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Four apportionment schemes are discussed:
Hamilton, Jefferson, Webster and Huntington-Hill
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FIRST QUARTER, SY2020-2021 GED 102 WEEK 9

_____ 1. Read/Watch Module 3 Topic 2 Lesson 1 Apportionment

_____ 2. Read/Watch Module 3 Topic 2 Lesson 2 Voting Systems

_____ 3. Read/Watch Module 3 Topic 2 Lesson 3 Weighted Voting System

_____ 4. Work out HW 9.

_____ 5. Submit WGN Week 9.

Lesson 1. Apportionment

Highlights

A. What is Apportionment?

Apportionment involves dividing something up, just like fair division. In fair
division we are dividing objects among people while in apportionment we are
dividing people among places. Also like fair division, the apportionment
processes that are widely used do not always give the best answer, and
apportionment is still an open field of mathematics.
FIRST QUARTER, SY2020-2021 GED 102 WEEK 9

B. Describe the 4 methods of apportionment.

The Hamilton/Vinton Method sets the divisor as the proportion of the total
population per house seat. After each state's population is divided by the divisor,
the whole number of the quotient is kept and the fraction dropped. This will
result in surplus house seats. The first surplus seat is assigned to the state with
the largest fraction after the original division. The next is assigned to the state
with the second-largest fraction and so on.

The Jefferson Method avoids the problem of an apportionment resulting in a

surplus or a deficit of House seats by using a divisor that will result in the
correct number of seats being apportioned.

The Webster Method is a modified version of the Hamilton/Vinton method. After

the state populations are divided by the divisor, those with quotients that have
fractions of 0.5 or above are awarded an extra seat. States with a quotient with
a fraction below 0.5 have the fraction dropped. The size of the House of
Representatives is set in order to calculate the divisor, but can be increased in
the final apportionment if a large number of states have fractions above 0.5.

The Huntington-Hill Method is a modified version of the Webster method, but it

uses a slightly different rounding method. While Webster's method rounds at
0.5, the Huntington-Hill method rounds at the geometric mean, which is
described below. If a state's quotient is higher than its geometric mean, it will
be allocated an additional seat. This method will almost always result in the
desired number of seats.

C. State and explain the Quota Criterion

In mathematics and political science, the quota rule describes a desired property
of a proportional apportionment or election method. It states that the number of
seats that should be allocated to a given party should be between the upper or
lower roundings (called upper and lower quotas) of its fractional proportional
share (called natural quota). As an example, if a party deserves 10.56 seats out
of 15, the quota rule states that when the seats are allotted, the party may get
10 or 11 seats, but not lower or higher. Many common election methods, such
as all highest averages methods, violate the quota rule.

Lesson 2. Voting Systems

Highlights
FIRST QUARTER, SY2020-2021 GED 102 WEEK 9

A. Enumerate the eight (8) voting systems.

• Majority

• Plurality

• Borda Count

• Plurality with Elimination

• Top-Two Runoff

• Approval Voting

• Pairwise Comparison

Lesson 3. Weighted Voting System

Highlights

A. What is a weighted voting system?

Weighted voting can exist in a legislative body in which each elected

representative has a different voting power (weighted vote) as determined by
the total number of citizens who voted for them in the general election. For
example, proportional voting methods asks each voting citizen to grade the
suitability for office of as many candidates as they wish to become a member of
their state's legislative body. Accordingly, the merit of each candidate is graded
as being either Excellent, Very Good, Good, Acceptable, Poor, or Reject. As a
FIRST QUARTER, SY2020-2021 GED 102 WEEK 9

result, each elected candidate receives a different weighted vote in the

legislature equal to the total number of highest available grades they received
from all the voters. In this way, each and every voting citizen is represented
proportionately. No citizen's vote is "wasted".

B. Enumerate the four (4) types of weighted voting system.

 One Voter-One Vote Principle

 Dictatorship
 Null System
 Veto Power System

C. Define the Banzhaf Power Index

The Banzhaf power index, named after John F. Banzhaf III (originally invented
by Lionel Penrose in 1946 and sometimes called Penrose–Banzhaf index; also
known as the Banzhaf–Coleman index after James Samuel Coleman), is a power
index defined by the probability of changing an outcome of a vote where voting
rights are not necessarily equally divided among the voters or shareholders.

To calculate the power of a voter using the Banzhaf index, list all the winning
coalitions, then count the critical voters. A critical voter is a voter who, if he
changed his vote from yes to no, would cause the measure to fail. A voter's
power is measured as the fraction of all swing votes that he could cast. There
are some algorithms for calculating the power index, e.g., dynamic
programming techniques, enumeration methods and Monte Carlo methods.

Answer HW 9 (thru Blackboard or Cardinal Edge)