Motion and Impact Force of Tsunami Debris

Motion of Tsunami-borne
Debris and Their Impact

Force
Alif Akbar Putra Bharata

282071201
Suzuki Ryota (鈴木涼太)

282071068
Reference : https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/
Advanced Work in Coastal and Graduate School of Engineering

Department of Civil and Environmental
Offshore Engineering Engineering
Ch 1 INTRODUCTION
Ch 2 MOTION OF TSUNAMI-BORNE DEBRIS
Ch 3 IMPACT LOADS OF TSUNAMI-BORNE DEBRIS
Ch 4 SUMMARY
Outline
Tsunami
Debris
Motion and Impact Force
Today’s Point
Motion of Tsunami-borne Debris and Advanced Work in Coastal and Offshore

Their Impact Force Engineering
Reference : https://earthsky.org
Tsunami
Tsunami
A series of waves with variable long

periods, typically resulting from Debris
earthquake-induced uplift or
subsidence of the seafloor
Motion and Impact
Loads
Some buildings and other structures
located within Tsunami Design Zone
shall be designed for the effects of Reference : cnnindonesia.com
Maximum Considered Tsunami

Today’s Point
Motion of Tsunami-borne Debris and Their Impact Force Chapter 1

Tsunami
Tsunami
Debris
Design needs to consider hydrostatic

and hydrodynamic forces, waterborne
debris accumulation and impact loads, Motion and Impact
Loads
subsidence, and scour effects.
Reference : cnnindonesia.com
Today’s Point

Tsunami
Debris
Debris is defined as solid objects

entrained within the inundating flows Debris
and can range from construction

materials to shipping vessels.
Motion and Impact
Force
The emphasis of Tsunami loading has
led to recent progression in the
understanding of debris piece on a Reference : cnnindonesia.com
structure.
Today’s Point

Tsunami
Motion and Impact Force
Debris motion has been equally challenging

to evaluate in the field, as the type of debris Debris
can vary significantly and few studies have
performed a comprehensive survey of debris
in the aftermath of a Tsunami event.
Motion and Impact
Force
Debris impact force, however, its calculation
is permitted to use a nonlinear dynamic
analysis procedure, and already simplified for Reference : theguardian.com
design purpose according to ASCE 7-16.

Today’s Point

Tsunami
Today’s Point
Explain the Motion of Tsunami-borne Debris according to available guidance and

paper. Debris
Explain calculation and classification of Impact Force of Tsunami-borne Debris

according to available guidance and paper.
Motion and Impact
Force
Discussion regarding today’s presentation
Today’s Point

Definition
Area for Potential Debris Impact
Debris Entrainment Force Balance
Velocity Profile

Reference : https://www.oceanrecov.org/
Definition
Definition
The focus of post-tsunami forensic

engineering surveys of affected coastal Area for Potential
communities has primarily evaluated the Debris Impact
hydraulic conditions of the tsunami inflow,
such as inundation depth, flow velocity,
and spatial inundation limits
Debris Entrainment
Force Balance
Critical information such as the flow
conditions, debris velocity, and debris
orientation at the time of impact cannot be Reference : https://www.oceanrecov.org/
determined without a video or images of

Velocity Profile
the impact.

Definition
The work of Naito et.al. (2014) was among the first

field survey to examine overall transport of the
debris after 2011 Tohoku Tsunami. Position of Area for Potential
displaced shipping containers and vessels was Debris Impact
examined after the tsunami occurred as they
originated from a clear source (the port area) for
which substantial documentation of their position
before the tsunami existed. Debris Entrainment
Force Balance
From the survey, a conservative estimate maximum Reference : mainichi.jp
spreading angle of shipping vessels in relation to
their original location were able to be developed.
Velocity Profile
PERENCANAAN PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK TENAGA GELOMBANG DI NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR

Motion of Tsunami-borne Debris and Their Impact Force BAB IV 2
Chapter
ALIF AKBAR PUTRA BHARATA - 15515027
Reference : https://www.frontiersin.org/
Definition
Area for Potential

Debris Impact
Debris Entrainment
Force Balance
Based on the identified sources and subsequent field investigations, a method was Velocity Profile
proposed to determine the maximum spreading area of the debris.

Chapter
Definition
While the method of Naito et al. (2014) provided a

conservative approach to evaluating the debris
impact potential, several assumptions are associated Area for Potential
with their proposed method. Debris Impact
1. The topography of the spreading area has a

substantial influence on the flow conditions and Debris Entrainment
therefore the debris motion.
Force Balance
2. The method only examined one type of debris

whereas debris are of wide variety of sizes and
properties, such as buoyancy, that would influence
Velocity Profile
their propagation distance.
Reference : link.springer.com

Chapter
Definition
There are still multiple challenges that must be overcome to properly model debris motion in a reduced scale
experimental setting, such as:
Area for Potential
Debris Impact
Scaling of tsunami flow conditions
Motion of debris was shown to be a highly variable process

Debris Entrainment
Force Balance
Extensive information is required to obtain meaningful results
Tracking of debris’ transient motion requires experimental methods that do not influence the debris motion
while providing high-quality data regarding the debris’ position, orientation, acceleration, and velocity. Velocity Profile

Chapter
Definition
Braudrick and Grant (2000) examined the

entrainment of individual large woody debris
(LWD) in steady flow conditions. Experiments Area for Potential
were performed to test a simple entrainment Debris Impact
model of a single piece of LWD based on a balance
of forces.
Debris Entrainment
The original model considered the LWD as a
Force Balance
smooth cylinder lying on a smooth bed; however,
the debris cross-sectional geometry may also be
Reference : https://www.frontiersin.org/
rectangular.
Velocity Profile

Chapter
Definition
Fg : Gravity force
FN : Normal force Area for Potential
Debris Impact
Fd : Drag foce
Ө : Angle of channel
slope
Ff : Friction Force Debris Entrainment
Force Balance
Dw : Depth of water
Reference : https://www.frontiersin.org/ Velocity Profile

Chapter
Definition
Imamura et al. (2008) experimentally evaluated the transport of boulders in a dam-break

flow and developed a simple model for estimating their motion. Area for Potential
Debris Impact
The model developed was based on a force balance of the boulder in contact with the
ground. The forces to be considered for the boulder transport are the hydraulic force, the
frictional force, and the component of the gravitational force on the slope. The balance of Debris Entrainment
these forces resulted in: Force Balance
Velocity Profile

Chapter
Definition
Area for Potential

Notation Definition Unit
Debris Impact
𝜌𝑠 Density of the boulder Kg/m3
𝑘𝑟 Ratio between the long axis and short axis of the boulder -
d Length of the short axis M
𝑣 Accelaration of the boulder m/s2
𝐶𝐷 Drag coefficient - Debris Entrainment
𝜌𝑓 Density of fluid Kg/m3 Force Balance
U Current velocity m/s
o
Ө Angle of topographic slope
𝜇 Coefficient of friction -
𝐶𝑀 Mass coefficient -
𝑢 Velocity of the boulder m/s
g Gravity accelration m/s2 Velocity Profile
𝐹𝑏 Bouyancy force N
𝐹𝑔 Gravitational force N

Chapter
Definition
Velocity Profile
Matsutomi et al. (2008) examined the correlation between debris concentration and debris
velocity as well as the hydrodynamic conditions in a dam-break flow. Debris concentration Area for Potential
was expressed as the void ratio (1 − plan area of debris/area of flume bed). Debris Impact
The motion of driftwood pieces was evaluated in steady-state, high-velocity flow to

determine the probability of the driftwood colliding with a structure. The probability of Debris Entrainment
impact was determined based on the lateral diffusion (y-direction) of the driftwood as the Force Balance
driftwood propagated downstream, therefore assuming that the structure would be in the
center of the flume. The Gaussian probability distribution of the driftwood location (Ky) in
the x- and y-direction was expressed as the following
Velocity Profile

Chapter
Definition
Velocity Profile
Area for Potential

Debris Impact
Debris Entrainment
Notation Definition Unit Force Balance
𝐾𝑦 Driftwood location (cartesian coordinates) -
𝛿𝑦 Variance as a function of x (flow direction) -
𝑦 Location according to y-axis -
𝑦 Average of all the possible location according to y-axis -
𝐿𝑤 Length of driftwood m
Velocity Profile
𝑎, 𝑏 Function of the debris’ physical properties and geometry -
n Number of data -

Chapter
Definition
Velocity Profile
Shafiei et al. (2016) used a sensor-based tracking system, which recorded the accelerations
of debris within dam-break flow conditions. The acceleration was then integrated over time Area for Potential
to obtain debris velocity. Debris Impact
Using a force balance and based on the assumption that debris entrainment begins after the
leading edge of the bore passes the debris and that average stream-wise velocity behind Debris Entrainment
the bore is constant, the following equation can be derived regarding the velocity profile ( u) Force Balance
of the debris propagation: Notation Definition Unit
𝑈 Bore velocity m/s
𝐶𝐷 Drag coefficient -
𝜌𝑓 Density of fluid Kg/m3
𝑚𝐷 Mass of the debris Kg
Area of the debris projected to Velocity Profile
𝐴𝐷 m2
the incoming bore direction
𝑡 Debris travel time s

Chapter
Definition
Equation for Each Type of Debris
Shipping Containers, Ships and Barges
Alternative Simplified Debris Impact Static Load

Reference : https://www.phys.org/
Debris impact load
Debris Impact Load in ASCE 6-17
Debris impact load is determined by the Equation for each

equation presented in the following slides. type of debris
These loads do not need to be combined with
other tsunami-related loads.
Shipping
Containers, Ships,
Where the minimum inundation depth is 3 and Barges
ft (0.914 m) or greater, design shall include
the effects of debris impact forces.
http://j.people.com.cn/94475/7346492.html
Alternative
Simplified Debris
Impact Static Load
IMPACT LOADS OF TSUNAMI-BORNE DEBRIS Chapter 3 28

Debris impact load
Debris Impact Load in ASCE 6-17
All structures that meet the requirements must be designed for the impacts of Wood
Equation for each
Logs, Poles and Vehicles, and for tumbling boulders and Concrete Debris.
type of debris
Tsunami Risk Category III Critical Facilities and Tsunami Risk Category IV buildings and
structures determined to be in the hazard zone for strikes by ships and barges in Shipping
excess of 88,000 lb (39,916 kg) Deadweight Tonnage (DWT), as determined by the Containers, Ships,
procedure described on a later slide, shall be designed for impact by shipping and Barges
containers and/or these vessels.
Alternative
These will be explained in the following slides. Simplified Debris
Impact Static Load

Debris impact load
Wood Logs and Poles
The nominal maximum instantaneous debris

impact force, 𝐹𝑛𝑖 , shall be determined in 𝐹𝑛𝑖 = 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑘𝑚𝑑 (3.1) Equation for each
accordance with Eq. (3.1) type of debris
The design instantaneous debris impact

𝐹𝑖 = 𝐼𝑡𝑠𝑢 𝐶𝑜 𝐹𝑛𝑖 (3.2) Shipping
force, 𝑭𝒊, shall be determined in accordance
Containers, Ships,
with Eq. (3.2). and Barges
The impulse duration for elastic impact shall 𝑡𝑑 =

2𝑚𝑑 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥
(3.3)
𝐹𝑛𝑖 Alternative
be calculated from Eq. (3.3).
Simplified Debris
Impact Static Load

Debris impact load
Wood Logs and Poles
Explanation of each parameter.
Equation for each

𝐼𝑡𝑠𝑢 = Importance Factor (given in below Table)
type of debris
𝐶𝑜 = Orientation coefficient, equal to 0.65 for logs and poles;
𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 = Maximum flow velocity at the site occurring at depths sufficient to float the debris
𝑘 = Effective stiffness of the impacting debris or the lateral stiffness of the impacted structural Shipping
element(s) deformed by the impact, whichever is less; and Containers, Ships,
and Barges
𝑚𝑑 = Mass 𝑊𝑑 ∕ 𝑔 of the debris.
Alternative
Simplified Debris
Impact Static Load
ASCE7-16

Debris impact load
Impact by Vehicles
Equation for each

type of debris
An impact of floating vehicles shall be applied to
vertical structural element(s) at any point greater
than 3 ft (0.914 m) above grade up to the
maximum depth. The impact force is expressed by Shipping
Eq. (3.4). Containers, Ships,
and Barges
Alternative
https://www.jiji.com/jc/d4?p=flo100-jlp10778609&d=d4_quake
30𝑘𝑖𝑝 130𝑘𝑁 × 𝐼𝑡𝑠𝑢 (3.4)
Simplified Debris
Impact Static Load

Impact by Submerged Tumbling Boulder and
Debris impact load
Concrete Debris
Equation for each

Where the maximum inundation depth type of debris
exceeds 6 ft (1.83 m), The impact force is
expressed by Eq. (3.5).
It shall be applied to vertical structural Shipping
element(s) at 2 ft (0.61 m) above grade. Containers, Ships,
and Barges
Alternative
https://ar.pinterest.com/pin/362821313721674436/
8,000lb 36𝑘𝑁 × 𝐼𝑡𝑠𝑢 (3.5)
Simplified Debris
Impact Static Load

Site Hazard Assessment for Shipping
Debris impact load
Containers, Ships, and Barges
Shipping containers and ships, for example, must be evaluated as potential debris impact
objects. Equation for each
type of debris
A probabilistic dispersion region must be identified for each source in order to determine if a
structure is located within the debris impact hazard region.
Shipping
Containers, Ships,
If there are structures in the region, impact of shipping containers and/or ships should be and Barges
considered.
http://www.meigi.pa.cbr.mlit.go.jp/file/gichoreport/h23/file005.pdf
Alternative
Simplified Debris
Impact Static Load

A method for identifying the stochastic
dispersion region for each source Debris impact load
The expected total plan area of the debris objects at the source shall be determined
Equation for each

type of debris
Shipping containers
This is the average number of on-site containers multiplied by their plan area
barges Shipping
Containers, Ships,
The area of a nominal AASHTO (2009) design barge [195 × 35 ft, or 6,825 ft2 (59.5 ×
and Barges
10.67 m, or 635 m2)] shall be multiplied by the average number of barges at the
source
Ships Alternative
the average vessel deck plan area at the site shall be used Simplified Debris
Impact Static Load

Debris impact load
dispersion region for each source
Equation for each

The geographic center of the source
type of debris
shall be identified, together with the
primary flow.
Shipping
Lines 22.5° from this centerline shall be Containers, Ships,
projected in the direction of tsunami and Barges
inflow.
Alternative
Simplified Debris
Impact Static Load

Debris impact load
The debris impact hazard region for inflow

Equation for each
type of debris
It shall be drawn as follows: one arc and

the two radial boundary lines of the 45°
Shipping
sector defines a circular sector region
Containers, Ships,
with an area that is 50 times the total and Barges
sum debris area of the source,
representing a 2% concentration of
debris. Alternative
Simplified Debris
Impact Static Load

Debris impact load
Suppression of the inland extent of the arc
Equation for each

type of debris
A. The extent of the sector shall be permitted to be curtailed where the maximum
inundation depth is less than 3 ft (0.914 m), or in the case of ships where the
inundation depth is less than the ballasted draft plus 2 ft (0.61 m).
Shipping
Containers, Ships,
B. Structural steel and/or concrete structures shall be permitted to be considered to
and Barges
act as an effective grounding depth terminator of the sector if their height is at
least equal to (1) for containers and barges, the inundation depth minus 2 ft (0.61
m), or (2) for ships Alternative
Simplified Debris
Impact Static Load

Debris impact load
The debris impact hazard region for inflow and outflow
Equation for each

type of debris
It shall be determined by rotating the

circular segment by 180° and placing
Shipping
the center at the intersection of the
Containers, Ships,
centerline and the arc that defines the and Barges
2% concentration level or approved
alternative boundary, as defined above.
Alternative
Simplified Debris
Impact Static Load

Debris impact load
Assumptions for the design
Equation for each

Only in the first sector type of debris
Structures shall be designed for strikes
by a container and/or other vessel
carried with the inflow. . Shipping
Containers, Ships,
Only in the second sector and Barges
Structures shall be designed for strikes
by a container and/or other vessel
Alternative
carried in the outflow. .
Simplified Debris
Impact Static Load

Debris impact load
Assumptions for the design
Equation for each

type of debris
In both sector
Shipping
Structures shall be designed for strikes Containers, Ships,
by a container and/or other vessel and Barges
moving in either direction.
Alternative
Simplified Debris
Impact Static Load

Debris impact load
Shipping Containers
𝐹𝑛𝑖 = 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑘𝑚𝑑 (3.1)

The impact force from shipping containers shall be
Equation for each
calculated from Eq. (3.1) and (3.2). 𝐹𝑖 = 𝐼𝑡𝑠𝑢 𝐶𝑜 𝐹𝑛𝑖 (3.2) type of debris
For empty shipping containers, the impulse duration 2𝑚𝑑 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥

for elastic impact shall be calculated from Eq. (3-3) 𝑡𝑑 = (3.3) Shipping
𝐹𝑛𝑖
Containers, Ships,
and Barges
For loaded shipping containers the duration of the
pulse is determined from Eq. (3.6)
𝑚d +𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥
in which 𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 shall be taken to be 50% of the 𝑡d = (3.6) Alternative
𝐹𝑛𝑖
Simplified Debris
maximum rated content capacity of the shipping
Impact Static Load
container.

Alternative Simplified Debris Impact Static
Debris impact load
Load
It is assumed that the debris impact is taken into account by applying equation (3.7) as the
maximum static load instead of the defined load. Equation for each
type of debris
𝐹𝑖 = 330𝐶𝑜 𝐼𝑡𝑠𝑢 〔𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠〕
(3.7)
𝐹𝑖 = 1470𝐶𝑜 𝐼𝑡𝑠𝑢 〔𝑘𝑁〕 Shipping
Containers, Ships,
and Barges
where 𝐶𝑜 is the orientation coefficient, equal to 0.65.
Alternative
If the region is not in an impact zone, such as a ship, then a reduction of 50% of Simplified Debris
the value of Eq. (3.7) shall be permitted. Impact Static Load

Reference : https://www.nbcnews.com/
Conclusion
・There are still multiple challenges that must be overcome to properly model debris motion
in a reduced scale experimental setting
・Using a force balance and based can be derived regarding the velocity profile (u) of the
debris propagation
・The impact load equations for each type of debris are shown.
・Shipping containers and ships are assessed if they are located within the collision hazard
region.
・Alternative Simplified debris impact statistic load can be applied instead of those defined
for each debris type
45

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Motion of Tsunami-borne

Debris and Their Impact

Alif Akbar Putra Bharata

Suzuki Ryota (鈴木 涼太)

Advanced Work in Coastal and Graduate School of Engineering

Ch 2 MOTION OF TSUNAMI-BORNE DEBRIS

Ch 3 IMPACT LOADS OF TSUNAMI-BORNE DEBRIS

Motion of Tsunami-borne Debris and Advanced Work in Coastal and Offshore

A series of waves with variable long

Maximum Considered Tsunami

Motion of Tsunami-borne Debris and Their Impact Force Chapter 1

Design needs to consider hydrostatic

Motion of Tsunami-borne Debris and Their Impact Force Chapter 1

Debris is defined as solid objects

and can range from construction

Motion of Tsunami-borne Debris and Their Impact Force Chapter 1

Debris motion has been equally challenging

design purpose according to ASCE 7-16.

Motion of Tsunami-borne Debris and Their Impact Force Chapter 1

Explain the Motion of Tsunami-borne Debris according to available guidance and

Explain calculation and classification of Impact Force of Tsunami-borne Debris

Motion of Tsunami-borne Debris and Their Impact Force Chapter 1

Motion of Tsunami-borne Debris and Advanced Work in Coastal and Offshore

The focus of post-tsunami forensic

determined without a video or images of

Motion of Tsunami-borne Debris and Their Impact Force Chapter 2

The work of Naito et.al. (2014) was among the first

PERENCANAAN PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK TENAGA GELOMBANG DI NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR

Area for Potential

PERENCANAAN PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK TENAGA GELOMBANG DI NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR

While the method of Naito et al. (2014) provided a

1. The topography of the spreading area has a

2. The method only examined one type of debris

PERENCANAAN PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK TENAGA GELOMBANG DI NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR

Motion of debris was shown to be a highly variable process

PERENCANAAN PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK TENAGA GELOMBANG DI NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR

Braudrick and Grant (2000) examined the

PERENCANAAN PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK TENAGA GELOMBANG DI NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR

Reference : https://www.frontiersin.org/ Velocity Profile

PERENCANAAN PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK TENAGA GELOMBANG DI NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR

Imamura et al. (2008) experimentally evaluated the transport of boulders in a dam-break

PERENCANAAN PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK TENAGA GELOMBANG DI NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR

Area for Potential

PERENCANAAN PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK TENAGA GELOMBANG DI NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR

The motion of driftwood pieces was evaluated in steady-state, high-velocity flow to

PERENCANAAN PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK TENAGA GELOMBANG DI NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR

Area for Potential

PERENCANAAN PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK TENAGA GELOMBANG DI NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR

PERENCANAAN PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK TENAGA GELOMBANG DI NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR

Motion of Tsunami-borne Debris and Advanced Work in Coastal and Offshore

Debris impact load is determined by the Equation for each

IMPACT LOADS OF TSUNAMI-BORNE DEBRIS Chapter 3 28

IMPACT LOADS OF TSUNAMI-BORNE DEBRIS Chapter 3 29

The nominal maximum instantaneous debris

The design instantaneous debris impact

The impulse duration for elastic impact shall 𝑡𝑑 =

IMPACT LOADS OF TSUNAMI-BORNE DEBRIS Chapter 3 30

Suzuki Ryota (鈴木涼太)