SECTION III-CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

What is Criminal Investigation Analysis:Criminal profiling or criminal

investigation involves a combination of law enforcement and forensic psychology. It
is still a relatively new field with few set boundaries or definitions.

The practitioners of criminal profiling do not always agree on methodology or even

terminology. Despite their disagreements, however, practitioners of profiling all share
a common goal of analyzing evidence gathered at a crime scene and statements
provided by victims and witnesses in order to develop a description of an unknown
offender.

Definition:Criminal profiling, or criminal investigative analysis, as it is called by the

FBI, involves the investigation of a crime with the hope of identifying the responsible
party, based on crime scene analysis, investigative psychology and behavioral
science.

Phases of Criminal Investigation Analysis:In practice, particularly as conducted by

the FBI, criminal profiling is involved in the investigation, apprehension and
prosecution phases of the criminal justice process.

Investigation:In the investigation phase, profiling is used to determine whether or not

crimes are linked and to predict the personality and lifestyle characteristics of an
unknown perpetrator. In the investigation phase, profiling is used to develop strategies
to apprehend the unknown criminal and to assess the likelihood of escalation in the
perpetrator’s crimes.

Apprehension:In the apprehension phase, profiling is used to predict where to look

for an unknown serial criminal, to determine what information should be included in a
search warrant, and how he/she may react upon apprehension.

Prosecution: In the prosecution phase, criminal profilers act as experts in court to

link crimes based on forensic evidence and to connect an alleged perpetrator to a
series of crimes.

White collar crime in Pakistan

Commission of offense
The white collar crime is said to be committed; when a holder of a public office, or
any other person, is said to commit or to have committed the offence of corruption
and corrupt practices:
Acceptance of undue offers and gratifications,illegal remuneration.

Acceptance of any valuable asset without adequate and legal reasons by a person
involved in a process concerned with that officer

Dishonest and fraudulent conversion of property for his own benefit entrusted to him.
Obtaining property or any value able thing by dishonest or corrupt means for himself
or his spouse or other dependents.

Misuse of authority to gain any benefit for himself or anyone else or willfully fails to
exercise his authority to prevent the grant, or rendition of any undue benefit or favor
which he could have prevented by exercising his authority; or

If he commits an offence of willful default; or

If he has issued any directive, policy, or any SRO (statutory Regulatory Order) or any
other order which grants or attempts to grant any undue concession or benefit in any
taxation matter or law or otherwise so as to benefit himself or any relative or associate
or a benamidar or any other person;

If he commits the offence of cheating as defined in section 415 of the Pakistan Penal
Code, 1860, and thereby dishonesty induces members of the public at large to deliver
any property including money or valuable security to any person; or

White-Collar Crime in Pakistan

Types of White Collar Crime
Embezzlement:
Computer Fraud: Using a computer or technological devices to commit a crime.
Securities and Commodities Law Violations
Environmental Law Violations:
Bank Fraud: To engage in an act or pattern of activity where the purpose is to
defraud a bank of funds.
Racketeering: The operation of an illegal business for personal profit.
Tax Evasion: When a person commits fraud in filing or paying taxes.
Bribery: When money, goods, services, information or anything else of value is
offered with intent to influence the actions, opinions, or decisions of the taker. You
may be charged with bribery whether you offer the bribe or accept it.
Cellular Phone Fraud: The unauthorized use, tampering, or manipulation of a
cellular phone or service. This can be accomplished by either use of a stolen phone, or
where an actor signs up for service under false identification or where the actor clones
a valid electronic serial number (ESN) by using an ESN reader and reprograms
another cellular phone with a valid ESN number.
Cyber Crime: Where computer hackers steal information sources contained on
computers such as: bank information, credit cards, and
proprietary information.
Insider Trading: When a person uses inside, confidential, or advance information to
trade in shares of publicly held corporations.
Insurance Fraud: To engage in an act or pattern of activity wherein one obtains
proceeds from an insurance company through deception.
Investment Schemes: Where an unsuspecting victim is contacted by the actor who
promises to provide a large return on a small investment.
Kickback: Occurs when a person who sells an item pays back a portion of the
purchase price to the buyer.
Larceny / Theft: When a person wrongfully takes another person's money or
property with the intent to appropriate, convert or steal it.
Money Laundering: The investment or transfer of money from racketeering, drug
transactions or other embezzlement schemes so that it appears that its original source
either cannot be traced or is legitimate.
Telemarketing Fraud: Actors operate out of boiler rooms and place telephone calls
to residences and corporations where the actor requests a donation to an alleged
charitable organization or where the actor requests money up front or a credit card
number up front, and does not use the donation for the stated purpose.
Welfare Fraud: To engage in an act or acts where the purpose is to obtain benefits
(i.e. Public Assistance, Food Stamps, or Medicaid) from the State or Federal
Government.
Weights and Measures: The act of placing an item for sale at one price yet charging
a higher price at the time of sale or short weighing an item when the label reflects a
higher weight.

Examples of White Collar Crimes in Pakistan:

Take the New Islamabad International Airport as an example. The original cost
estimate was Rs23 billion. The total amountspent was Rs100 billion.

The cost of building Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research
Centre was Rs4 billion. With Rs77 billion, 19 such hospitals can be built all through
Pakistan.

The Citizens Foundation – Pakistan’s “largest non-profit, privately owned networks

of low-cost formal schools” –builds a primary school at a cost Rs17 million. With
Rs77 billion, we can build 4,500 such schools.

According to the Pakistan Education Statistics 2016-17, there are

“ 22.84 million [Pakistani] children still out of school”. With Rs77 billion, we can
educate more than five million Pakistani children.

White Collar Crime statistics in Pakistan:

In Pakistan, the FIA and NAB are the agencies responsible for prosecuting white-
collar criminals. The conviction rate at the FIA is 6.6 percent.

In 2017, a total of 26,551 complaints were filed with NAB, of which 456 complaints
(two percent of the total) were taken to the ‘inquiry stage’.

Of the 456 ‘inquiries’, 215 were ‘investigated’. Of the 215 ‘investigations’, a total of
112 were convicted.
RECOMMENDATIONS: The Following are the recommendations for eradication
of corruption in the two segments of the society.
 I. LOWER STRATA CORRUPTION
i. Compatibility of pay structure of public sector employees from private sector.
ii. Sense of security to all by providing house, social security, health insurance and
old age grant for all.
iii. Job guarantees for all or alternative allowance, according to the capability and
competence.
iv. Free and uniform system of education for all.
v. Check and balance on day-to-day prices of essential commodities.
II. HIGHER STRATA CORRUPTION
 A: SHORT TERM MEASURES
i. Selection through a computerized test-detecting weak and stronger character traits.
ii. Handsome and competitive salary package.
iii. Withdrawal of benefits and privileges.
iv. Check and balance of pay and authority.
v. Postings in the area of permanent residence to obviate sense of alienation.
vi. Lowering the cost of living.

B: LONG TERM MEASURES

i. For politicians, minimum qualification should be Masters in Social Sciences.
ii. Like other areas of public life strict code of conduct for political institution and
politicians.
iii. Awareness in Civil Society against corruption.
iv. Strict enforcement procedures against financial crime

Human Rights Abuses and Protection,especially children,women and

minorities and the role of civil society and NGO’s

Money Laundering
Illegal transfer of money from one country to the other
Benefits:
i. Tax evasion
ii. Black money transfer
iii. Underground economy

Money Laundering in Pakistan

CAUSES OF MONEY LAUNDERING

Tax evasion: leads to the hiding of financial assets owned by a person or company—
to evade taxes, people hide their assets and the sources of their earnings Generally, the
rationale behind avoiding paying taxes is accumulating wealth.

Inadequate Financial Regulatory: Another cause of money laundering is the
weakness and inadequacy of financial regulations and relevant authorities within a
country. For instance, if the tax department is not strong enough to question the
politicians, elites, and general public about their earnings and “monetary and non-
monetary” assets, then it is not difficult for people to hide taxes and perform money
laundering by buying property in relatively more stable but offshore economies.

Bribery: is also linked to weak financial regulations as financial regulatory

authorities or airport officials might be bribed by money launderers to allow them to
transfer funds abroad without paying the applicable taxes and by not tracking down
the sources or destinations of the money.This paves the way for secured money
laundering facilitated by the officials of airport authorities.
Corruption: is unethical conduct aimed at gaining personal benefits by using either
authority or bribery. Politicians, statesmen, ministers, etc. hide the monetary and non-
monetary assets that they earn illegitimately, i.e., through means of corruption.

In efficient banking system:Another reason for the un tracked facilitation of money

laundering is the failure of banks to detect and report the money in their reserves that
is being laundered. Huge sums of money are transferred by money launderers to
foreign banks, and some accept without carrying out any effective inspection as to
their source.
Online Transactions and Smuggling: Online financial transactions and the
smuggling of cash through airports are not the only means of laundering money. Cash
is also smuggled physically through borders, particularly in those countries where
there is weak or no vigilance over cross-border trafficking.

THE THREE STAGES OF MONEY LAUNDERING

i. PLACEMENT: The first step is related to depositing cash funds in foreign banks.
This step is called placement, as the funds are placed in foreign banks without
drawing the attention of national authorities.
ii. LAYERING: The second step is linked to carrying out financial transactions, cash
withdrawals, wire transfers, etc. and hiding the original source of money. This step is
called layering, as the money launderer performs several financial transactions, which
act as layers of cash. Online transactions, notably wire transfers, are the quickest way
of layering, as multiple cash transactions can occur speedily through them.
iii. INTEGRATION: The third step is related to the use of money for investment or
any other action. This step is called the integration of funds, as the laundered money
is actually used at this stage. When money has reached this step, it becomes difficult
or almost impossible for the A.M.L. authorities to track the laundered money, unless a
trial or investigation had started when the money was in the first or second stage.

All of the three steps are interconnected and must take place for the laundered money
to be used in the foreign land.

METHODS OF MONEY LAUNDERING

I. STRUCTURING OF MONEY

i. This method entails the division of large amounts of cash, which need to be
laundered, into smaller amounts.
ii. Each divided amount is then transferred, through money orders, online
transactions, cash deposits, etc., to foreign banks. The nontaxable sum, which can be
legally traveled with, can also be taken to the foreign country by traveling
legitimately. The scheme of dividing a sum of money into smaller portions and
transferring the portions is also termed“smurfing.”
iii. It generally includes the first stage of money laundering—the placement of funds
in foreign banks—either through online transfers, wire transfers, money ordering, or
traveling as a group but pretending to be individuals, with each person having the
maximum but different amount of cash to legally travel with .

II. SMUGGLING
i. This method involves taking bulk cash to a foreign country by deceiving the airport
or border authorities of the actual amount of money being displaced.
ii. This amount is then deposited into a bank of that foreign country, where the money
laundering laws might be weaker or not strictly enforced.
iii. This is considered to be the most common method of money laundering.

III. LAUNDERING THROUGH TRADE

i. Money laundering through trade happens when invoices are either undervalued or
overvalued, depending upon the cash inflow/outflow or costs, respectively.
ii. Traders often accomplish this by providing fake invoices and accounts.

IV. NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS

i. Founding a non governmental organization and registering it in another country and

providing funds to it can lead to money laundering if the N.G.O. is not making use of
the funds for a noble cause for the local public.
ii. Some businessmen create trust organizations and give their money to them as a
charity payment so that the charitable amount is not taxed; this therefore avoids
taxation.
iii. If such an N.G.O. or trust organization is working in another country and the funds
are provided to it in the foreign land illegitimately, then it certainly constitutes money
laundering.

V. ROUND TRIPPING

i. Round tripping is used for money laundering, as well as for tax evasion. This is a
technique through which a company sells its assets to another company and then, at
the same time, signs an agreement to buy some or all of the same assets at the same
price.

ii. The selling and buying of assets liquefies the latter, facilitating their quick
conversion into cash and vice versa. The cash can be moved abroad by labeling it as
“foreign direct investment” (hereinafter F.D.I.) and is exempted from tax.

iii. For instance, an individual or a company might hire a foreign law firm or any
other organization and pay it for their services;it then cancels the agreement exactly at
the time when the money (fee) has been sent.

VI. BANK CONTROL

In this method, money launderers become major shareholders of a bank in a foreign or

local region where there is weak scrutiny related to money laundering.
ii. Hence, by making an investment in the bank and gaining some shares, the money
launderers try to gain influence over the bank and perform money laundering through
it without scrutiny as it becomes a major client of that bank.
iii. This kind of money laundering is very rarely identified because the financial
regulatory authorities consider the movement of currencies from the bank as usual
cash proceeds. Nonetheless, examples of investigating banks for money laundering
cases exist in recent history; for instance, H.S.B.C. was fined $1.9 billion after
conviction for money laundering.

VII. CASH-ORIENTED BUSINESSES

i. Some enterprise organizations are involved in cash-oriented businesses, i.e., they

deal with large sums of cash and have multiple operations, some of which are also
linked to illegal activities, for instance gambling bars, casinos, and clubs.
ii. Such businesses do not specifically show their income earned through illegal
means, neither do they record the destination of their funds. They depict the “dirty
money” as clean money that is included in their profit, and this constitutes money
laundering.
iii. For example, a person enters a casino with huge sums of cash earned through
illegal means. He plays the game for a while and gives all the cash to the casino. This
cash is represented by casinos as a profit amount earned through gambling wins.
iv. However, it is not investigated whether the person who gave the cash to the casino
might have originally worked for that casino or for a money launderer who is
connected directly to the casino.

VIII. MONEY LAUNDERING THROUGH REAL ESTATE

i. Some criminals buy property with cash earned through illegal means and then sell
the property to reacquire the cash, so as to justify it as legitimate money.
ii. As the illegitimate money is converted into legitimate earnings, it is considered
laundered money. It is also possible that the price of that property may be
underrepresented to reduce the taxable amount.
iii. This hides the exact amount of money spent on buying the property, and it is
mainly done to evade tax.

IX. FOREIGN EXCHANGE

i. Un-certified and unregulated foreign exchange companies also have a presence in

different regions of several countries. These companies also collect remittances and
then deliver the relevant amount of remittance to the families of the senders without
notifying government authorities.
ii. These foreign exchange companies have multiple currencies with them and they
usually transfer funds abroad upon the requests of the locals.
iii. Meanwhile, the government never notices that the foreign exchange companies are
transferring funds abroad or are collecting cash that is sent to them from people from
foreign lands as remittances.
iv. Hence, the government is deprived of the collection of remittances, as well as the
taxes that it can get from the cash that is sent abroad. As a result, this method of
currency exchange or remittances, which is also related to Hawala or Hundi, is illegal
in most countries.

EFFECTS OF MONEY LAUNDERING

I. ECONOMIC IMPACTS

i. Vulnerable Emerging Markets: Money laundering also affects emerging markets

in those regions where it is established. Emerging markets are more vulnerable to the
impact of money laundering because financial regulatory authorities give more
attention to well-established and strong markets than to emerging ones.
ii. Damage to the Private Sector: Damage to the private sector is another adverse
effect that the money launderers cause to the economy of a nation. Money launderers
often act through front companies, which acquire their funds. By acquiring large
amounts of funds they can lower the prices of their services or products to a large
extent to penetrate the market. They gain competitive advantage when other
companies are not able to match their prices.

Iii-Failure of Banks and Financial Institutions: Money laundering can cause the
failure of banks and financial institutions. For instance, if a large sum of money is
transferred to a bank and then, after a short duration, that money is transferred to
another bank, it may cause a liquidity problem to the financial assets of that bank.95
The bank can go bankrupt if a large number of people start approaching it to withdraw
their deposits upon knowing that a massive amount of money has been moved from
that bank by money launderers.
iv. Reputation: Money laundering tarnishes the reputation of financial institutions
and the nation’s economy especially when money laundering also causes the
embezzlement of funds etc. In such a case, market confidence diminishes and
investors lose interest in the local market.100 Moreover, if the speculations of the ill
reputation of the market reach abroad, then it also reduces the chances of F.D.I.
v. Impact on Economic Policy: As money laundering tarnishes the reputation of the
financial institutions of a country, it might also affect the related economic indicators
and variables, for instance the interest rate, which can affect inflation, Consumer Price
Index (C.P.I.), and the value of the currency of that country. This can cause monetary
instability and can also affect the prices of goods in the country.
vi. Decline in Tax Revenues: Money laundering directly affects the government’s tax
revenue. As A huge sum of currency that could have been taxed is moved abroad.
This loss of revenue must be covered by the government by collecting more taxes
from other taxpayers by increasing the tax rate.104 This hurts honest taxpayers, as
well as making tax collection tougher for the government as the public may retaliate
by protesting against the hike in tax rates.

II. SOCIAL IMPACTS

i. Money laundering gives birth to a number of social costs and dilemmas.
ii. It also affects the reputation of a country at the international level if it appears that
the financial institutions of that country might be involved in money laundering.
iii. It can expose or encourage the people of a country to smuggling, drug trafficking,
iv. Money laundering can also contribute to other crimes, as criminals, drug lords,
smugglers, black money owners, etc. have to hide their source of income; moreover,
they have to employ money laundering techniques to conceal their black money under
the cloak of legality or safety from law enforcement agencies
v. Hence, money laundering gives a safe haven to criminals and terrorists to hide their
illegally earned money and, therefore, motivates others to enter the criminal world as
they might consider any of the methods of money laundering to be a promoter and
cover to their criminal activities.
vi. Thus, crime will spread in society, which has not only geographical but also
international implications because the nature of the crime has become global in scope.

CURBING MONEY LAUNDERING

I. INTERNATIONAL A.M.L. ORGANIZATIONS
FINANCIAL ACTION TASK FORCE (F.A.T.F):

i. In 1989, the G7 countries founded the F.A.T.F., headquartered in Paris, France.118

At present, thirty-six countries are members of F.A.T.F.119 The main purpose of
F.A.T.F. is to devise an intergovernmental response for curbing money laundering;
however, in October 2001, after 9/11, it took on another essential goal in order to
accomplish the combating the financing of terrorism.

ii. It creates policies and strategies and gives advice to the governments for A.M.L.
and Combating Financing Terrorism (C.F.T.) laws and policy reforms.

iii. It also monitors the government’s financial activities to track any misappropriation
related to money laundering regulations and provides suggestions to the governments
upon identifying any irregularities

UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME:

i. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (hereinafter U.N.O.D.C.) maintains
up-to-date data related to drug trafficking, smuggling, money laundering, and
terrorism financing.

ii. It was founded in 1997 to create a combined mechanism to curb money laundering
and the illegal trafficking of drugs.

iii. It also offers technical and financial assistance to governments to devise effective
mechanisms for curbing money laundering

FINTRACA:
i. FINTRACA, Financial Transactions and Reports Analysis Centre of Afghanistan,
was founded in 2004 as an A.M.L. agency. It is a semiprivate organization that works
within Da Afghanistan Bank.

ii. Its core function is to prevent access to the Afghan financial system to money
launderers and those who are suspected of using the money to finance terrorism.

iii. It works as a financial intelligence unit (F.I.U.), gathering information and

performing data analysis to track down the sources and destinations of money that
come to or leave the Afghan financial system.

iv. Upon tracking the illegal origins or destinations of money, it coordinates with
security agencies and law enforcement departments to curb illegal financing activities
and to investigate whether the money is being used to finance terrorism

CONCLUSION
i. Money laundering has been recognized as a major crime at the international level.
Terrorists, drug traffickers, smugglers, black money owners, etc. use different money
laundering methods to finance their activities, to traffic drugs, and to clean their
illegitimately earned assets.

ii. Whichever method is implemented, the three steps of money laundering—

placement, layering, and integration of funds—take place.

iii. Although A.M.L. organizations in all countries have formulated certain

mechanisms, rules, and policies for preventing and curbing money laundering, these
policies have been insufficient, whose magnitude has increased to up to billions of
U.S. dollars at the international level.

Cyber Crime
Definition: Dr. Debarati Halder and Dr. K. Jaishankar (2011) define Cybercrimes as:
"Offences that are committed against individuals or groups of individuals with a
criminal motive to intentionally harm the reputation of the victim or cause
physical or mental harm, or loss, to the victim directly or indirectly, using
modern telecommunication networks such as Internet and mobiles”

Computer/Cyber Crime:Computer crime, or cybercrime, is any crime that involves

a computer and a network.The computer may have been used in the commission of a
crime, or it may be the target.

Computer fraud is any dishonest misrepresentation of fact intended to let another to

do or refrain from doing something which causes loss. In this context, the fraud will
result in obtaining a benefit by:
i. Altering in an unauthorized way. This requires little technical expertise and is
common form of theft by employees altering the data before entry or entering false
data, or by entering unauthorized instructions or using unauthorized processes;
ii. Altering, destroying, suppressing, or stealing output, usually to conceal
unauthorized transactions. This is difficult to detect;
iii. Altering or deleting stored data.

Types of Cyber crimes:

phishing: using fake email messages to get personal information from internet users;
misusing personal information (identity theft);

hacking: shutting down or misusing websites or computer networks;

spreading hate and inciting terrorism;
distributing child pornography;

grooming: making sexual advances to minors.

Online Harassment: is usually related to your social lifestyle and if you choose to
use a popular social network such as Facebook or Twitter. Online harassment can
consist of threats sent through email, instant message or through a social network
message/post. Usually, it is simple to report these threats to the social network you're
being harassed on. 
Cyber stalking:Cyber stalkers will go to great lengths to try to monitor a victims
online activity. This may include infecting a person's computer with malware that is
able to log computer activity. 
Invasion of privacy:The invasion of privacy is basically the act of someone
attempting to intrude on a person's personal life. This includes hacking into a person's
computer, reading their emails or monitoring online activities. Many of these specific
crimes are punishable under the law. 

Cyber crime and Organizations:Internationally, both governmental and non-state

actors engage in cyber crimes, including espionage, financial theft, and other cross-
border crimes.

Cyberwarfare: Activity crossing international borders and involving the interests of

at least one nation state is sometimes referred to as cyberwarfare.
The international legal system is attempting to hold actors accountable for their
actions through the International Criminal Court.

Impacts of Cyber crimes:Such crimes may threaten a nation’s security and financial
health.[citation needed] Issues surrounding these types of crimes have become high-
profile, particularly those surrounding hacking, copyright infringement, child
pornography, and child grooming. There are also problems of privacy when
confidential information is intercepted or disclosed, lawfully or otherwise.

Organizations countering Cyber Crimes in Pakistan:

National Response Centre for Cyber Crime (NR3C), is the latest introduction to
mandate of the FIA, primarily to deal with technology based crimes in Pakistan.

It is the only unit of its kind in the country and in addition to the directly received
complaints also assists other law enforcement agencies in their own cases.

FIA said that its cybercrime circle has so far conducted 2,295 inquiries, registered 255
cases and made 209 arrests in 2018 — all highest since the Prevention of Electronic
Crimes Act (PECA) 2016 was enforced.

The corresponding figures for 2017 were 1,290 inquiries, 207 cases registered and
160 arrests made, whereas figures for 2016 stood at 514, 47 and 49.

The FIA admitted that cyber crimes are on the rise in Pakistan but added that "the
government's recent measure to establish 15 new cybercrime reporting centers" will
help control the situation.

National Accountability Bureau: The Federal Investigation Agency is a counter-

intelligence and security agency under the Ministry of Interior of Pakistan, tasked
with investigative jurisdiction on undertaking operations against terrorism, espionage,
federal crimes, fascism, smuggling as well as infringement and other specific crimes

Objectives:The National Accountability Bureau derives its objectives

from its approved project document titled 'National Anti Corruption Strategy' or
NACS and defines them as follows:

i. Short Term Setting in motion systemic improvements that will strengthen the
national integrity system and the people against corruption.

ii. Long Term The elimination of corruption by engaging all the stakeholders in the
fight against corruption, through a program, which is holistic, comprehensive and
progressive.

Structure:
It operates under the National Accountability Ordinance- 1999. With its headquarter
at Islamabad, it has four regional offices in the provincial capitals and one at
Rawalpindi. It takes cognizance of all offences falling within the National
Accountability Ordinance (NAO)

Responsibilities:The National Accountability Bureau is Pakistan's apex anti-

corruption organization.It is charged with the responsibility of elimination of
corruption through a holistic approach of awareness, prevention and enforcement.

Working:For the initial three years, the focus of its functions was directed only at
detection, investigation and prosecution of white-collar crime.

Those prosecuted include politicians, public service officials and other citizens who
were either guilty of gross abuse of powers, or through corruption had deprived the
national exchequer of millions or resorted to other corrupt practices.

National Anti-corruption Strategy (NACS):In February 2002, NAB launched the

National Anti-corruption Strategy (NACS) project. The NACS team conducted broad
based surveys, studied external models of international anti-corruption agencies and
involved local stakeholder. All pillars of National Integrity System were
studied in detail.

After identifying the causes of corruption in each pillar, a comprehensive strategy and
a detail action plan was recommended. Breaking away from traditional enforcement
based routines NACS has recommended a comprehensive process. Relevant
amendments have been made in NAO and now NAB is empowered to undertake
prevention and awareness in addition to its enforcement functions.

Federal Investigation Agency

FIA:The Federal Investigation Agency is a counter-intelligence and security agency
under the Ministry of Interior of Pakistan, tasked with investigative jurisdiction on
undertaking operations against terrorism, espionage,crimes,fascism,smuggling as well
as infringement and other specific crimes.

Creation:Codified under the Constitution in 1974, the institution functions under the
Ministry of Interior (MoI). The FIA also undertakes international operations with the
close cooperation and coordination of Interpol. Headquartered in Islamabad, the
agency has various branch and field offices located in all major cities throughout
Pakistan.
Mission Statement:
To achieve excellence in FIA by promoting culture of merit, providing continuous
professional training, ensuring effective internal accountability, encouraging use of
technology and having a meaningful feedback mechanism.

Structure:
As of 2009, FIA has 10 active departments to lead criminal charges and investigation,
with priorities:
i. Counter-terrorism Wing (CTW)—Tasked to protect Pakistan from all kinds of
terrorist attacks, including cyber, bio terrorism, chemical, electronic and nuclear
terrorism (see counter terrorism).
ii. Anti-Corruption Wing (ACW)—Tasked with undertaking investigations and
combat all public corruption at all levels of command (see also NAB).
iii. Economic Crime Wing (ECW)—Mandate to protect Pakistan from economic
terrorism and protection of intellectual property rights of the people. (see also:
Economic terrorism).
iv. Immigration Wing (IW)—Combat human trafficking activities and resist illegal
immigration in Pakistan
v. Technical Wing (TW)—Tasked to make efforts to protect Pakistan against foreign
intelligence operations and espionage (see counterintelligence and
counterproliferation) as well as using scientific assistance to resolve high-
technologycrimes.
vi. Legal Branch (LB)—Responsible to provide legal guidance in all administrative
and operational matters as well as protect civil rights.
vii. National Central Bureau (NCB)—Tasked to combat transnational/national
criminal organizations and enterprises (see organized crime) with assistance from
Interpol and FBI.
viii. Anti Trafficking Unit (ATU)—Tasked to combat major violent crimes, to
ensure country-wide coverage of human trafficking, as well as to prevent and protect
the victims of trafficking

FIA’s Initiatives:
Electricity,Gas,Oil Anti-theft Unit of FIA
Red Book (containing records of most wanted terrorists)
FIA Overseas Pakistanis Complaint Cell

Helplines:
Cyber crime 9911
FIA 111-345-786

Anti-Narcotics Force(ANF)
The Anti-Narcotics Force is a federal executive bureau of the Government of
Pakistan, tasked with combating the narcotics smuggling and use within Pakistan.

Policy Objectives:
Drug Supply Reduction
Eliminate poppy cultivation to maintain Pakistan's poppy-free status
Prevent the trafficking and production of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and
precursor chemicals
Strengthen law enforcement agencies and streamline their activities

Drug Demand Reduction

Enhance demand prevention efforts through education and community mobilization
campaigns and projects
Develop effective and accessible drug treatment and rehabilitation systems
Conduct a drug abuse survey to determine the prevalence of drug addiction

International Cooperation
Promote and actively participate in bilateral, regional and international efforts to
combat Drugs
Emphasize on control of problem at source in poppy growing countries
Demand reduction in destination countries need to be an important part of
international efforts

ANF Setup:
Anti Narcotics Force Headquarters is situated at Rawalpindi controlling its outfits
through 5x Regional Headquarters i.e. North at Rawalpindi, KP at Peshawar, Punjab
at Lahore, Sindh at Karachi and Balochistan at Quetta. Regional Headquarters are
controlling their area of domain through their various Police Stations. There are 9x
Directorates at HQ ANF:
i. Logistics Directorate
ii. Enforcement Directorate (A, B, and I Branches)
iii. Law Directorate
iv. Assets and Financial Investigation Directorate
v. Planning & Development Directorate
vi. International Cooperation Directorate
vii. Information Technology Directorate
viii. Drug Demand Reduction Directorate
ix. General Staff
x. Aviation Branch

Structure & Working:

Due to misconception on Section 4 of ANF ACT 1997, the force's head consisted the
active-duty general officer of Pakistan Army.

Although the law prescribes that any competent person may be appointed as Director
General. Currently Major General Khawar Hanif is a deputed as Director General.

The ANF also has sole responsibility for coordinating and pursuing Pakistan narcotics
investigations abroad.

The ANF is a civil law enforcement agency and its members are conferred powers of
Police officers and thus governed by the Police order 2002, currently in force.
Currently, because the administration includes only military personal not acquainted
with civil laws or court procedures, the bureau has the highest dropout rates of
employees of all the Government departments.

18th Amendment and ANF:The Eighteenth amendment in the Constitution of
Pakistan 1973 also has abolished the dangerous drugs topic from the concurrent list
and hence the legal existence of Anti Narcotics Force at the Federal Level in under
debate and consideration to be devolved to the Provincial setups.