The document summarizes conclusions from research into nano-sized zinc oxide powder. It finds that 10 hours of high-energy ball milling optimally produces nano-sized powder but leads to agglomeration. Conventional sintering of this powder at 1300-1350°C achieved only 86% densification with large grains and porosity. It recommends novel densification techniques like two-step sintering to minimize grain growth and maximize densification. Long milling times risked increased iron contamination. Electrical measurements found nonlinear current-voltage characteristics similar to commercial varistors but with a lower nonlinear coefficient, possibly due to lacking additives and low densification.
The document summarizes conclusions from research into nano-sized zinc oxide powder. It finds that 10 hours of high-energy ball milling optimally produces nano-sized powder but leads to agglomeration. Conventional sintering of this powder at 1300-1350°C achieved only 86% densification with large grains and porosity. It recommends novel densification techniques like two-step sintering to minimize grain growth and maximize densification. Long milling times risked increased iron contamination. Electrical measurements found nonlinear current-voltage characteristics similar to commercial varistors but with a lower nonlinear coefficient, possibly due to lacking additives and low densification.
The document summarizes conclusions from research into nano-sized zinc oxide powder. It finds that 10 hours of high-energy ball milling optimally produces nano-sized powder but leads to agglomeration. Conventional sintering of this powder at 1300-1350°C achieved only 86% densification with large grains and porosity. It recommends novel densification techniques like two-step sintering to minimize grain growth and maximize densification. Long milling times risked increased iron contamination. Electrical measurements found nonlinear current-voltage characteristics similar to commercial varistors but with a lower nonlinear coefficient, possibly due to lacking additives and low densification.
The document summarizes conclusions from research into nano-sized zinc oxide powder. It finds that 10 hours of high-energy ball milling optimally produces nano-sized powder but leads to agglomeration. Conventional sintering of this powder at 1300-1350°C achieved only 86% densification with large grains and porosity. It recommends novel densification techniques like two-step sintering to minimize grain growth and maximize densification. Long milling times risked increased iron contamination. Electrical measurements found nonlinear current-voltage characteristics similar to commercial varistors but with a lower nonlinear coefficient, possibly due to lacking additives and low densification.
Based on the present research work, the following conclusions may be
drawn;
Nano-sized powder may be obtained by subjecting the starting coarse
ZnO powder to high energy centrifugal ball milling for 5 to 15 hours, with the 10 hour time period being considered the optimum milling time. However, SEM images of the milled nanopowders showed the presence of a high degree of agglomeration and large powder agglomerates. Grain growth became significant in the ZnO samples conventionally pressure-less sintered at temperatures of 1300 – 1350 °C with the highest densification achieved being 86%. SEM images further showed the presence of large grains and a high degree of porosity. Hence, it is recommended to employ novel densification techniques such as two step sintering in order to minimize grain growth and maximize densification. Long milling time has the disadvantage of picking up increased amounts of iron contamination. The measured I - V plots for the present work, pure nanocrystalline ZnO, material showed a novel phenomenon of non-linear I – V characteristics. The obtained curves had the same regions I and II typically exhibited by commercial varistors. The non-linear coefficient, α, for the present research work ZnO material was calculated to be 6 which is clearly lower than that of commercial varistors (30 – 50). This may possibly be due to the absence of any additives of metal oxides and the relatively low degree of densification achieved.