How it pronounced – location – function  Can be expressed through written or spoken

words, action (non-verbal) or both spoken

A – over the head – produces the voice
E – cheekbone – cleanses the voice
I – between the eyebrow – it gives brilliance to the
voice
0 – center back of the head – improves the tonal quality
of the voice
U – center top of the head – refinement of the voice
COMMUNICATION
 Medium is the message (by McLuhan)
 From the Latin word “communique” which
means to share
 A process of sharing and conveying messages or
information form one person to another within
and across channels, contexts, media and
culture. (McKornel)
*PERSUADE by heart
*CONVINCE by mind
5 TYPES OF VOICE
1. Normal (Low key level (assurance) and High key level
(asking)
2. Thin (falceto)
3. Full (orotund) round mouth
4. Chesty (aspirate)
5. Breathy (whisper)
MANNER OF DELIVERING MESSAGE
 Effusive
 Expulsive
 Explosive
VOICE INTENSITY – loudness or intensity refers to the
effect of the sound on the ear
FORMS OF INTENSITY
1. EFFUSIVE – gradually but firm. It retains emotion.
2. EXPULSIVE – firmly but rapidly. It suggests
decessiveness, rigor and sincerity
3. EXPLOSIVE – sudden outburst. The feeling projected
is that of violence sternning from extreme anger,
sudden fear and other strong emotions.
words and non-verbal
SPEECH – exchange of verbal messages
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
1. SPEAKER – the source of information or
message.
2. MESSAGE – the information, ideas or thoughts
conveyed by the speaker in words or in action.
3. ENCODING – process of converting the message
into words or actions.
4. CHANNEL – the medium or the means, in which
the encoded message is conveyed.
5. DECODING – the process of interpreting the
decoded message.
6. RECEIVER – the recipient of the message.
7. FEEDBACK – the reactions, responses, or
information provided.
8. CONTEXT – the environment where
communication takes place.
9. BARRIER – the factors that affect the flow of
communication.
“MEANING is not found in WORDS, but is CREATED by
PEOPLE.” *keep as a reminder. 
COMMUNICATION MODELS
ARISTOTLE’S LINEAR COMMUNICATION MODEL
Aristotle, a great philosopher initiative the
earliest mass communication model called “Aristotle’s
Model of Communication”. He proposed model before
300 B.C who found the importance of audience role in
communication chain in his communication model. This
model is more focused on public speaking than
interpersonal communication.
SHANNON – WEAVER COMMUNICATION MODEL
(1949)
Known as the mother of all communication
models.
Linear with five elements.
Lacks of feedback.
If no feedback, understanding of the message is
not assured.
THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS – TRANSACTION
MODEL

INTRAPERSONAL – self THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS – EXPANDED MODEL

INTERPRESONAL – may kausap FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION

NATURE OF COMMUNICATION  Control (behavior)

 Social Interaction
 It’s a process
 Motivation
 Occurs between two or more people (speaker
 Emotional Expression
and receiver)
  Information Dessimination (sharing of
information)
7 C’s OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
1. COMPLETENESS – complete communication is
important. Communication should include
everything.
2. CONCISENESS – not that short but making it
direct and straight to the point. Insignificant or
redundant information should be eliminated.
3. CONSIDERATION – consider relevant
information about the receiver. Mood and
needs. Background and race. Preference and
status. Education.
4. CONCRETENESS – supported by facts. Figures.
Real – life examples and situations.
5. COURTESY – respecting the culture, values and
beliefs of the receivers. Being courteous creates
positive impact ALL THE TIMES.
6. CLEARNESS – use of simple and specific words
to express ideas. Focuses on the single objective
when giving a speech.
7. CORRECTNESS – grammar usage eliminates
negative impact and increases the credibility
and effectiveness of the message.
BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION
Emotional barriers
Use of jargon (unfamiliar words)
Lack of confidence
Noisy environment
VERBAL COMMUNICATION
Refers to an interaction in which words are
used to relay a message.
Used words to express ideas which can be easily
understood by the person you are talking to.
ABCEV in Verbal Communication
Appropriateness – the language that you use should be
appropriate to the environment or occasion.
Brevity – speakers who often use simple yet precise and
powerful words are found to be more credible. Avoid
fillers (mga paningit words kapag kinakabahan like ahhh
ganernn) and insubstantial expressions which do not
add to the message.
Clarity – the meanings of words, feelings, or ideas may
be interpreted differently by a listener; hence, it is
essential for you to clearly state your message and
express your ideas and feelings.
Ethics – words should be carefully chosen in
consideration of the gender, roles, ethnicity,
preferences, and status of the person you are talking to.
Vividness – words that vividly or creatively describe
things or feelings usually add color and spice to
communication.
NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
Refers to an interaction where behavior is used
to convey and represent meanings. All kinds of human
responses that are not expressed in words are classified
as nonverbal communication.
Examples of nonverbal communication are
stares, smiles, tone of voice, movements, manners of
walking, standing and sitting, appearance, style of attire,
attitude towards time and space, personality, gestures,
and others.
MASTERY OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION IS
IMPORTANT FOR SEVERAL REASONS:
 It enhances and emphasizes the message of
your speech, thus making it more meaningful,
truthful, and relevant.
 It can communicate feelings, attitudes, and
perceptions without you saying a word.
 It can sustain the attention of listeners and keep
them engaged in the speech.
 It gives the audience a preview to the type of
speaker you are.
 It makes you appear more dynamic and
animated in your delivery.
 It serves as a channel to release tension and
nervousness.
 It helps make your speech more dramatic.
 It can build a connection with listeners.
 It makes you a credible speaker.
 It helps you vary your speaking style and avoid a
monotonous delivery.
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION is the sending
and receiving of message across languages and cultures.
It can flow smoothly and become very interesting for a
cross – cultural group.
THE DEVELOPMENTAL MODEL OF INTERCULTURAL
COMMUNICATION
STAGE 1: DENIAL – the individual does not recognize
cultural differences.
STAGE 2: DEFENSE – the individual starts to recognize
cultural differences and is intimidated by them,
resulting in either a superior view on own culture or an
unjustified high regard for the new one.
STAGE 3: MINIMIZATION – although individuals see
cultural differences, they bank more on the universality
of ideas rather than on cultural differences.
STAGE 4: ACCEPTANCE – the individual begins to
appreciate important cultural differences in behaviors
and eventually in values.
STAGE 5: ADAPTATION – the individual is very open to
world views when accepting new perspectives.
STAGE 6: INTEGRATION – individuals start to go beyond
their own cultures and see themselves and their actions
based on multifarious cultural viewpoints.
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPETENT INTERCULTURAL
COMMUNICATIONS
 Flexibility and the ability to tolerate high levels
of uncertainty.
 Reflectiveness or mindfulness.
 Open – mindedness
 Sensitivity
 Adaptability
 Ability to engage in divergent thinking (or
thinking creatively) and systems – level thinking
(or thinking how each one in a system or
organization influences each other)
 Politeness
SPEECH CONTEXT AND STYLES
TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT!!!
1. INTRAPERSONAL – this refers to communication
that centers on one person where the speaker
acts both as the sender and receiver of
message. “The message is made up of your
thoughts and feelings. The channel is your
brain, which processes what you are thinking
and feeling. There is feedback in the sense that
as you talk to yourself, you discard certain ideas
and replace them with others.” (Hybels and
Weaver, 2012, p.16)
2. INTERPERSONAL – this refers to communication
between and among people and establishes
personal relationship between and among
them. Solomon and Theiss (2013) state that
“the inter part of the word highlights how
interpersonal communication connects people…
when you engage in interpersonal
communication, you and another person
become linked together… the personal part
means that your unique qualities as a person
matter during interpersonal communication.”
TYPES OF INTERPERSONAL
DYAD – communication that occur between two
people.
SMALL GROUP – this refer to communication
that involves at least three but not more than
twelve people. All participants can freely share
ideas in a loose and open discussion.
PUBLIC – this type refers to communication that
requires you to deliver or send the message
before or in front of a group.
MASS – this refer to communication that takes
place through TV, radio, newspaper, magazine,
books, billboards, internet, and other types of
media.
SPEECH ACTS
o First proposed by John Langshaw Austin in 1962
and was developed by John Rogers Searle in
1969.
o It is based on the premise that WORDS
CANNOT ONLY CONVEY INFORMATION but,
they CAN ALSO CARRY OUT ACTIONS.
o Austin and Searle are concerned with what the
speakers means by his/her utterance (intention)
rather than what the utterance means in a
language.
o Performed by a way of an utterance with
intended action.
The performance of a speech act is in
accordance to the rules in using linguistic elements:
phonology, semantics, syntax and pragmatics.
SYNTAX – way in which words were put together
PHONOLOGY – study of speech sounds used in a
language
SEMNATICS – study of words and meanings of phrases
in language
PRAGMATICS – study of what words mean in a situation
LOCUTIONARY ACT
 What is said by speaker
 The actual words said by the speaker
(utterance)
 The utterance act
 Sentence have grammatical structure and a
literal meaning
ILLOCUTIONARY ACT
 What is meant by speaker
 The speaker’s intention of what is to be
accomplished by the speech act.
FIVE CATEGORIES OF ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS
1. ASSERTIVE – representations of reality. The
speaker expresses belief about the truth of a
proposition.
2. DISERTIVE – used by speaker who attempts to
get the addresses to carry out an action.
3. COMMESIVE – commit a speaker to some
future actions. Utterances that commit a
speaker to some voluntary actions.
4. EXPRESSIVE – utterances expressing
psychological attitudes. Reveals speaker’s
emotions towards a particular proposition.
5. DECLARATION – the speaker brings about
immediate changes in the state of affairs solely
in virtue of utterances. Foundation of human
civilization.
PERLOCUTIONARY ACT

 Known as the effect of the utterance, seeks

change in behavior, thoughts and feelings of the
addressee.
 Resulting act of what is said.

TYPES OF COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY

1. Nomination
2. Restriction
3. Turn – taking
4. Topic control
5. Topic shifting
6. Repair
7. Termination

PUBLIC SPEAKING

 An act of oral communication with purposes

 Accountable to the people

IMPORTANCE OF PUBLIC SPEAKING

 Trains people to think

 Trains people to be physically awake
 Boosts week charisma
 Makes one a keen observer
 Compels one to be a wide reader

PURPOSES OF PUBLIC SPEAKING

 To inform
 To persuade (heart)
 To convince (mind)
 To entertain
 To actuate

BASIC TYPES OF PUBLIC SPEAKING

 According to preparation (speech to be read)

 According to specialization (after dinner speech)
 According to purpose (informative)
 According to occasion (formal, informal)

ART OF ORAL COMMUNICATION

 Comedian
 Entertainment

*this two are the speaker’s characteristic in oral

communication