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Sensing The "Information Carrier": "Signatures" in Remote
Sensing The "Information Carrier": "Signatures" in Remote
Topic: signatures in RS
Topic: signatures in RS
• spectral:
pigment- and water status, cell structure
• angular:
plant architecture, canopy structure
• textural:
pattern of similar frequency inside a structure
• polarisation
(Gerstl, 1990)
not sufficient explored, to low experience
Topic: signatures in RS
1
Penetration depth of “light” of different wavelength into a leaf
Spectral signature:
• the one with the highest
information content
• traceable throughout all
scales accessible by RS
Topic: signatures in RS
Topic: signatures in RS
Q3
Q=ν*h
Q2
a: atom b: molecule
2
Spectral signature of vital vegetation, water and soil
Spectral information
Sensor Calibration and of C-O, Al-OH, Mg-OH
Atmospheric Correction bearing minerals +,
Etc.
Reflectance
Spectral information
of vegetation condition
Wavelengths [µm]
Topic: signatures in RS
Topic: signatures in RS
3
Detection of vegetation stress
• (nutrient, water deficiancy; toxication) in an early stage
as measured in a laboratory experiment
100
leaf cell water
pigments structure content
% reflectance relative to halon
80 chlorophyll-
carotenoid-
absorption H2O-absorption
60
40
a) healthy (green)
b)
c) stressed
20
d)
e) dry (brown)
0
0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4
wavelength in microns Landsat TM Bands
Topic: signatures in RS
Wavelength (nm)
Forest desease project 1991, Fürstenfeldbruck
Topic: signatures in RS
Topic: signatures in RS
4
Spectral signatures of soils in a mining environment
Topic: signatures in RS
Reflectance of
different soils and rocks
Depth (nm)
Width (nm)
Position (nm)
Topic: signatures in RS
Topic: signatures in RS
5
Temperature measurement with ENVISAT
Topic: signatures in RS
Topic: signatures in RS
Anisotropy effects in
all days life and in RS data
„hot spot“
Aligned grass blades Foto from helicopter with „hot spot“ In RS data(MOMS-02 Tana lake)
due to mowing direction In RS data (Daedalus ATM data set Kranzberger Forst)
Topic: signatures in RS
6
Directional quantities
Source: G. Schaepman-Strub et al., 2006: Reflectance quantities in optical remote sensing – definitions and case studies;
Remote Sensing of Environment 103 (2006) 27–42
Topic: signatures in RS
“inscribed –”or
“contact angle” principle!
Topic: signatures in RS
FieldSpek FR
Position of
stereo-photogrammetric
unit (2Canon G2, 3.2M)
5m
30°
2nd assembly
Measurement test in Iffeldorf,
area for 1,5 m 01.10.2003
canopy height
Topic: signatures in RS
7
60° 45° Movements of
the goniometer-arm for
zenith-angles
from nadir to 60°
Topic: signatures in RS
a.
Anisotropy of backscatter as
shown by signature curves of a
maize canopy measured with
differing view angles
b. 2D hemispherical plots
at 551 and 671nm
Topic: signatures in RS
8
The new „TreeGon“ Field goniometer for forest tree BRDF
Topic: signatures in RS
Topic: signatures in RS
Topic: signatures in RS
9
Analysis approaches
Topic: signatures in RS
Topic: signatures in RS
Ziyuan-3 System
• Ziyuan 3 (Chinese: 资源三号): Ministery for Land
and Ressources
• In orbit since: 09. Januar 2012
• orbit: 506 km above the geoid, sunsynchronous,
97,4° Inclination
• Repetition rate pointed: 5 Tage, Nadir: 59 days
• Sensoric:
– Stereo Modul: 3 panchromatic cameras,
52,5 km ground stripe
• Stereo forward (St1) und backward (St2):
3,5m Pixel, 22° off-Nadir
– Pan Nadir: 2,1m Pixel, 51,1km ground stripe
– Infrared multispectral scanner:
• Blue: 450-520nm
• Green: 520-590nm
• Red: 630-690nm
• NIR: 770-890nm
– Radiometric resolution: 10 Bit (1024 DN)
Topic: signatures in RS
10
Ziyuan-3 data sets
St1/St2 < 1
St1/St2 > 1
Topic: signatures in RS
Size of the area with high SR option to estimate hight difference at edges
Topic: signatures in RS
11
Some “edge” related features
which may help identification
RGB: RGB:
AR / st_for / st_back NIR / red / green
Topic: signatures in RS
RGB: NIR/red/green
DSM
Topic: signatures in RS
12
Classification using exclusively the information from the
stereo bands:
Topic: signatures in RS
Topic: signatures in RS
Topic: signatures in RS
13
14.09.2012 CIR Orthofoto,16.08.2013
LVG Bayern
Topic: signatures in RS
Topic: signatures in RS
• Textural signatures
Topic: signatures in RS
14
From macro structure
to pixel
Topic: signatures in RS
Texture
Topic: signatures in RS
Texture in RS
Topic: signatures in RS
15
Texture in stands of
different age and
tree type
Topic: signatures in RS
Polarisation signatures
Topic: signatures in RS
POLDER
polarisation
images
horizontal
vertical
Topic: signatures in RS
16
Airborne PolInSAR
Topic: signatures in RS
“temporal” signatures:
multi-saisonal
more than one observation in the course of one vegetation period
(differing phenologic aspects)
important for management related activities, e.g. growth control,
precision farming, dry stress, innundation dynamics, etc.
multi-temporal
observation during similar phenologic stages in different years
are especially important for change detection studies
Topic: signatures in RS
1/6, EC 39, -Sta 12/7, EC 79 2/8, EC 91, -Sta 2/8, EC 91, +Sta Stoppeln
17
0,5
01.04 GS+, EC 11
0,45 01.04 GS-, EC 11
01.05 GS+, EC 25
Summer barley,
0,4
0,35
01.05 GS-, EC 25
10.05 GS+, EC 28
high / low water capacity sites
R e f le x io n s f a k t o r ( B a S O 4 )
0,3
10.05 GS-, EC 28
Garching 1990
0,25
0,15
0,2
Development of the spectral
0,1
signature over the course of
0,05 the vegetation period
0
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200
Wellenl„nge (nm)
0,5 01.06 GS+, EC 47 0,5 12.07 GS+, EC 85
01.06 GS-, EC 39 12.07 GS-, EC 79
0,45
20.06 GS+, EC 69 0,45
24.07 GS+, EC 89
20.06 GS-, EC 61
0,4 0,4 24.07 GS-, EC 87
26.06 GS+, EC 68
26.06 GS-, EC 62 02.08 GS+, EC 91
0,35 0,35
02.08 GS-, EC 91
R e f le x io n s f a k t o r (B a S O 4 )
R e f le x io n s f a k t o r ( B a S O 4 )
0,3 0,3
0,25 0,25
0,2 0,2
0,15 0,15
0,1 0,1
0,05 0,05
0 0
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200
Wellenl„nge (nm) Wellenl„nge (nm)
Topic: signatures in RS
increase
decrease
unchanged
non forest
August 1992
Topic: signatures in RS
Traunsteiner Stadtwald,
FChange conferenz 2014,
Height
Schneider et al.
[m NN]
Topic: signatures in RS
18
Tree species – results 2
Spruce Douglas Pine Larch Oak Beech Maple
date u p u p u p u p u p u p u p
1 16.07.2011 83 79 37 35 60 56 44 61 83 79 32 31 31 44
2 22.04.2010 83 79 31 26 43 53 70 73 40 41 61 58 22 27
3 04.06.2011 76 75 42 37 54 48 58 58 23 31 58 59 47 51
4 07.04.2011 77 76 18 17 74 68 55 51 42 45 16 19 37 47
5 10.07.2011 76 77 33 34 41 40 68 67 30 32 52 46 34 41
6 27.07.2009 74 75 41 39 39 39 63 59 59 60 22 22 48 53
7 22.03.2011 73 75 37 37 62 59 22 28 58 57 45 38 41 42
8 20.05.2009 73 73 25 29 67 56 53 52 53 56 37 37 16 21
9 28.06.2011 69 72 24 20 56 52 39 41 48 49 58 56 41 47
10 08.06.2010 65 68 28 24 58 55 56 58 65 62 27 23 18 24
11 21.07.2010 71 68 25 24 36 37 55 56 49 52 52 48 36 44
12 04.11.2011 64 65 45 41 53 49 54 55 45 46 40 40 42 46
13 22.10.2011 74 72 16 14 40 46 35 33 58 61 28 26 39 45
14 06.05.2011 64 69 33 29 57 51 45 41 38 40 35 32 33 41
15 15.08.2010 60 62 31 28 54 48 34 33 50 51 49 47 12 16
16 10.10.2010 68 65 25 23 42 41 40 40 38 39 37 39 20 28
17 25.09.2011 66 67 41 42 42 40 16 18 12 13 44 36 28 32
18 23.08.2011 50 58 53 45 24 23 41 38 19 20 48 43 35 36
19 06.10.2011 58 58 42 40 25 25 9 10 30 27 38 33 8 13
20 03.09.2011 55 60 36 30 33 30 26 27 28 28 31 28 14 17
Reference
classification Douglas- User
RapidEye Spruce fir Beech Pine Larch Oak Maple Sum accuracy
Spruce 191 9 0 2 3 1 0 206,00 92,00
Douglas-fir 0 18 1 2 0 1 0 22,00 81,82
Beech 0 2 127 0 6 8 13 156,00 81,41
Pine 0 1 0 26 1 0 Picea abies0 (L.) 28,00 92,86
Larch 0 0 6 0 26 Pseudotsuga6 menziesii (M.F.)
3 41,00 63,41
Oak 0 0 1 0 1 17 Fagus sylvatica
0 19,00 89,47
Maple 0 0 3 0 0 Pinus 17(L.)
1 syllvestris 21,00 80,95
Sum 191,00 30,00 138,00 30,00 37,00 34,00 33,00 493,00
Larix decidua (MILL.) / Larix kaempferi
Producer
100,00 60,00 92,03 86,67 70,27 50,00 (Mattuschka)
Quercus petraea 51,52 85,58 %
accuracy
Acer pseudoplatanus (L.)
Kappa 0,80
• Forest loss
Forest loss1212_005_AR_EN.mp4
Topic: signatures in RS
19
Signatures combination in fast response cases
Forest fire
Topic: signatures in RS
Topic: signatures in RS
• Earthquake in
Italy 2016
Topic: signatures in RS
20
Fast response microwave
Topic: signatures in RS
• spectral:
pigment- and water status, cell structure
• angular:
plant architecture, canopy structure
• textural:
pattern of similar frequency inside a structure
• polarisation
main information source in microwave, in optical (Gerstl, 1990)
applications not sufficient explored, to low experience
Topic: signatures in RS
Rule of thumb:
Topic: signatures in RS
21
Control questions “Signatures”
Topic: signatures in RS
22