Mini project 5: Butterworth High Pass Filter

NAME: NURATHIRAH IZZATI BINTI JOHARI

STUDENT ID: 2017282354
MINI PROJECT: 5
CLASS: EE241T5A
LECTURER’S NAME: IR.TS. AZRIF BIN MANUT
 INTRODUCTION
An Active High Pass Filter can be created by combining a passive RC filter network
with an operational amplifier to produce a high pass filter with amplification. In this mini
project, we design a 7th order Butterworth high pass filter at a cut-off frequency,fo, of 10kHz.
Theorytically, the Butterwoth filter characteristics is very flat amplitude, Av(Db),response in the
passband, and the role-off rate is 20Db/decade/pole. The phase reponse is not linear, it is used
when all frequencies in the passband mustr have the same gain, and it is often referred to as a
maximally flat response.
The advantage of Butterworth filter is it has the most
flat passband, it is very good at simulating the passband
of an ideal filter. The disadvantage is that it has a
horrible stopband because it gradually goes to zero so
some parts of the stopband are still passed. However, for
an nth-order Butterworth Filter, as n increases, the
closer it is to an ideal filter. However, it is highly
impractical to build a ridiculously high order
Butterworth filter.
Design Concept

Butterworth filter As shown in Figure 1, is the design of the Butterworth

high pass filter that consists of 4 op-amp, 7 capacitor
th
and 7 resistor. In this 7 order design, it have 4 stages of op-amp which give differences value of
each resistor. When it comes to high pass filter it means the capacitor value will be normalize
in the circuit to become 1F.

Figure 1
Theoretical calculation

B(s) = (1+s)(1+0.445s+s2)(1+1.247s+s2)(1+1.802s+s2)

Q1 = 0.5 Q3 = 1/B2 = 0.8019

Q2 = 1/B1 = 2.2472 Q4 = 1/B3 = 0.5549

ω= 62831.85 rad/s ω = 62831.85 rad/s ω= 62831.85 rad/s ω= 62831.85 rad/s

Vin    
Q1=0.5 Q4=0.5549 Q3=0.5549 Q2=0.5549

Vout
Normalized circuit:

Cn
C=
Roωo
Cn 1
Ro= = =33.86 Ω , R=RoRn
Cωo 0.47 μF(62831.85)

Stage Rn R=RoRn R=RoRn

(Theoretical) (Market)
1 1Ω 33.86Ω 33Ω
0.90Ω 30.48 Ω 30Ω
2
1.11Ω 37.58 Ω 36Ω
0.62Ω 20.99Ω 20 Ω
3
1.60Ω 54.18 Ω 51 Ω
0.22Ω 7.45 Ω 7.5 Ω
4
4.49Ω 152.03 Ω 150 Ω
 DISCUSSION
i)Theoretical value circuit:

Figure above shows the design circuit after being normalized, the flow of this circuit is
start at V1 which we use an AC supply. Next, the supply pass through the first stage of op-amp
and referring to the Graph 1 the graph of V1(first stage of op-amp) has become flat passband
and it constantly until V6 but when it reach V7(third stage of op-amp) it become flattened which
means no passband but through V8 the passband exists until it reach Vout. The purpose of V2 is
to supply the op-amp. So the result is shown as graph below.

Result:

Graph 1
Overall output (theoretical):
ii) Market value circuit:

As for this design circuit, it is similar to the theoretical circuit but the value of resistor
and capacitor is change to the reasonable value that have in market. As for the result of this
circuit, there is no big differences from the theoretical value due to no effect to the circuit
whether the value is big or small coz the theoretical value is similar to the value that have in
market. It is an ideal op-amp since it have the most flat passband even though the circuit is in 7th
order.
Result :
Overall output (market):
 CONCLUSION
In a nutshell, there is no big difference between those two value, theoretical value and
market value. Both value have a better passband of gain and the phase reachable to a reasonable
degrees. Every new stage, the signal will be invert to new signal and form a new passband. The
signal enter to the new stage is entering from the first capacitor between the op-amp and it split
up through the feedback resistor and resistor that connect to the ground. The flow of the signal
continue until it reach to the Vout.