vaxtang guruli

sabWoTa kavSiris daSla

Tbilisi
2007
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sabWoTa kavSiris daSla

(kanonzomiereba Tu SeTqmuleba?)

1991 wlis 8 dekembers msoflios istoriaSi umniSvnelovanesi movlena moxda:

arseboba Sewyvita zesaxelmwifom – sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSirma.
msoflios politikuri rukidan sabWoTa kavSiris gaqroba TavisTavad
erTmniSvnelovan movlenas ar warmoadgenda. praqtikulad adgili hqonda or
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul, magram amave dros gansxvavebul movlenas: pirveli.
sabWoTa politikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri da ideologiuri sistemis msxvrevas;
meore. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlas damoukidebel, suverenul saxelmwifoebad. orive
movlena drosa da sivrceSi erTdroulad ganviTarda. swored amiT iyo
gapirobebuli is, rom uzarmazari samxedro–ekonomikuri potencialis mqone da
Tavisi hegemonisturi bunebiT cnobili zesaxelmwifo didi sisxlisRvrisa da
omebis gareSe daiSala.
dasavluri samyaros (dasavleT evropis qveynebis, amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebis) brZola sabWoTa saxelmwifos (sabWoTa ruseTis, sabWoTa kavSiris)
winaaRmdeg ramdenime periods moicavs:
pirveli. 1917–1941 wlebSi dasavluri samyaro brZolis formebad iyenebda
sabWoTa xelisuflebis arcnobas, qveynis SigniT antisabWoTa Zalebis mxardaWerasa
da samxedro intervencias, ekonomikur blokadas, danarCeni msofliosagan sabWoTa
kavSiris izolacias. es brZola uSedegod dasrulda. uTanxmoebam dasavlur
samyaroSi sabWoTa kavSirs ekonomikuri blokadisa da politikuri izolaciis
daZlevis saSualeba misca. bolomde principul pozicias sabWoTa kavSiris mimarT
imxanad antisabWoTa moZraobis medroSe inglisic ki ver inarCunebda xolme.
meore. 1941–1945 wlebSi dasavluri samyaro, romlis liderobis SenarCunebas
ukve uperspeqtivod cdilobda inglisi, ori miznis miRwevas eswrafoda: germaniisa
da misi mokavSireebis damarcxeba da sabWoTa kavSiris maqsimalurad dasusteba.
sabWoTa kavSiris dasusteba pirvel rigSi iTvaliswinebda qveynis ekonomikaSi
krizisuli viTarebis Seqmnas. omisagan dangreuli ekonomikis aRdgenis procesSi
Seqmnil sirTuleebs unda daeZaba socialuri viTareba, yovelive amas ki unda
Seeferxebina mecnierul–teqnikuri progresi, axali teqnologiebis danergva, rac
sul male uaryofiT gavlenas moaxdenda sabWoTa kavSiris samxedro–ekonomikuri
potencialis zrdaze.
mesame. 1945–1985 wlebSi dasavluri samyaros, romlis lideroba meore
msoflio omis Semdgom upirobod igdo xelT amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma,
strategia aseTi iyo: sabWoTa kavSiris daSla unda dawyebuliyo sabWoTa
politikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri da ideologiuri sistemis msxvreviT.
ekonomikis gaCanageba, mZime socialuri viTareba, adamianis uflebebisaTvis brZola,
sabWoTa kavSirSi mcxovrebi erebis antirusuli da antisabWoTa moZraoba, eTnikuri
da religiuri konfliqtebi sabWoTa kavSiris politikur xelmZRvanelobas mZime
mdgomareobaSi Caagdebda. sabWoTa kavSiri nel–nela dasustdeboda daDdasavluri
samyarosaTvis advili samarTavi gaxdeboda.
meoTxe. 1985–1991 wlebSi dasavlurma samyarom ukve mopovebuli warmatebebiT
isargebla da sabWoTa sistemis likvidaciis, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis kompleqsuri
(sistemuri) programa aamoqmeda. ase daiwyo „gardaqmna“ – sabWoTa sistemis
likvidacia da sabWoTa kavSiris daSla.
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X X X

1985 wels dawyebuli „gardaqmna“ (sabWoTa sistemis likvidaciisa da sabWoTa

kavSiris daSlis programa), romlis formaluri ideologoba mixeil gorbaCovs
xvda wilad, ar yofila sabWoTa kavSiris politikur xelmZRvanelobaSi, qveynis
politikur elitaSi momwifebuli azris Sedegi. “gardaqmna” sabWoTa kavSiris
farglebs gareT (dasavlur samyaroSi) daigegma da mis mimdinareobaze kontroli
qveynis garedanve xorcieldeboda. sabWoTa kavSiris politikuri da samxedro
elita mTlianobaSi aRebuli imdenad uunaro aRmoCnda, rom „gardaqmnis“ saboloo
mizani ver amoicno, mixeil gorbaCovis mier deklarirebuli „gardaqmna“ qveynis
politikurma da samxedro elitam xruSCov–breJnevis epoqis cnobil populistur
RonisZiebebs Seadara da garkveulwilad ironiiTac ki Sescqeroda emociebiT
datvirTul mixeil gorbaCovis gamosvlebs. Tavdapirvelad ise Canda, rom am
gamosvlebSi sagangaSoze bevrad meti saanekdoto masala iyo. Tumca ase mxolod
erTi SexedviT Canda.
„gardaqmnis“ gegma ar iTvaliswinebda saboloo miznebis (sabWoTa sistemis
likvidaciisa da sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis) Tavidanve gacxadebas. „gardaqmna“
daiwyo XX saukunis 20–30–ian wlebSi Camoyalibebuli „administraciul–
brZanebluri sistemis“ kritikiT, politikuri represiebis dagmobiT (nikita
xruSCovis sayvareli Temebi), ekonomikis ganviTarebis daCqarebis, xarisxobrivi
maCveneblis gaumjobesebis, socialuri problemebis gadaWris, ganiaraRebis
moTxovniT (leonid breJnevis sayvareli Temebi).
Semdeg popularuli gaxda lozungi, romelic socializmisaTvis „adamianuri
saxis“ micemas moiTxovda. am lozungis arsSi seriozulad garkveva arc aravis
ucdia. politikuri da samxedro elitis mcire nawilma safrTxe maSin dainaxa, roca
qveynis politikur cxovrebaSi sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi partiis
xelmZRvaneli rolis dakninda, ekonomikaSi saxelmwifo seqtoris monopoliis
SezRudva da aRmosavleT evropasa da msoflios sxva regionebSi sabWoTa kavSiris
hegemonisturi politikis kritika daiwyo. am etapze gardaqmnas politikuri da
gansakuTrebiT samxedro elitis mxridan SeiZleboda seriozuli winaaRmdegoba
Sehqmnoda. gardaqmnis mamebs esec gaTvaliswinebuli hqondaT. daiwyo imisi
ostaturi propaganda, rom kerZo seqtoris waxalisebis, mravalpartiulobis
damkvidrebis, aRmosavleT evropis daTmobis, msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebis
(magaliTad, avRaneTis) Sinaur saqmeebSi samxedro–politikuri Carevis Sewyvetis
sanacvlod SenarCunebuli iqneboda zesaxelmwifo _ sabWoTa kavSiri. xruSCov–
breJnevis epoqaSi aRzrdili sabWoTa politikuri da samxedro elita imdenad
ususuri aRmoCnda, rom mosalodneli safrTxe ver SeniSna. ver gaacnobiera
elementaruli WeSmariteba: sabWoTa sistemis likvidaciis SemTxvevaSi sabWoTa
kavSiris arsebobas seriozuli safrTxe emuqreboda. safrTxe kidec rom SeeniSna,
sabWoTa elitas zesaxelmwifos krizisidan gamoyvanis gegmis monaxazic ki ar
gaaCnda. „gardaqmnis“ mowinaaRmdege politikosebi da samxedroebi SeiZleba Tavsac
ityuebdnen, roca sabWoTa kavSiris SenarCunebis Sesaxeb dapireba irwmunes. ase
gaswira komunistur ideebze aRzrdilma politikurma da samxedro elitam
„mSobliuri“ komunisturi partia – sabWoTa sistema, saSinao da sagareo politikis
is principebi, sabWoTa ruseTsa da sabWoTa kavSirSi wmidaTawmidad rom iyo
aRiarebuli 1917 wlidan. didi mixvedra ar undoda imas, rom „gardaqmnis“ gegmis
realizebaSi didi Zala – mokavSire respublikebis erovnuli moZraoba– Caebmeboda.
sabWoTa sistemis demontaJisa da sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis kargad gaazrebuli
scenaris mixedviT sabWoTa kavSiris mesaflave swored erovnuli moZraoba unda
yofiliyo. „gardaqmnis“ ideologebi, erTi mxriv, sabWoTa politikuri, ekonomikuri,
socialuri da ideologiuri sistemis ngreviT SeSfoTebul politikur da
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samxedro elitas sabWoTa kavSiris SenarCunebis garantias aZlevdnen, xolo, meore

mxriv, mokavSire respublikebSi sul ufro mzard erovnul moZraobas farulad
„sabWoTa imperiis“ ngrevisaken mouwodebdnen.
mixeil gorbaCovma erT–erT Tavis gamosvlaSi leonid breJnevis
mmarTvelobis periods (1964–1982 ww.) „uZraobis“ wlebi uwoda. mixeil gorbaCovs
politikuri mosazrebiT ar uTqvams, rom „uZraobis“ da Tanac „didi uZraobis“
periodi daiwyo 1953 wlidan da igi erTnairad exeboda rogorc nikita xruSCovis
(1953–1964 ww.), ise leonid breJnevis (1964–1982 ww.) mmarTvelobis periodebs.
procesi Seuqcevadi iyo da igi gagrZelda 1982–1985 wlebSic (iuri andropovisa da
konstantine Cernenkos mmarTvelobis periodSi) anu im periodSi, romelsac
„katafalkebiT rbolas“ uwodeben.
1953–1985 wlebi sabWoTa sistemis samocdaaTwlian istoriaSi Tavisi arsiT
warmoadgenda „ukuqcevis gzas“. ekonomikis zrdisa da qveynis samxedro–politikuri
siZlieris SenarCunebis fonze sul ufro aSkara xdeboda, rom sabWoTa kavSiri
„ukuqcevis gzas“ daadga. aSkaraa, rom zesaxelmwifos istoria gaiyo or periodad:
ioseb stalinisa da ioseb stalinis Semdgom periodebad. pirveli periodis finali
socializmi iyo, meorisa – kapitalizmi.
sabWoTa kavSiris istoriis meore anu ioseb stalinis Semdgomi periodi (1953–
1991 ww.) Tavis xasiaTiT or etapad iyofa – evoluciur etapad (1953–1985 ww.) da
revoluciur etapad (1985–1991 ww.). meore etapis saboloo Sedegi iyo sabWoTa
sistemis likvidacia da sabWoTa kavSiris daSla.
sabWoTa sistemis ngrevisa da sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis tendenciebma Tavi
iCines jer kidev ioseb stalinis mmarTvelobis periodSi. am tendenciebis Sesaxeb
imxanad aravin saubrobda. aseTi ganwyobileba gagrZelda ioseb stalinis sikvdilis
(1953 w.) Semdegac. ioseb stalinis mier Seqmnil sistemas stabilurobis ramdenime
sartyeli hqonda, ris gamoc misi erTi SeteviT, erTbaSad mospoba warmoudgeneli
iyo. stabilurobis TiToeuli sartyeli cal–calke unda daZleuliyo. es imas
niSnavda, rom mTeli sistemis sabolood mospobas didi dro dasWirdeboda. ioseb
stalinis mier Seqmnili sistemis stabilurobis ukanaskneli sartyeli moispo miwis
gayidvis dakanonebiT. es ki ruseTSi XX da XXI saukuneTa mijnaze moxda, anu
sistemis ngreva daaxloebiT 50 weli gagrZelda.
sabWoTa sazogadoeba didi xnis manZilze ver amCnevda imas, rom nikita
xruSCovis mmarTvelobis wlebSi momxdari didi Cavardnebi (magaliTad,soflis
meurneobis produqciis Semcireba, puris krizisi da a.S.) nikita xruSCovis
„subieqtivizmisa da voluntarizmis“ Sedegi ki ar iyo, aramed sabWoTa sistemis
krizisis gamoxatulebas warmoadgenda. sazogadoeba aseve ver amCnevda imas, rom
leonid breJnevis mmarTvelobis periodSi SemuSavebuli stereotipi – „generaluri
mdivani Rupavs qveyanas“ – sistemis saZirkvelSi dawyebuli seriozuli krizisis
miCqmalvis cda iyo. sazogadoebas arc is hqonda gacnobierebuli, rom, rac leonid
breJnevis mmarTvelobis periodSi xdeboda, daiwyo nikita xruSCovis mmarTvelobis
dros. swrafi tempiT mimdinareobda e.w. „dabali fenebis“ gaxrwna (saxelmwifo
qonebis qurdoba, disciplinis moSla warmoebis sferosa da armiaSi, kriminogenuli
viTarebis gauareseba), dasavluri moralis damkvidrebisaTvis xelis Sewyoba
(milionobiT sabWoTa turistis mogzauroba dasavleT evropisa da amerikis
qveynebSi, uamravi ansamblisa da Teatris gastrolebi dasavleTis qveynebSi,
dasavluri filmebis demonstrireba kinoTeatrebSi da televiziiT). dasavluri
moralis damkvidrebas xels uwyobda yovelgvari sabWouris mimarT cinizmis zrda,
rac Zalze ostaturad keTdeboda. e.w. „maRali sazogadoeba“, romelic SesaniSnavad
iyenebda privilegirebul mdgomareobas, aseve ixrwneboda. adamianTa es kategoria
yvelafers iRebda xelisuflebisagan, magram arafers ar aZlevda saxelmwifos,
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araferi ar ainteresebda, garda Tavisi piradi keTildReobisa. cnobierad Tu

aracnobierad isini imaze fiqrobdnen, Tu rogor ecxovraT „Semdeg“, roca sistemis
aRsasruli dadgeboda.
„dabali“ da „maRali“ sazogadoebis gaxrwnas xels uwyobda sabWoTa
kavSiris politikuri xelmZRvanelobis gaxrwna da is epoqa, romlis arsi
gamoixateba Semdegi sityvebiT: „wavida geniosebis dro, dadga sulebis dro“ (ioseb
stalini). nikita xruSCovi ioseb stalinis adgilze, leonid breJnevi ioseb
stalinis adgilze – es ukve sistemis krizisis maCvenebeli iyo.
„sulelebis“ epoqaSi moxda bevri iseTi ram, rasac sistema gardauvali
krizisisaken mihyavda:
1. ar SemuSavebula epoqis Sesabamisi da mecnierulad dasabuTebuli
politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis koncefcia. ioseb stalinis
pirovnebis kultis kritikis periodSic ki xeluxlebeli darCa XX saukunis 20–30–
ian wlebSi SemuSavebuli Sexedulebani, politikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri da
ideologiuri koncefcia;
2. disciplinis moSla warmoebis sferosa da armiaSi;
3. saxelmwifo da sakolmeurneo qonebis ganukiTxavi Zarcva mosaxleobis
yvela fenis mier;
4. mosaxleobis qonebrivi diferenciacia, ukanonod miRebuli SemosavlebiT
sazogadoebis mcire nawilis gamdidreba;
5. korufciis damkvidreba qveyanaSi – skkp centraluri komitetis generaluri
mdivnis ojaxidan dawyebuli kolmeurneobis Tavmjdomaris ojaxiT damTavrebuli;
6. sazogadoebis kriminalizacia, kriminaluri dajgufebebisa da klanebis
batonoba;
7. yvela donis arCevnebis maskaradad gadaqceva. maskarad iqca rogorc skkp
centraluri komitetis generaluri mdivnis, ise kolmeurneobis Tavmjdomaris
arCevnebi;
8. mravalerovan saxelmwifoSi rusuli velikoderJavuli Sovinizmis parpaSi,
erovnuli sakiTxis sruli ignorireba;
9. dasavlur samyarosa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris „rkinis fardis“
ararsebobis, anu dasavluri samyaros Sesaxeb informaciis ganuxreli zrdis
pirobebSi kapitalizmTan SedarebiT socializmis upiratesobaTa urcxvad
mtkiceba.
10. mosaxleobis ekonomikuri da socialuri mdgomareobis mudmivi
gauaresebis pirobebSi presis, radiosa da televiziis mier imisi Tavxeduri
mtkiceba, rom „cxovreba gaxda gacilebiT ukeTesi“.
11. xelisuflebis (partiulis, sabWoTa) yvela rgolis gaxrwna, ufskrulis
gaCena xalxsa da xelisuflebas Soris.
12. sabWoTa xelisuflebis sruli TviTkomprometacia qveynis
mosaxleobisa da saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis TvalSi.
nikita xruSCovis moRvaweobis arsi gamoixateboda SemdegSi: sxvadasxva
garemoebaTa gamo xelSi Cagdebuli Zalauflebisa da zesaxelmwifos mmarTvis
sadaveebis SenarCuneba. yovelive es kargad sCans 1953–1956 wlebSi ganviTarebuli
movlenebis Suqze: lavrenti berias sikvdiliT dasja, Sinagan saqmeTa saministrosa
da saxelmwifo uSiSroebis saministros xelmZRvanel muSakTa (ministrebi,
moadgileebi, sammarTveloebis ufrosebi) ganadgureba moskovsa da mokavSire
respublikebSi; ioseb stalinis momxreebis e.w. „antipartiuli jgufis“ ganadgureba;
mokavSire respublikebis politikuri xelmZRvanelobis Secvla; sakadro
cvlilebebi armiasa da flotSi da sxv. yovelive amiT nikita xruSCovma nebsiT Tu
uneblieT daiwyo sabWoTa sistemis ngreva.
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sabWoTa sistemis ngrevis gzaze umniSvnelovanes mijnas warmoadgenda nikita

xruSCovis moxseneba skkp XX yrilobis daxurul sxdomaze (1956 w.) da skkp
centraluri komitetis 1956 wlis 30 ivnisis dadgenileba ioseb stalinis
pirovnebis kultisa da misi Sedegebis daZlevis Sesaxeb. nikita xruSCovi arc ise
meamiti iyo, rom ar scodnoda: yvelaferi uaryofiTi, rasac igi ioseb stalins
miawerda _ exeboda sabWoTa sistemas, sabWoTa saxelmwifos. nikita xruSCovma
aqcenti politikur represiebze gadaitana da mizansac miaRwia: uamravi adamiani,
romelTa axloblebi da naTesavebi politikur represiebs Seewira, nikita
xruSCovis madlieri darCa. cxadia, imxanad yuradReba aravis miuqcevia imisaTvis Tu
rodis daiwyo politikuri represiebi sabWoTa kavSirSi – ioseb stalinis qveynis
xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosvlis Semdeg Tu gacilebiT adre. 1956 wlisaTvis
gasaidumloebuli iyo is masala, romelic mxolod ramdenime aTeuli wlis Semdeg
gaxda cnobili. 1917 wlis Teberval–martis revoluciis gamarjvebisa da monarqiis
damxobis dRisaTvis petrogradis or cnobil sapyrobileSi politpatimarTa
umniSvnelo raodenoba iyo: SliselburgSi – 63 kaci, kretSi – 50, irkutskis
sapyrobileSi – 20. represiebisa masStabi da politpatimarTa raodenoba swrafi
tempiT izrdeboda 1917 wlis oqtombris gadatrialebis Semdeg. 1920 wlis
bolosaTvis sabWoTa ruseTis 43 guberniaSi 84 sakoncentracio banaki arsebobda. am
banakebSi sasjels ixdida 25.336 kaci. maT garda banakebSi sasjels ixdida 24.000
„samoqalaqo omis tyve“, ZiriTadad mefis armiisa da TeTri armiebis oficrebi da
jariskacebi. sakoncentracio banakebis gantvirTvis mizniT aTasobiT
politpatimars bornebze aTavsebdnen da Semdeg mdinareebSi axrCobdnen. 1923
wlisaTvis sabWoTa kavSiris sapatimroTa mTavari sammarTvelos sistemis 335
sakoncenetracio banakSi sasjels ixdida 68.297 kaci, yovelive es kargad uwyoda
nikita xruSCovma, igi am represiebis TviTmxilveli da monawile iyo. 1956 wels
nikita xruSCovs Wkua eyo da politikuri represiebi erTi adamianis – ioseb
stalinis – nebis gamovlinebad warmoadgina. masam es daijera kidec. magram yoveli
moazrovne adamianisaTvis, sabWoTa kavSirSic da sazRvargareTac, cxadi iyo:
politikuri represiebi, XX saukunis 20–ian wlebSic, 30–ian wlebSic da 50–iani
wlebis damdegsac, sabWoTa wyobilebis bunebidan gamomdinareobda da igi
xelisuflebis SenarCunebisaTvis iyo aucilebeli. 20–ian wlebSi ioseb stalini,
rom xelisuflebisaTvis CamoecilebinaT politikur represiebs gaatarebda is, vinc
xelisuflebis saTaveSi aRmoCndeboda (lev trocki, grigol zinovievi, lev kamenevi,
nikolai buxarini da sxv.). nikita xruSCovis ugunurma politikam kacobriobis
winaSe sabWoTa sistemis fizionomia warmoaCina.
riT iyo gapirobebuli nikita xruSCovis saSinao da sagareo politika,
romelic Zirs uTxrida sabWoTa sistemas da e.w. socialistur banaks? meamiti
adamianic ki ar daijerebs imas, rom 1953–1956 wlebSi da ufro mogvianebiTac
(1964 wlamde) sabWoTa kavSiris politikuri xelmZRvaneloba an piradad nikita
xruSCovi gadawyvetilebebs iRebda dasavluri samyaros specsamsaxurebis
gavleniT. nikita xruSCovs namdvilad hqonda survili ioseb stalinis
mmarTvelobis wlebSi SemuSavebuli saSinao da sagareo politikis principebis
Secvlisa, politikuri da ekonomikuri reformebis gatarebisa, zogierTi
ideologiuri dogmis uaryofisa. aseTi azri dasavluri samyaros
specsamsaxurebis yovelgvari Carevis gareSe sabWoTa kavSiris politikur
xelmZRvanelobaSi jer kidev ioseb stalinis sicocxlis bolo wlebSi
momwifda. am azris matarebeli mxolod nikita xruSCovi ar yofila.
mTlianobaSi aRebuli es iyo savsebiT kanonzomieri movlena. amasTan erTad
nikita xruSCovi da im periodis politikuri elita mzad ar iyo am urTulesi
amocanis gadasaWrelad. ar iyo is inteleqtualuri Zala, romelic sabWoTa
sistemis gardaqmnis mecnierulad gaazrebul, kompleqsur programas
SeimuSavebda da misi realizaciis strategiasac dasaxavda. amitom iyo, rom
 7

nikita xruSCovis gauazrebeli reformebi absurdamde midioda. im periodis

verc erTma reformam sasurveli Sedegi ver gamoiRo – zesaxelmwifo qaosma
moicva. gansakuTrebiT savalalo mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda ekonomika, socialuri
sfero.
nikita xruSCoviseulma „daTbobam“ niadagi moumzada mixeil gorbaCoviseul
„gardaqmnas“, nikita xruSCovma Caatara eqsperimenti, romelmac pasuxi gasca
kiTxvebs: 1) ramdeni weli SeiZleba gastinos zesaxelmwifoSi „mmarTvelobiTma
absurdma“; 2) ramdeni weli SeiZleba takimasxaram iTamaSos idiotis roli da Tan
gegmazomierad angrios zesaxelmwifo. dRes am kiTxvaze Cven SegviZlia zusti pasuxi
gavceT: aTi weli.
„daTbobisa“ da „gardaqmnis“ Sedarebisas yuradRebas ipyrobs erTi garemoeba:
mixeil gorbaCovs gverdSi edga kargad organizebuli, udaod niWieri da
ganaTlebuli adamianebis jgufi, nikita xruSCovi ki „mmarTvelobiT absurdSi“
praqtikulad martodmarto moqmedebda.
dRes Cven ver vupasuxebT metad mniSvnelovan kiTxvas: sabWoTa sistemis
likvidaciasa da sabWoTa kavSiris daSlaSi vis ekuTvnis pirveloba – mixeil
gorbaCovs Tu nikita xruSCovs? Tumca am kiTxvas 1964 wels garkveulwilad
upasuxa oTxmocdaaTi wlis uinston CerCilma: „samwuxarod amJamad cocxalia
adamiani, romelmac sabWoTa qveyanas imaze 1000–jer meti ziani miayena, vidre me. esaa
nikita xruSCovi. modiT, taSi davukraT mas!“
nikita xruSCovis moRvaweobis Sefasebisas aucilebelia daisvas kiTxva: XX
saukunis 50–iani wlebis damdegis politikurma da samxedro elitam rogor dauSva
ioseb stalinis Semdeg zesaxelmwifos politikuri xelmZRvanelobis saTaveSi
iseTi medrovis mosvla rogoric nikita xruSCovi iyo? nikita xruSCovi ar yofila
ioseb stalinis politikuri memkvidre, yvelasaTvis cnobili iyo ioseb stalinis
agdebuli damokidebuleba nikita xruSCovisadmi. maS ra moxda? imdroindeli
politikuri elitis cnobilma warmomadgenlebma lavrenti beriam, viaCeslav
molotovma, giorgi malenkovma da samxedro elitis aranakleb mniSvnelovanma
figurebma rogor dauSves nikita xruSCovis gapirvelkaceba? cxadia, amaSic
dasavleTis qveynebis specsamsaxurebs ver daadanaSauleben. mTeli pasuxismgebloba
ekisreba politikur da samxedro elitas, im politikosebs da samxedroebs,
romelTac 1953 wels nikita xruSCovi imave motiviT gaapirvelkaces, ra motiviTac
1613 wels ruseTis saerobo krebam mefed airCia yvela kandidats Soris uaresi –
axalgarda, magram ukve fizikurad dauZlurebuli (gadaadgileba uWirda) da
gonebasusti mixeil romanovi. Tavis upiratesobaSi darwmunebuli saerobo krebis
elita, ZirZveli boiarebi, ironiulad ambobdnen: „dae avirCioT...“ ufro metic, petre
didis sikvdilis (1725 w.) Semdeg ruseTis imperiis taxtze zedized sami medrove
(ekaterine I, petre II, ana) aRmoCnda. isini ruseTs sakmao didxans, 1725–1740 wlebSi,
ganagebdnen. zustad igive moxda 1953 wels. yvelam raRac „gaTvala“, Tavisi
araseriozulobiT cnobili nikita xruSCovis gapirvelkaceba yvelas „raRacis“
gamo aZlevdla xels... saxelmwifos interesebi 1953 wels (iseve rogorc 1613 wels,
1725 wels da Semdgomac mravalgzis) aravis gaxsenebia. nikita xruSCovis
gapirvelkacebas SemTxveviTobas ver mivawerT. ioseb stalini ise gardaicvala, rom
sabWoTa kavSirSi ar arsebula saxelmwifo xelisuflebis cvlis meqanizmi.
konstitucia faratina qaRalds warmoadgenda; yvela donis arCevnebi (maT Soris
umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organosic) maskaradad iyo qceuli; zesaxelmwifo
konstituciisa da kanonebis gverdiT avliT imarTeboda; umaRles sakanonmdeblo da
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis organoebze, sasamarTloze maRla idga erTi
adamianis neba. yovelive aman ganapiroba is, rom ioseb stalinis gardacvalebis
 8

Semdeg daiwyo xelisuflebisaTvis brZola, romelic arafriT ar iyo

reglamentirebuli. es iyo „brZola wesebis gareSe“.
ioseb stalinis gardacvalebis Semdeg xelisuflebisTvis dawyebuli
“wesebis gareSe brZolaSi” nikita xruSCovs SemTxveviT ar gaumarjvia. jer
kidev ioseb stalinis sicocxlis bolo wlebSi sabWoTa kavSiris politikur
da samxedro elitaSi qveynis politikur xelmZRvanelobaSi momwifda azri,
romelic SeiZleba Semdegi sityvebiT SeiZleba gamoixatos: “ioseb stalinis
mmarTvelobis dasasruli ar unda gamxdariyo lavrenti berias mmarTvelobis
dasawyisi.” sabWoTa kavSiris politikuri xelmZRvanelobis saTaveSi
ormocdacameti wlis lavrenti berias mosvla imas niSnavda, rom kremlSi
qarTvelTa batonoba kidev didxans gagrZeldeboda. amis garantias iZleoda
lavrenti berias niWi, gamocdileba da asaki. nikita xruSCovi zesaxelmwifos
politikuri xelmZRvanelobis saTaveSi im politikurma da samxedro elitam
miiyvana, romelsac lavrenti berias gapirvelkaceba ar surda. cxadia, nikita
xruSCovi “gardamavali periodis mmarTvelad” ganixileboda da imas veravin
warmoidgenda, rom igi mTel aT wels dahyofda qveynis politikuri
xelmZRvanelobis saTaveSi. cxadia, roca politikuri da samxedro elitis nebiT
nikita xruSCovi lavrenti berias daupirispirda, igi did riskze wavida.
lavrenti berias mkvlelobis Semdeg politikurma da samxedro elitam nikita
xruSCovis gadayeneba scada magram uSedegod _ medrovem veragobiTa
daundoblobiT yvelas ajoba.
nikita xruSCovis „mmarTvelobiTi absurdis“ periodis (1953–1964 ww.) mTavari
uaryofiTi Sedegi mainc is iyo, rom daiwyo sabWoTa sistemis, sabWoTa kavSiris
TviTkompromentaciis procesi. am procesis dawyeba umTavresad gapirobebuli iyo
ara dasavluri samyaros specsamsaxurebis mizanswrafuli moRvaweobiT, aramed
pirvel rigSi, piradad nikita xruSCovis, qveynis politikuri xelmZRvanelobis da
imdroindeli politikuri elitis ugunuri, antisaxelmwifoebrivi moRvaweobiT.
1964 wlis oqtomberSi ganxorcielebuli gadatrialebis Sedegad sabWoTa
kavSiris politikuri xelmZRvanelobis saTaveSi leonid breJnevi movida. iseve
rogorc 1953 wels, 1964 welsac adgili hqonda “brZolas wesebis gareSe.”
xelisuflebis gadacemis konstituciuri meqanizmi kvlavac ar arsebobda. nikita
xruSCovis winaaRmdeg SeTqmulebaSi monawileoba leonid breJnevis mxridan Zalian
gabedul nabijs warmoadgenda. manamde igi ar gamoirCeoda gansakuTrebuli
aqtiurobiT, ar iyo gabeduli, riskiani adamiani.
sruliad bunebrivad ismis kiTxva: saerTod ratom dadga leonid
breJnevis gapirvelkacebis sakiTxi? nikita xruSCovis gadayenebas sakmaod
Wkviani da gamocdili adamianebi amzadeben. maT kargad icodnen Tu ra
araraobas warmoadgenda leonid breJnevi, Tumca arCevani mainc masze SeaCeres.
es ganpirobebuli iyo ori mizeziT. pirveli. Tu nikita xruSCovis winaaRmdeg
mowyobili SeTqmuleba gamJRavndeboda, SeTqmulebi yvelafers leonid breJnevs
gadaabralebdnen; meore. SeTqmulebis warmatebis SemTxvevaSi ki
gapirvelkacdeboda, magram, SeTqmulTa azriT, garkveuli periodis Semdeg misi
Tavidan mocileba advili iqneboda.
marTalia leonid breJnevi ar ganekuTvneboda Tanamdebobrivi
dawinaurebisaTvis, xelisuflebisaTvis aqtiurad mebrZol adamianebs, magram es
imas sulac ar niSnavda, rom igi zedmiwevniT kargad ar flobda
xelisuflebisaTvis brZolis meTodebs. es codna leonid breJnevma SesaniSnavad
gamoiyena – misave TanamebrZolebis qveynis politikuri xelmZRZvanelobidan
gandevnis procesSi.
leonid breJnevi niWiT, politikosisaTvis aucilebeli alRoTi,
gamocdilebiT, mizandasaxulobiT, gabedulebiT bevrad Camouvardeboda nikita
xruSCovs. leonid breJnevs ar hqonda arc politikosis, arc diplomatis, arc
Teoretikosis, arc mxedarTmTavris niWi. es iyo gaunaTlebeli adamiani. Tu yvela
 9

monacems gavaanalizebT cxadi gaxdeba, rom leonid breJnevi SeiZleboda yofiliyo

sameurneo xaziT – kolmeurneobis Tavmjdomare an qarxnis direqtori, partiuli
xaziT – skkp saqalaqo an raionuli komitetis mdivani. am Tanamdebobebze muSaobaSic
mas didad SeuSlida xels ori uaryofiTi Tviseba – sizarmace da loToba.
Tu ioseb stalinis ocdaaTwliani mmarTvelobis Semdgom SesaZlebeli gaxda
nikita xruSCovisTana uRirsis zesaxelmwifos politikuri xelmZRvanelobis
saTaveSi mosvla, cxadia, araferia sakvirveli imaSi, rom nikita xruSCovis
aTwliani „mmarTvelobiTi absurdis“ Semdeg sabWoTa kavSirSi xelisuflebis
saTaveSi aRmoCnda kidev ufro uRirsi leonid breJnevi. nikita xruSCovma daamtkica,
rom saxelmwifo SeiZleba sulelmac marTos, leonid breJnevma ki daamtkica, rom
saxelmwifo SeiZleba saerTod ar marTo...
leonid breJnevis mosvla qveynis politikuri xelmZRvanelobis saTaveSi imas
niSnavda, rom sabWoTa wyobilebis, sabWoTa kavSiris TviTkomprometaciis procesi
kidev ufro gaRrmavdeboda.
leonid breJnevs ar SeumuSavebia politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri
ganviTarebis axali strategia. ara da nikita xruSCovis gauazrebeli reformebis
wyalobiT zesaxelmwifo ukiduresad mZime mdgomareobaSi iyo. aucilebeli iyo
saswrafo RonisZiebebis gatareba, raTa ekonomikaSi krizisuli viTarebis daZleva
dawyebuliyo. amis nacvlad zesaxelmwifos pirveli piri dakavebuli iyo partiul
da saxelmwifo aparatSi ZalTa dabalansebiT, Tavisi momxreebis dawinaurebiT,
arasasurvelTa mocilebiT. swored amitom „sakadro TamaSebiT“ garTul leonid
breJnevs SeumCneveli darCa bevri politikuri intriga, romelic mas garSemo
ixlarTeboda. man aitaca dasavlur samyaroSi SemuSavebuli da sabWoTa
kavSirisaTvis damRupveli bevri proeqti (ganiaraReba, navTobis eqsporti, adamianis
uflebaTa dacva da a.S.). leonid breJnevs arc ki gauanalizebia ungreTSi sabWoTa
jarebis mier ajanyebis CaxSobis (1956 w.) didi uaryofiTi Sedegebi, ise miiRo
gadawyvetileba CexoslovakiaSi jarebis Seyvanis Taobaze (1968 w.). ungreTsa da
CexoslovakiaSi jarebis Seyvanas Sedegad mohyva sabWoTa kavSiris saerTaSoriso
avtoritetis Selaxva. xsenebuli movlenebis uaryofiTi Sedegebis
gauTvaliswinebloba leonid breJnevs meore did Secdomad daujda – sabWoTa
kavSiri poloneTis Sinaur saqmeebSi Caeria, riTac biZgi misca e.w. socialisturi
banakis daSlas. leonid breJnevs warmodgenac ki ar hqonda meore msoflio omis
damTavrebidan 20–30 wlis Semdeg aRmosavleT evropis e.w. socialisturi banakis
qveynebSi patriotul, antikomunistur, antisabWoTa, antirusul ZalTa siZliereze.
igi 1975 wlis aRmosavleT evropasa da 1945 wlis aRmosavleT evropas Soris
veraviTar gansxvavebas ver xedavda. leonid breJnevis, rogorc politikosisa da
diplomatis, srul uvicobaze metyvelebs avRaneTSi sabWoTa jarebis Seyvanis
Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miReba (1979 w.). am gadawyvetilebiT sabWoTa kavSiris
politikurma xelmZRvanelobam daadastura, rom sabWoTa kavSirs krizisidan
gamosvlis aranairi Sansi ar hqonda – ngrevis procesi Seuqcevadi iyo.
nikita xruSCovi garemocvisaTvis ase Tu ise umarTavi pirovneba iyo, misi
moqmedebis prognozireba Zneli iyo. politikur da samxedro elitas,
umniSvnelovanes saxelmwifo da partial Tanamdebobebze myof adamianebs
garantirebuli araferi hqondaT. leonid breJnevs ki garemocva, ufro zustad
klani, marTavda. klanSi Cven ar vgulisxmobT skkp centraluri komitetis
politbiuros. klani warmoadgenda leonid breJnevis ojaxis wevrebs, naTesavebsa da
megobrebs. medroveTa am xrovas arc morali hqonda da arc saxelmwifoebrivi
azrovnebis niSanwyali etyoboda. klani qveyanas Zarcvavda da mxolod pirad
keTildReobaze zrunavda. sabWoTa kavSiris umaRles politikur xelmZRvanelobaSi
klanuri mmarTvelobis damyarebas mohyva klanuri mmarTvelobis damyareba
mokavSire respublikebis xelmZRvanelobasa da ufro dabal rgolebSic (olqebSi,
 10

raionebsa da qalaqebSi). klanebis Zalaufleba SeuzRudavi iyo rogorc centrSi,

ise adgilebze (respublikebSi, olqebSi). leonid breJnevis klanis neba kanonze da
TviT konstituciaze maRla idga.
ratom ar gauwia klanuri mmarTvelobis damyarebas winaaRmdegoba sabWoTa
kavSiris politikurma da samxedro elitam? nikita xruSCovis „mmarTvelobiTi
qaosis“ aTwleulis Semdeg politikuri da samxedro elita mSvid cxovrebas
eswrafoda, klanuri mmarTveloba ki swored mSvidi cxovrebis sawindari iyo.
politikurma da samxedro elitam saxelmwifos interesebi ugulebelyo da uwyebriv
an regionalur klanebSi moikalaTa da mSvidi cxovreba daiwyo. nikita
xruSCoviseuli „mmarTvelobiTi qaosi“ leonid breJneviseulma „mSvidma
mmarTvelobam“ Sescvala.
leonid breJnevis „mSvidi mmarTvelobis“ periodSi (1964–1982 ww.)
saxelmwifos biujetis Sevsebis mTavar wyaros navTobis eqsportidan miRebuli
Semosavali warmoadgenda. leonid breJnevis klani arc ki fiqrobda ekonomikis
gajansaRebaze, mTavari ekonomikuri strategia navTobis, gazis da sxva nedleulis
eqsports gulisxmobda. dasavleTSi sabWoTa kavSirs aRiqvamdnen rogorc
nedleulis mimwodebel qveyanas. 1964 wlisaTvis sabWoTa kavSiri industriuli
ganviTarebis mesame stadiaSi imyofeboda da amerikis SeerTebul Statebs
CamorCeboda ara produqciis raodenobiT, aramed xarisxiT. leonid breJnevis
mmarTvelobis wlebSi aqcenti unda gakeTebuliyo xarisxobrivi maCveneblebis
gaumjobesebaze. amis sanacvlod mrewvelobis produqciis raodenobrivi
maCveneblebic Semcirda, xolo xarisxobrivi maCveneblebi kidev ufro gauaresda.
navTobis eqsportiT miRebuli Semosavlis mcire nawilic ki ar moxmarebia
samrewvelo simZlavreebis ganaxlebas, axali teqnologiebis danergvas. navTobis
gayidviT miRebuli asobiT miliardi dolari ixarjeboda sakvebi produqtis,
tansacmlis, medikamentebis da sxv. Sesyidvaze. didi raodenobiT fuls itacebda
leonid breJnevis klani, uwyebrivi da regionaluri klanebi, danaSaulebrivi
dajgufebani.
leonid breJnevis klanma gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobiT fulis miTviseba
XX saukunis 70–iani wlebis damdegidan daiwyo. ekonomikis ngrevac am periodidan
gansakuTrebiT Zlierdeba. klanurma azrovnebam saerTod Cakla saxelmwifoebrivi
azrovneba. sabWoTa kavSirSi Camoyalibeba daiwyo „Crdilovanma ekonomikam“.
Crdilovani ekonomika nTqavda saxelmwifo ekonomikas, batonobda masze. leonid
breJnevis klani iyo Crdilovani ekonomikis mTavari mfarveli. umZimesi mdgomareoba
iyo regionebSi (mokavSire respublikebSi, olqebSi). regionaluri liderebi
erTmaneTs ejibrebodnen saxelmwifo qonebis Zarcvasa da Crdilovani ekonomikis
waxalisebaSi. regionebSi danaSaulebrivi gziT dagrovil did fuls mokavSire
respublikebisa da olqebis xelmZRvanelebi moskovSi leonid breJnevis klanTan
daaxloebisaTvis an sulac moskovSi gadabargebisaTvis iyenebdnen. Crdilovani
ekonomikis Sesaxeb informacia vrceldeboda, magram klanebi mis SezRudvas aravis
anebebdnen. sazogadoeba Crdilovani ekonomikis arsebobas „cexovikis“ moRvaweobis
magaliTze grZnobda. Crdilovani ekonomikis pirmSos „cexovikis“ komerciuli „niWi“
imaSi gamoixateboda rom Zlieri mfarveliT gaTamamebuli SeuzRudavad Zarcvavda
saxelmwifo qonebas da miRebul Semosavals Tavis mfarvels abarebda (cxadia,
„cexoviki“ Tavis Tavsac ar iviwyebda). ufro gasagebad rom vTqvaT „cexoviki“
saxelmwifos kuTvnil (samamulo an importul) nedleuls ufasod iRebda,
saxelmwifos kuTvnili teqnikis (manqana–danadgarebis) gamoyenebiT amzadebda
produqcias, magram miRebuli Semosavali saxelmwifo xazinaSi ar Sehqonda.
„cexovikebis“ perioduli darbevebi da dapatimrebebi mxolod sazogadoebis Tvalis
axvevis mizniT xorcieldeboda. „cexoviki“ Crdilovani ekonomikis ganuyofeli
nawili iyo, ris gamoc mis winaaRmdeg brZolas azri ar hqonda.
 11

Crilovan ekonomikas hqonda Tavis arsebobis wesi: finansireba, kontroli

warmoebaze, miRebuli Semosavlebis ganawileba, ideologia, inteleqtualuri
centrebi da bolos – „Crdilovani ministrTa sabWo“. erTi sityviT, es iyo
„saxelmwifo saxelmwifoSi“.
leonid breJnevis mmarTvelobis wlebSi korufciaSi Caeflo skkp
centraluri da adgilobrivi (saqalaqo, raionuli) organoebi, sakanonmdeblo,
aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo xelisufleba. korufciis gziT mniSvnelovan
Tanamdebobebze mokalaTebuli moxeleebi Semosavlis wyarod saxelmwifo
qonebis qurdobas aqcevdnen. yovelive es xdeboda miliciis, prokuraturisa da
sasamarTlos organoebTan SeTanxmebiT. korufciam da saxelmwifo qonebis
qurdobam fexi moikida armiaSi. armiaSi qurdoba mcire masStabidan (jariskacis
ulufis moparvidan) daiwyo da male warmoudgenel masStabebs (samxedro
teqnikisa da strategiuli nedleulis qurdoba) miaRwia. didi raodenobiT
saxelmwifo qoneba niavdebida aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis teritoriaze
ganlagebul sabWoTa jarSi. korufciis wyarod iyo qceuli sayovelTao
savaldebulo samxedro samsaxurSi (jarSi) gawvevis mTeli sistema.
“Crdilovanma ekonomikam” da saxelmwifo qonebis Zarcvam moSala sabWoTa
(saxelmwifo) ekonomika, korufciis damkvidrebam xelisuflebis yvela rgolSi
(gansakuTrebiT Sinagan saqmeTa saministros, prokuraturasa da sasamarTlo
sistemaSi) Ziri gamouTxara socialur da politikur sistemas.
leonid breJnevis mmarTvelobis dasasrulisaTvis (XX saukunis 80–iani
wlebis damdegs) sabWoTa kavSirSi fufunebiT cxovrobda daaxloebiT 600 aTasi
ojaxi (2,5 – 3 milioni adamiani). yovelwliurad am ojaxebis mier moxmarebuli
fulis saerTo raodenobaSi (100%) oficialuri SemosavliT (xelfasiT) miRebuli
fuli mxolod 1–3%–s udrida. am 600 aTasi ojaxidan umravlesobas Seadgendnen e.w.
nomenklaturuli muSakebi, romlebic „Crdilovani ekonomikidan“ iRebdnen ukanono
Semosavals, an hqondaT sxva ukanono Semosavali.
klanebis batonobis Sedegi iyo is, rom sabWoTa kavSiris ekonomika erTi
centridan mxolod formalurad imarTeboda, yvela rgolSi gamefebuli iyo qaosi.
magaliTad, sabWoTa kavSirSi yovelwliurad lpeboda moweuli xorblis 30% (ar
kmaroda xorblis saSrobebi). amave dros didi raodenobiT fuli ixarjeboda
xorblis mosavlianobis gaumjobesebisaTvis (e.i. kidev ufro didi raodenobiT
xorbali rom dampaliyo), xolo xorblis saSrobebis aSenebaze aravin fiqrobda.
didi raodenobiT fuli ixarjeboda axali, didi samrewvelo simZlavreebis
mSeneblbaze, xolo axali teqnologiebis gareSe darCenili Zveli qarxnebi wagebaze
muSaobdnen, uxarisxo prduqcias uSvebdnen. saboloo jamSi mixeil gorbaCovma
Caibara saxelmwifo, romelsac gaaCnda didi samrewvelo simZlavreebi, romelTa
erTi nawilis produqcias dasavluri samyaro moixmarda, xolo meore nawilis
produqcia imdenad uxarisxo iyo, rom mas momxmarebeli ar hyavda. swored es iyo
mizezi sabWoTa kavSirSi xarisxiani saqonlis mwvave deficitisa.
cxadia, leonid breJnevi uZluri iyo Seeqmna xelisuflis Secvlis saimedo
sistema. es sistema unda damyareboda sabWoTa kavSiris konstitucias.
xelisuflebis Secvlis saimedo, konstituciuri meqanizmis ararseboba leonid
breJnevis sicocxlis bolo wlebSi amwvavebda xelisuflebisaTvis brZolas. amis
gamo leonid breJnevis gardacvalebac saidumloebiTaa moculi.
leonid breJnevis politikuri memkvidre iuri andropovi (1982–1984 ww.)
saidumloebiT mocul viTarebaSi movida sabWoTa kavSiris politikur
xelmZRvanelobaSi. 1967 wels leonid breJnevma TviT skkp centraluri komitetis
politbiuros wevrebisaTvis moulodnelad, saswrafod, SeTiTxnili braldebiT
Tanamdebobidan gaaTavisufla sabWoTa kavSiris ministrTa sabWosTan arsebuli
saxelmwifo uSiSroebis komitetis Tavmjdomare v. semiCastni da mis nacvlad iuri
andropovi daniSna. leonid breJnevis gardacvalebis droisaTvis (1982 w.) iuri
 12

andropovs ukve didi avtoriteti hqonda. man dasZlia konkurenti konstantine

Cernenkos winaaRmdegoba da sabWoTa kavSiris politikuri xelmZRvanelobis
saTaveSi aRmoCnda. iuri andlropovi iyo adamiani, romelic kargad uTavsebda
erTmaneTs garegnuli liberalizmsa da Sinagan sisastikes.
1983 wlis ivnisSi skkp centraluri komitetis plenumze iuri andropovma
ganacxada: 1) saTanado doneze ar iyo Seswavlili sabWoTa sazogadoeba, kerZod, am
sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli kanonzomierebani, gansakuTrebiT
ekonomikuri, 2) yovelive zemoT Tqmuli gaxda mizezi imisa, rom sabWoTa kavSiris
politikuri xelmZRvaneloba moqmedebda empiriulad, araracionalurad, cdebiTa
da SecdomebiT.
iuri andropovis es sityvebi maSinve sxvadasxvagvarad iqna gagebuli,
eZebdnen qveteqsts. erT–erTi versiiT iuri andropovs undoda eTqva: sabWoTa
politikuri xelmZRvaneloba, sabWoTa ideologia mecnierebs ar aZlevda
saSualebas realurad, obieqturad SeefasebinaT sabWoTa sistema, misi ganviTarebis
kanonzomierebani da miRweuli Sedegebi.
sabWoTa kavSiris politikuri xelmZRvanelobis saTaveSi mosuli iuri
andropovi Tavisi xanmokle moRvaweobis manZilze erTaderT mizans isaxavda:
zesaxelmwifos miyvana srul absurdamde. am miznis miRwevisaTvis brZolas igi
ostaturad niRbavda, magaliTad, iseTi populisturi RonisZiebiT, rogorc iyo
SromiTi disciplinis aRdgena warmoebebsa da dawesebulebebSi.
iuri andropovs Zlieri mtrebi hyavda. 1983 wlis ivnisSi skkp centraluri
komitetis plenumze mas zemoT xsenebuli sityva gaawyvetina skkp centraluri
komitetis mdivanma konstantine Cernenkom da ganacxada: „sxvaTaSoris CemTvis
cnobilia, rom am darbazSi arian adamianebi, romlebic Tavs uflebas aZleven
ucxoelebTan saubrebSi gaavrcelon CvenTvis mavne informacia. me amjerad ar
davasaxeleb gvarebs, amxanagebma TviTon ician vin myavs me mxedvelobaSi. dae maT
daixsomon – es maTTvis ukanaskneli gafrTxilebaa“. skkp centraluri komitetis
wevrebi kargad mixvdnen, rom es „ukanaskneli gafrTxileba“ pirvel rigSi iuri
andropovs exeboda.
iuri andropovi unda mixvedriliyo, rom misi mocileba undodaT. imasac unda
mimxvdariyo, rom misi mocilebiT mixeil gorbaCovs ukvalavdnen gzas. albaT es iyo
mizezi iuri andropovsa da mixeil gorbaCovs Soris urTierTobis gauaresebisa.
sicocxlis bolo TveebSi iuri andropovi TavisTan xSirad iwvevda skkp
centraluri komitetis politbiuros wevrebs, oRond ara mixeil gorbaCovs.
mxolod uSualod sikvdilis win Sexvda iuri andropovi mixeil gorbaCovsa da egor
ligaCovs.
iuri andropovis sikvdili iseve saidumloebiTaa moculi, rogorc leonid
breJnevisa. iuri andropovis politikuri memkvidre konstantine Cernenko (1984–1985),
marTalia, ukve mZimed avadmyofi movida sabWoTa kavSiri politikuri
xelmZRvanelobis saTaveSi, magram arsebobs versia, rom misi gardacvalebac
xelovnurad daaCqares.
ra iyo mizezi iuri andropovisa da konstantine Cernenkos mwvave
dapirispirebisa? iyo Tu ara es politikur da samxedro elitaSi, sabWoTa
kavSiris politikur xelmZRvanelobaSi ori dajgufebis dapirispireba,
romelTagan erTis mizani iyo sabWoTa sistemis likvidacia da sabWoTa kavSiris
dapirispireba (iuri andropovi), xolo meorisa sabWoTa sistemisa da sabWoTa
kavSiris SenarCuneba (konstantine Cernenko)? iuri andropovi sabWoTa sistemis
likvidaciis kargad gaazrebuli gegmis ganxorcielebas cdilobda, mas mxars
uWerda dasavluri samyaro. konstantine Cernenkos aranairi gegma ar gaaCnda,
misi momxreebi mxolod arsebulis SenarCunebas _ leonid breJneviseuli epoqis
gaxangrZlivebas cdilobdnen. maSin ratom dauSva dasavlurma samyarom iuri
andropovis gardacvalebis Semdeg konstantine Cernenkos sabWoTa kavSiris
 13

politikuri cxovrebis saTaveSi mosvla? am movlenas erTaderTi axsna aqvs:

konstantine Cernenkos mmarTvelobis periodSi sabWoTa sistemis, sabWoTa
kavSiris TviTkomprometaciis procesi bolomde unda misuliyo, rac
mniSvnelovnad gaaadvilebda “gardaqmnis” dawyebas. avadmyofi konstantine
Cernenko da misi momxreebi rRvevis procesis SeCerebas sul erTia mainc ver
SeZlebdnen.
leonid breJnevis gardacvalebis (1982 w.) Semdeg vinc ar unda mosuliyo
sabWoTa kavSiris politikuri xelmZRvanelobis saTaveSi sabWoTa sistemis,
sabWoTa kavSiris SenarCuneba SeuZlebeli iyo, dasavlur samyaros specsamsaxurebs
imdenad Zlieri pozicia hqondaT, rom arasasurveli politikuri lideris Tavidan
mocileba maTTvis did sirTules ar warmoadgenda, dasavluri samyaros
specsamsaxurebis did gamarjvebas warmoadgenda is, rom sabWoTa politikur da
samxedro elitas sabWoTa sistemis, sabWoTa kavSiris gadarCenis gegmis monaxazic ki
ar gaaCnda, xolo dasavlur samyaros ki ukve mzad hqonda sabWoTa sistemis
likvidaciisa da sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis kompleqsuri programa.
ioseb stalinis gardacvalebiT axali epoqa daiwyo sabWoTa sistemis
istoriaSi – daiwyo ngreva. ngrevis periodi sakmaod didxans gagrZelda. igi moicavs
nikita xruSCovis „mmarTvelobiTi qaosis“ periods (1953–1964 ww.) leonid breJnevis
„mSvidi mmarTvelobis“ periods (1964–1982 ww.), iuri andropovisa da konstantine
Cernenkos mmarTelobis periods anu „katafalkebis rbolis“ periods (1982–1985 ww.).
sabWoTa sistemis likvidacia da sabWoTa kavSiris daSla dasrulda mixeil
gorbaCovis mmarTvelobis periodiT anu „gardaqmnis“ periodiT (1985–1991 ww.).
„gardaqmnis“ periodSi (1985–1991 ww.) sabWoTa sistemis likvidacia da sabWoTa
kavSiris daSla meTodurad xorcieldeboda:
pirveli. 1986 wlis 19 noembers miRebuli iqna kanoni individualuri SromiTi
saqmianobis Sesaxeb.
meore. 1988 wlis 26 maiss miRebuli iqna kanoni kooperaciis Sesaxeb. am ori
kanoniT daiwyo sabWoTa sistemis ekonomikuri da socialuri safuZvlebis ngreva.
mesame. 1988 wlis zafxulSi azerbaijanis SemadgenlobaSi arsebuli mTiani
yarabaRis avtonomiuri olqis sakanonmdeblo organom miiRo dadgenileba
somxeTTan SeerTebis Sesaxeb. amiT daiwyo sabWoTa kavSiris administraciul–
teritoriuli sistemis ngreva.
meoTxe. 1989 wels „gardaqmnis“ gegmis Tanaxmad sabWoTa kavSiris umaRles
sakanonmdeblo organod gamocxadda „saxalxo deputatTa yriloba“. winaswarve iyo
cnobili, rom yrilobaze centriskenuli da centridanuli Zalebis balansi am
ukanasknelis sasargeblod iqneboda – mokavSire respublikebi suverenitets
moiTxovdnen. Semdeg daiwyeboda mokavSire respublikebSi arsebuli avtonomiuri
warmonaqmnebis mokavSire respublikebidan gasvlisaTvis moZraoba. moskovi am
procesebis marTvas veRar SesZlebda.
mexuTe. 1991 wlis moskovSi daiwyo winaswar dagegmili „putCi“. mixeil
gorbaCovma „putCi“ SesaniSnavad gamoiyena „gardaqmnis“ mowinaaRmdege Zalebis
gamoaSkaravebisa da ganadgurebisaTvis.
meeqvse. 1990–1991 wlebSi saxelmwifoebrivi suverenitetis aRdgena da
saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba gamoacxades sabWoTa kavSirSi Semavalma
mokavSire respublikebma.
meSvide. 1991 wlis 8 dekembers ruseTs, ukrainasa da belorusias Soris
dadebuli beloveJis SeTanxmebiT sabWoTa kavSirma, rogorc saxwelmwifom
arseboba Sewyvita.
sabWoTa sistemis ngreva da sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis pirvelma niSnebma,
rogorc avRniSneT, jer kidev ioseb stalinis sikvdilis (1953 w.) Semdeg iCina Tavi.
es procesi Seuqcevadad ganviTarda nikita xruSCovisa (1953–1964 ww.) da leonid
 14

breJnevis (1964–1982 ww.) mmarTvelobis wlebSi. sabWoTa sistemis likvidaciam da

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam sistemuri xasiaTi miiRo 1985 wlidan „gardaqmnis“
dawyebiT.
is, rac „gardaqmnis“ wlebSi daingra, or ierarqiul doned SeiZleba
warmovidginoT: pirveli ierarqiuli done warmodgenili iyo: a) msoflios
socialisturi sistemiT (politikuri TvalsazrisiT), b) ekonomikuri
urTierTdaxmarebis sabWoTi (ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT), g) varSavis
xelSekrulebis organizaciiT (samxedro TvalsazrisiT). „gardaqmnis“ gegmiT
Tanaxmad sabWoTa kavSiris daSlamde, 1989–1990 wlebSi, swored pirveli
ierarqiuli done iqna likvidirebuli. meore ierarqiuli done warmodgenili iyo
TxuTmeti mokavSire respublikiT. respublikebSi mudam SeimCneoda centriskenuli
da centridanuli Zalebis dapirispireba. 1922–1953 wlebSi centridanuli Zalebis
yovelgvari qmedeba sastikad isjeboda. amave dros 1922–1953 wlebSi yvela mokavSire
respublika ganicdida gareSe Zalis gavlenas. magaliTad, litva, litvia da
estoneTi dasavleT evropis civilizaciis gavlenas ganicdida, yazaxeTi, uzbekeTi,
TurqmeneTi, yirgizeTi, tajikeTi da azerbaijani aRmosavluri anu islamuri
civilizaciis gavlenis sferos warmoadgenda, saqarTvelo dasavluri samyaros
Rirebulebebs miiCnevda idealad. sabWoTa kavSiris decentralizaciis procesi
naTlad ikveTeboda nomenklaturuli klanebis Camoyalibebis fonze. aseT
nomenklaturul klanebs ganekuTvnebodnen: dnepropetrovski – kievi (ukraina),
sverdlovski – urali, Crdilo kavkasia, leningradi, moskovi (ruseTi).
sabWoTa kavSiri mTlianobaSi aRebuli warmoadgenda mizanswraful sistemas,
magram sistemis saboloo miznad komunizmis aSenebis gamocxadeba moklebuli iyo
yovelgvar realobas.
1985–1991 wlebSi sabWoTa sistemis ngreva amgvarad ganxorcielda:
pirvel etapze arsebobda Zlieri da erTiani sakavSiro centri. mokavSire
respublikebs mxolod am centrTan hqondaT kavSiri. sagareo kavSirurTierTobani
saerTo iyo da imave centridan imarTeboda. arsebobda erTiani saxelmwifo
sazRvari.
sabWoTa sistemis ngrevis pirvel safexurze moxda sainformacio centris
xelSi Cagdeba sainformacio centris mizans Seadgenda: Sinagani winaaRmdegobebis
warmoCena da maTi gamwvaveba, centriskenuli Zalebisa da Zveli centris
kamprometireba, centridanuli Zalebisa da axali centrebis waxaliseba.
sabWoTa sistemis ngrevis meore safexurze ganxorcielda Zvel centrSi
finansebisa da materialur faseulobaTa Sedinebis Sewyveta.
sabWoTa sistemis ngrevis mesame safexurze axali kavSirebis jer de faqto,
xolo Semdeg de iure damkvidrda.
am sami etapis warmatebiT ganxorcielebiT Zveli (sakavSiro) centri
dasustda da sabolood, mTlianad dahkarga funqcia.
bunebrivad ismis kiTxva: ra roli Seasrula mixeil gorbaCovma „gardaqmnaSi“
(sabWoTa sistemis likvidaciasa da sabWoTa kavSiris daSlaSi)? eWvs ar unda
iwvevdes is, rom mixeil gorbaCovs „gardaqmnis“ programis SemuSavebaSi
monawileoba ar miuRia, igi am programas daeTanxma da „gardaqmnis“ formaluri
liderobac ikisra. cxadia, mixeil gorbaCovma „gardaqmnis“ saboloo mizani ver
amoicno. mTlad naTeli ar aris sabWoTa sistemis nacvlad romeli sistemis
damkvidrebas isaxavda miznad mixeil gorbaCivi. arCevani albaT kapitalizmsa da
Cinur models Soris unda gakeTebuliyo. samagierod cxadia, rom mixeil gorbaCovis
gegma sabWoTa kavSiris daSlas ar iTvaliswisnebda da mas zesaxelmwifos
modernizeba surda. am ideam gamoxatuleba hpova axali samokavSireo
xelSekrulebis (novo ogarievos) proeqtSi. axali samokavSireo saxelmwifo ki
 15

miuRebeli iyo „gardaqmnis“ namdvili ideologebisaTvis. im etapze (1990–1991 ww.)

axali samokavSireo saxelmwifos (da ara saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis) Seqmnas
SeiZleboda xeli SeeSala sabWoTa sistemas sruli ngrevisaTvis. garda amisa
dasavluri samyarosaTvis miuRebeli iyo axali, Tundac arasabWoTa, zesaxelmwifos
SenarCuneba. mixeil gorbaCovi mixvda, rom axali samokavSireo saxelmwifos Seqmna
dasavlurma samyarom CaSala, am ideas mokavSire da avtonomiuri respublikebi da
pirvel rigSi ruseTis federacia daupirispira. mixeil gorbaCovis ganwiruli
cdebi dasavlurma samyarom ruseTis federaciis politikuri xelmZRvanelobis
mxardaWeriT gaaneitrala. dasavlurma samyarom orientacia ukve boris elcinze
aiRo. mixeil gorbaCovi umniSvnelo figurad iqca.
meore etapze Zlieri Zveli centris nacvlad Seiqmna ramdenime centri. am
periodisaTvis aRar arsebobs erTiani saxelmwifo sazRvari, axali centrebi
damoukidebel (suverenul) saxelmwifoTa TanamegobrobaSi gaerTiandnen (1991 w.).
yoveli centri damoukideblad axorcielebda sagareo kavSirurTierTobebs.
sabWoTa kaTvSiris daSlaSi gadamwyveti roli Seasrules mokavSire
respublikebma. mokavSire respublikebi samarTlebrivi TvalsazrvisiT
damoukidebel saxelmwifoebs warmoadgendnen. amasTan erTad, ruseTi, ukraina da
belorusia gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wevrebi iyvnen.
1988–1991 wlebSi mokavSire respublikebSi mimdinareobda Tvisobrivad axali
elitis Camoyalibeba. Camoyalibda axali regionalur–administraciuli,
ideologiuri, ekonomikuri, Zalovani elitebi. isini legalurad moqmedebdnen.
axali elitis dapirispirebas Zvel centrTan „gardaqmnis“faruli reJisori
mxardaWeras ucxadebda da yovelmxriv axalisebda. litvaSi jer kidev
damoukideblobis oficialurad gamocxadebamde Camoyalibda „qveynis dacvis
departamenti“.
moskovSi Camoyalibda Zveli (sakavSiro) centris paraleluri struqtura –
marTvis damoukidebeli centri (ruseTis federaciis politikuri xelmZRvaneloba).
axalma centrma miiTvisa Zveli centris saerTo–sakavSiro funqciebi. axali
(ruseTis) centri Semdeg garigebaze wavida mokavSire respublikebis centrebTan da
maTi daxmarebiT teritoriuli danakargebis safasurad Tavidan moicila Zveli
(sakavSiro) centri. meTodurad, erTmaneTis miyolebiT ingreoda mokavSire
respublikebis kavSirebi Zveli centrTan (informaciuli, finansuri da sxv.).
baltiispireTis qveynebma sazRvarze aamoqmedes sabaJo. SemdegSi miaRwies imas, rom
sabWoTa kavSiris deputatTa sabWoebis yrilobam ekonomikuri eqsperimentis Sesaxeb
miRebuli dadgenilebiT daakanona am sabaJos moqmedeba. Zveli centris
ugulebelyofis fonze mokavSire respublikebis centrebi cdilobdnen sakavSiro
biujetidan mieRoT rac SeiZleba meti. mokavSire respublikebis axali elita amas
Zalian advilad axerxebda, axerxebda ara diplomatiuri niWis wyalobiT, aramed
imitom, rom es procesi sanqcirebuli iyo im ZalTa mier, romelmac SeimuSava
„gardaqmna“ – sabWoTa sistemis likvidaciisa da sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis programa.
sabWoTa sistemis likvidaciisa da sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis gegmaSi
gansakuTrebuli adgili ekava sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi partiis (skkp) rogorc
sabWoTa sistemis da zesaxelmwifos warmarTveli politikuri Zalis
neitralizacias. skkp dasusteba da neitralizacia advili saqme ar iyo. „gardaqmnis“
gegma am SemTxvevaSic unaklo aRmoCnda. am gegmis Tanaxmad unda momxdariyo
„gardaqmnis“ mowinaaRmdege skkp elitis (politikuri moRvaweebi, diplomatebi,
samxedroebi da a.S.) darazmva da saxelmwifo gadatrialebis mcdelobis
provocireba. es scena SesaniSnavad iqna gaTamaSebuli 1991 wlis agvistoSi.
komunisturi elita erTi xelis mosmiT iqna neitralizebuli – sabWoTa kavSiris
komunisturma partiam politikuri asparezi dastova.
 16

1991 wlis agvistos putCis damarcxebiT mixeil gorbaCovma, marTalia,

mowinaaRmdege Zalebi umtkivneulod CamoaSora politikur asparezs, magram
dasavluri samyarosaTvis piradad man funqcia dahkarga. mixeil gorbaCovma
“gardaqmnis” programis realizebaSi, “gardaqmnis” momxre da mowinaaRmdege
Zalebis dapirispirebaSi mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula. axal rols mas aRar
sTavazobdnen. axali samokavSire xelSekrulebis mixeil gorbaCoviseuli idea,
rogorc aRvniSneT, “gardaqmnis” programas“ ewinaaRmdegeboda.
1991 wlis agvistos putCis Semdeg mixeil gorbaCovi marTalia jer kidev
sabWoTa kavSiris prezidentad rCeboda, magram TviT zesaxelmwifos dReebi
daTvlili iyo. Zveli (sakavSiro) centri praqtikulad aRar funqcionirebda,
sabWoTa kavSirs sivrceSi damoukideblad funqcionirebda TxuTmeti centri.
sabWoTa kavSiris daSla ukve realoba iyo. rCeboda mxolod formaluri aqti. es
dRec Sors aRar iyo. 1991 wlis 8 dekembers belorusiaSi, beloveJSi, ruseTis
federaciis, ukrainisa da belorusiis SeTanxmebiT sabWoTa kavSirma arseboba
Sewyvita.
sabWoTa kavSiris daSliT (1991 w.) ar dasrulebula sabWoTa sistemis
likvidacia. es procesi sul mcire aTi weli mainc gagrZelda da XXI saukunis
damdegs dasrulda.
1990–1991 wlebSi centridanulma Zalebma aSkarad sZlies centriskenul
Zalebs – Zveli (sakavSiro) centri butaforiad iqca. am procesis Tanadroulad
mimdinareobda meore, paraleluri procesi: Zveli centris diqtats TavdaRweuli
yofili mokavSire respublikebi – axali damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebi – imTaviTve
eqceodnen dasavluri samyaros romelime qveynis gavlenis qveS, xolo yvela
respublika ruseTis federaciasTan erTad saboloo jamSi aRmoCnda amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebis gavlenis sferoSi. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom centridanuli
Zalebis aSkara upiratesobis pirobebSic centriskenuli Zalebi kvlav arsebobdnen.
es Zalebi dResac arseboben, oRond im gansxvavebiT, rom sakavSiro centris
ararsebobis pirobebSi ruseTis federaciis centrisken arian midrekilni
(belorusia, dnestrispireTi, yofili samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi, yofili
afxazeTiT avtonomiuri respublika).
ratom ganxorcielda ase warmatebiT 1985–1991 wlebSi sabWoTa sistemis
likvidaciisa da sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis gegma („gardaqmna“)? umTavresi mizezi
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom 1953–1985 wlebSi, e.i. sanam daiwyeboda sabWoTa sistemisa da
sabWoTa kavSiris ngrevis kompleqsuri gegmis („gardaqmnis“) moqmedeba, manam
momzadda niadagi „gardaqmnisaTvis“. leonid breJnevis mmarTvelobis periodSi
dasavlurma samyarom, pirvel rigSi, amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma, Tanamoazreebi
gaiCina sabWoTa kavSiris politikur xelmZRvanelobaSi, diplomatiur korpusSi,
Zalovan struqturebSi, sainformacio centrebSi, praqtikulad yvela saxelmwifo
uwyebaSi. dasavluri samyaros specsamsaxurebs hqondaT absoluturad zusti
informacia sabWoTa politikuri da samxedro elitisa da Tanamdebobis pirTa
ojaxis wevrebis ganwyobilebis Sesaxeb. dasavleTis specsamsaxurebis informacia
hqondaT ara marto uwyebis pirvel pirTa, aramed umniSvnelovanesi uwyebebis sxva
Tanamdebobis pirTa ganwyobilebis Sesaxeb, aseve mokavSire respublikebis
xelmZRvaneobis Sesaxeb. imdroindeli sabWoTa politikuri elita idga dilemis
winaSe: sabWoTa wyobilebis ucvlelad SenarCuneba niSnavda imas, rom Crdilovani
ekonomikidan miRebuli Semosavlis (fulis) legalizebas verasdros ver
moaxdendnen. arsebuli (sabWoTa) kanonmdeblobiT isini damnaSaveTa samyaros
ganekuTvnebodnen da politikuri viTarebis Secvlis SemTxvevaSi kanonis mTeli
simkacriT daisjebodnen. Crdilovani ekonomikis legalizeba SesaZlebeli
gaxdeboda maSin, Tu moxdeboda sabWoTa sistemis da Sesabamisad arsebuli
 17

sakanonmdeblo bazis likvidacia. dagrovili fuli Crdilovan ekonomikasTan

kavSirSi myof politikur da samxedro elitas axali saxelmwifo sistemis
(kapitalizmis) pirobebSi kargi cxovrebis garantias aZlevda. swored amitom iyo,
rom Crdilovan ekonomikasTan kavSirSi myofi politikuri da samxedro elitis
didi nawili pirdapir an arapirdapir dasavluri samyaros specsamsaxurebis
mokavSire gaxda, sabWoTa sistemis ngrevaSi Caeba.
xSirad yuradReba ar eqceva, an SedarebiT naklebi yuradReba eqceva, erT
metad mniSvnelovan faqtors: meore msoflio omis (1939–1945 ww.) Semdgom periodSi,
gansakuTrebiT ki ioseb stalinis gardacvalebis (1953 w.) Semdgom sabWoTa kavSirSi,
mosaxleobis yvela fenaSi, gansakuTrebiT inteligenciaSi, TavisTavad, bunebrivad,
dasavluri samyaros specsamsaxurebis aqtiurobis gareSe dRiTi–dRe izrdeboda im
adamianebis ricxvi, romelic aidialebda cxovrebis dasavlur wess, xolo
yovelgvari sabWouri maTTvis miuRebeli da autaneli xdeboda. es iyo sruliad
kanonzomieri Sedegi sabWoTa sistemis TviTkomprometaciisa, rac gansakuTrebiT
TvalsaCino gaxda leonid breJnevis mmarTvelobis wlebSi. es adamianebi, maTi
ricxvi ki 1985 wlisaTvis milionebiT ganisazRvreboda, „gardaqmnis“ (e.i. dasavluri
samyaros specsamsaxurebis gegmis) bunebriv mokavSired iqcnen.
nikita xruSCovi ioseb stalinis adgilas! iyo Tu ara es SemTxveviToba? Cven
vfiqrobT rom ara! „sulelebis“ epoqis dadgoma kanonzomiereba iyo. is sistema,
romelic dauSvebs nikita xruSCovisTana vigindarebis zesaxelmwifos politikuri
xelmZRvanelobis saTaveSi mosvlas, xolo aTi wlis Semdeg kidev ufro vigindara
leonid breJnevis gapirkvelkacebas, ganwirulia daRupvisaTvis. ioseb stalins
SemTxveviT ar uxmaria gamoTqma „sulelebis dro“. nikita xruSCovi erTi
„sulelTagani“ iyo. mas gverds umSvenebdnen: viaCeslav molotovi, giorgi
malenkovi, nikoloz bulganini, lazar kaganoviCi, kliment voroSilovi. vinc ar
unda mosuliyo sabWoTa kavSiris politikuri xelmZRvanelobis saTaveSi, Sedegi
igive iqneboda. arc erT maTgans sabWoTa sistemis gardaqmnisaTvis saWiro arc
gonebrivi SesaZlebloba da arc survili ar gaaCnda. „gardaqmnam“ logikurad
gaagrZela is, rac 1953–1985 wlebSi xdeboda.
XX saukunis 60-iani wlebis bolodan da 70-iani wlebis damdegidan
sabWoTa sistemis likvidaciisa da sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis gegma imitom
dagvirgvinda warmatebiT, rom igi 1953–1985 wlebSi sabWoTa kavSirSi mimdinare
procesebis mecnierul analizs emyareboda yvela niuansi uaRresad zustad iyo
gaTvlili. aris aseTi gamoTqma: „is, rac iqmneba saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi – ingreva
wamebSi. is rac iqmneba wlebis ganmavlobaSi – ingreva saaTebSi“. „gardaqmna“ amis
dadasturebas warmoadgenda.
dasasrul unda vupasuxoT kiTxvas: sabWoTa sistemis likvidacia da sabWoTa
kavSiris daSla kanonzomiereba iyo Tu SeTqmulebis Sedegi? sabWoTa sistema,
sabWoTa kavSiri meore msoflio omis (1939–1945 ww.) Semdgom rom Zireuli
politikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri da ideologiuri reformebis gareSe didxans
ver iarsebebda es kanonzomiereba iyo. am mdgomareobamde sabWoTa sistema
obieqturi mizezebis gamo, dasavluri samyaros zemoqmedebis gareSe mivida.
kanonzomiereba iyo isic, rom ioseb stalinis gardacvalebis Semdeg (1953–1964 ww.)
sabWoTa kavSirSi ver daiwyo Zireuli reformebi. sabWoTa kavSiris umaRles
politikur xelmZRvanelobas da saerTod, qveynis politikur elitas
reformebis gatarebis arc survili da arc inteleqtualuri SesaZlebloba
gaaCnda, zesaxelmwifo im politikosTa xelSi aRmoCnda, romelTa Sexedulebebi
XX saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi Camoyalibda da romlebic angariSs veRar uwevdnen
meore msoflio omis Semdeg msoflioSi momxdar cvlilebebs. ase momwifda
xelsayreli pirobebi im SeTqmulebis organizebisaTvis, romlisTvisac dasavluri
samyaro didxans da guldasmiT emzadeboda. Seqmnilma viTarebam dasavlur samyaros
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saSualeba misca aemoqmedebina da warmatebiT ganexorocielebina sabWoTa sistemis

likvidaciis, sabWoTa kavSirisa da mTeli socialisturi sistemis daSlis kargad
gaazrebuli programa, romlis bolo (sistemuri) etapi istoriaSi „gardaqmnis“
(1985–1991 ww.) saxelwodebiT Sevida.

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