9/24/2018

FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
Structural Design of Footings

TWO-WAY SHEAR (PUNCHING SHEAR)

Two-way shear is a measure of the diagonal tension caused by
the effect of the column load on the footing. Inclined cracks may occur
in the footing at a distance d/2 from the face of the column on all sides.
The footing will fail as the column tries to punch out part of the footing.
The ACI Code allows a shear strength, Vc, in footings without
shear reinforcement for two-way shear action, the smallest of
𝟏
𝑽𝒄𝟏 = 𝟒𝝀 𝒇′𝒄 𝒃𝟎 𝒅 (English); 𝑽𝒄𝟏 = 𝝀 𝒇′𝒄 𝒃𝟎 𝒅 (SI)
𝟔
𝟒 𝟏 𝟖
𝑽𝒄𝟐 = 𝟐 + 𝝀 𝒇′𝒄 𝒃𝟎 𝒅 (English); 𝑽𝒄𝟐 = 𝟏+ 𝝀 𝒇′𝒄 𝒃𝟎 𝒅 (SI)
𝜷 𝟔 𝜷
𝜶𝒔 𝒅 𝟏 𝜶𝒔 𝒅
𝑽𝒄𝟑 = + 𝟐 𝝀 𝒇′𝒄 𝒃𝟎 𝒅 (English); 𝑽𝒄𝟑 = + 𝟐 𝝀 𝒇′𝒄 𝒃𝟎 𝒅 (SI)
𝒃𝟎 𝟏𝟐 𝒃𝟎
Where:
β = ratio of long side to short side of column
b0 = perimeter of critical section taken at d/2 from loaded area (column
section)
d = effective depth of footing
λ = modification factor for type of concrete
αs = 40 for interior columns; 30 for edge columns; 20 for corner columns

FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
Structural Design of Footings

TWO-WAY SHEAR (PUNCHING SHEAR)

For the values of Vc1 and Vc2 it can be observed Based on the preceding three values of Vc,
that Vc1 controls (less than Vc2) whenever β ≤ 2, whereas the effective depth, d, required for two-way shear
Vc2 controls (less than Vc1) whenever β > 2. This indicates is the largest obtained from the following formulas
that the allowable shear Vc is reduced for relatively long
(ϕ = 0.75):
footings. The actual soil pressure variation along the 𝑽𝒖𝟐 𝟔𝑽𝒖𝟐
long side increases with an increase in β. For shapes 𝒅𝟏 = (English) 𝒅𝟏 = (SI)
𝝓𝟒𝝀 𝒇′𝒄 𝒃𝟎 𝝓𝝀 𝒇′𝒄 𝒃𝟎
other than rectangular, β is taken to be the ratio of the
(where β ≤ 2)
longest dimension of the effective loaded area in the
long direction to the largest width in the short direction
or
𝑽𝒖𝟐 𝟔𝑽𝒖𝟐
(perpendicular to the long direction). The concrete 𝒅𝟏 = 𝟒 (English) 𝒅𝟏 = 𝟖 (SI)
𝝓 𝟐+ 𝝀 𝒇′𝒄 𝒃𝟎 𝝓 𝟏+ 𝝀 𝒇′𝒄 𝒃𝟎
strength Vc3 represents the effect of a increase in b0 𝜷 𝜷
relative to d. For a high ratio of b0/d, Vc3 may control. (where β > 2)
The shearing force Vu2 acts at a section that 𝑽𝒖𝟐 𝟏𝟐𝑽𝒖𝟐
𝒅𝟐 = 𝜶𝒔 𝒅
(English) 𝒅𝟐 = 𝜶𝒔 𝒅
(SI)
has a length b0 = 4(c + d) or [2(c1 + d) + 2(c2 + d)] and a 𝝓
𝒃𝟎
+𝟐 𝝀 𝒇′𝒄 𝒃𝟎 𝝓
𝒃𝟎
+𝟐 𝝀 𝒇′𝒄 𝒃𝟎
depth d; the section is subjected to a vertical downward
load, Pu, and a vertical upward pressure, qu. Therefore,
𝑷𝒖 − 𝒒𝒖 𝒄 + 𝒅 𝟐 𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒔𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏𝒔
𝑽𝒖𝟐 =
𝑷𝒖 − 𝒒𝒖 𝒄𝟏 + 𝒅 𝒄𝟐 + 𝒅 𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏𝒔

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 9/24/2018

FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
Structural Design of Footings

DESIGN OF SQUARE ISOLATED FOOTINGS

The design steps can be summarized as follows:

a. Assume a total depth of footing (h). da (Assumed) = h –

concrete cover – (1/2)(diameter of main reinforcement).
b. Calculate the effective soil pressure, qe.
c. Calculate the area of footing, AF = (D + L)/qe. The side of
the square footing, B = 𝑨𝑭.
d. Calculate the factored upward pressure, qu = Pu/B2
where Pu = 1.2PD + 1.6PL.

FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
Structural Design of Footings

DESIGN OF SQUARE ISOLATED FOOTINGS

e. Check footing depth due to two-way shear first. Maximum Vu2 occurs at a section located at
a distance equal to d/2 around the column. (where ϕ = 0.75)
i. Calculate b0 = 4(c + d) for square columns and b0 = 2(c1 + d) + 2(c2 + d) for rectangular
columns:
𝑷𝒖 − 𝒒𝒖 𝒄 + 𝒅 𝟐 𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒔𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏𝒔
𝑽𝒖𝟐 =
𝑷𝒖 − 𝒒𝒖 𝒄𝟏 + 𝒅 𝒄𝟐 + 𝒅 𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏𝒔
ii. Calculate:
𝑽𝒖𝟐 𝟔𝑽𝒖𝟐
𝒅𝟏 = (English); 𝒅𝟏 = (SI) (where β ≤ 2)
𝝓𝟒𝝀 𝒇′𝒄 𝒃𝟎 𝝓𝝀 𝒇′𝒄𝒃𝟎
or
𝑽𝒖𝟐 𝟔𝑽𝒖𝟐
𝒅𝟏 = 𝟒 (English); 𝒅𝟏 = 𝟖 (SI) (where β > 2)
𝝓 𝟐+ 𝝀 𝒇′𝒄 𝒃𝟎 𝝓 𝟏+ 𝝀 𝒇′𝒄 𝒃𝟎
𝜷 𝜷
iii. Calculate:
𝑽𝒖𝟐 𝟏𝟐𝑽𝒖𝟐
𝒅𝟐 = 𝜶𝒔 𝒅 (English) 𝒅𝟐 = 𝜶𝒔 𝒅 (SI)
𝝓 +𝟐 𝝀 𝒇′𝒄𝒃𝟎 𝝓 +𝟐 𝝀 𝒇′𝒄𝒃𝟎
𝒃𝟎 𝒃𝟎

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FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
Structural Design of Footings

DESIGN OF SQUARE ISOLATED FOOTINGS

e. Let d be the larger of d1 and d2. If d is less than the da (assumed), increase
da (or h) and repeat. The required d should be close to the assumed da (within
5% or 1 in. higher).
f. Check one-way shear (normally does not control in single footings):
𝑩 𝒄
𝑽𝒖𝟏 = 𝒒𝒖 𝑩 − −𝒅
𝟐 𝟐
𝐕𝐮
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐝 = (𝐄𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐡 𝐔𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬)
𝟐𝛟𝛌 𝐟′𝐜𝐛
𝐕𝐮
𝐑𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐝 = (𝐒𝐈 𝐔𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐬)
𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝛟𝛌 𝐟′𝐜𝐛
• 𝝓 = 0.75

FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
Structural Design of Footings

DESIGN OF SQUARE ISOLATED FOOTINGS

g. Calculate the bending moment and main steel in one direction for square footings.
𝑩 𝐜 𝟐 𝑴𝒖
𝐌𝐮 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝐪𝐮𝑩 − ; get 𝑹𝒖 =
𝟐 𝟐 𝑩𝒅𝟐

Determine ρ from the tables or using the equation below:

𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 𝟐𝑹𝒖
𝝆= 𝟏− 𝟏−
𝒇𝒚 ∅(𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′ 𝒄)
• Φ = 0.90 (for tension-controlled beams and slabs)
As = ρbd
As ≥ As,min
h. Minimum steel for shrinkage is
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟖 𝐁𝐡 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐟𝐲 = 𝟔𝟎 𝐤𝐬𝐢 𝐄𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐡 ; 𝟒𝟐𝟎 𝐌𝐏𝐚 (𝐒𝐈)
𝐀𝐬𝐡 =
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟎 𝐁𝐡 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐟𝐲 = 𝟒𝟎, 𝟓𝟎 𝐤𝐬𝐢 𝐄𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐡 ; 𝟑𝟎𝟎, 𝟑𝟓𝟎 𝐌𝐏𝐚 (𝐒𝐈)
Minimum steel for flexure is
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝑩𝒅 𝟏. 𝟒𝑩𝒅
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒇′𝒄 < 𝟒𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊 𝑬𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒊𝒔𝒉 ; 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒇′𝒄 < 𝟑𝟏 𝑴𝑷𝒂 (𝑺𝑰)
𝒇𝒚 𝒇𝒚
𝑨𝒔𝒇 =
𝟑 𝒇′𝒄𝑩𝒅 𝒇′𝒄𝑩𝒅
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒇′𝒄 > 𝟒𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊 𝑬𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒊𝒔𝒉 ; 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒇′𝒄 > 𝟑𝟏 𝑴𝑷𝒂 (𝑺𝑰)
𝒇𝒚 𝟒𝒇𝒚
Where As calculated must be greater than Ash (shrinkage). However, if As < Asf, it is recommended to use As = Asf and then choose bars and
spacings. For square footings, the same bars are used in both directions.

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FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
Structural Design of Footings

DESIGN OF SQUARE ISOLATED FOOTINGS

i. Check bearing stress:
1. Bearing force at base of column, Pu = 1.2D + 1.6L
2. Calculate N1 and N2:
𝑵𝟏 = 𝝓 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′ 𝒄 𝑨𝟏
(Bearing strength at the base of the column)
Where:
Φ = 0.65
A1 = the area of column section.
𝑨𝟐
𝑵𝟐 = 𝑵𝟏 𝑨𝟏
≤ 2N1
(Bearing strength of footing)
Where:
A2 = the square area of footing under column = B2.

FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
Structural Design of Footings

DESIGN OF SQUARE ISOLATED FOOTINGS

i. Check bearing stress:
3. If Pu ≤ N1, bearing stress is adequate. Minimum area of dowels is 0.005A1. Choose
four bars to be placed at the four corners of the column section.
4. If Pu > N1, determine the excess load, Pex = Pu – N1, and then calculate Asd (dowels)
𝑷
= 𝒆𝒙 ; Asd must be equal to or greater than 0.005A1. Choose at least four dowel bars.
∅𝒇𝒚
5. Determine the development length in compression for dowels in the column and
in the footing.
For development length in compression for dowels up into the column and
down into the footing:
𝟎.𝟎𝟐𝒇𝒚 𝒅𝒃
𝒍𝒅𝒄 = (Both English and SI)
𝝀 𝒇′𝒄

But this value cannot be less than 0.0003f ydb ≥ 8 in. (English) or ≥ 200 mm (SI).

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FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
Structural Design of Footings

DESIGN OF SQUARE ISOLATED FOOTINGS

5. Determine the development length in compression for dowels in the column
and in the footing.
The available length for dowel development down into the footing is equal
to the depth of the footing minus the concrete cover minus two times the
diameter of the flexural reinforcement minus one inch.
For the development length of the dowel reinforcement up into the
column, since the column is reinforced with longitudinal bars that are larger than
the dowel bars, the splice length will be the larger of the development length in
compression of the column reinforcement and the compression lap splice length
of the dowel bars.
The compression lap splice length of the dowel bars is:
𝒍𝒔𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟓𝒇𝒚 𝒅𝒃 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒇𝒚 ≤ 𝟔𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊
𝒍𝒔𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟗𝒇𝒚 − 𝟐𝟒 𝒅𝒃 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒇𝒚 > 𝟔𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊

FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
Structural Design of Footings

DESIGN OF SQUARE ISOLATED FOOTINGS

• Dowel Configuration
The development length of the bars must be sufficient to transfer
the compression to the supporting member, as per the ACI Code.
In no case may the area of the designed reinforcement or dowels
be less than the area specified for the case where the allowable
bearing force was not exceeded. As a practical matter in placing
dowels, it should be noted that regardless of how small a
distance they theoretically need to be extended down into the
footing, they are usually bent at their ends and set on the main
footing reinforcing, as shown in figure. There the dowels can be
tied firmly in place and not be in danger of being pushed through
the footing during construction, as might easily happen
otherwise. The bent part of the bar does not count as part of the
compression development length. The reader should again note
that the bar details shown in this figure are not satisfactory for
seismic areas as the bars should be bent inward and not
outward.

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FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
Structural Design of Footings

DESIGN OF SQUARE ISOLATED FOOTINGS

j. Calculate the development lengths, ld, of the
main bars in the footings. The calculated ld
must be greater than or equal to ld provided in
the footing.

FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
Structural Design of Footings

Design Example
Problem 3. A reinforced concrete column is
reinforced with eight no. 10 bars, which
should be extend to the footing. Determine the
development length needed for the bars to
extend down in the footing. Use normal-weight
concrete with f’c = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi.

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FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
Structural Design of Footings

Design Example
Problem 4. The forces in the
column bars of figure shown are
to be transferred into the footing
with #9 dowels. Determine the
development lengths needed for
the dowels (a) down into the
footing and (b) up into the column
if fy = 60,000 psi. The concrete in
both the column and the footing is
normal weight.

FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
Structural Design of Footings

Design Example
Problem 5. Design for load transfer from a 16-
in.×16-in. column to a 9-ft-0-in.×9-ft-0-in.
footing if PD = 200 k, PL = 160 k, f’c = 3000 psi
for the footing and 4000 psi for the column,
and fy = 60,000 psi. The footing concrete is
normal weight, but the column is constructed
with sand–lightweight concrete.

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FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
Structural Design of Footings

Design Example
Problem 6. Design a square single footing to
support an 18 in-square tied interior column
reinforced with eight no. 9 bars. The column carries
an unfactored axial dead load of 245 K and an axial
live load of 200 K. The base of the footing is 4 ft
below the final grade and the allowable soil
pressure is 5 ksf. Use normal-weight concrete, with
f’c = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi.

FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
Structural Design of Footings

Design Example
Problem 7. Design a square column footing for a
16-in. square tied interior column that supports a
dead load PD = 200 k and a live load PL = 160 k. The
column is reinforced with eight #8 bars, the base of
the footing is 5 ft below grade, the soil weight is 100
lb/ft3, fy = 60,000 psi, f’c = 3000 psi, and qa = 5000
psf.

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FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
Structural Design of Footings

Design Example
Problem 8. Determine transfer of force
between column and footing for a 14 x 14-in.
tied column with four no. 11 longitudinal bars:
f’c = 4000 psi, fy = 60,000 psi, axial dead load =
250 kips, axial live load = 150 kips and footing
size is 10 x 10 ft.