“Today’s Education, Tomorrow’s Job”

Chinmay Kamble1, Devendra Sathawane2, Digambar Gaikwad3,

Prafulla Dhoble4, Rozy Singh5

Abstract
This paper aims to discuss three major subjects. The major part consists of the relationships
between education and the job market. Factors that cause job satisfaction and dissatisfaction
are explained from various leading researches and conclusions from relevant researchers are
presented. The levels and the types of education, however, never are closely ‘matched’ to
professional positions and job requirements. Data from the National Survey of College
Graduates are used to examine the extent to which workers report that their work activities
unrelated to the college major. We try to find out how much role does the interpersonal skills
and human behaviour plays in job which are developed while education
We focus on finding what kind of interpersonal and human relationships skills are required to
succeed in jobs.. Is our education system well equipped with curriculum to provide the
children and graduates with those skills..
Apart from technical knowledge this area of focus will surely drive us into tomorrow's job in
the global environment

Keywords

Introduction
Unemployment in India is one of a major problem. According to Centre for
Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE), an economics and business think-tank, as of 2018,
unemployment in India had risen to 31 million individuals looking for jobs.
The lowest unemployment rate in India was 3.4% in July 2017, but has now risen to
8.1%. The reason for increasing unemployment can be divided further into micro and macro
level. The micro factors would be caste system, increasing population, slow economic
growth, slow industrial growth, Seasonality of agricultural occupations, joint family system,
shortage of means of production, expansion of universities, etc. The macro factor would be
today’s education, India has a lot of unemployed youth, and there are hundreds of jobs, but
the problem is the skill gap issue. Students are being taught skills that today’s jobs do not
need anymore. India had secured a $2.9 trillion worth of GDP growth during this decade by
investing in intelligent technologies. But now, we might have to forget it if we don't take
adequate steps to tackle the skill gap issue.
 Divya Jain, the founder and CEO of Safeducate (one of India’s largest training,
skilling and consulting firms) says that 15 million youngsters entering the workforce each
year, corporate India and research institutes seem to agree that 65-75% are not job ready or
are unemployable. Students are simply not being taught the right skills that the industry needs
now. Ishan Gupta, the MD of Udacity India (a global lifelong learning platform connecting
education to jobs and providing students with skills to advance careers) says "The job roles
that existed yesterday aren't the roles that exist today and are certainly not going to be the
jobs of tomorrow. We will have to invest a lot in quality education focussed on industry
needs to deal with the skill gap,"

Objective
 To analyse unemployment of students due to outdated syllabus and poor quality of
education teaching.
 To determine which type of extra curriculum activities can be encouraged to generate
broad knowledge across domain as well as social and interpersonal skills.
 To determine about to what extent was the work on the principal job related to the
highest degree.

Literature review
(John Robst, 2006)[1]
In his study on job-education mismatch focused to answer three questions: Firstly what
proportion of college graduates work in jobs unrelated to their field of study? Secondly,
which degree fields lead to greater mismatch? And lastly, does working outside the degree
field affect earnings? The study concluded that Fifty-five percent of individuals report that
their work and field of study are closely related. While Forty five percent of workers report
that their job is only partially related or not related to their field of study. Workers who are
mismatched earn less than adequately matched workers with the same amount of schooling.
The wage effects in this paper vary depending on the field of study. Graduates from majors
that emphasize general skills (e.g., liberal arts) have a higher likelihood of mismatch, but
relatively low costs to be mismatched. Some majors emphasize occupation specific skills and
mismatched workers incur substantial costs
(Shujaat Farooq, 2011)[2]
Through his study has made an attempt to estimate the incidences of job mismatch in
Pakistan. The study has divided the job mismatch into three categories; education-job
mismatch, qualification mismatch and field of study and job mismatch. Both the primary and
secondary datasets have been used in which the formal sector employed graduates have been
targeted. This study has measured the education-job mismatch by three approaches and found
that about one-third of the graduates are facing education-job mismatch. In similar, more than
one-fourth of the graduates are mismatched in qualification, about half of them are over-
qualified and remaining half are under-qualified. The analysis also shows that 11.3 percent of
the graduates have irrelevant and 13.8 percent have slightly relevant jobs to their studied field
of disciplines. Our analysis shows that women are more likely than men to be mismatched in
field of study.

(Anindita Sengupta, November 2017)[3]

In this study it is given that how the lack of skills causes unemployment and also causes
increase in number of jobless people in India. The main reason behind this is considered as a
problem of job skilled mismatch. The skills required is totally different from what actually
taught while perusing graduation and post graduation and is the reason why many graduate
and postgraduate people are applying low scale jobs like clerical jobs and there are also cases
that many people applied for the very low scale job position like peon.

(S.Murugaia, Dr.V.Kubendran,Dr.A.Vimala, September 2014)[4]

The title of study is Skills Mismatch between Industry needs and Institutions Output–
Challenges for Higher Education in India and the paper is published in India Indian Journal
of Applied Research. In this study they explained the challenges in higher education because
many people are moving toward higher education. But due to lack of skill requirements and
mismatch for industry many people fail to enter in the job market. There is need some
changes in higher education curricula. There are total The existing training infrastructure in
India consists of over 5,000 ITIs, 1,200 polytechnics, 20,000 public and private
establishments So, the best solution for this is to increase collaboration between industry and
academia.

Research Methodology
Type of research is exploratory research where we further exploring the Indian education and
trying to find out the relation between the education and work.
The data necessary for the current study has been collected both through primary and
secondary sources as explained below.
1. Primary Source
The current study uses a survey method, and hence the questionnaire has been prepared,
which contains both open and close-ended type of questions. Some responses are based on
point scale and the remaining are simple multiple choice questions.
2. Secondary Source
Sources such as previous research, previous records, magazines, websites, books and articles
related to the current study have been referred and used as secondary source.
3. Universe and Sampling
The universe of the topic under study is graduated students, employees, students who have
work experience and unemployed also. The simple random sampling method is used to select
the above as respondents to this survey.

4. Identification of variables
 Poor quality teaching and outdated syllabus.
 Skills required at work.
 Employment status

 Population – Educated People

 Sample Size: 129
 Sampling Method: Quota sampling.

Questionnaire and Data design

The type of research design is Quantitative and Qualitative research design. This paper aims
to study the relationship between education and job.
The in-depth interview for this study is limited mostly to age group of 18-30 years. The
Sampling method here is Quota Sampling as there is pre-set standard that the population
required is educated or graduated people. Survey is done on the people who are our friends
/colleagues who are working and some students whom having job experience.
The primary data collected through self-structured questionnaire in five point Likert scale.
The sample size of our survey is 129 and the population is mostly the working officials. The
responses thus collected were analysed on the basis of pie-charts and bar graphs.

1. Current status of Employment

 Current status

60

50
No. of Respondent

40
58
30
39
32
20

10

0
Employed Student Unemployed
Current Status

The current status of employment of the respondent, as can be seen where mostly students
followed by employed people. The list number of respondent status where unemployed.

2. To what extent was your work on the principal job related to your highest
degree?

Total

Closely related
24%

Somewhat related
49%

Not related
27%

Most of the respondents found the degree somewhat related to their principle job. Where 27%
of respondents found that their highest degree is not related to their work.

3. Was the curriculum you had in college relevant to your first job?
 College curriculum relevence to the first job

No
58 Yes

67

67 respondents (majority) didn't find the curriculum of college relevant to them for job.

4. The increasing unemployment rate of educated people is because of poor

quality teaching or outdated syllabus?

40

35
32

12
10

Strongly Disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Agree

58% of respondent agree to that the reason behind the unemployment rate is the outdated
syllabus and addition to that is way of teaching. Where the 24% of respondent were
undecided between the relation of outdated syllabus and unemployment.
 5. What competencies learned in college did you find most useful in your
first job?

Problem Solving Skills

Entrepreneurial skill

Human Relation Skills

Communication skills

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Respondent found that the communication skills and problem solving skills are the most
useful skills while working.
There were total 129 Reponses recorded out of which, 55 were females and 74 were
males. 24% of individuals report that their work and field of study are closely related, while
49% report that they are somewhat related. Twenty seven percent of the sample report their
field of study and work are not related. The respondent’s reviews on whether there should be
implementation of new technologies in the Indian education system, the respondents, strongly
agreed to it. Majority of the respondents disagreed, after being asked about the curriculum
they had in college relevant to their first job. So from this we can conclude that there is a
mismatch between college education and job.

Discussion
A McKinsey report said 94% of engineering graduates are not fit for hiring. Just quarter of
engineers in India where actually employable. Top 10 companies only hire top 6%
engineering graduates. Are we going in right direction? Or education means only to literate
people student can read, write, learn, but they are not productive. India's problem substandard
engineering education is widely known. Except IITs and other prestigious technology
institutes. Most colleges are unable to provide education to student that will get them suitable
jobs. As the route of the problem is poor quality teaching. As there large numbers of colleges
are opening we are lagging behind the quality.
Today's education system lags the technological necessities of industry. We are a decade
behind in educational upgradation. The teaching methodologies need to be enhanced with
practical implications. The institutes should update their syllabus according to industry
demand
New innovations and technologies are coming so to match with their demand the students
should pursue those skills
The digital education for schools and on field projects for higher studies can create a
different experience all together and we can have much skilled workforce which will be
highly employable. There has been many innovations and technological advancements in the
market so to match the market demands, the students should be trained likewise. Also there
are too many subjects in one semester or in a year, students don’t get enough time for
extracurricular activities, or extra certifications which may be an add on, which industries
required. Conducting new experiments- University focuses more on change in exam pattern
rather than that of change or upgrade to industry related courses or syllabus not only the
student but also teachers doesn't know about how to teaching pattern according to new
patterns. There should be increase in no of training institutes, also they should focus more on
the practical knowledge rather than just theoretical. Also the governments should create
sufficient number of jobs in all the areas. Measuring personality via several personality test
method at an early age can detect the necessary inputs required to develop the skills and
personality traits required for the career which he/she wants to pursue.

Conclusion
This paper puts an insight into the match between employment and the field of study
in college. Our study provides an empirical investigation of degree or the extent to which job
and education among Indian graduates’ matches or mismatches and also the type of
mismatches (if any) about 51 % of our respondents suggested that there was no relation
between the education they took and the jobs which they are doing,60% of them feels that the
curriculum which was taught to them was simply outdated as the work they perform is on
much advanced technologies and concepts than they were taught in the course, also 65% feels
that there is need of imbibing the interpersonal skills along with technical skills in the
students at the early age, with teachers improving the quality of teaching with the aid of new
technology.
The rationale behind such mismatch is the rise in population in general and increase
of supply in labour market in particular. Employability of many graduates has hit the
minimum level than ever and that is causing many job aspirants to get associated with low
job profiles or to accept job profiles other than their educational qualification. In several
cases we observed that many job holders are not ready to accept higher rank jobs even if they
deserve it, simply because such an acceptance requires them to migrate to the place where
they see huge cultural difference. Cultural diversities pose huge challenges before many
graduates in India to shift to the place where they can seek their career opportunities and as a
result majority of workers are contended with their current job irrespective of whether their
Job and Education match or mismatch.

Managerial implication
Educational institutes in India train millions of students each year, however majority of
Indian graduates across disciplines remain unemployed. There seems to be an inherent
disconnect between the curriculum based learning at the school and University with the
requisite job ready skills needed by Indian corporates.
Despite of some initials taken by government, there is large gap between supply and demand.
Where students expressing their frustration by way of limited job opportunities.

1. Need more engaging classroom experience

2. Acquiring knowledge or gaining relevant skills are more important than acquiring
marks
3. Use of technology
4. Universities and colleges should partner with vocational training institutes.

Limitation
1. The selective sample size may not be a true representative of the whole universe.
2. Employees at times were hesitant to answer the questions accurately and thus the
possibility of leniency at employees’ part cannot completely be ruled out.
3. It involves lot of complex human behaviour, which require a comprehensive study
over a period of time.

References
 https://www.intelligenteconomist.com/unemployment-in-india/
 https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/featurephilia/story/on-national-youth-day-
know-how-india-can-close-its-massive-skill-gap-and-deal-with-unemployment-
1429570-2019-01-12
 https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/featurephilia/story/skill-vs-degree-
343780-2016-09-28
 John Robst Education and job match: The relatedness of college major and work
 Bauer, T. K. (2002). Educational mismatch and wages: A panel analysis. Economics
of Education Review, 21(3), 221–229.
 Farooq, S. (2011). Mismatch Between Education and Occupation: A Case Study of
Pakistani Graduates. The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of
Development Economics, vol. 50(4), pages 531-553.