Paternal Involvement Article

Talent Development & Excellence 180
Vol.12, No.1s, 2020, 180-191
Father Involvement and Its Relation to Psychological Well-Being in Late

Adolescence
Sylvi Noor Alifah1*, Laila Qodariah2, Marisa Fransiska Moeliono3

1
Bachelor of Psychology, College of Psychology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia
2
Lecturer of Department of Development Psychology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia
3
Lecturer of Department of Development Psychology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia
*Corresponding Author: sylvinooralifah@gmail.com; Tel: +6285772169150
Abstract
Late adolescence (15-18 years old) become the age where the individuals experience various
developmental tasks in their daily lives. Along with certain challenges faced by late adolescents, the
involvement of their father becomes crucially needed in providing the information and developing
their ability. The evaluation about own ability in facing every day’s challenge is called psychological
well-being. Therefore, the goal of this research is to see whether there is a correlation between father
involvement and psychological well-being in late adolescents aged 15-18 years old. The design
research used is the non-experimental approach with the correlation method. The participants in this
study (N=235) are adolescents aged from 15 to 18 years from 4 schools that are chosen through a two-
stage cluster sampling technique. The measurement instruments used in this research are the
questionnaire of Father Involvement designed by Endiskaputri (2016) and Psychological Well-Being
Scales by Ryff (1995). The data was processed using the Pearson Product Moment test. The result of
this research tells that there is a significant positive correlation between father involvement and
psychological well-being in late adolescence, with the degree of moderate correlation (r = 0,402; p =
0,000). This result shows that the more late adolescents see their father as involved in their daily life
and needs, the higher the level of psychological well-being achieved by them. As the father be
present, responsive, and providing what is needed by them, the father has been contributing in making
them less stressed and more satisfied and happier. They are also succeed in mastering the
environment, seeing their selves as worth, and developing their empathy.
Keywords: Father Involvement, Psychological Well-Being, Late Adolescence
INTRODUCTION
Late adolescence (15-18 years old) becomes the age where the individuals experiencing some
developmental tasks in their daily life. In facing those daily challenges, the presence of evaluation
about self’s ability in facing them becomes something that is important for the person. Psychological
well-being is an evaluation that is done by someone about his/her ability in facing daily life and in
optimizing the potential in various life aspects, especially in handling various challenges and changes
in life. Psychological well-being is a state of real potential development that is indicated by 6
characteristics, those are self-acceptance, positive relation with others, autonomy, environmental
mastery, purpose in life and personal growth (Ryff, 1995).
A high level in the six dimensions of psychological well-being is also correlated in how adolescents
being able more in a stressful situation. Late adolescents with a high level of psychological well-being
will be able to choose the context based on the needs, see their selves as a growing and developing
person, and feel satisfied with their selves. Those things are also correlated with how the adolescents
become able more to be resilient (Sagone, 2014).
In facing various challenges and changing between the age of 15-18, including to contribute in
developing the positive development in adolescents and their psychological well-being, the family
becomes an important institution whose role of parents is included for adolescents. Parents bring an
essential role for individuals that in the next can give the rise to the level of their family members'
ISSN 1869-0459 (print)/ ISSN 1869-2885 (online)

© 2020 International Research Association for Talent Development and Excellence
http://www.iratde.com
Vol.12, No.1s, 2020, 180-191
psychological well-being. Parents bring the role of the place for growing the protection, raising, and
manifesting care for individuals. Through family, individuals also get the lessons and socialization to
connect with their environment, to build the next generation, and to ensure the optimal development
(Coleman & Ganong, 2004).
Talking about the practice of parenting for children and adolescents in family, it is in fact still more
considered as the role of mothers. Fathers are still better known as the bearers for responsibility in
only earning the living. The importance of fathers’ role is still not understood enough yet by many
people, so that the portion of fathers’ role in parenting is still minimal. Meanwhile, in many scientific
pieces of research, it has been told that there is a positive correlation between father involvement in
parenting and the whole social competency, social initiative, social maturity, and the capacity of
adolescents in relating to other people. Researches also show that adolescents with their involved
father have a high tolerance level towards higher stress and frustration because of the feeling of ability
in facing everyday challenges, having better skill in adapting and problem-solving, more cheerful,
having more idea, and being more attentive towards the problems (Yunarwati, 2016).
In Pyun (2014), it is also said that some studies have shown that father-child relationships are more
influential on adolescents’ mental health than mother-child relationships (Boyum & Parke, 1995;
Cabrera, Shannon, & Tamis-LeMonda, 2007; Chang et al., 2003; Feldman et al., 2013; Gryczkowski
et al., 2010; Johnson, 1987; Kerns & Barth, 1995; Levin & Currie, 2010; Sandler et al., 2008). The
good connection with fathers is correlated with adolescents’ ability in school adjustment. Active
communication that is done by fathers to adolescents can create better communication skills in them
with the people in their surroundings. It is also told in Pyun (2014) that lower academic achievement
in adolescents is correlated with the lower level of supportive involvement, control, and warmth from
their fathers. Adolescents who feel comfortable whenever talking with their father, have higher life
satisfaction than adolescents who feel comfort in talking with their mother only. The emotional
interaction between fathers and adolescents is also correlated with adolescents’ social skills.
Adolescents show positive social behavior in solving the problem when they often have interaction
with their fathers; meanwhile, the interaction with mothers is not correlated with that thing). In one
study titled “The Role of Father Involvement and Mother Involvement in Adolescents’ Psychological
well-being”, Eirini Flouri dan Ann Buchanan (2003) told a result that shows that fathers are an
important figure in adolescents’ life. Flouri and Buchanan (2003) defined and measured the
psychological well-being of adolescents by seeing the level of self-reported happiness, self-efficacy,
and feeling of depression. They measured father involvement by asking the adolescents about to what
extent their father ‘spends time with you’, ‘talks through your worries with you’, ‘takes an interest in
your schoolwork’, and ‘helps with your plans for the future’. The level of happiness and life
satisfaction in adolescents is correlated with the involvement showed by their fathers towards them.
Father involvement has a close correlation with the level of psychological well-being in adolescents,
with the same degree both for female adolescents and also male adolescents. In Indonesia, it is also
found that in adolescents aged 14-17 years old, there is a correlation between how perfect the
adolescents value their fathers’ involvement with the level of psychological well-being they have
(Sari and Wulan).
For seeing the actual condition of what challenges, tasks, and roles that are faced by the late
adolescents and seeing aged 15-18 years old how is the role of father involvement in psychological
well-being in them, we did the initial data collection to 5 late adolescents. We asked first about the
challenges and changes that they face in these ages they’re going through. They said that one of the
challenges that faced by them is greater academic demands. The adolescents felt that in these ages,
they were demanded to be more serious in studying and understanding the lessons that are more
difficult. In academic aspects, they also felt that they already entered a phase that makes them have to
think about their further education choice after high school. The decision making of this further
education also encourages them to think of the best way that needed to get them to their choice and
desire. It was also said that in these ages, they were encouraged to have broader knowledge and
insight. In the social aspect, the adolescents that were interviewed said that in these ages they need to

Vol.12, No.1s, 2020, 180-191
be more capable in managing the time and undergoing new roles because they start to face many
challenges not only in academic aspects but also from an organization or extracurricular activities
they join. Adolescents start to be exposed by many more friendship circles and need to understand
more about their own selves in order to determine which group of friendship match with them.
Adolescents in these ages also start to meet with many more friends and new persons in their life, that
force them to be more open, more understanding others, learning to accept and deliver advice with the
proper way, and learning to build a good relationship with them.
From the various changes and challenges faced by adolescents aged 15-18 years old, they said that it
often makes them feel stressed. In achieving the academic performance and facing the challenges in
thinking about further education and career, they said that they need the belief of their own selves’
ability. Fathers, in this case, have an important role for adolescents. The adolescents said that they
need the support and place to share their stories from their closest people, including fathers that hold a
big role for them.
The result that gained from 5 respondents aged 15-18 years old about how their fathers’ role influence
their life was diverse. In facing the challenges explained before, 4 respondents said that their fathers
often ask about how they are doing and showing the support and compliment towards what they face
and achieve, and it makes them become more excited and believing to undergo the challenges. On the
other hand, one respondent said that her father’s habit of praising and appreciating her has already
gone since she started to be in high school. What she felt was only that her father often asks about her
scores and rank in school. And she said that the absence of her father’s previous habit and the
questions about scores and rank didn’t influence her in achieving her academic accomplishment.
What was needed by her is her father listening to her stories about all the things she faced in this late
adolescence phase.
Then, it was also told by all the respondents that opportunities and permission that are given by their
fathers for them to join some organizations had made them being able to interact with many people
and solve many group problems. Some of the respondents also said that how they interact with their
fathers had given a great role in how they build a relationship with their environment. But there was
also the answer that said that her father was a busy person so that it made him not showing the
behavior of asking about how she is doing, knowing her friends, and having the activity together
with her and her friends. The bustle of her father that makes him not showing those behaviors is in
fact not affecting her in still being able to build a good relationship with her close friends. Another
initial data that gained is about the activities that spent together with fathers. All of the respondents
said that their fathers show the involvement through some together activities, such as chatting,
having dinner, shopping, taking exercise, joking, doing the hobbies, and many more. By those
activities that spent together, adolescents felt closer to their fathers. One of the respondents also
shared that now the absence of activities done when she was a child, such as having a picnic, had
made her felt further with her father.
In other words, what gained from some of the respondents is that the forms of their fathers’
involvement showed through asking about their activities and where they are in some moments,
involving in giving permission to do and to decide about many things, knowing their friends and
social environment, and looking for the information about what they need and then fulfill it. In some
adolescents, that involvement showed by their fathers had made them felt close to their father, felt
loved and cared for by their father, and able to build a more mature mindset. But on the other hand,
one adolescent said that the activity that her father had, made her father busy and made her did not
receive that treatment, and she admitted that it didn’t affect how she undergoes her life in these
pages. But generally, the answers from the adolescents in the initial data had shown that fathers with
various forms of involvement could make them be able to accept their selves, build a good
relationship with others, independent in behaving and deciding, master the environment, and
developing their selves sustainably.

Vol.12, No.1s, 2020, 180-191
From the explanation above, it has been told in many previous pieces of research that father
involvement has the correlation and influence on the positive development in adolescents, including
their psychological well-being. We have not found the previous research in Indonesia that has been
conducted for knowing whether there is a correlation between fathers’ involvement in their late
adolescents’ life that is viewed by the adolescents with the level of psychological well-being they
accomplish. The correlation between both variables becomes important to be recognized because of
the importance of psychological well-being for late adolescence in facing various challenges and
changes.
Therefore, based on the phenomena of role and developmental tasks faced by the late adolescents,
the phenomena of how fathers’ role is still more generally considered as the breadwinner only when
their involvement in parenting is viewed important for the late adolescents, the previous researches
which tell that there is the correlation between the two variables, and the varied result in initial data
about how the role of father involvement influencing the late adolescents’ life, we were interested to
find about father involvement and its relation with psychological well-being in late adolescence.
METHOD
The research design used is a quantitative non-experimental approach in the form of a correlational
study. The correlational study aims to measure two variables and determine the degree of relationship
that exists between them (Christensen, et al., 2011). The two variables whose relation measured were
father involvement and psychological well-being. Father involvement was measured using the
questionnaire from the previous research done by Amani Endiskaputri (2016) titled “The Correlation
between Father Involvement and Intimacy Capacity towards the Opposite Sex in the Students of
Faculty of the Psychology University of Padjadjaran aged 20-22 Years Old”. Then we did the linear
regression test in order to see how much the contribution of father involvement can predict the level
of psychological well-being in late adolescence through the determination coefficient that is gained.
It consisted of 63 items in the form of a rating scale, wherein each dimension and sub-dimension there
is(are) item(s) that represent them. How to fill this questionnaire was by asking the late adolescents
who were the respondents to choose one category out of four answer choices in the form of a Likert
scale. Respondents' answers were the most appropriate category describing the frequency of father
behavior which was seen by them. While psychological well-being in this research was measured
using the original Psychological Well-Being Scales from Carol Ryff (1995) versions 42 items which
were adapted then. This questionnaire was also in the form of a rating scale that has 7 items in each of
its dimensions and there are 6 dimensions in this questionnaire Respondents were asked to choose one
category out of six answer choices in the form of a Likert scale. Respondents' answers were the
category that best describes the current state of their selves.
Father involvement variable, based on what stated by Pleck (2010), can be divided into two
components/domains, those are primary components and auxiliary domains. Primary components or
the main components that are the things done by father directly, consist of 3 dimensions (positive
engagement activities, warmth and responsiveness, and control). While the auxiliary domains that are
the complementary domains that are involvements that fathers have done in order to ensure the
fulfillment of adolescents’ needs consist of 2 dimensions (indirect care and process responsibility).
And psychological well-being consists of 6 dimensions, those are autonomy, environmental
mastery, personal growth, positive relation with others, self-acceptance, dan purpose in life
(Ryff, 1995).
For further analysis, we also did the correlational test for seeing the correlation between
primary components with overall psychological well-being and each of the dimension in
psychological well-being, seeing the correlation between auxiliary domains with overall
psychological well-being and each of the dimension in psychological well-being and seeing

Vol.12, No.1s, 2020, 180-191
each of dimension of father involvement with overall psychological well-being and each of
the dimension in psychological well-being.
The participants in this research were determined using a two-stage cluster sampling technique to get
the representative number for late adolescents aged 15-18 years old in Bogor (as we restricted the
location of the research to be conducted in one city) who still have a father. The minimum sample of
192 late adolescents was obtained by using the formula of the sample size of proportion estimation as
written below:
2
Z1−α/2 P (1 − P)N
n= 2 x2
d2 (N − 1) + Z1−α/2 P (1 − P)
(1,96)2 (0,5)(0,5)(95.663)
n= x2
0,102 (95.663) + (1,96)2 (0,5)(0,5)
(1,96)2 (0,5)(0,5)(95.663)
n= x2
0,102 (95.663) + (1,96)2 (0,5)(0,5)
n = 191,89
Where:
P = proportion of population (0,5)
d = value of pretition (10% = 0,10)
Z = degree of confidence 95 % = 1,960
In this research, the total respondents were 235 late adolescents. The data analysis technique in this
research used the SPSS program for Windows version 22.00 with the correlation statistical analysis.
Pearson Product Moment was the correlation analysis technique that used in this research in order to
see whether there was a relationship between father involvement and psychological well-being in late
adolescents and the degree of their relationship using the total scores from both variables.
RESULTS
In order to see the correlation between father involvement and psychological well-being in late
adolescence, we did the correlational test that is shown the result as given in the table below:
Table 1.1 The Result of Correlational Test and Regression Analysis between Father Involvement
and Psychological Well-Being in Late Adolescents
Measure 1 1 (R2)
1. Father involvement --
2. Psychological well-
0.402 0.162
being
Based on table 1.1with the total sample of 235 adolescents, the p-value of 0.000 is obtained for the
result of a correlation test between the total score of father involvement and total score of
psychological well-being. Therefore, H0 is rejected and there is a positive relationship between father
involvement and psychological well-being in late adolescence. It means that the more late adolescents
view their fathers as involved, the higher the level of evaluation of selves’ ability they have. Based on
the correlation criteria from Cohen (2013), the correlation coefficient of r = 0.402 is obtained. It
shows that the degree of correlation between both variables is moderate.
Furthermore, we did the linear regression analysis test in order to find out the determination
coefficient of father involvement variable towards the psychological well-being variable in late
adolescents. Based on the test, the determination coefficient of 16.2% is obtained (R2 = 0.162). This
result means that father involvement has contributed to influencing the psychological well-being in
late adolescents in the amount of 16.2% and the other 83.8% are influenced by the contribution from
other factors besides father involvement.
Vol.12, No.1s, 2020, 180-191
Table 1.2 The Result of Correlational Test between Total Score of Father Involvement and
Dimensions of Psychological Well-Being in Late Adolescents
Father Involvement
Dimensions
p 0,016
Autonomy
r 0,156
p 0,000
Psychological well-being
Environmental mastery
r 0,318
p 0,000
Personal growth
r 0,288
p 0,000
Positive relationships with others
r 0,498
p 0,000
Self-acceptance
r 0,313
p 0,000
Purpose in life
r 0,243
Furthermore, the p-value that is obtained from the correlation test between total score of father
involvement and each dimension of psychological well-being is lower than 0.05 (α = 5%), therefore
resulting in the conclusion of H0 rejected. It means that there is a positive relationship between father
involvement and every dimension of psychological well-being in late adolescence. By seeing the
value of the correlation coefficient in every dimension, it is obtained that the lowest correlation score
is for the autonomy dimensions of psychological well-being (r = 0.156). While the highest score of
the correlation coefficient is in positive relationships with other dimensions of psychological well-
being (r = 0.498).
Table 1.3 The Result of Correlational Test between Domains of Father Involvement and
Father Involvement
Dimensions/Domains Primary Auxiliary
p 0,000 0,000
Total PWB
r 0,360 0,396
p 0,027 0,029
Autonomy
r 0,144 0,142
p 0,000 0,000
Environmental mastery
r 0,277 0,306
p 0,000 0,000
Personal growth
r 0,261 0,287
p 0,000 0,000
Positive relation with others
r 0,471 0,455
p 0,000 0,000
Self-acceptance
r 0,282 0,330
p 0,002 0,000
Purpose in life
r 0,199 0,283
From this research, the p-values that are smaller than 0.05 (α = 5%) is obtained in the correlation
analysis for every domain of father involvement and every dimension of psychological well-being. In
other words, it can be said that there is a positive relation between every domain of father
involvement and every dimension of psychological well-being. It means that the higher the score of
each domain of father involvement, the higher the score of each dimension of psychological well-
being.
From table 1.3 it can be seen that the highest correlation coefficient value is in the relation between
the primary components of father involvement and positive relation with other dimensions of

Vol.12, No.1s, 2020, 180-191
psychological well-being (r = 0,471). It is similar to what is shown in the auxiliary domain of father
involvement, that the highest correlation coefficient value is in its relation with positive relationships
with other dimensions of psychological well-being (r = 0,455).
Table 1.4 The Result of Correlational Test between Dimensions of Father Involvement and
Father Involvement
Positive
Dimensions/ Warmth- Process
engagement Control Indirect Care
Domains responsiveness Responsibility
activities
p 0,000 0,000 0,021 0,000 0,000
Total PWB
r 0,389 0,376 0,151 0,381 0,365
p 0,002 0,077 0,566 0,027 0,052
Autonomy
r 0,199 0,116 0,038 0,144 0,127
Environmental p 0,000 0,000 0,032 0,000 0,000

mastery r 0,303 0,290 0,140 0,287 0,287
p 0,000 0,000 0,097 0,000 0,000
Personal growth
r 0,247 0,298 0,109 0,300 0,251
Positive relation p 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000
with others r 0,483 0,495 0,227 0,386 0,440
p 0,002 0,003 0,108 0,000 0,000
Purpose in life
r 0,204 0,190 0,105 0,307 0,250
p 0,000 0,000 0,169 0,000 0,000
Self-acceptance
r 0,335 0,313 0,90 0,306 0,310
For further results in each dimension of father involvement and each dimension of
psychological well-being, it is also done the correlation analysis between each dimension of
both variables. Based on table 1.4, it is found that the highest correlation is in the relation
between warmth-responsiveness dimension of father involvement and positive relations with
other dimensions of psychological well-being. It means that the more adolescents view their
fathers as showing affection, warmth, and responsiveness towards them, the higher they
evaluate their ability in building warm and intimate relationships with others.
DISCUSSIONS
Main Correlation Analysis

Based on the main analysis of the results in testing the research hypothesis, what is obtained indicates
that there is a relationship between father involvement with psychological well-being in late
adolescence. The relationship obtained from the correlation test is positive, so it means that the higher
the involvement of fathers, the higher the level of psychological well-being in late adolescents aged
15-18 years. This also means that the higher the adolescent views his father's involvement in his life,
the higher he/she values his ability to carry out the daily challenges.
The results of the study which state that father involvement is positively related to psychological well-
being in adolescents aged 15-18 years are in line with what was stated in several previous studies. The
role of father involvement in adolescent development has been stated to have an influence on
adolescent development as well as an assessment of his ability to deal with everyday life. Amato
(1994, in Kocayörük, 2016) stated that children who were closer to their father will feel more
satisfied, happier, and not experience stress. It was stated that the close father-child relationship could
help the development of psychological well-being for both boys and girls. During adolescence, the
involvement of the father in the form of support and encouragement for him becomes important for
the development of identity.

Vol.12, No.1s, 2020, 180-191
As we stated in the study conducted by Eirini Flouri dan Ann Buchanan (2003) with the title of “The
Role of Father Involvement and Mother Involvement in Adolescents’ Psychological well-being”, that
fathers are an important figure in adolescents’ life. The level of happiness and life satisfaction in
adolescents is correlated with the involvement showed by their fathers towards them. Father
involvement has the close correlation with the level of psychological well-being in adolescents, with
the same degree both for female adolescents and also male adolescents In Flouri and Buchanan’s
study (2003), father involvement was also stated to play a role in protecting adolescents from feeling
unhappy, where adolescents who tend to be "unhappy" or "difficult" in their lives get a low level of
involvement by their fathers. It was also stated that the needs of adolescents provided by fathers for
their adolescents could contribute to the psychological well-being of their adolescents.
Meanwhile, research conducted by Gecas (in Cripps and Zyromski, 2015) stated that the higher
involvement in the form of support from fathers was related to the growing self-assessment conducted
by adolescents. The assessment includes satisfaction with oneself and happiness. Self-esteem
possessed by adolescents has been found to be positively related to the level of conversation activity
with fathers, their perceptions of fathers' interest in their activities, and the frequency of activities
spent together. The same thing happened to adolescents' beliefs about their ability to relate higher
with views about their father's involvement compared to their own father's assumptions about his
involvement.
Fathers who present healthy patterns of communication and parent-child relationships with
adolescents will provide opportunities for adolescents to develop their autonomy without losing
contact with their fathers (Allen, Hauser, Bell, Eickholt, and O'Conner, 1994 in Kocayörük, 2016).
How fathers play a role in adolescents' lives through supportive behavior, showing sensitivity, and
encouraging is important for the development of their identities. It was also conveyed by Lamb (1997,
in Kocayörük, 2016) that fathers who involved in providing security, sensitivity, and reciprocal
relationships with adolescents are more likely to make adolescents able to adjust psychologically to
their environment, compared to fathers who do not show the behavior to his child.
Adolescents’ personal experience of their relationship with their fathers is the initial source for
forming and carrying out a cycle that includes how they will judge their selves and interact with
others. The quality of the attachment relationship established between an adolescent and his/her
parents tends to influence the quality of peer attachment relationships that they form (Wilkinson,
2004). The type of relationship that is developed with fathers is considered a picture of adolescent
attitudes toward themselves and the quality of the relationships they will build with their peers
(Gecas, 1971 and Wilkinson, 2004 in Cripps and Zyromski, 2015). Other research stated that the
involvement of fathers viewed by adolescents positively influences their psychological well-being,
especially in the area of self-assessment and self-worth. Research conducted by Dekovic and Meeus
(1997), supports the statement that the involvement of fathers perceived by adolescents is related to
the level of self-worth and relationships with peers. Whereas, Baumrind (1966) emphasized that the
warmth and monitoring shown by fathers were related to the ability of adolescents to adapt to the
environment (Cripps and Zyromski, 2015).
Radin explained that father involvement contributes to various aspects of adolescent development,
including cognitive abilities, empathy skills, and locus of control that comes from internal. These
empathy skills are then characteristics of individuals who can establish good relationships with others
(positive relations with others) and internal locus of control which are characteristics of individuals
with high autonomy. Fathers who are supportive of their adolescents’ life also lead to the awakening
of their psychological well-being (Kocayörük, 2016).
The relationship with moderate strength between father involvement and psychological well-being
can also be illustrated by the results of the cross-tabulation of the categories of father involvement
with the category of psychological well-being, where not all adolescents aged 15-18 years with a high
level of father involvement have high psychological well-being too. The highest numbers of late

Vol.12, No.1s, 2020, 180-191
adolescents in this research have high father involvement and moderate psychological well-being. The
involvement of fathers in this study was measured based on how often the frequency of fathers
showed the involvement behaviors which were seen directly by adolescents. This can explain why the
strength of the relationship between the two variables does not achieve a strong relationship because
as emphasized by Lamb that what needs to be considered and the important thing is not only how
much time is spent, but how it is done and how the quality of the time used by father when spending it
with their adolescents (Cripps and Zyromski, 2015).
Furthermore, the result of the regression analysis that had been done in this research shows that the
strength of father involvement in predicting the level of psychological well-being in adolescents
contributed 16.2%. This means that there are still 83.8% of other factors that can predict the level of
psychological well-being. The strength of the contribution of father involvement and the strength of
the relationship between the two variables may be explained through how adolescents perceive
closeness and attachment to father. The frequency of behavior seen by adolescents has been shown by
fathers may need to be accompanied by how much adolescents feel they have secure attachments and
feel close to their fathers. Kenny and Perez (1996, in Love and Murdock, 2004) found that the
attachment patterns which attach and provide security are positively related to high levels of
psychological well-being.
At the age of adolescence, it is also said that the success obtained by an individual is facing the
challenges of his development is when he does not feel separated from their parents, where it happens
when adolescents have a strong attachment and emotional connection. Discussing further the strong
attachment and emotional connection felt by adolescents, it is said that adolescents do not need the
same degree of physical closeness and availability of fathers as younger children. Adolescents tend to
be able to perceive feelings of comfort and closeness to fathers when their fathers’ support and
contribution in the lives of adolescents felt even though they are not physically present (Moretti and
Peled, 2004).
Furthermore, the attachment felt by adolescents with their fathers is said to be still mediated by a
factor called family belonging. It was stated that the high level of well-being in adolescents can be
predicted by how much adolescents have a sense of ownership and become part of their family. Thus,
although the level of closeness and attachment of adolescents with their fathers can be a predictor of
their level of well-being, their sense of ownership of the family becomes a mediator between the two
variables (King, Boyd, and Pragg, 2017).
Further Correlation Analysis

Based on the results obtained from this study, it is found that the overall father involvement, each
domain of father involvement, and each dimension of father involvement were most strongly related
to the dimensions of positive relations with others in psychological well-being. This can be explained
as told in the model stated by Parke and Buriel (1988, in Kocayörük, 2016), it is stated that fathers
have a significant role for adolescents to develop social abilities. This could happen because of the
opportunities provided by fathers for adolescents to start and develop social interactions with their
peers. It is explained that how fathers have a role in adolescents’ relationships with their surroundings
can be explained in 2 ways, either indirect or direct way. Fathers directly influence the peer
relationships in adolescents by bringing up various activities such as supporting, encouraging, and
monitoring the social life of adolescents, as well as by participating in spending activities with their
children's friends (Parke & Buriel, 1998 in Kocayörük, 2016). Direct father involvement in adolescent
children's friendship relationships is also shown by how fathers monitor interactions with their
friends, develop opportunities for children to connect and make friends with those around them, and
regulate the child's social life in general (Ladd et al., 1992; Parke & Buriel, 1998 in Updegraff et al.,
2001). Adolescents who accept involvement from their fathers in their social lives will be able to
build more frequent and more positive friendships with and obtain higher social acceptance from their
environment (Bhavnagri & Parke, 1991; Ladd & Golter, 1988; Lollis, Ross, & Tate, 1992 in
Updegraff et al., 2001).

Vol.12, No.1s, 2020, 180-191
The direct effect of father involvement is also related to the quality of friendship which includes the
intimacy and involvement of adolescents in friendships and large groups of friends (Updegraff et al.,
2001). Fathers who provide face-to-face interactions with their adolescents can help these adolescents
to learn social skills (Parke et al, 2004 in Kocayörük, 2016). Fathers are a strong role model for
adolescents and direct interaction with them has allowed adolescents to observe and learn from their
fathers (McBride & Rane, 1997 and 2000 in Kocayörük, 2016). Fathers’ availability is also stated as a
predictor in reducing conflicts that might occur between adolescents and their friends. Fathers who
"exist" and spend time together and interacting with their adolescents contribute to their ability in
regulating their emotions.
While on the indirect pathway, fathers play an important role for adolescents’ friendship relationships
by building interactions that are full of acceptance, warmth, and sensitivity towards adolescents, so
that it positively influences how adolescents build and develop good relationships with people around
them ( MacDonald & Parke, 1984; Updegraff, McHale, Couter, & Kupanoff, 2001 in Kocayörük,
2016). Other findings explain that the father's behavior towards adolescents has a strong relationship
with how adolescents build their self-concept. And the self-concept has an influence on how they
relate to their peers. It was also found in the study that the relationship with fathers became more
important in the formation of the self-concept than the relationship with mothers.
Based on the concept of attachment and social learning perspective, the parents who involved
indirectly influence how adolescents build friendships through their experiences dealing with their
fathers. Adolescents are helped in building social competence through relationships with fathers
(Elicker, Englund, & Sroufe, 1992; MacDonald & Parke, 1984). Furthermore, fathers who are warm
and accepting tend to have adolescents who have better social competence to build relationships with
people in their surroundings (MacDonald & Parke, 1984 in Updegraff et al., 2001). Parke and Buriel
(1998, in Kocayörük, 2016) stated that although fathers appear to be less involved than mothers,
father involvement seems to encourage more autonomy and independence in adolescents, and also by
how fathers place and treat them as friends. This then becomes important for adolescents in
establishing friendships. And through this second path, fathers have an indirect effect because of the
attachment shown by fathers to their adolescents. In other words, father's interactions that were full of
acceptance, warmth, and sensitivity could positively influence the development of social life and
adolescents’ relationships with peers (MacDonald & Parke, 1984; Updegraff et al, 2011 in
Kocayörük, 2016).
CONCLUSIONS
Father involvement is positively related to psychological well-being in late adolescents with moderate
strength. This relationship means the higher adolescents sees his father as involved in their lives, the
higher the level of psychological well-being achieved by them. It is also found that the father's
involvement influenced and contributed 16.2% in predicting the level of psychological well-being of
late adolescents so that another 83.8% was predicted with other factors. This positive relationship is
also found in father involvement as a whole and both domains in father involvement with all
dimensions of psychological well-being in late adolescence. Another finding is that the overall father
involvement, each domain of father involvement, and each dimension of father involvement was most
strongly related to the dimensions of positive relations with others in psychological well-being
Recommendation for further research is that further research can be done on other factors that might
be related to psychological well-being in late adolescents based on literature review. Further research
can also be done through fathers’ self-report on their involvement in their adolescents’ life and
observing these behaviors to enrich the results of research and understand more deeply the dynamics
of father involvement that are seen and shown directly by fathers.

Vol.12, No.1s, 2020, 180-191
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Researchers thank all of the institutions that had become the location of this research. Thank you to all
the teachers, education staff, and students of related institutions who have made this research possible.
We would also like to thank Mrs. Langgersari Elsari, M.Psi., Psikolog; and Mrs. Dra. Ratna Jatnika,
MT as the expert reviewers who had helped the adaptation process for the measurement tool used in
this research. We also thank Mrs. Witriani, S.Psi, M.Psi. who always provide moral support and
helped the finishing of this research.
REFERENCES
[1]. Amato, P. (1994). Father-Child Relations, Mother-Child Relations, and Offspring Psychological well-
being in Early Adulthood. Journal of Marriage and Family, 56(4), 1031-1042. doi:10.2307/353611
[2]. Arnett, J. J. (2012). Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood A Cultural Approach - With Pearson
Etext(Fifth ed.). Pearson College Div.
[3]. Arnett, Jeffery Jensen. (2013). Adolescence and Emerging Adult. New Jersey: Pearson.
[4]. Brooks, J. (2011) The Process of Parenting (8th ed.). Toronto: McGraw-Hill.
[5]. Cookston, J., & Finlay, A. (2006). Father Involvement and Adolescent Adjustment: Longitudinal
Findings from Add Health. Fathering: A Journal of Theory, Research, and Practice about Men as
Fathers,4(2), 137-158. doi:10.3149/fth.0402.137
[6]. Cripss, K., & Zyromski, B. (2015). Adolescents’ Psychological well-being and Perceived Parental
Involvement: Implications for Parental Involvement in Middle Schools.
doi:10.1080/19404476.2009.11462067
[7]. to, Larry B. 2007. Experimental Methodology, 10th Ed. USA : Peason Education, Inc.
[8]. Divo, Sharfina. (2015). Studi Deskriptif Keterlibatan Ayah Dalam Pengasuhan Remaja Awal Usia 12 –
14 Tahun (Thesis). Fakultas Psikologi : Universitas Padjadjaran. Jatinangor.
[9]. Endiskaputri, Amani. 2016. Hubungan antara Keterlibatan Ayah dengan Kapasitas Intimacy terhadap
Lawan Jenis pada Mahasiswi Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Padjadjaran Usai 20-22 Tahun (Thesis).
Sumedang : Universitas Padjadjaran.
[10]. Flouri, E., & Buchanan, A. (2003). The Role of Father Involvement and Mother Involvement in
Adolescents ’ Psychological well-being, 399–406.
[11]. Hoskins, D. H. (2014). Consequences of Parenting on Adolescent Outcomes. Journal of Societies.
doi:0.3390/soc4030506
[12]. King, V., Boyd, L. M., & Pragg, B. (2017). Parent–Adolescent Closeness, Family Belonging, and
Adolescent Well-Being Across Family Structures. Journal of Family Issues.
doi:10.1177/0192513X17739048
[13]. Kocayörük, E. (2016). Father Involvement in Adolescent Development Promoting the Father-Child
Relations in Adolescence.
[14]. Lamb, Michael E. (2010). The Role of Father in Child Development. Cambridge.
[15]. Love, K. M., & Murdock, T. B. (2004). Attachment to Parents and Psychological well-being: An
Examination of Young Adult College Students in Intact Families and Stepfamilies. Journal of Family
Psychology. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.18.4.600
[16]. Moretti, M. M., PhD, & Peled, M., MA. (2004). Adolescent-Parent Attachment: Bonds that Support
Healthy Development.
[17]. Pleck, J. H. (2012). Integrating Father Involvement in Parenting Research. Parenting, 12(2–3), 243–
253. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2012.683365
[18]. Pyun, Y. S. (2014). The Influence of Father-Child Relationship on Adolescents' Mental Health.
[19]. Ryff, C. (1995). Psychological well-being in Adult Life.
[20]. Ryff, C. D. (1989). Psychological well-being Scale. doi:10.1037/t04262-000
[21]. Ryff, C. D. (2014). Psychological well-being revisited: Advances in the science and practice of
eudaimonia. Psychotherapy and psychosomatics, 83(1), 10-28
[22]. Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology,69(4), 719-727. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.719
[23]. Sagone, E., & DeCaroli, M. E. (2014). Relationships between Psychological well-being and Resilience
in Middle and Late Adolescents. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.05.154
[24]. Santrock, J. (2014). Life-Span Development(13th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
[25]. Santrock, John W. (2014). Adolescence Fitfteenth Edition. USA: Mc-Graw Hill Education.
[26]. Sari, Endah Puspita & Wulan, Indraswari Kartika. Hubungan antara Keterlibatan Ayah dan
Kesejahteraan Psikologis pada Remaja
[27]. Steinberg, L. (2008). Adolescence(Eigth ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Vol.12, No.1s, 2020, 180-191
[28]. Updegraff, K. A., McHale, S. M., Crouter, A. C., & Kupanoff, K. (2016). Parents' Involvement in
Adolescents' Peer Relationships: A Comparison of Mothers' and Fathers' Roles. Journal of Marriage
and Family
[29]. YunarwatI, Zhakyah. (2016). Inspiring Moms. Elex Media Komputindo.

Copyright of Talent Development & Excellence is the property of International Research
Association for Talent Development & Excellence (IRATDE) and its content may not be
copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's
express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for
individual use.

Paternal Involvement Article

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Paternal Involvement Article

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Talent Development & Excellence 180

Vol.12, No.1s, 2020, 180-191

Father Involvement and Its Relation to Psychological Well-Being in Late

Sylvi Noor Alifah1*, Laila Qodariah2, Marisa Fransiska Moeliono3

Keywords: Father Involvement, Psychological Well-Being, Late Adolescence

ISSN 1869-0459 (print)/ ISSN 1869-2885 (online)

ISSN 1869-0459 (print)/ ISSN 1869-2885 (online)

ISSN 1869-0459 (print)/ ISSN 1869-2885 (online)

ISSN 1869-0459 (print)/ ISSN 1869-2885 (online)

ISSN 1869-0459 (print)/ ISSN 1869-2885 (online)

Environmental p 0,000 0,000 0,032 0,000 0,000

Main Correlation Analysis

ISSN 1869-0459 (print)/ ISSN 1869-2885 (online)

ISSN 1869-0459 (print)/ ISSN 1869-2885 (online)

Further Correlation Analysis

ISSN 1869-0459 (print)/ ISSN 1869-2885 (online)

ISSN 1869-0459 (print)/ ISSN 1869-2885 (online)

ISSN 1869-0459 (print)/ ISSN 1869-2885 (online)

ISSN 1869-0459 (print)/ ISSN 1869-2885 (online)

You might also like