SUPER HETERODYNE RECEIVER

SUBMITTED BY
T.LASYA REKHA
SHIVANGI SRIVASTAVA
 Intercept the electromagnetic waves in the receiving antenna to
produce the desired RF modulated carrier.

 Select the desired signal and reject the unwanted signal.

 Amplify the RF signal.

 Detect the RF carrier to get back the original modulation frequency

voltage.

 Amplify the modulation frequency voltage

 Simplicity of operation

 Good fidelity

 Good selectivity

 Average sensitivity

 Adaptability to different types of aerials

 Mixer / Converter
Section

RF Section Mixer IF Section

Pre RF Band pass IF

selector amplifier filter Amplifier

IF signal
RF signal

Local
Oscillator

Gang tuning
Audio amplifier Audio detector
Section Section

Audio AM
speaker Amplifier Detector

Audio Frequencies
Heterodyne receiver has five sections
 RF section

 Mixer/converter section

 IF section

 Audio detector section

 Audio amplifier section

Preselector stage

Broad tuned band pass filter with adjustable frequency that is tuned to
carrier frequency

 Provide initial band limiting to prevent specific unwanted radio

frequency called image frequency from entering into receiver.

 Reduces the noise bandwidth of the receiver and provides the initial
step toward reducing the over all receiver bandwidth to the
minimum bandwidth required to pass the information signal.
It determines the sensitivity of the receiver.

 RF amplifier is the first active device in the network it is the primary

contributor to the noise. And it is the predominant factor in
determining the noise figure.

 Receiver may have one or more RF amplifier depending on the

desired sensitivity.
 Greater gain and better sensitivity

 Improved image frequency rejection

 Better signal to noise ratio

 Better selectivity.
It consists of two components
 Mixer

 Local oscillator

Mixer stage :
 Heterodyning takes place in the mixer stage.

 Radio frequencies are down converted to intermediate frequency

 Carrier and sidebands are translated to high frequencies without

effecting the envelope of message signal.
 Frequency conversion
 The difference between the RF and Local oscillator frequency is always
constant IF.

High side injection Low side injection

Local oscillator Local oscillator

frequency is tuned frequency is tuned
above RF below RF

f LO = fRf + fIF f LO = fRf - fIF

 Receiver RF input (535 – 1605 kHz)
RF-to-IF conversion
Preselector
535 - 565 kHz

535 545 555 565 kHz

Mixer
Oscillator
1005 kHz
high-side
injection
440 450 460 470 kHz IF filter (fLO > fRF)
450 – 460
flo  f RF  f IF kHz

450 460 kHz IF Filter output

 The adjustment for the center frequency of the preselector and the
adjustment for local oscillator are gang tuned.

The two adjustments are mechanically tied together and single

adjustment will change the center frequency of the preselector and
the local oscillator
 TRACKING:
It is the ability of the local oscillator in a receiver to oscillate
either above or below the selected radio frequency carrier by an
amount equal to the IF frequency through the entire radio frequency
band.
 Tracking error: the difference between the actual local oscillator
frequency to the desired frequency.

 The maximum tracking error 3KHz + or -.

 Tracking error can be reduced by using three point tracking.

 The preselector and local oscillator each have trimmer capacitor in

parallel with primary tuning capacitor that compensates for minor
tracking errors in the high end of AM spectrum.

 The local oscillator has additional padder capacitor in series with

the tuning coil that compensates for minor tracking errors at the low
end of AM spectrum.
Image frequency I:t is any frequency other than the selected
radio frequency carrier that is allowed to enter
into the receiver and mix with the local
oscillator will produce cross product
frequencies that is equal to the intermediate
frequency.

flo =fsi+fif → fsi=flo-fif when signal frequency is mixed with

oscillator frequency one of the by products is the difference
frequency which is passed to the amplifier in the IF stage.

The frequency fim= flo+fsi the image frequency will also produce
fsi when mixed with fo .

For better image frequency rejection a high IF is preferred.

If intermediate frequency is high it is very difficult to design

stable amplifiers.
 2fif

fif fif

IF RF LO IM
SF
frequency

Image frequency rejection ratio

It is the numerical measure of the ability of the preselector to reject the
image frequency.

Single tuned amplifier the ratio of the gain at the desired RF to the gain at
the image frequency.

IFRR  (1  Q 2  2
 f im   f RF 
      
 f RF   f im 
 If the IF is too high
 Poor Selectivity and Poor adjacent channel rejection.
 Tracking Difficulties.

If the IF is too low

 Image frequency rejection becomes poorer.
 Selectivity too sharp and cutting off sidebands
 Instability of oscillator will occur.
 It contains detector and AGC or AVC

 Detector: Rectifies the modulated signal, then filters out the 455
KHz. Leaving only the audio frequency or intelligence of 50 Hz – 20
KHz Which is sent to the AF amplifiers.

 Automatic Volume Control or gain control is taken at the detector

(demodulated and fed back to the first IF amplifier base). Required
to overcome atmospheric and terrain conditions that adversely affect
signal strength between the transmitter & receiver.
The resultant audio signal is amplified in this section and fed into the
output device(ex: loudspeaker)……
In this section we have

 Audio preamp stage

 Audio driver stage

 Audio push pull stage

 Double superheterodyne receiver
Although the basic idea for the superheterodyne receiver works very well, to
ensure the optimum performance under a number of situations, an extension of
the principle, known as the double superheterodyne radio receiver may be used.

Improves image rejection ratio and adjacent channel filter performance.

After invention of superheterodyne,there are
many inventions but it is the best receiver…..