1.

Background and Key Issues of Pavement

1. The role of pavement

2. The Pavement Life Circle and Total Life Cost
3. Pavement Performance
4. Concepts of Risks

Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng

The role of pavement

Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng

Pavement Cross Section

id i gcl in in i gcl id

bd bgcl b bl
B

Surfacing Layer
Shoulder of permeable material
Base Layers

Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng

The role of pavement

P
P

x
z

NÒn ®Êt
Subgrade
z
Pavement Structure consists the materials different from and stronger than
ground soil, such as asphalt mix, cement concrete, crushed stone,… Traffic
loads are transferred by surfacing to the pavement structure through contact
area then spread to sub-grade on wider loading area, means in lower stresses

Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng

Pavement Structure

Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng

Pavement Structure

Sub-grade (Prepared Road Bed) is usually the natural materials located along the
horizontal alignment and serves as foundation of the pavement structure. The sub-
grade may consists of a layer of selected borrow materials, well compacted or a
treated materials to achieve required properties (cement stabilization, bituminous
stabilization, and lime stabilization)
Sub-base course is materials layer located immediately above the sub-grade. It
consists of materials with higher quality than ground soil, means aggregate with
required properties of gradation, plastic characteristic and strength or treated
materials. The common materials of sub-base are natural gravel, crushed stone
and treated soil
Base course is immediately above the sub-base/ or sub-grade if a sub-base course
is not used. This course normally consists of granular materials such as crushed
stone, slag, gravel, and sand or these materials stabilized by cement, lime of
asphalt. The specifications of materials for base course includes stricter
requirement than sub-base.
Surface course is the upper course located directly on base course. It can be
asphalt mix in case of flexible and concrete slab in case of rigid pavement
Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng
Requirements of Road Pavement

A pavement has both functional and structural requirements.

• Functionally, it should serve traffic safely, comfortably and efficiently at
minimum or “reasonable” cost.
• Structurally, it is a load bearing structure that is required to perform
under the prevailing traffic and environmental conditions with minimum
maintenance.

The primary structural purpose of the pavement is to reduce the

stresses on the subgrade to such a level that the subgrade does not
deform under the action of traffic. At the same time, the pavement
layers themselves need to be strong enough to tolerate the stresses
and strains to which each layer is exposed.

Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng

Requirements of Road Pavement

Whilst engineers are concerned about structural

issues, road users will be concerned primarily with
the quality of the ride, congestion and safety.

Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng

Surfacing Layers

Roles Load Bearing and Spreading

Requirement - Efficient Strength (Compressive/ Bending/ Shearing)

- Durability
- Impermeability
- High Abrasion Strength
- Less dusting
- Noise Absorption Ability

Materials Asphalt mix/ Concrete/ Bitumen Sealing/…

Structure Wearing Course / Surfacing Course

Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng

 Base/Subbase Course

Role Major Layer for Compressive/ Bending Stresses

Bearing and Spreading

Requirement High Strength/ Stiffness – Wide Loading Distribution

Impermeability/ Permeability

Materials Unbound Granular/ Organic or Inorganic Stabilized

Aggregate

Structure Base Course/ Subbase Course/ Special

Function Course

Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng

Subgrade

Role Distributed Load Bearing/ Limiting Water Sources

Effects/ Ensuring Compaction Effect for Base/Subbase
courses.

Requirement Efficient Strength

Stability at High Moisture Condition

Materials Selected Materials / Natural Gravel/ Stabilized

Soils/ …

Structure Capping Layer of Selected Materials from 0.3 to

0.8 m depth and subgrade, then compacted soil

Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng

8. Background and Key Issues of Pavement

1. The role of pavement

2. The Pavement Life Circle and Whole Life Cost
3. Pavement Performance
4. Concepts of Risks

Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng

The Pavement Life Circle and Total Life Cost

For good the pavement design, the condition of the road will slowly deteriorate with
time and traffic. However, the long-term behavior of the road will also depend on
the maintenance that is undertaken

Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng

The Pavement Life Circle and Total Life Cost

If we get wrong pavement design, means there is significant gap between design
life and actual pavement life, the condition of the road will fast deteriorate with time
and traffic, loss of access results to significant social, financial and economic
impact

Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng

Design Life of Pavement

Pavement Design Life (years) Remarks

Cement Concrete 15 - 20
Hot Mix Asphalt 10
Cold Mix Asphalt 8-10
Bitumen Penetration 5-8
Bitumen Sealing 4-7
The design life of a
Crushed Stone/Gravel 3-4 gravel road is variable
and dependant the
Soil 2-3 management of the
road

Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng

Whole Life Cost

Road Construction Cost

Road Maintenance and Repair Cost
Road User Cost – Vehicle Operating Cost (VOC)
Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng
Whole Life Cost

Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng

8. Background and Key Issues of Pavement

1. The role of pavement

2. The Pavement Life Circle and Whole Life Cost
3. Pavement Performance
4. Concepts of Risks

Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng

Pavement Deterioration and Pavement Failures

Deterioration of pavement depends to some extent on the type of

structure but usually shows as cracks visible on the surface,
deformation in the wheeltracks (ruts), potholes, erosion, loss of surface
material, and general surface deformation which are pavement failures

Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng

Pavement Deterioration and Pavement Failures

‘Functional’ failures occur when the road ceases to satisfy the needs of
road users.
‘Structural’ failures are when the pavement requires renewal because
the deterioration cannot be corrected by routine or periodic
maintenance.
The two are not the same, nor do they always occur at the same time.

‘Functional’ failures ‘Structural’ failures

Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng
Pavement Performance Criteria

Pavement Condition is shown on set of failures and their intensity visible

on the surface of pavement, such as cracks, rutting, potholes, erosion,
tripping and raveling, local deformation.
Pavement Condition can also be presented in complex criteria, as
Pavement Condition Index (PCI), Surface Condition Index (CIsuf),
Structural Condition Index (CIstruct), Pavement Service Index (PSI),…which
is parameter of combination between failures and failure intensity
Pavement Strength is pavement capacity/ability against deformation
and other structural failures occur. Some criteria of pavement strength
are deflections under specific loading and/or modulus, DCP number.

Pavement Roughness presents riding quality of pavement. It is major

performance criterion relating to both functional and structural failures
of pavement
Pavement Texture presents riding quality in safety aspect of pavement

Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng

8. Background and Key Issues of Pavement

1. The role of pavement

2. The Pavement Life Circle and Whole Life Cost
3. Pavement Performance
4. Concepts of Risks

Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng

Factors Impact to Pavement Deterioration

Natural Environment includes: Traffic Condition includes:

- Climate - Traffic volume
- Terrain - Vehicle Loading
- Hydrology (Overloaded vehicle)
- Sub-grade
- Construction Materials

Construction Regime includes: Maintenance Regime includes:

- Design quality - Routine maintenance
- Drainage design - Preservation
- Construction quality maintenance program
- Time and treatment
method for pavement repair

Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng

Climate

Air Temperature

Annual Rainfall

Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng

Terrain Condition

Terrain:
▪ Flat
▪ Rolling
▪ Mountainous

Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng

Terrain Condition

Problem Areas

Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng

Hydrology

Water levels and flooding

Road in flooding as spillway

Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng

Hydrology

Poor Drainage Leads to

Road Failure

Missing Culvert?
No Side Drains ?
Road too low ?

Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng

Subgrade

Subgrade Strength (in-situ

assessment):
- CBR (in-situ CBR or DCP)
- Elastic Modulus

Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng

 Subgrade in Pavement Structure

Thickness
Bamboo reinforced 20MPa concrete mm
Bmb 150

Bedded on compacted sand 50

Natural gravel base CBR>30% 100

Sub-grade CBR 5-6% (H1, H2)

Thickness
Emulsion sand seal mm
Crushed stone armouring; CBR 50% 70

Natural gravel, CBR >30% 100

Natural gravel, CBR >30% 100

Sub-grade CBR 3-5% (H9)

Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng

Construction Materials

Local Material: material types

and material quality

Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng

 Construction Materials

- Lime stone in the North of Vietnam has source of sedimentary formations. It

normally is contaminated by clay in ramified voids and cracks, or clay bag inside
in limestone due to sediment process

Source: NPP Project – Materials Survey Report Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng
 Construction Materials

Stone in the South of Vietnam has source from eruption volcanic rock comprising
quartz (granite and feldspar), diorite (hornblende and pyroxene). The rock is
constituted with crystals in the form of juxtaposed grains, which, under traffic load,
can be fragmented & separated into coarse sand. For acid rock, the
adhesiveness against bitumen is poorer
Source: NPP Project – Materials Survey Report Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng
Traffic Conditions

High Traffic Volume

Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng

Traffic Conditions

Overloaded Vehicles

Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng

 Traffic Conditions

Source: NPP Project – Traffic Survey Report Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng
 Traffic Conditions

Number weighted: 7873 trucks in class R11 representing

38.8 % of the total weighted vehicles
Extremes found: Total load 33180 (kg)
Front Axle 10420 (kg)
Rear Axle 25260 (kg)
Average Values: Average value Standard deviation
Total load 10730 7481
Front axle 3489 2004
Rear axle load 7241 5648

Source: NPP Project – WIM Survey Report Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng
Construction Regime

Water runs down Rain falling on fill

cut slope and portion permeates
across cut half of through the soil
road bench mass Uncompacted fill is
also liable to surface
erosion or mass
Steep cut slope: slumps
increased risk of
slope failure

Half road bench cut

in original ground
(more consolidated,
less permeable) Half road bench
formed in fill (less
consolidated and
more permeable)
Fill tipped on unbenched slope:
Potential failures
original surface forms a
hydrologically active plane and
Water flows may act as a slip plane

Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng

Poor Crossfall and Road Shape

Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng

Poor Drainage

Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng

 Maintenance Regime

Construction
Costs

Periodic Maintenance

Routine Maintenance

Time (years)
Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng
Maintenance Regime

Not good maintenance Good Maintenance

Adequate Side
Drainage

Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng

Pavement Design

• Pavement is designed to minimize not eliminate

deterioration
• Should understand deterioration rates and nature.
• Correct structural design is of key importance
• Pavement Design meets traffic requirement (predicted
based on design life and considering to overloaded traffic
content)
• Pavement is selected suitable to natural condition and
considering to construction and maintenance regime (policy
frame and budget)
• Pavement Design should be combined with other items,
especially drainage design
Dr.Eng.Trần Thị Kim Đăng