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15 arc 5.4 –History Of

Architecture- IV
- 5TH SEMESTER – P3

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ST. PETER’S BASILICA or Papal Basilica of St. Peter in the Vatican , ROME
• is an Italian Renaissance church in Vatican City
• Designed principally by Donato Bramante, Michelangelo,Carlo Maderno
and Gian Lorenzo Bernini.
• St. Peter's is the most renowned work of Renaissance Architecture and
the largest church in the world.
• While it is neither the mother church of the Catholic church nor
the cathedral of the Diocese of Rome, St. Peter's is regarded as one of
the holiest Catholic shrines. It has been described as holding a unique
position in the Christian world and as the greatest of all churches
of Christendom.
• Catholic tradition holds that the Basilica is the burial site of Saint Peter,
one of Christ's Apostles and also the first Pope.
• Saint Peter’s tomb is supposedly directly below the high altar of the
Basilica. For this reason, many Popes have been interred at St. Peter's
since the Early Christian period, and there has been a church on this site
since the time of the Roman Emperor Constatine the Great.
Construction of the present basilica, which would replace Old St. Peter’s
Basilica from the 4th century CE, began on 18 April 1506 and was
completed on 18 November 1626

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• St. Peter's is a church built in the Renaissance style

located in the Vatican City west of the River Tiber and
near the Janiculum Hill and Hadrian’s Mausoleum.
• It’s central dome dominates the skyline of Rome. The
basilica is approached via St Peter’s Square, a
forecourt in two sections, both surrounded by
tall colonnades.
• The first space is oval and the second trapezoid. The
façade of the basilica, with a giant order of columns,
stretches across the end of the square and is
approached by steps on which stand two 5.55 metres
(18.2 ft) statues of the 1st-century apostles to Rome,
Saints Peter and Paul.

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• St. Peter’s is built in the shape of

a cross.
• As a work of architecture, it is
regarded as the greatest building
of its age
• The basilica is approached
through St. Peter’s square, a
forecourt in two sections, both
surrounded by tall colonnades.
• The basilica is cruciform in shape,
with an elongated nave in the
Latin cross form but the early
design were centrally planned.
• The entire interior is lavishly
decorated with marble, reliefs,
architectural sculptures and
gilding.
• The nave which leads to the
central dome is in three bays,
with piers supporting a barrel
vault, the highest of any church.

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• The first St. Peter’s Church was begun by

Constantine the Great
• He built the church to celebrate his acceptance of
Christianity.
• The church was modeled on the Basilica, a
rectangular building used as a meeting hall by the
Romans.
• Four rows of columns, extending almost the length
of the church, divided it into a nave with two aisles
on either side.

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• In 1452, Pope Nicholas V began to

restore and expand the church.
The restoration continued until
1506, when Pope Julius II decided
to rebuild the church completely.
• During its construction, 10
different architects worked on St.
Peter’s and changed its design.
• The first architect was Donato
Bramante.
• 1. Donato Bramante - Bramante
proposed a Greek Cross plan, the
centre of which would be
surmounted by a dome slightly
larger than that of the Pantheon.
• He designed a dome, perfectly
symmetrical church in the form of
a Greek cross(a cross with four
arms of equal length).

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• 2. Raffaello Sanzio -
The main change in
Raphael's plan is the
nave of five bays,
with a row of
complex apsidal
chapels off the aisles
on either side
• Raffaello’s pan was
for a Basilica in the
form of a Roman
cross with a short
pronas and a
fascade.

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• 3. Michelangelo – He
reverted to Bramante’s
original design, the Greek
Cross and converted its
snowflake complexity into
massive, cohesive unity.
• Michelangelo changed
Bramante’s plan for a
balanced and restful dome
into a dynamic construction.
• He put a drum(ring) at the
base of the dome that
appears to be squeezing the
dome and forcing its sides
to spring upwards.
• He shortened Raphael’s
nave, but Carlo Maderno
added back the nave and
added the famous façade.

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• 4. Carlo Maderno He
made the most
significant
contribution since
Michelangelo,
because he pulled
down the remaining
parts of Old St.
Peter's and
proceeded to
transform
Michelangelo's
centralized Greek-
cross design into a
Latin cross with a
long nave.

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• MADERNO’S PLAN • This extension of the basilica was undoubtedly

necessary from the point of view of practical requirements, but it
destroyed Michelangelo's great conception and substituted
something less impressive, since the great dome can no longer be
appreciated from every point of view.
• As a result of these alterations, Maderno had to design a facade
which would not detract too much from the dome and, at the same
time, would be worthy of its setting and also contain a central feature,
the Benediction Loggia, to provide a frame for the figure of the pope
when he appeared in public.
• These conflicting requirements were met as far as possible by
Maderno's adaptation of a typical Roman palace facade, with
decorative motives taken from Michelangelo's works.
• The plan to provide bell towers at the ends to enframe the dome in
distant views had to be abandoned because the foundations gave
trouble.
• The work, including the decoration, was completed and consecrated
on Nov. 18, 1626.

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• MADERNO’S FAÇADE. •The façade designed by Maderno, is

114.69 metres (376.3 ft) wide and 45.55 metres (149.4 ft)
high.
• It is built of travertine stone, with a giant order of Corinthian
columns and a central pediment rising in front of a tall attic
surmounted by thirteen statues: Christ flanked by eleven of
the Apostles (except Peter, whose statue is left of the stairs)
and John the Baptist.

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• 5. Gian Lorenzo Bernini He was regarded as the greatest architect and sculptor of
the Baroque period. Bernini's works at St. Peter's include the baldacchino, the
Chapel of the Sacrament, the plan for the niches and loggias in the piers of the
dome and the chair of St. Peter.
• THE EXTERIOR • The church was given an impressive setting by Gian Lorenzo Bernini
• An avenue almost 1.5 kilometers long leads from the Tiber River to the Piazza Di San
Pietro (Square Of St. Peter), a large open space in front of the church.
• A red granite obelisk (shaft) stands 26 meters high in the piazza’s centre. It was
brought to Rome from Egypt about A.D. 37, and was moved to the piazza in 1586.
• The Piazza which was completed in 1667, contains two fountains and two
colonnades (rows of columns) arranged in semicircles on opposite sides of the
Piazza.

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• THE INTERIORS • The interior of the church is

decorated in Baroque style.
• Bernini, who was also a sculptor, created many of its
famous features in the 1650s.
• He built the elaborate bronze baldacchino (canopy)
over the main alter, which stands beneath the dome. It
closes the extremely long sweep of the nave and is 95
Ft. high.
• The four principal divisions of the basilica extend from
the dome and are connected with each other by
passages behind the dome piers.
• To the right and the left of the nave lie the smaller and
lower aisles, the right of which is bordered by four
lateral chapels, the left by three chapels and the
passage to the roof.

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• THE INTERIORS • The general decoration consists of colored

marble incrustations, stucco figures, rich gilding, mosaic
decoration, and marble figures on the pilasters, ceiling, and
walls.
• The paneling of the pavement in geometric figures is of
colored marble after the designs of Giacomo della Porta and
Bernini.
• Beneath it is the Confession of St. Peter, where the body of
the Prince of Apostles reposes – the tomb of St. Peter’s.
• No chairs or pews obstruct the view; the eye roves freely
over the glittering surface of the marble pavement, where
there is room for thousands of people.

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• DIMENSIONS
• Major axis of the piazza - 1115.4 feet.
• Minor axis of the piazza - 787.3 feet.
• Vestibule of the basilica - 232.9 feet wide, 44.2 deep, and 91.8
high.
• Height and width of the nave - 151.5 feet and 90.2 feet
respectively.
• Entire length of the basilica including the vestibule - 693.8 feet.
• From the pavement of the church (measured from the
Confession) to the oculus of the lantern resting upon the dome
the height - 404.8 feet; • To the summit of the cross surmounting
the lantern - 434.7 feet.
• The measurements of the interior diameter of the dome vary
somewhat, being generally computed at 137.7 feet, thus
exceeding the dome of the Pantheon by a span of 4.9 feet.
• The surface area of St. Peter's is 163,182.2 sq. feet.

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