Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Tes-W-109.01-R0-General Welding Criteria
Tes-W-109.01-R0-General Welding Criteria
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 SCOPE
2.0 GENERAL
APPENDIX
1.0 SCOPE
This Standard outlines the general requirements for welding structures, tanks, pressure vessels,
gas turbines, steam turbines, transformer tanks, tubular bus bars, piping, power boilers, or any
other equipment that requires welding, that is purchased, fabricated or maintained for use by
Transmission System of Saudi Electricity Company (SEC) in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
2.0 GENERAL
All instructions, procedures, specifications, purchase orders, or scopes of work to be issued for
projects, maintenance, or other work with reference to welding, welding inspection, welding
procedure qualification, preheating and postweld heat treatment, and welder qualification test
shall be done in accordance with this Standard. The technical requirements not stated in this
Standard shall be governed by the applicable codes. In the event of conflict between this
Standard and any other standard, specification or code, the Manager, Transmission Standards
and Specifications Department, shall be consulted pror to its application in the project
execution.
The latest edition of welding codes referred to in this Standard shall be applicable.
4.1 The following processes are approved for use on SEC associated work:
4.3 For alloy steels (total alloy content of 1.75% or more), stainless steel, or non-ferrous
materials, the GTAW process shall be used on the root pass of open butt joints welded
from one side only. Other processes will be considered only after demonstration of
acceptable quality on a production basis.
4.4 For Aluminum Tubular busbars, either the GMAW or the GTAW weld process will be
used. Backing rings of compatible material may be used with tubular busbars. Welding
procedures and welders or welding operators shall be qualified to AWS D10.9, AR-3
level or ASME Section IX.
All welding performed on SEC projects and equipment shall be performed by a qualified
welder or welding operator, in accordance with a procedure qualified to the applicable code
such as ASME Section IX, AWS D1.l, D10.9, etc. To insure that the welder or welding operator
can perform the type of welding required in a repair/maintenance situation, SEC may require
that both welder/welding operator and welding procedure be qualified to a special repair
procedure.
5.1.1 Contractor shall develop and qualify the required Welding Procedure
Specifications (WPS). The WPS shall be submitted to SEC for review and
approval prior to the commencing of any production welding. The WPS
submitted shall include a written procedure specification, Welding Procedure
Qualification Records (WPQR) and mechanical test results certified by an
independent testing laboratory (or manufacture's testing facility) subject to
acceptability to SEC.
5.1.2 A WPS qualified by any other competent technical group may be used by the
Contractor, provided the subject procedure was qualified to the requirements of
the applicable code. In this case, the Contractor shall develop a written WPS
based on the WPQR qualified by others. The written WPS and WPQR shall then
be submitted for review and approval by SEC.
5.2.1 The Contractor shall be responsible for the qualification of all his welders and
welding operators in accordance with the applicable codes, such as ASME
Section IX, AWS D1.l, D10.9, etc. The performance qualification record shall be
submitted to SEC for approval, prior to the commencing of any welding.
5.2.2 Each welder or welding operator shall be assigned an identifying number, letter
or symbol by the manufacturer or Contractor, which shall be used to identify the
work of that welder. Each welder/welding operator shall be assigned one symbol
only.
5.2.3 The qualification test shall be conducted by an independent testing laboratory (or
manufacture's testing facility) acceptable to SEC.
5.2.4 SEC retains the right to require the retest of any welder or welding operator at
any time, based on visual or Non Destructive Examinations(NDE). the
CONTRACTOR is responsible to maintain proper record of all his welders and
welding operators for verification purposes during and after exectution of the
projects.
6.1 Electrodes, filler wires and fluxes shall conform to the requirements given in the
applicable part of the latest edition of ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section
II, Part C (identical to AWS A5.XX specification series).
6.2 All low hydrogen type electrodes (including stainless steel and Inconel covered
electrodes) shall be purchased in hermetically sealed containers. Low hydrogen
electrodes shall be dried prior to use if the hermetically sealed container shows evidence
of damage. The drying temperature and holding time for the commonly used low
hydrogen covered electrodes are as follows:
ELECTRODE DRYING
SPECIFICATIONS TEMPFRATURE HOLDING TIME
230°C-260°C
ASME SFA 5.1 (AWS-A-5.1) 2 hours min.
(450°F-500°F)
370°C-430°C
ASME SFA 5.5 (AWS-A-5.5) 1 hour min.
(700°F-800°F)
204°C-260°C
Stainless Steel Electrode 1 hour min.
(400°F-500°F)
The Manufacturer's recommendation should be followed for the drying temperature and
holding time for the low hydrogen electrodes not mentioned above.
6.3 Immediately after opening of the hermetically sealed container or removal of the
electrode from drying oven, low hydrogen electrodes shall be stored in storage ovens
held at a temperature of 120°C (250°F) minimum. The low hydrogen electrode exposure
to the atmosphere shall not exceed the requirement of the following:
Low hydrogen electrodes exposed to the atmosphere for a longer period than allowed,
shall be redried to the requirement of paragraph 5.2 before reuse.
6.4 Consumable electrodes, other than low hydrogen coated, shall be stored in a dry,
controlled environment. Coated welding electrodes that have been wet shall not be used.
6.5 Bare wire electrodes shall be tagged on both ends and stored in a dry, controlled
environment. Corroded wire will not be acceptable for use, regardless of proposed
cleaning method.
6.6 All gases, used in any connection with welding or associated processes, shall meet the
requirements of American Welding Society or any other Standard designated by or
acceptable to SEC. Moisture in CO2 is a frequent problem. Use of an in-line drier may
be beneficial.
Minimum preheat and maximum interpass temperatures shall meet the requirements of
the governing code, as well as the qualified WPS, whichever is higher.
7.1.1 A minimum of 10°C (50°F) preheat temperature is required for all welding.
The heating rate, holding temperature, holding time and cooling rate of PWHT shall
meet the requirements of the governing code. PWHT, when required by the governing
code, shall be included in the Weld Procedure Qualification. For a newly-qualified
procedure, the PWHT chart shall be part of the submitted procedure for review and
approval.
All welds greater than 3.0 mm (0.125 inch) thick shall be made in at least two passes.
Butt welds in pipe and boiler tubes with an outside diameter of 50mm (2 inch) and less
shall be made by the Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) Process. Other processes will
be considered only after demonstration of acceptable quality on a consistent basis. All
butt welds must be full penetration weldments, regardless of circumference or diameter.
(This requirement includes transformer tanks.)
8.3 Branch or Tee Connections shall be made by full penetration weldments. Fillet
weldments shall be full fillet type when possible, and in no case be undersize for the
application or have inadequate penetration.
All of the minimum distances, stated below, shall be measured between adjacent edges
of the cap passes for pipe and tubular product weldments.
8.6 Internal Misalignment (high-low) shall not exceed 2.0 mm (5/64 inch) for piping and
plate. Backwelding or machining may be used to correct misalignment.
Permanent backing rings or strips may be used for butt welds to facilitate root
penetration with the approval of SEC. Consumable inserts may be used if their chemical
composition matches that of the base metal.
8.8 Internal Weld Quality and cleanliness is an important factor in some instances.
Consideration of the GTAW process should be made for the following situations when
the underside of the root pass will not be cleaned:
8.8.1 For rotating equipment piping (e.g. lube and seal oil, bypass, or intake lines).
8.8.2 For materials (alloy or otherwise) of a thickness 0.8 mm (0.032 inch) or less.
8.9 Class "F-1" and "F-2" covered electrodes shall not be used for the welding of pressure-
containing weldment.
8.10 Low hydrogen electrode shall not be used for the root pass deposition of open butt joints
welded from one side only.
Acceptance limits for weld quality and Radiography are given in the latest edition of the codes
listed below:
9.5 Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage API 650 and API 620
NDE techniques shall be in accordance with ASME, Section V or other codes or procedures
approved by SEC.
The minimum required radiographic rate shall be governed by the applicable code set
forth in Section 9.0. A minimum of 10% radiography is required for all butt welds
regardless of code requirements. Additional radiography may be required, up to l00%, if
in the opinion of SEC authorized inspector the production welds are of questionable
quality, or if the radiographs indicate an excessive number of unacceptable defects. The
first production butt weld of newly qualified welders or welding operators shall be
radiographed.
10.3 Liquid penetrant and magnetic particle examinations may be required by the governing
code, or as an additional requirements, at the discretion of SEC authorized inspector.
APPENDIX
NON-FERROUS METALS
TUBULAR BUSBAR WELDING
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 SCOPE
2.0 PROCESS
3.0 MATERIALS
4.0 WELDING
1.0 SCOPE
This General Welding Appendix is to be used in conjunction with the applicable Welding
Procedure Specification (WPS) for welding nonferrous materials (except for nickel-base
alloys).
2.0 PROCESS
The welding process or combination of welding processes shall be as specified in the applicable
WPS.
3.0 MATERIALS
Base materials used in conformance with this Appendix shall have chemical, mechanical and
dimensional characteristics specified in ASME and/or ASTM Standards or in applicable Job
Specifications.
Only those materials referenced in the applicable WPS may be welded using this
Appendix. The following ASME P-Number and ANSI materials are included: P21, P23,
and M-23 per AWS D.10.9.
Filler materials used in conjunction with this Appendix shall conform to the
requirements of the WPS and the applicable Job Specifications and when applicable,
ASME, Section 11, Part C. AWS specifications may be used when they are identical
with ASME Specifications. The diameter of the filler metal shall be as specified in the
applicable WPS.
Backing materials to be used shall be as specified in the applicable WPS, or when not
specified in the WPS, backing shall be made from the same material as that of the base
material.
3.4.1 The welding electrode to be used with the Gas Tungsten-Arc Welding (GTAW)
process shall be an electrode per AWS A5.12, as shown on the WPS.
3.4.2 Shielding gas used for machine/automatic welding shall be supplied directly
from containers located on the welding equipment. Gas from manifold systems
shall not be used.
3.4.3 The composition and flow rate of the shielding gas shall be as specified in the
applicable WPS. Gases shall be welding grade or better.
4.0 WELDING
4.1.1 The methods permitted for weld joint end preparation are machining, filing,
grinding and sawing.
4.1.2 The angle of bevel, spacing, and other details shall be in accordance with weld
end preparation drawings included in the Job Specifications. If not included with
Job Specifications, weld end preparation details shall be in accordance with joint
details of the WPS for machine/automatic welding. Weld end preparations for
backing ring joints shall be in accordance with project drawings. Note that bevel
details are not essential variables.
4.1.3 Prior to fit-up and welding, the groove face and adjacent surfaces shall be
cleaned to remove all grease, oil, rust, dirt, concrete, scale, etc., to clean metal by
filing, brushing, or grinding. When brushing use stainless steel wire brushes.
4.1.4 The weld joint surfaces shall be visually examined for the presence of moisture
before welding. If moisture is present, the joint surface shall be dried with the
use of approved solvents, by use of a flame torch, or use of preheat equipment or
by other engineering approved methods.
4.1.5 Acceptable solvents for use in cleaning or drying are alcohol or acetone. Do not
expose alcohol or acetone or their fumes to open flame, arcs or hot sparks.
Process variables shall be as specified in the applicable WPS. These ranges will cover
most applications but should not be construed as inflexible since individual
circumstances may dictate operation out of the recommended range. For
machine/automatic welding special requirements for the welding equipment will be
specified in the applicable project requirements.
4.3.1 Welding shall not be performed when the surfaces of the parts to be welded are
wet from rain or condensation or when rain is falling on such surfaces, or during
periods of high wind, unless the welder and/or operator and work are properly
shielded.
4.3.2 Clamps, welded clips, tack welds or other appropriate means shall be used to
properly align the joint for welding. Welded attachments used for fit-up shall be
similar in chemical composition to the base material. Preheat for welding
attachments shall be in accordance with the applicable WPS. The attachments
may be removed by any suitable means followed by grinding flush with the base
material. When thermal cutting is used to removed attachments, at least 1/8 inch
(3.175 mm.) shall be left for final removal by grinding. The ground area shall
then be visually examined for defects. Any defects found shall be removed by
additional grinding and rewelded, if necessary. Rewelding shall be performed
with a qualified WPS selected by the Lead Field Welding Engineer.
4.3.3 Bare rods, wire, and electrodes as well as non-consumable (tungsten) electrodes
shall be free of grease, oil, and other foreign material. Straight lengths of
aluminum bare rod shall be wiped with an abrasive cloth or paper or stainless
steel wool and cleaned free of dirt, oil or grease, the above procedure shall be
repeated.
4.3.4 Tack welds shall be made in full compliance with this welding standard, and if
not removed, their stopping and starting ends shall be properly prepared by
grinding or other suitable means for satisfactory incorporation in the final weld.
Tack welds becoming part of the finished weld shall be visually examined and
defective tack welds removed.
4.3.5 When welding on pipe or tubular busbar, each weld layer shall be essentially
completed around the entire circumference of the weld groove before successive
weld passes are made with the exception that partial circumferential fill passes
are permitted when needed to correct a localized underfill condition.
4.3.6 Each completed weld bead shall be cleaned essentially free of heavy oxide,
glassy silicate deposits, or other foreign material before depositing successive
beads. Each weld layer shall be free of porosity and excessive irregularities, such
as high spots and deep crevices.
4.3.7 For manual welding unless otherwise specified in the applicable WPS, the
progress of welding shall be upward for welding in the 3G, 5G and 6G positions.
For manual welding in the 2G position, the weld metal shall be deposited using
the stringer bead technique. Machine/automatic welding shall proceed
continuously around the pipe or tube.
4.3.8 The additional requirements of this paragraph apply to WPS using either the
machine and/or the automatic Gas Tungsten-Arc Welding (GTAW) process:
a. For piping 50-mm(2-inch) NPS and larger tack welds shall be 13-mm to
25-mm (1/2 inch to 1 inch) in length.
b. The welding direction shall be continuous around the joint from the start.
The technique, weave, oscillations or stringer beads shall be as required
in the WPS or schedule.
4.4.1 Cracks and other defects in excess of acceptance criteria that are detected during
welding shall be removed by grinding, chipping, or machining. After removal of
cracks, the area shall be examined by liquid penetrant to determine that the
defect has been removed. For other defects, including crater cracks, the area
shall be examined visually to determine that the defects have been removed. This
in-process work need not be documented.
4.4.2 After welding has been completed, defects in excess of the applicable acceptance
standards detected by the examination techniques required in the Job
Specification shall be removed and/or repaired. If required, repair shall be
performed in accordance with the following sequences:
b. The method of preparation shall leave the cavity with smooth surfaces
free from irregularities. The cavity shall be finished by grinding, filing or
machining to bright, clean metal.
d. Repair welding may use the original WPS, or one selected by the Lead
Field Weld Engineer.
The equipment used for machine and/or automatic gas tungsten-arc welding shall be calibrated
in accordance with the procedures outlined in the applicable Welding System Maintenance
Manual. Calibration shall include verification of all the settings for all preset switches and
controls as specified in the applicable Welding System Maintenance Manual.
NON-FERROUS METALS
TUBULAR BUS BAR PRE-APPROVED WPS
This Welding Procedure Specification (WPS)must be used in conjunction with the General welding standard (s) TES-W-
109.01
SCOPE: Gas tungsten-arc welding of aluminum alloy bus bars, supports and fittings. Welders shall be qualified per
AWS D10.9.
Base Metal: M-23 (6063 T6);
Type 356 cast fittings,
Welded to themselves and each other.
Welding Process: Gas tungsten-arc
(GTA)
AWS D10.9
Positions Qualified: All positions
(2G & 5G or 6G)
SEC APPROVAL
Name _______________________________________________ Unit/Dept. _____________________________________
Signature ____________________________________________ Date _________________________________________
SEC APPROVAL
Name _______________________________________________ Unit/Dept. _____________________________________
Signature ____________________________________________ Date _________________________________________
OTHER TESTS
Type of Test
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Deposit Analysis
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Other
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Date: ________________________________________
SEC APPROVAL
Name _______________________________________________ Unit/Dept. _____________________________________