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Health Care in Canada Is Delivered Through A Publicly Funded Health Care System
Health Care in Canada Is Delivered Through A Publicly Funded Health Care System
informally called Medicare, which is mostly free at the point of use and has most services provided
by private entities.[2] It is guided by the provisions of the Canada Health Act of 1984.
Current status[
The government attempts to ensure the quality of care through federal standards. The
government does not participate in day-to-day care or collect any information about an
individual's health, which remains confidential between a person and their physician. [4] Canada's
provincially based Medicare systems are cost-effective partly because of their administrative
simplicity. In each province, each doctor handles the insurance claim against the provincial
insurer. There is no need for the person who accesses healthcare to be involved in billing and
reclaim. Private health expenditure accounts for 30% of health care financing. [5] The Canada
Health Act does not cover prescription drugs, home care or long-term care, prescription glasses
or dental care, which means most Canadians pay out-of-pocket for these services or rely on
private insurance.[4] Provinces provide partial coverage for some of these items for vulnerable
populations (children, those living in poverty and seniors). [4] Limited coverage is provided for
mental health care.
History[edit]
India has had an ongoing National TB Program (NTP) since 1962.
In order to overcome these lacunae, the Government decided to give a new thrust to TB control
activities by revitalising the NTP, with assistance from international agencies, in 1993. The
Revised National TB Control Programme (RNTCP) thus formulated, adopted the internationally
recommended Directly Observed Treatment Short-course (DOTS) strategy, as the most
systematic and cost-effective approach to revitalise the TB control programme in India. Political
and administrative commitment, to ensure the provision of organised and comprehensive TB
control services was obtained. Adoption of smear microscopy for reliable and early diagnosis
was introduced in a decentralized manner in the general health services. DOTS was adopted as
a strategy for provision of treatment to increase the treatment completion rates. Supply of drugs
was also strengthened to provide assured supply of drugs to meet the requirements of the
system.
Large-scale implementation of the RNTCP began in 1997
The Government of India took up the massive challenge of nationwide expansion of the RNTCP
and covering the whole country under RNTCP by the year 2005, and to reach the global targets
for TB control on case detection and treatment success. The structural arrangements for funds
transfer and to account for the resources deployed were developed and thus the formation of the
State and District TB Control Societies was under- taken. The systems were further strengthened
and the programme was scaled up for national coverage in 2005.
Program strategy
The program initially adopted the WHO-DOTS strategy which consisted of the five components
of strong political will and administrative commitment, diagnosis by quality assured sputum
smear microscopy, uninterrupted supply of quality assured Short Course chemotherapy drugs,
Directly Observed Treatment (DOT) and systematic monitoring and Accountability. The DOTS
strategy achieved and sustained the target detection rate of 70% of all estimated cases and a
cure rate of 85% in new cases and led to the decrease in incidence of TB in the country.
With progress in achieving objectives outlined in the DOTS Strategy of the 11th Five year Plan,
the program defined the new targets of Universal Access to TB care. Under the 12th Five Year
Plan of Government of India as the National Strategic Plan for 2012–17. The plan hopes to
achieve detection of at-least 90% the total estimated cases and a cure rate of 90% in new and
85% in re-treatment cases.[1] Following are the key components:
Case finding and diagnostics:
Early identification of all infectious TB cases. Improved integration with the general health
system, and leverage field staff for home-based case finding.
Improve communication and outreach
Screening clinically and socially vulnerable risk groups for TB.
Develop improved sputum collection and transportation systems.
Deployment of higher-sensitivity diagnostic tests for TB suspects (and incorporate new
tests) and decentralized DST services
Catch patients already diagnosed through notification from all sources, improved referral
for treatment mechanisms, and deployment of laboratory and private provider notification
Patient friendly treatment services:
Activities will aim at early, rapid TB diagnosis with high sensitivity tests for HIV-infected
TB suspects and ART for all HIV-infected TB patients, with transport support.
Integration with health systems:
Integrating the RNTCP with the overall health system will increase effectiveness and
efficiencies of TB care and control which has been depicted in the picture.
In rural areas the RNTCP can focus integration through the National Rural Health
Mission.
In urban areas the RNTCP can integrate through the private sector and the evolving
National Urban Health Mission.
Control TB: compared to today's activities, success will:
The Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) Programme was launched in October 1997. The main
aim of the programme is to reduce infant, child and maternal mortality rates. The main objectives
of the programme in its first phase were: