Solutions to Problems 4-25, 4-26, 7-13, 7-14, 7-15

4-25. A 6.42% (w/w) Fe(NO3)3 (241.86 g/mol) solution has a density of 1.059 g/mL. Calculate
a) the molar analytical concentration of Fe(NO3)3 in this solution.
6.42𝑔Fe(NO3 )3 1.059𝑔 1000𝑚𝐿 1𝑚𝑜𝑙Fe(NO3 )3
𝐶Fe(NO3 )3 = ( )( )( )( ) = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟖𝟏𝑴𝐅𝐞(𝐍𝐎𝟑)𝟑
100𝑔 1𝑚𝐿 1𝐿 241.86𝑔Fe(NO3 )3
b) the molar NO3- concentration in the solution
0.281 𝑚𝑜𝑙Fe(NO3 )3 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑁𝑂3 −
𝐶𝑁𝑂3 − = ( )( ) = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟒𝟑𝑴𝑁𝑂3 −
1𝐿 1𝑚𝑜𝑙Fe(NO3 )3

c) the mass in grams of Fe(NO3)3 contained in each liter of this solution.

0.281𝑚𝑜𝑙Fe(NO3 )3 241.86𝑔Fe(NO3 )3
𝑔Fe(NO3 )3 = ( )( ) (1𝐿) = 𝟔𝟖. 𝟎𝒈𝐅𝐞(𝐍𝐎𝟑)𝟑
1𝐿 1𝑚𝑜𝑙Fe(NO3 )3

4-26. A 12.5% (w/w) NiCl2 (129.61 g/mol) solution has a density of 1.149 g/mL. Calculate

a) the molar concentration of NiCl2 in this solution

12.5𝑔NiCl2 1.149𝑔 1000𝑚𝐿 1𝑚𝑜𝑙NiCl2

𝐶𝐍𝐢𝐂𝐥𝟐 = ( )( )( )( ) = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝑴𝐍𝐢𝐂𝐥𝟐
100𝑔 1𝑚𝐿 1𝐿 129.61𝑔NiCl2

b) the molar Cl- concentration of the solution

1.11 𝑚𝑜𝑙NiCl2 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐶𝑙−

𝐶Cl− = ( )( ) = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟐𝑴𝐶𝑙−
1𝐿 1𝑚𝑜𝑙NiCl2

c) the mass in grams of NiCl2 contained in each liter of this solution.

1.11 𝑚𝑜𝑙NiCl2 129.61𝑔NiCl2

𝑔𝐍𝐢𝐂𝐥𝟐 = ( )( ) (1𝐿) = 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝒈𝐍𝐢𝐂𝐥𝟐
1𝐿 1𝑚𝑜𝑙NiCl2

7-13. A standard method for the determination of glucose in serum is reported to have a standard
deviation of 0.38 mg/dL. If s = 0.38 is a good estimate of 𝝈, how many replicate determinations should
be made in order for the mean for the analysis of a sample to be within
(a) 0.3 mg/dL of the true mean 99% of the time?
2
(2.58)(0.38)
𝑁=( ) = 10.679824 ≈ 𝟏𝟏
0.3

(b) 0.3 mg/dL of the true mean 95% of the time?

2
(1.96)(0.38)
𝑁=( ) = 6.163633778 ≈ 𝟕
0.3

(c) 0.2 mg/dL of the true mean 90% of the time?

2
(1.64)(0.38)
𝑁=( ) = 9.709456 ≈ 𝟏𝟎
0.2
7-14. To test the quality of the work of a commercial laboratory, duplicate analyses of a purified benzoic
acid (68.8% C, 4.953% H) sample were requested. It is assumed that the relative standard deviation of
the method is sr →𝝈 = 4 ppt for carbon and 6 ppt for hydrogen. The means of the reported results are
68.5% C and 4.882% H. At the 95% confidence level, is there any indication of systematic error in either
analysis?
(68.5−68.8)√2
𝑧𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛 = (0.004)(68.8%) = 1.54 ≤ 1.96 There is no systematic error at 95% confidence level.

(4.882−4.953)√2
𝑧𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐 𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 = (0.006)(4.953%)
= 3.38 ≥ 1.96 There is a systematic error at 95% confidence level.

7-15. A prosecuting attorney in a criminal case presented as principal evidence small fragments of glass
found imbedded in the coat of the accused. The attorney claimed that the fragments were identical in
composition to a rare Belgian stained glass window broken during the crime. The average of triplicate
analyses for five elements in the glass are in the table. On the basis of these data, does the defendant
have grounds for claiming reasonable doubt as to guilt? Use the 99% confidence level as a criterion for
doubt.

Concentration, ppm Standard Deviation

Element From clothes From window s →𝝈
As 129 119 9.5
Co 0.53 0.60 0.025
La 3.92 3.52 0.20
Sb 2.75 2.71 0.25
Th 0.61 0.73 0.043

H0: There is no significant between the concentrations from clothes and from the window.
Ha: There is a significant between the concentrations from clothes and from the window.
(129−119)
𝑧𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐 𝐴𝑠 = 3+3
= 1.29 ≤ 2.58 There is no significant difference at 99% confidence level.
(9.5)√
3×3

(0.53−0.60)
𝑧𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐 𝐶𝑜 = = 3.43 ≥ 2.58 There is a significant difference at 99% confidence level.
3+3
(0.025)√
3×3

(3.92−3.52)
𝑧𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐 𝐿𝑎 = 3+3
= 2.45 ≤ 2.58 There is no significant difference at 99% confidence level.
(0.20)√
3×3

(2.75−2.71)
𝑧𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐 𝑆𝑏 = = 0.20 ≤ 2.58 There is no significant difference at 99% confidence level.
3+3
(0.25)√
3×3

(0.61−0.73)
𝑧𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐 𝑇ℎ = = 3.42 ≥ 2.58 There is a significant difference at 99% confidence level.
3+3
(0.043)√
3×3

The defendant might have grounds for claiming reasonable doubt as to guilt.