> | 11.16 Communication Enginee, in, (i) If the correlator output is exceeded the threshold, the receiver decides jn favog of symbol “1” Y>oO #8 1 (ii) If the correlator output is not exceeded the threshold, the receiver decides in favour of symbol “0” Y<0 = 0 (iii) If Y is exactly zero, the receiver makes a random guess in favour of 0 or 1. Y=0 ~ O(or)1 11.4.5. ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES AND APPLICATION @ Advantages of FSK (i) Easy to implement, (ii) It has better noise immunity than ASK. So probability of error fie reception of data is high. Disadvantages of FSK (i) High bandwidth requirement. (ii) It is used only. for low bit rate (1200 bps) applications. (iii) It cannot be used in high speed modems, because with increase in speed the bit rate increases. (iv) It has a poorer error performance than PSK or QAM. APPLICATION ¢ It is used in low-performance, low-cast, asynchronous data modems that are for data communications over analog voice-band telephone lines. 11.5. PHASE SHIFT KEYING (PSK) 11.5.1. INTRODUCTION | e The phase of the carrier signal is varied according to the binary input sige This is more efficient than the other two methods. So it is used for high bit ™‘al Modulation Techniques “The ca changed between 0°, Basen SFE] 7 7 > Ri, on binary input signal tis also on as Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK).So in Wee ie : i il oe) phases are possible for the carrier. One represents a bina ee eT ne represents a binary 0. edd ‘and 180° , Asthe input digital signal changes state (from 1 to 0 or from 0 to 1), the phase of the output carrier shifts between two angles that are separated by 180°. + BPSK is a form of constant amplitude angle modulation similar to PM in CW modulation. 152. BPSK GENERATION + The input binary symbols 1 and 0 in polar form is represented by constant amplitude levels of + JE, and - E, respectively. This signal transmission encoding is performed by a polar non-return- to-zero (NRZ) level encoder. aa ner aes || A Vaesx () | uedata SeqUBNCS | baler NRZ || Prctet : level encoder modulator Fig.11.11. BPSK generation The other input to the product modulator is the carrier signal, that is expressed pul E ired BPSK wave is obtained at the a (y= | = sin 2 nf. The desire Modulator output.Communication Engineo,, | ing % BPSK output Binary input | ——_}_— ! sin (2 tf, 4) nv! a ot sin (21h. Fig.11.12. BPSK generation truth table (i) Balanced Ring Modulator e In BPSK generator we have ring modulator. It has two inputs, one is the ca a product modulator which is actually a balance rrier signal while the other inpy isthe binary input data. switched ON a OPERATION e Assume that OFF by the digital signal. ° Ifthe binary input is binary 1 (positive voltage), while diodes D3 and Dg are reverse biased and off. i oO T2 ‘| . o ¥Y | E orsk eR e | I, ra Binary data input the diodes act as perfect switches and they are s diodes D; and D2 are forwat biased and on, sin Carrier | ny amet Fig.11.13. Balanced Ring Modulator The carrier voltage is developed across the transformer T2 in pl carrier voltage across T;. Hence the output BPSK signal is in phase wi rase with ith carrier input signal.Digital Modeaien Techniques ED | Bi D1 (on) 2 : sincngt (J D3 and D4 (off) AI sino a \\B ——> input 1 signal | 02 (on) —_ Fig.11.14. Binary ‘I’ input Ifthe binary input is 0 (negative voltage) then diodes Di, D2 are reverse biased and remain off, while diodes D3 and Dy are forward biased and on. oe ~ ; = | SiN Wt vr 7 sin wet Carrier Signal BPSK signal | Vv (Binary 0) | Fig.11.15. Binary ‘ 0° input As a result, the output voltage across transformer T2 is 180° out of phase with ° respect to the carrier input across T). Hence the output BPSK signal is out of phase with the carrier input signal. Binary input | Output phase Logic 0 180° Logic 1 0° Fig. 11.16. BPSK truth table11.20 Communication Engineering 11.5.3. BPSK WAVEFORMS Binary eed He i d i 1 | data i i { ! : | i | | \ Binary } input 1 t : { t = OAC A LAA | Bpsk | i y y : t | a J | U VA | 1 sinagt | -sinagt { sinact { sinogt | -sin@et -} —sinagt | | i : | ; | f i | Phase oO 180° : o o 180° 180° | |Conducting | * D, Dp D3D, * Dy Do Dy Da Dg Dy D3 Dg | diodes Fig.11.17, BPSK Waveforms 11.5.4. BPSK DETECTION (OR) BPSK RECEIVER | pre Gorrelator (8s | ieee | lea > |i | x(t)! f 1x1 | Decision Choose 1 ifx,>0} + dt +r sion }|_, | ' device) Choose 0 ifx, <0 { I Fig.11.18. Coherent binary BPSK receiverpigital Modulation Techniques Tae « To detect) the original binary sequence from noisy BPSK signal X(1), the received signal from the channel is applied to a correlator. + A locally generated coherent referen signal $,(f) is also applied to the correlator. The output of the multiplier is integrated over one bit period (T,). (i If the correlator output is exceeded the threshold, the receiver decides in favour of symbol “1” Xy>r0 8 1 (if) If the correlator output is not exceeded the threshold, the receiver decides in favour of symbol “0” X,<0 = 0 ariel (iii) If X, is exactly zero, the receiver makes a random guess in favour of 0 or 1. X,=0 = Oorl 11.5.5. BANDWIDTH OF BPSK « The minimum bandwidth of BPSK signal is equal to twice the highest frequency contained in the message signal. BW = 2f, hi Bis aaa a where, b Ty © The input bit rate (f,) indicates highest frequency or bandwidth of the modulating signal. 11.5.6. ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS (i) Advantages (i) Ithas lower bandwidth when compared to BFSK signal. (ii) Ithas the best performance of all the systems in presence of noise. (iii) Ithas a very good noise immunity and (iv) It gives minimum possibility of error.7 ne ication Engine 11.22 Commu NBINCering (ii) Disadvantage Generation and detection is not easy. synchronous (coherent) demodulation is used to recover the original signal from BPSK signal. It is quite complicated, because the (iii) Applications (i) BPSK is the most efficient of the three binary modulation methods and it jg used for high bit rates even higher than 1800 bits/sec. (ii) Due to low bandwidth requirement BPSK modems are preferred over the FSK modems at higher operating speeds. 11.5.7. COMPARISON OF DIGITAL MODULATION SYSTEMS S.No. Parameter Binary ASK | Binary FSK | Binary PSK 1. Variable Amplitude Frequency Phase Characteristic. 2 | Bandwidth (Hz) | fy 2th) | 2fs 2. | Noise immunity | Low High High ob Error probability | High Low Low 4. Complexity Simple Moderately | Very complex complexity 5s Detection method | Envelope & |.Envelope & | Coherent Coherent Coherent 6. Bit rate Suitable upto | Suitable upto | Suitable 100 bits/sec | 1200 bits/sec | higher than 1800 bits/sec re Performance in Poor Better than Better than presence of noise ASK ASK &FSKpigital Modulation Techniques 716._M-ARY TRANSMISSION « In digital modulations instead of transmitting one bit at a time, two or more bits are transmitted simultaneously to reduce the signaling rate as well as required bandwidth of the system. This is called M— ary transmission. Here, two or more bits are grouped together in form of symbols. ¢ | In M-ary transmission, the number of conditions, levels or combinations possible with N bits -is expressed as M = 2N | | | where, N is the number of bits combined in a symbol ¢ Depending on whether the amplitude, phase or frequency of the carrier is varied, | the modulation scheme is called M — ary ASK, M— ary PSK, or Mary FSK. 11.7. QUADRATURE PHASE SHIFT KEYING (aPsk)/] 11.7.1. INTRODUCTION © QPSK is an angle modulated, constant amplitude digital modulation technique. Here number bits combined in a symbol is two and four output phases are } possible (N =2 & M=4). M=27=4 * QPSK is a multilevel phase modulation scheme. Here each symbol or message contains two bits with symbol duration T; = 2 Ty. These symbols are transmitted by the same carrier at four different phase shifts. The two successive bits in a input bit stream are combined together to form a symbol and each symbol is represented by a distinct value of one phase shift out of four possible phase shift of the carrier. So the signaling rate and bandwidth are reduced. This type of system is called Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK).