsory in all educational institutions. This includes the singing of the Philippine National
Anthem.
 12. Republic Act No. 1425

It was approved on June 12, 1956, it prescribed the inclusion in the curricula of all schools, both
public and private, from elementary schools to the universities, the life, works and writings of
Jose Rizal especially the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo.

13. Republic Act No. 4670

Known as the “Magna Carta for Public School Teachers”. This was approved on June 18, 1966
to promote and improve the social and economic status of public school teachers, their living and
working conditions, their employment and career prospects.

It also provided the following:

1. Recruitment qualifications for teachers

2. Code of Professional Conduct for Teachers
3. Teaching hours- 6 hours of classroom teaching (maximum load)
4. Additional compensation- 25% of the regular remuneration
5. Health and injury benefits (thru the GSIS)
6. One year study leave (sabbatical leave) after seven years of continuous teaching, the
teacher should receive 60% of the monthly salary.
7. One range salary increase upon retirement (basis computing the retirement fee).
8. Freedom to form organizations.

14. Republic Act No. 1079

Approved on June 15, 1959, it provided that Civil Service eligibility shall be permanent and shall
have no time limit.

15. Republic Act No. 6655

Known as the “Free Public Secondary Education Act of 1988”, it was approved on May 26,
1988 and provided for:

a. Free public secondary education to all qualified citizens and promote quality education at all
level.
b. No tuition or other fees shall be collected except fees related to membership in the school
community such I.D., student organization and publication.
c. Non- payment of these shall not hinder a student from enrollment or graduation.
d. Nationalization of all public secondary schools ( Section 7)
e. A student who fails in majority of his academic subjects for two consecutive years could no
longer avail of their program.

4. What is the importance of anthropology in education?

Anthropology, the study of human culture is a foundation ofeducation since it deals with

language, writing, religion, arts and cultural values which are some of the basis in education.
Filipino Culture which can have a good or bad value has an implication to the Philippine
educational system. It is the responsibility of the Filipino educators to maintain the good
implications of Filipino Culture, help students develop culture that can be adaptive and useful to
the modern society, and to protect Filipino students to the negative influences of Filipino or
foreign culture. Educators must also teach and develop students to identify culture that can give
good or bad values.