Module 2: Descriptive Statistics (Tables and Graphs Techniques)

Overview: This module deals with techniques in presenting quantitative data into tables and
graphs. The table, graph, or chart should contain summarized numerical information for easy
description and analysis tables and graphs.
Learning Outcomes: At the end of the module the students are expected to
1. apply the steps to construct a frequency distribution table;
2. compute relative frequency or percentage;
3. construct a bar graph, pie chart, histogram, polygon, and ogive; and
4. describe the characteristics of data in the table and graphs.

Learning Activities
I. Displaying Categorical Data
A table that lists the different categories of categorical data and the corresponding

frequencies with which they occur is called a frequency table

The table above showed that the opinion on the living condition, which
“sufficient” got the highest percentage of both students in the dormitory and off-
campus, 36 percent and 40 percent respectively. Although the percentage of those
students living in off-campus is a bit higher than the percentage of students living in the
dormitory but fall on the same opinion category and that is sufficient. Furthermore,
undesirable living condition is the lowest percentage of both students living in a
dormitory and off-campus, 10 percent and 7 percent respectively.
 This implies that since the opinion on living conditions in both groups of
students is similar, dormitory is comparable to off-campus in most aspects, and vice
versa, hence, both groups of students are more or less satisfied.

The graph above showed that the opinion on the living condition, which
“sufficient” got the highest percentage of both students in the dormitory and off-
campus, 36 percent and 40 percent respectively. Although the percentage of those
students living in off-campus is a bit higher than the percentage of students living in the
dormitory but fall on the same opinion category and that is sufficient. Furthermore,
undesirable living condition is the lowest percentage of both students living in a
dormitory and off-campus, 10 percent and 7 percent respectively.

This implies that since the opinion on living conditions in both groups of
students is similar, dormitory is comparable to off-campus in most aspects, and vice
versa, hence, both groups of students are more or less satisfied.
 The Pie Chart above revealed the distribution of the marital status of all the
employees, classified as married, widowed, separated, and single. Fifty percent of the
employees are married, 27 percent is separated, 18 percent is single, and 5 percent is
widowed. The majority of these employees are married, and it is alarming that employees
with separated status got a bigger percentage. If the employer would like to revisited the
employees’ development program, the married and separated marital status must be
given more attention.

Check your progress

From the reference table below perform the following:

1. Compute the percentage of males and females of each response of removal of the
toy.
2. Construct bar graph comparing the male and female response of removal of the toy.
3. Construct a pie chart of male and female responses of removal of the toy.
4. Which response, both males and females got the highest and lowest percentage
respectively.
5. Describe the characteristics of both males and females as to responses of removal of
the toy.
 Reference table

Response of Removal of Toy by Gender of Children

Gender of Child Male Female
Response of Child f % f %
Cry 25 28
Express Anger 15 3
Withdraw 5 4
Play with another toy 5 15
N 50 50

II. Displaying Numerical Data

A. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE

Steps:
1. Compute the Range

2. Compute the class size or interval (Width).

3. Construct the class intervals or class limits

4. Tally the score

5. Construct the frequency column

Cereal Calories. The number of calories per serving for selected-to-eat cereals is listed here.
Construct a frequency distribution.
Raw Data

1. 𝑹 = 𝟐𝟕𝟎 − 𝟖𝟎 = 𝟏𝟗𝟎

𝑹
2. 𝒊 = 𝒌 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒌 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔

𝟏𝟗𝟎
𝒊= = 𝟏𝟗 𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅 𝒖𝒑 𝟐𝟎 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕
𝟏𝟎
B. Graph: Histogram
 C. Graph: Polygon

D. Graph: Ogive

The graph above showed the distribution of 46 cereal calories. There is a 50 percent of
cereal with a 169.5 and below calories, and 50 percent of these cereals have calories greater
than 169.5.
 Reference Table

Class Limit True Limit/Boundary Midpoint/ CM Frequency Cf < %Cf< Cf > %Cf>
80 - 99 79.5 - 89.5 89.5 4 4 9 46 100
100 - 119 89.5 - 119.5 109.5 7 11 24 42 91
120 - 139 119.5 - 139.5 129.5 10 21 46 35 76
140 - 159 139.5 - 159.5 149.5 1 22 48 25 54
160 - 179 159.5 - 179.5 169.5 1 23 50 24 52
180 - 199 179.5 - 199.5 189.5 9 32 70 23 50
200 - 219 199.5 - 219.5 209.5 8 40 87 14 30
220 - 239 219.5 - 239.5 229.5 3 43 93 6 13
240 - 259 239.5 - 259.5 249.5 1 44 96 3 7
260 - 279 259.5 - 279.5 269.5 2 46 100 2 4

Check your progress

Construct and analyze the following:

1. Histogram
2. Polygon
3. Ogive

Download Time (in seconds) Number of subscribers

0-5 6

5-10 17

10-15 43

15-20 92

20-25 151

25-30 192

30-35 190

35-40 149

40-45 90
 45-50 45

50-55 15

55-60 10

Assessment

I. Consider the table below, which presents the distribution of respondents of the “social
class” of housing they rented, and answer the following questions:
1. Compute the percentage of each social class.
2. Construct bar graph and pie chart.
3. Analyze the characteristics of the respondents’ distribution to social classes base on
housing they rented.

Social Class Renter

Lower Class 62

Middle Class 47

Upper Class 11

N 120

II. Consider the table below of thirty drugs that were tested to determine how long they
would last its effectivity. The results, to the nearest minute, recorded. Answer the
following
1. Construct a frequency distribution with its corresponding percentage or relative
frequency.
2. Construct histogram, polygon, and ogive.
3. Analyze histogram, polygon, and ogive all together.

423 369 387 411 393 394

389 409 392 408 431 401

391 405 382 400 381 399

428 422 396 372 410 419

390 377 371 363 415 386