ELEMENTARY FLUID

MECHANICS
LECTURER:
PN. SHARIFAH BINTI ABDULLAH
ROOM: T1-A15-12A
 COURSE OUTCOMES
 Describe and detrmine various
properties of fluids.
 Explain the hydrostatic principles
and their application in Civil
Engineering field
 Explain the hydrodynamics
principles and their application in
Civil Engineering field
SYLLABUS CONTENT

 PROPERTIES OF FLUID
 HYDROSTATICS – FLUID PRESSURE

 HYDROSTATICS - BUOYANCY

 HYDRODYNAMICS – FLUID FLOW

AND ITS MEASUREMENT
 HYDRODYNAMICS – CONCEPT OF
MOMENTUM IN FLUID FLOW
ASSESSMENT

CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT:
 1 TEST 30%
 ASSIGNMENT 10%

FINAL EXAMINATION 60%

TOTAL : 100%
RECOMMENDED TEXT

 DOUGLAS, J.F., GASIOREK,J.M.,AND

SWAFFIELD,J.A(2001). FLUID
MECHANICS, 4TH ED.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this week students will be
able to:

 differentiate
the unit and dimensions use
in engineering fluids (CO1)

 understand various properties of fluids

(CO1)

Properties of fluid – week 1

CHAPTER 1:
CONTINUUM CONCEPT
 Engineering applications hardly
analyse fluids at molecular level
 Main concern is the bulk behaviour of
fluid because dimensions involved in
engineering problems are very large
such that the fluid particles distance
are negligible
 It is reasonable to consider fluid as a
continuum
CONTINUUM CONCEPT

 Continuum – continuous substance

where quantities such as velocity and
pressure can be taken as constant at
any section irrespective of the
individual fluid particle velocity or
pressure
UNITS AND DIMENSIONS

Units and dimensions commonly used in

the analysis of fluid mechanics problems
are:
 S. I Units (m, kg, s)
 c. g. s. Systems of Unit (cm, g, s)
 Imperial Units (ft, lb, s)
Commonly used Dimensions
(in terms)
 Length – L
 Mass – M
 Time - T
 Force - F

 Example: …….give an equation…….

FLUID PROPERTIES

 Fluid is gasses and liquid.

 By definition : A fluid is a substance
which deforms continuously under the
action of shearing forces , however
small they may be
 A fluid will not only flow under its own
weight it also incapable of retaining
any unsupported shape
DENSITY

Density, r = mass/volume
= m/v
Unit = kg/m3
 Density of fluid
density of water at 4 0 C

SPECIFIC GRAVITY (SG)

 Specific gravity, SG

= rf / 1000
SPECIFIC WEIGHT

Specific weight, g
= Density x acceleration due to
gravitational force
= rg
Unit = N/m3
WEIGHT

Weight, W
= mass x acceleration due
to gravitational force
= mg
Unit = N
PRESSURE

Pressure, P = Force / Area

= F/A
or P = gh

(where h = depth , piezometer height)

Unit = N/m2
SPECIFIC VOLUME

Specific volume, Vs
= 1 / Density
= 1/r
Unit = m3/kg
DYNAMIC VISCOSITY

Dynamic viscosity, m = t / (dV/dy)

Where:
t = shear stress
m = Dynamic viscosity
dV = change of velocity
dy = change of height/depth
Unit = Ns/m2
KINEMATICS VISCOSITY

Kinematics viscosity,
n = m / r

UNIT = m2/s
BULK MODULUS OF
ELASTICITY
Bulk Modulus of elasticity (E or K) expresses the
compressibility of the fluids.

Elasticity (E,K)
= change of pressure / (- volumetric strain)
= dP / -(dV/V)
where
K,E = modulus of elasticity
dP = change of pressure
dV = change of volume
V = original volume
 VAPOR PRESSURE
 All liquids tend to evaporate or vaporize
(projecting molecules into the space
above their surfaces)
 In equilibrium condition, vapor pressure
is called saturation pressure
 Molecules which moves above the
surfaces of liquid exert pressure (which
is called vapor pressure) in the confined
space
SURFACE TENSION

Surface tension, s = DP r / 2

Where :
r = radius of the droplet
DP = pressure within the droplet of
liquid
CAPILLARITY
The height above which the liquid column rises can be
determined from the consideration of forces acting on the
liquid column.

For a vertical equilibrium,

upwards force = downwards force
2 r sCos  = r2h g

Therefore, height of liquid rises,

h = 2 sCos  / g r
Where: s = surface tension h

r = radius
 = angle of deflection
 For water, = 00
 For mercury, = 1400
END OF CHAPTER 1

THANK YOU
 LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this week students will be
able to:

 Describeand perform calculation related

to various properties of fluids (CO1)

Properties of fluid – week 2

 EXERCISE (CHAPTER 1)
QUESTIONS
 A certain liquids weights 8600 N/m3 , what are the
values of its density, specific volume and specific
gravity.
 A reservoir of glycerin has a mass of 1200kg and a
volume of 0.952 m3. Find the glycerin’s weight, mass
density, specific weight and specific gravity.
 A flat plate 200 mm x 750 mm slides on oil ( m = 0.85
N.sm-2) over a large plane surface. What force F is
required to drag the plate at a velocity of 1.2 m/s, if
the thickness of the separating oil film is 0.6 mm.
 Compute the capillary rise in mm of pure water at
10oC expected in an 0.8 mm diameter tube. (Given s
= 0.0742 N/m, g = 9804 N/m3 ).
 SAE 10 oil at 200C is sheared between two parallel
plates 0.01 cm apart with the lower plate fixed and
the upper plate moving at 15 cm/s. Compute the
shear stress in the oil (dynamic viscosity of SAE 10
= 0.07 Ns/m2).
 The kinematics viscosity and specific gravity of a
liquid are 3.5 x 10-4 m2/s and 0.79 respectively.
What is the dynamic viscosity of the liquid?